具體情況
竇(dou)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)古建筑群位(wei)(wei)于(yu)山(shan)西(xi)省沁水縣東南竇(dou)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)村沁水河(he)畔,為(wei)明(ming)萬歷二十年(nian)(1592年(nian))進士(shi)(shi)、大理(li)寺正(zheng)卿張五典(dian)及其(qi)子孫所建。明(ming)崇禎(zhen)初年(nian),陜(shan)西(xi)農(nong)民(min)軍王(wang)自用部屢(lv)次進攻山(shan)西(xi) ,張五典(dian)正(zheng)是(shi)在此時構筑了(le)竇(dou)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)村城寨。竇(dou)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)的地(di)形與郭壁相似,背(bei)山(shan)面河(he),位(wei)(wei)于(yu)河(he)西(xi)。張五典(dian)之子張銓(quan)為(wei)明(ming)萬歷三十二年(nian)(1604年(nian))進士(shi)(shi),天(tian)啟元年(nian)(1621年(nian))赴任監軍遼東,后金兵圍(wei)(wei)遼陽(yang),張銓(quan)苦戰被俘(fu)后壯烈(lie)殉國,竇(dou)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)及周(zhou)圍(wei)(wei)現存其(qi)衣冠(guan)冢(zhong)。竇(dou)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)城池、街道、院落修建過程中,相傳當地(di)有位(wei)(wei)出名的“孝子”張烈(lie)功,在京(jing)城為(wei)官,為(wei)其(qi)母安(an)排了(le)仿京(jing)城的景(jing)致,故(gu)有“小北(bei)京(jing)”之稱。傳說竇(dou)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)原有九(jiu)門(men)九(jiu)關,丁字街形,也有牌樓及“四(si)(si)大四(si)(si)小”建筑風格的民(min)居。現僅(jin)存四(si)(si)座這樣的民(min)居。城墻已(yi)毀(hui),僅(jin)存南、北(bei)城門(men)和(he)(he)殘破的角樓。現存明(ming)萬歷年(nian)間(jian)(1573-1620年(nian))進士(shi)(shi)、御(yu)史張銓(quan)的“尚書(shu)第”和(he)(he)“天(tian) 恩世錫”院,仍(reng)不(bu)失為(wei)高門(men)大院, 眾多的磚(zhuan)、石、木(mu)雕保存至今。
古建筑
竇(dou)莊(zhuang)古村落,西依榼山,三面(mian)環水,風景秀美,人(ren)文薈萃,民風淳樸,文化積淀深厚。于(yu)崇禎二年(nian)( 1629 年(nian))歷時(shi)九年(nian)告成。現存古建(jian)筑面(mian)積約40000平方米,80%的古建(jian)筑保(bao)存完好。建(jian)筑除(chu)大量民宅外,還有廟(miao)宇、樓閣、祠堂、書(shu)房、校場、法庭、地牢、城(cheng)墻、城(cheng)門樓、牌(pai)坊、店鋪(pu)和大量的碑刻等(deng)。除(chu)佛廟(miao)主殿及配殿為(wei)元代遺構(gou),其(qi)它(ta)多(duo)為(wei)明、清建(jian)筑。建(jian)筑脈絡清晰,特(te)色鮮明,被前來(lai)考察的專家學者譽為(wei)研究明清時(shi)期北方民居建(jian)筑的最具典型(xing)代表作(zuo)。
竇(dou)莊(zhuang)古城(cheng)堡(bao)開啟了鄉村(cun)城(cheng)堡(bao)建(jian)筑的先河,它是鄉村(cun)城(cheng)堡(bao)建(jian)筑的代表作, 是研究當地社會生活、經濟發展(zhan)、民俗民風的重要物證。
竇(dou)莊古(gu)(gu)村(cun)落(luo),西依榼山,三面(mian)環(huan)水,風(feng)景(jing)秀(xiu)美,人文薈萃(cui),民(min)風(feng)淳樸,文化積淀深厚。于崇禎二年( 1629 年)歷(li)時九年告成(cheng)。現存(cun)古(gu)(gu)建筑(zhu)面(mian)積約40000平方米,80%的(de)古(gu)(gu)建筑(zhu)保存(cun)完(wan)好。建筑(zhu)除(chu)大量(liang)民(min)宅外,還有廟宇、樓閣、祠(ci)堂、書房、校(xiao)場、法庭、地牢、城(cheng)(cheng)墻、城(cheng)(cheng)門樓、牌坊、店鋪和大量(liang)的(de)碑刻(ke)等。除(chu)佛廟主(zhu)殿(dian)及配殿(dian)為(wei)(wei)元代(dai)遺構,其它多為(wei)(wei)明、清建筑(zhu)。建筑(zhu)脈絡清晰(xi),特色(se)鮮明,被前來考察的(de)專家學者譽為(wei)(wei)研究(jiu)明清時期北方民(min)居(ju)建筑(zhu)的(de)最具典(dian)型代(dai)表作(zuo)。竇(dou)莊古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)堡開啟了鄉(xiang)村(cun)城(cheng)(cheng)堡建筑(zhu)的(de)先河(he),它是鄉(xiang)村(cun)城(cheng)(cheng)堡建筑(zhu)的(de)代(dai)表作(zuo), 是研究(jiu)當地社會生活、經濟(ji)發展、民(min)俗民(min)風(feng)的(de)重要(yao)物(wu)證。
竇莊古(gu)(gu)堡,東西、南北(bei)各長(chang)均(jun)500米,修筑(zhu)(zhu)城(cheng)墻(qiang)2000余(yu)米,整體布(bu)(bu)局呈"卍"萬字形(xing),分(fen)東、西、南、北(bei)四(si)條街(jie)和四(si)條小(xiao)巷,在街(jie)、巷與城(cheng)墻(qiang)交接處設城(cheng)門樓,東、西、南、北(bei)四(si)大(da)四(si)小(xiao)共建(jian)(jian)(jian)有八座城(cheng)門樓,加上祖(zu)居(ju)尚書(shu)府所修小(xiao)城(cheng)--"甕城(cheng)",共九門,故(gu)有九關(guan),合稱九門九關(guan)。因城(cheng)堡布(bu)(bu)局形(xing)狀類似紫(zi)禁城(cheng),故(gu)當地(di)(di)人俗稱其(qi)為(wei)"小(xiao)北(bei)京"。現存古(gu)(gu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)面積約40000余(yu)平(ping)方(fang)米,80%的(de)古(gu)(gu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)保存完(wan)好(hao)。建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)除(chu)大(da)量(liang)(liang)民宅外(wai),還有廟(miao)宇、樓閣、祠(ci)堂、書(shu)房、校(xiao)場、法庭、地(di)(di)牢(lao)、城(cheng)墻(qiang)、城(cheng)門樓、牌坊、店鋪和大(da)量(liang)(liang)的(de)碑刻(ke)等。除(chu)佛廟(miao)主殿及配殿為(wei)元代(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)外(wai),其(qi)余(yu)大(da)部(bu)分(fen)為(wei)明、清建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)脈絡清晰(xi),特色鮮明,被前來(lai)考察(cha)的(de)專家學者譽為(wei)研究明清時期北(bei)方(fang)民居(ju)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)最具典型(xing)代(dai)表之作。
竇莊(zhuang)古堡周(zhou)長約2000米(mi)(mi),高(gao)(gao)約12米(mi)(mi),墻頭(tou)寬約1.5米(mi)(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻各拐角及城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門處建有(you)(you)角樓、樓門。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻下為(wei)條石(shi),上為(wei)青磚(zhuan)(zhuan),內添磚(zhuan)(zhuan)、土。部分城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)段(duan)修有(you)(you)暗道與(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內建筑(zhu)及城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外建筑(zhu)相(xiang)連同,便(bian)于防(fang)守、出(chu)入。現存城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻500余米(mi)(mi),南(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門一座,小北(bei)門一座。南(nan)門為(wei)明兵部尚(shang)書(shu)張五典為(wei)避兵禍于天啟年間筑(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)時(shi)同建,整體高(gao)(gao)三丈,下建拱(gong)頂門,門頭(tou)鑲嵌磚(zhuan)(zhuan)匾上刻"南(nan)門"二字,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓頂建有(you)(you)炮臺瞭望孔。前挖深(shen)壕用(yong)以排放村西之山洪(hong),也為(wei)護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河,并設有(you)(you)吊橋相(xiang)通。整個建筑(zhu)巍峨屹(yi)立,頗為(wei)壯觀。
小(xiao)北(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)(men)與(yu)城(cheng)同筑,磚圈拱頂并(bing)裝有鐵門(men)(men)(men),開門(men)(men)(men)出入(ru)方(fang)便,閉門(men)(men)(men)無(wu)處可通(tong),小(xiao)門(men)(men)(men)即(ji)內(nei)城(cheng)門(men)(men)(men),此所謂外城(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)通(tong)街,內(nei)城(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)通(tong)巷,與(yu)小(xiao)北(bei)(bei)門(men)(men)(men)所通(tong)者為(wei)九(jiu)宅巷,即(ji)小(xiao)北(bei)(bei)關,為(wei)九(jiu)門(men)(men)(men)九(jiu)關之一關。在(zai)祠廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)建(jian)筑方(fang)面,竇莊古堡共有古代廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)宇13處,分別為(wei)大廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、烈(lie)公廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、佛廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、財神廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、北(bei)(bei)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、文廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、火星廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、觀(guan)音廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、閻王廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、霸王廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、黑(hei)虎廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、五道寺。廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)宇規模大小(xiao)不一,現在(zai)尚(shang)存的有佛廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、財神廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、火星廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、觀(guan)音堂等。
佛廟建(jian)于元至正(zheng)六年,為(wei)一(yi)進院落,有(you)正(zheng)殿三(san)間、耳殿及東西配殿、大門樓。明、清又有(you)擴建(jian)并多(duo)次維(wei)修。正(zheng)殿坐(zuo)北面南(nan)(nan)三(san)開間,前(qian)(qian)出(chu)廊,懸山頂。前(qian)(qian)施四根小八角(jiao)石(shi)柱(zhu),上施大額(e)枋,額(e)枋之(zhi)上施平板枋,施柱(zhu)頭斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)四垛,明間補間斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)一(yi)垛,為(wei)單翹單昂(ang)(ang)斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong),昂(ang)(ang)為(wei)真昂(ang)(ang)。門枕(zhen)有(you)元至正(zheng)六年(1346年)落款。值得一(yi)提的是吏治建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)"古(gu)公堂",該建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)位于村北。由公堂和(he)地牢兩部(bu)組成。中央為(wei)廳堂式建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),走(zou)廊寬闊(kuo),石(shi)柱(zhu)支撐斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)飛檐,左右廂(xiang)房(fang)高(gao)于主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)大廳。前(qian)(qian)面布局門小窗大,中央主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)大廳為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)審廳,兩側建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)為(wei)"和(he)議廳"。距廳堂20米西南(nan)(nan)地下5米處有(you)磚拱(gong)(gong)窯洞8孔,為(wei)牢獄(yu)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。內(nei)置石(shi)磨,墻上置有(you)鐵環,通道口(kou)高(gao)處修筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)磚堡以看(kan)守牢內(nei)要犯。
據(ju)我(wo)國著名(ming)專(zhuan)家梁思成(cheng)先生之助手(shou)陳志(zhi)華、樓慶西(xi)考證,此類建筑早于洪洞(dong)蘇三監(jian)獄,是我(wo)國現(xian)存非(fei)常罕見的(de)一處吏治類古代建筑。