物質文化遺產
全國(guo)重點文物保(bao)護單位
地址(zhi):萬榮縣(xian)城西(xi)南(nan)40公里的寶(bao)鼎鄉(xiang)廟前村(cun)
俗稱(cheng)后(hou)土祠。西、北兩(liang)面緊臨黃河、汾河,依山傍水(shui),地勢開闊。
據碑刻記載,這里歷史上曾屬于(yu)著(zhu)名(ming)的“汾(fen)陰(yin)脽地(di)”,自漢(han)武帝時(shi),汾(fen)陰(yin)后(hou)(hou)土(tu)廟已成為(wei)歷代(dai)帝王祭祀(si)地(di)神,祈福育(yu)民的勝地(di)。漢(han)文帝后(hou)(hou)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)七年(nian)(前(qian)163年(nian))建(jian)(jian)汾(fen)陰(yin)廟,武帝元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)狩二(er)年(nian)(前(qian)126年(nian))建(jian)(jian)后(hou)(hou)土(tu)祠,此后(hou)(hou),東漢(han)、唐、宋(song)各代(dai)屢事興(xing)建(jian)(jian),至北宋(song)大中祥符(fu)四年(nian)(1012年(nian)) 祠廟規(gui)模(mo)宏闊(kuo),祀(si)勢極盛。后(hou)(hou)來(lai)屢遭黃河水患,后(hou)(hou)土(tu)廟被淹沒。清(qing)同治九年(nian)(1874年(nian)) 易地(di)重建(jian)(jian)于(yu)今址。現(xian)存(cun)建(jian)(jian)筑以(yi)晚清(qing)所建(jian)(jian)居多,但山門仍為(wei)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)建(jian)(jian),秋(qiu)風樓為(wei)明代(dai)遺構,上存(cun)有漢(han)武帝《秋(qiu)風辭》元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)代(dai)碑刻。
廟址坐北朝南,總平面(mian)呈南北長的(de)矩形,占(zhan)地(di)面(mian)積約17600平方米。沿中(zhong)軸(zhou)線有(you)山(shan)門、戲(xi)臺、獻殿(dian)、享亭、圣母殿(dian)、秋(qiu)風樓,獻殿(dian)兩側為(wei)(wei)東西五虎殿(dian),圣母殿(dian)東側為(wei)(wei)碑亭。山(shan)門是以三開間(jian)歇山(shan)頂為(wei)(wei)主,兩側歇山(shan)式便(bian)門與(yu)山(shan)門聯構一體。后(hou)檐插(cha)廊制(zhi)成獻神樂樓,廟內(nei)并(bing)列戲(xi)臺兩座(zuo),與(yu)山(shan)門內(nei)倒(dao)座(zuo)戲(xi)臺連(lian)系在一起(qi),平面(mian)上呈“品”字形,故(gu)俗稱“品”字戲(xi)臺。
秋風樓(lou)位居最(zui)后,建(jian)于高臺(tai)之上,樓(lou)身三(san)層,高33米余,面寬、進深各五(wu)間,樓(lou)頂為十(shi)字歇(xie)山頂。樓(lou)內設有(you)金柱12根,直通樓(lou)頂。秋風樓(lou)輝宏(hong)典雅,挺拔(ba)秀美,為中(zhong)國樓(lou)閣(ge)建(jian)筑中(zhong)的(de)佳作(zuo)。
后土廟內存鐵(tie)鐘(zhong)、鐵(tie)缸、石(shi)香爐、抱鼓(gu)石(shi),以及宋刻“蕭檣碑”、金刻“廟貌碑”、元(yuan)刻“秋(qiu)風(feng)辭”碑等珍貴文物。
門票:50元
萬(wan)榮后土廟(miao)(miao)位于(yu)山西(xi)省(sheng)萬(wan)榮縣城西(xi)南40公里黃河東(dong)畔(pan),漢武(wu)帝時廟(miao)(miao)在汾陰,清同治九年(nian)(1870年(nian))為(wei)黃河水所淹,移今址(zhi)重(zhong)建。占地面積(ji)約1.8萬(wan)平方米,現存山門重(zhong)樓、戲臺(tai)、獻殿、后土大殿及鐘鼓樓、配殿、廊屋等,雕刻(ke)(ke)富麗,琉璃鮮亮,布局完(wan)整。后院廊下鑲有(you)北宋真宗御書的蕭墻壁。祠后秋風樓以存有(you)元刻(ke)(ke)漢武(wu)帝《秋風辭(ci)》碑而著(zhu)名。
萬榮(rong)縣西(xi)南40公(gong)里處廟前村的(de)汾(fen)陰(yin)后(hou)土祠,是神州(zhou)大(da)地(di)(di)上古老(lao)的(de)后(hou)土娘(niang)娘(niang)廟。據祠中保存完(wan)好的(de)《歷(li)朝(chao)立廟致祠實跡》碑記(ji)(ji)和《蒲州(zhou)府記(ji)(ji)》記(ji)(ji)載,“軒轅氏祀地(di)(di)祇掃地(di)(di)為(wei)壇(tan)于脽上,二帝八員有司(si),三(san)王澤歲(sui)舉”。到漢(han)代,進而(er)形(xing)成制度,每三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)皇帝都要來(lai)這里舉行一次(ci)大(da)祀。漢(han)武帝劉(liu)徹(che)時更是東岳封禪,汾(fen)陰(yin)祀土,于元(yuan)鼎(ding)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)前113年(nian)(nian)(nian))擴(kuo)建(jian)汾(fen)陰(yin)后(hou)土祠,定為(wei)國(guo)家祠廟,作為(wei)巡(xun)行之地(di)(di)。他一生曾六次(ci)祭祀后(hou)土,儀(yi)式隆重(zhong)無比。漢(han)宣帝、元(yuan)帝、成帝、哀帝和東漢(han)光(guang)武帝等先后(hou)來(lai)此(ci)祭祀達11次(ci)之多。唐時,玄宗(zong)李隆基于開元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)間三(san)次(ci)來(lai)此(ci)祭祀,并(bing)擴(kuo)建(jian)祠廟。宋真宗(zong)趙桓大(da)中祥符四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)也來(lai)此(ci)祭祀,為(wei)這次(ci)祭祀活(huo)動,撥款對后(hou)土祠進行了(le)修葺。明萬歷(li)年(nian)(nian)(nian)間,因黃(huang)(huang)河沖刷,后(hou)土祠陷入黃(huang)(huang)河,經(jing)先后(hou)兩次(ci)遷建(jian),又均被黃(huang)(huang)河吞沒,現存建(jian)筑是清同治九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)1870年(nian)(nian)(nian))新選廟址重(zhong)建(jian)。
祠內現存建筑(zhu)有(you)山門(men)、品字(zi)臺、獻殿(dian)、香廳、正殿(dian),東西五虎殿(dian),宋(song)真宗碑等。藏有(you)漢武帝(di)秋風辭碑的秋風樓(lou),就是(shi)在正殿(dian)后面中軸線北端。后土娘(niang)娘(niang)塑(su)像(xiang),靈踞正殿(dian)之(zhi)中,歷來為(wei)人們(men)崇拜敬仰。每年農(nong)歷三月(yue)十八和十月(yue)初(chu)五為(wei)后土娘(niang)娘(niang)廟會,也是(shi)后土大祀之(zhi)日。
近年來,海外(wai)華人尋(xun)根,除(chu)到陜西黃陵祭祖外(wai),把汾陰后土娘娘則視為先于黃帝的祖先,是(shi)中華民族的源頭(tou)和(he)總根,所以紛(fen)紛(fen)前(qian)來朝圣祭祖。
始建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)于(yu)漢(han)文(wen)帝公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)163年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian),廟(miao)(miao)(miao)內(nei)現存建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑有山(shan)門、摒臺(tai)、香亭、正殿(dian)、秋(qiu)風樓(lou)、東西(xi)龍虎配殿(dian)等, 結(jie)構(gou)精巧、建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑宏偉(wei),山(shan)門與摒臺(tai)組(zu)成(cheng)的“品”字戲臺(tai)獨具一(yi)(yi)格(ge),有極高(gao)的藝(yi)術價(jia)(jia)值,建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑物上(shang)的懸雕(diao)玲瓏(long)剔透、栩栩如(ru)生,琉(liu)璃飾(shi)件(jian)光彩奪目(mu),木(mu)雕(diao)、磚雕(diao)結(jie)構(gou)的秋(qiu)風樓(lou)平和(he)而(er)立、崇峻壯觀,樓(lou)內(nei)藏(zang)有元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)治元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)捐(juan)刻漢(han)武(wu)帝秋(qiu)風字碑(bei)而(er)聞名全國,整(zheng)個后土(tu)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)布局嚴謹(jin)、完(wan)整(zheng),有著(zhu)豐(feng)富的文(wen)化內(nei)涵和(he)歷(li)(li)史研究價(jia)(jia)值,為保護這一(yi)(yi)國寶(bao),在國家文(wen)物局、省文(wen)物局的高(gao)度重視(shi)下(xia),省古建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)研究所組(zu)織(zhi)專家本著(zhu)“修(xiu)(xiu)舊如(ru)舊”的原則科學地(di)(di)(di)對后土(tu)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)部分(fen)古建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑進行搶救性修(xiu)(xiu)繕,并于(yu)近日(ri)完(wan)工,為山(shan)西(xi)又增添了一(yi)(yi)處重要的文(wen)物旅游景(jing)點。 這里歷(li)(li)史上(shang)曾屬于(yu)著(zhu)名的“汾(fen)(fen)陰脽地(di)(di)(di)”,自漢(han)武(wu)帝時,汾(fen)(fen)陰后土(tu)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)已成(cheng)為歷(li)(li)代帝王(wang)祭(ji)地(di)(di)(di)神,祈福育(yu)民的勝地(di)(di)(di)。漢(han)文(wen)帝后元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)163年(nian)(nian)(nian))建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)汾(fen)(fen)陰廟(miao)(miao)(miao),武(wu)帝元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)狩二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前(qian)126年(nian)(nian)(nian))建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)后土(tu)祠”,此后,東漢(han)、唐、宋各代屢事(shi)興建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),至(zhi)北宋大中祥符四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1012年(nian)(nian)(nian))修(xiu)(xiu)葺(qi)規模達到極盛,后因黃河水患,后土(tu)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)被淹(yan)沒(mei)。清(qing)同治九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1874年(nian)(nian)(nian)) 易(yi)地(di)(di)(di)重建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)于(yu)今(jin)址。現存建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑以(yi)晚清(qing)所建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)居多。
后土廟坐(zuo)北(bei)向南,總平面(mian)呈(cheng)南北(bei)長的(de)(de)矩(ju)形(xing)(xing),占地(di)面(mian)積約17600平方米。沿中軸線有(you)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)門(men)、戲(xi)(xi)臺(tai)(tai)、獻殿(dian)、享亭(ting)、圣母(mu)殿(dian)、秋風樓(lou),獻殿(dian)兩側為東(dong)西五虎殿(dian),圣母(mu)殿(dian)東(dong)側為碑亭(ting)。山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)門(men)是以三開間歇山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)頂(ding)(ding)為主,兩側建(jian)歇山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)頂(ding)(ding)便門(men)的(de)(de)三門(men)組合,后加插廊成戲(xi)(xi)臺(tai)(tai),并列(lie)戲(xi)(xi)臺(tai)(tai)與山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)門(men)后倒座(zuo)戲(xi)(xi)臺(tai)(tai)上呈(cheng)“品”字形(xing)(xing),故稱“品”字戲(xi)(xi)臺(tai)(tai)。并列(lie)戲(xi)(xi)臺(tai)(tai)實為面(mian)寬三間,進深四(si)椽,單(dan)檐硬山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)頂(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)兩座(zuo)建(jian)筑的(de)(de)連接。獻殿(dian)面(mian)寬五間,進深四(si)椽,單(dan)檐硬山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)頂(ding)(ding),脊部墊(dian)板(ban)上“大清同(tong)治十三歲次--立柱”的(de)(de)題記。圣母(mu)殿(dian)面(mian)寬五間,進深六椽,單(dan)檐懸山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)頂(ding)(ding),舉折平緩,構造簡(jian)潔。
秋風(feng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)位居最后(hou),建于高臺之上,樓(lou)(lou)(lou)身三(san)層,高33米余,面(mian)寬(kuan)、進(jin)深各五間(jian),樓(lou)(lou)(lou)頂(ding)(ding)為(wei)十字歇山頂(ding)(ding)。四周(zhou)圍廊(lang),正南當心(xin)辟(pi)板(ban)門一(yi)道,一(yi)、二層四面(mian)各出抱(bao)廈一(yi)間(jian),二、三(san)層檐下(xia)密布形(xing)(xing)制各異的(de)(de)(de)斗?承托平座。樓(lou)(lou)(lou)內(nei)檐置12根金柱,直通樓(lou)(lou)(lou)頂(ding)(ding),柱間(jian)設額枋(fang)、平板(ban)枋(fang)聯(lian)結(jie)成井筒式構(gou)架,與各層抱(bao)廈、圍廊(lang)的(de)(de)(de)梁枋(fang)彼(bi)此(ci)相聯(lian),形(xing)(xing)成穩固的(de)(de)(de)整體結(jie)構(gou),制作(zuo)手法頗具(ju)明代風(feng)格。秋風(feng)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)輝宏(hong)典(dian)雅(ya),挺拔秀(xiu)美,為(wei)中國樓(lou)(lou)(lou)閣建筑中的(de)(de)(de)佳(jia)作(zuo)。
后土廟內(nei)存碑(bei)刻(ke)、鐵(tie)(tie)鐘、鐵(tie)(tie)缸、石(shi)香爐、抱鼓石(shi)等附(fu)屬文(wen)物,尤其是金刻(ke)“廟貌碑(bei)”、元刻(ke)“秋風辭”碑(bei),在書(shu)法與文(wen)學藝(yi)術方面具有獨特的價值(zhi)。