景點描述
崇慶寺(si)在山西(xi)(xi)長子縣城東(dong)南(nan)22.5公里紫山腳下(xia)。寺(si)后(hou)山峰環(huan)聳如屏(ping),寺(si)前(qian)松柏簇擁。山巔立(li)有明代(dai)中州(zhou)范志完所(suo)書“紫云山“石碑。寺(si)建于北(bei)宋大中祥符九年(nian)(nian)(1016年(nian)(nian)),寺(si)分前(qian)后(hou)兩院,后(hou)院中有天王殿(dian),四天王橫眉怒目,威(wei)武(wu)壯觀。左右(you)臥(wo)佛(fo)(fo)殿(dian)與三大士殿(dian),西(xi)(xi)北(bei)隅(yu)為地藏殿(dian),千(qian)佛(fo)(fo)殿(dian)居后(hou)院正(zheng)北(bei),梁架斗(dou)拱均屬宋制。殿(dian)內(nei)有佛(fo)(fo)、菩薩(sa)像(xiang)(xiang)三尊(zun),西(xi)(xi)壁懸塑人物(wu)局部殘(can)壞(huai)。西(xi)(xi)配(pei)殿(dian)內(nei)北(bei)宋元豐二(er)年(nian)(nian)(1079年(nian)(nian))塑大力士及十(shi)八羅漢像(xiang)(xiang),西(xi)(xi)垛殿(dian)內(nei)明初塑地藏菩薩(sa)與十(shi)王像(xiang)(xiang),塑造技藝(yi)甚(shen)佳。
崇慶寺(si)(si),位于山(shan)(shan)西(xi)省長(chang)子縣東南(nan)20公里處的紫云山(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)腰,寺(si)(si)廟東、西(xi)、北(bei)三面環山(shan)(shan),寺(si)(si)址規模不(bu)大,坐北(bei)向南(nan),寺(si)(si)前青松翠柏簇擁,寺(si)(si)后山(shan)(shan)峰環聳(song)如屏(ping)。全寺(si)(si)由天王殿(dian)(dian)、千(qian)佛殿(dian)(dian)、臥佛殿(dian)(dian)、大士(shi)殿(dian)(dian)、地藏(zang)殿(dian)(dian)等(deng)殿(dian)(dian)堂組成一(yi)個四合(he)院(yuan)(yuan)布局。寺(si)(si)院(yuan)(yuan)南(nan)側和(he)東側分置關帝殿(dian)(dian)、給孤長(chang)者殿(dian)(dian)及方(fang)丈(zhang)禪院(yuan)(yuan)等(deng)。山(shan)(shan)門與天王殿(dian)(dian)為一(yi)殿(dian)(dian)兩用,是該寺(si)(si)院(yuan)(yuan)的正門。現走偏(pian)門,經方(fang)丈(zhang)院(yuan)(yuan),過月(yue)亮門而入寺(si)(si)院(yuan)(yuan)。寺(si)(si)院(yuan)(yuan)始建(jian)于北(bei)宋大中祥符(fu)九年(nian)(公元(yuan)1016年(nian)),明清兩代曾多次(ci)修(xiu)葺(qi)。
千(qian)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)殿是寺內主殿,為(wei)宋大(da)中(zhong)祥符九年(nian)(公元1016年(nian))興建(jian),原構(gou)依舊,殿內塑(su)像(xiang)亦是同(tong)時(shi)塑(su)造(zao)(zao)。面(mian)(mian)寬三間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),進深三間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),六(liu)架(jia)椽(chuan)(chuan)屋,單檐九脊殿式(shi)屋頂(歇山頂),平面(mian)(mian)呈正方形。明(ming)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設板門,次間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)安破子欞窗(chuang),四周檐柱(zhu)向內傾斜,形成(cheng)側腳,角柱(zhu)增高,造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)升起,使(shi)屋頂荷重向當心聚集,以增強建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)穩固力(li)。檐下柱(zhu)頭(tou)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)闌額、普(pu)拍枋俱全,柱(zhu)上僅(jin)施(shi)柱(zhu)頭(tou)斗栱,無(wu)補(bu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪(pu)作(zuo),簡潔疏朗,古(gu)樸大(da)方。斗栱栱頭(tou)卷(juan)瓣顯著,斗幽較深,制(zhi)作(zuo)手(shou)法(fa)尚(shang)襲唐(tang)代(dai)(dai)(dai)遺風(feng)。千(qian)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)殿梁(liang)架(jia)為(wei)徹上露明(ming)造(zao)(zao),六(liu)架(jia)椽(chuan)(chuan)屋,四椽(chuan)(chuan)栿對后(hou)乳栿用三柱(zhu),梁(liang)架(jia)絕(jue)大(da)多數構(gou)件為(wei)宋代(dai)(dai)(dai)原構(gou),結(jie)架(jia)合理,制(zhi)作(zuo)規范。千(qian)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)殿梁(liang)架(jia),既無(wu)虛設構(gou)件,亦無(wu)重復配置,技巧嫻熟,手(shou)法(fa)洗練,負重均(jun)衡適度,結(jie)構(gou)合理有(you)力(li),是我(wo)國宋代(dai)(dai)(dai)小型殿宇中(zhong)具有(you)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表性的(de)(de)遺作(zuo)。殿頂琉璃色彩(cai)(cai)艷麗(li)(li),造(zao)(zao)型生動,窗(chuang)欞式(shi)樣蒼古(gu),仍為(wei)宋人舊作(zuo)。殿內佛(fo)(fo)(fo)壇束(shu)腰須彌式(shi),束(shu)腰剔地突起雕(diao)(diao)花(hua)草紋,間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)柱(zhu)上雕(diao)(diao)獸面(mian)(mian),乃宋制(zhi)無(wu)疑。壇上一佛(fo)(fo)(fo)二菩薩及(ji)背面(mian)(mian)側座觀(guan)音像(xiang),雖經后(hou)人重裝(zhuang),面(mian)(mian)相、衣飾、手(shou)法(fa)以及(ji)華(hua)麗(li)(li)無(wu)比的(de)(de)泥塑(su)背光為(wei)明(ming)代(dai)(dai)(dai)雕(diao)(diao)塑(su),但彩(cai)(cai)塑(su)的(de)(de)布列位置,軀體造(zao)(zao)型,頭(tou)上發髻等,仍保留了宋代(dai)(dai)(dai)風(feng)格。
三(san)大(da)士殿(dian)(dian),俗稱西(xi)配殿(dian)(dian),也(ye)叫羅(luo)漢(han)殿(dian)(dian),西(xi)闊(kuo)三(san)間,懸(xuan)山(shan)式(shi)頂(ding),雖經(jing)后人修葺,外觀已為(wei)清式(shi)風格,而殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)梁(liang)、枋(fang)、柱、額幾(ji)乎全是宋(song)代(dai)原物(wu)。殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)佛臺較(jiao)低,上(shang)塑(su)觀音、文殊、普賢三(san)尊(zun)菩薩(sa),菩薩(sa)像(xiang)兩(liang)(liang)側為(wei)十八羅(luo)漢(han),大(da)小比例與真人略同,肌肉豐潤,骨骼(ge)健壯,衣(yi)褶婉(wan)轉流暢,神態生動(dong)自然,與俊秀而清逸(yi)的菩薩(sa)聚集(ji)一堂,剛柔相(xiang)濟,風格迥異。佛壇(tan)前沿磚雕束腰(yao)處(chu),留有兩(liang)(liang)方刻字,銘(ming)記著造像(xiang)年(nian)(nian)代(dai)及布施者姓名(ming),證實了塑(su)像(xiang)制作的確切年(nian)(nian)代(dai),歷經(jing)九百多年(nian)(nian),保存(cun)完好(hao),這在我國佛教文化(hua)發(fa)展史和雕塑(su)史上(shang),確為(wei)難(nan)得(de)的珍品。
地藏殿(dian)(dian)(dian),位于千佛殿(dian)(dian)(dian)南側(ce),三(san)開(kai)間,懸山頂。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)宇(yu)較小,結構(gou)簡單(dan),檐頭斗栱四鋪作。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)頂琉璃及門窗裝修(xiu),皆為(wei)明(ming)代遺物。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)塑地藏菩薩及侍者,左右塑十殿(dian)(dian)(dian)閻王(wang),兩山墻塑六(liu)曹(cao)判(pan)官,上部懸塑佛、菩薩、天王(wang)、弟子、明(ming)王(wang)等,都是明(ming)代作品(pin),塑工高超,保(bao)存完好。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)頂脊(ji)剎(cha)背面龕內(nei)(nei)題字:"嘉(jia)靖(jing)十年(nian)(公(gong)元1531年(nian))五月十五日本寺僧人(ren)明(ming)鐘燒(shao)琉璃一堂。"殿(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)脊(ji)板下墨書題字:"大明(ming)嘉(jia)靖(jing)二十七年(nian)(公(gong)元1548年(nian))丙辰月癸卯日崇慶寺建(jian)立十王(wang)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)僧……"兩處題記,為(wei)研(yan)究該(gai)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)建(jian)筑與(yu)彩塑確切(qie)的年(nian)代記錄。
整個寺院,彩塑華貴(gui)而莊重,建筑古雅而幽靜,院內正殿階前甬道兩旁(pang),各(ge)有一叢千年牡(mu)丹花(hua)。如果四月(yue)到此游覽(lan),還會欣(xin)賞(shang)到鮮艷(yan)盛(sheng)開、芳(fang)香四溢的宋代牡(mu)丹。
崇慶(qing)寺(si)南面(mian)不遠(yuan)處還有(you)一(yi)明代廟(miao)堂,曰(yue)"靈貺(kuang)王(wang)廟(miao)",為祀奉羿的(de)殿堂,也稱前寺(si)。廟(miao)內建筑完(wan)整(zheng),碑刻多通(tong),廟(miao)前山坡上有(you)白皮(pi)松40余(yu)株,樹冠(guan)不大,造型奇特,樹齡(ling)500余(yu)年。靈貺(kuang)王(wang)廟(miao)與崇慶(qing)寺(si),一(yi)前一(yi)后,一(yi)宋一(yi)明,一(yi)佛一(yi)道,反映出(chu)當時(shi)紫云山的(de)宗教繁榮景況和鄉民(min)信(xin)仰文化意識。
交通
由(you)長治走去高(gao)平(ping)的G207,到(dao)東良田鎮后走去璩村(cun)(cun)的公(gong)路,進(jin)了璩村(cun)(cun)后直行,正前方盡頭(tou)有(you)個上(shang)山的牌樓,過(guo)牌樓后順沙石路上(shang)山,車(che)行2公(gong)里就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)看見崇(chong)慶寺的所在了,門前有(you)塊不大(da)的空地(di),可(ke)以(yi)放車(che)。