在白水縣下(xia)河(he)西(xi)村的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)仰(yang)韶(shao)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)遺存(cun)分(fen)布達40萬平(ping)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),在該處發(fa)現6座(zuo)(zuo)仰(yang)韶(shao)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)大型房(fang)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。2010年(nian)8~12月間,在對其中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)F1和F2進行(xing)了(le)(le)(le)發(fa)掘,揭露面(mian)(mian)(mian)積1000平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),發(fa)現了(le)(le)(le)兩座(zuo)(zuo)仰(yang)韶(shao)中(zhong)期(qi)晚段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大型房(fang)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和42座(zuo)(zuo)灰坑、2處活(huo)動面(mian)(mian)(mian)。其中(zhong)F1殘存(cun)建筑(zhu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積263.4平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),殘存(cun)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積217平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),復原建筑(zhu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積364.85米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),復原使(shi)用(yong)(yong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積304.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),是目前(qian)所發(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同期(qi)單體(ti)房(fang)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)例。F2殘存(cun)建筑(zhu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積112平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),殘存(cun)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積92平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),復原后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建筑(zhu)和使(shi)用(yong)(yong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積分(fen)別為(wei)240.66和181.44平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。兩座(zuo)(zuo)房(fang)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)于仰(yang)韶(shao)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)遺存(cun)分(fen)布范(fan)圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南(nan)側邊緣,門(men)向朝(chao)南(nan),面(mian)(mian)(mian)對房(fang)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)南(nan)側的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖溝(gou)和白水河(he)河(he)谷,房(fang)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)東部(bu)均(jun)為(wei)梯(ti)田破壞。兩座(zuo)(zuo)房(fang)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形制均(jun)為(wei)五邊形,有(you)內外兩層墻體(ti),地(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)分(fen)為(wei)上下(xia)兩層,地(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)以(yi)下(xia)鋪設草拌(ban)泥,草拌(ban)泥之下(xia)或經火(huo)烘烤或經夯實。值得一(yi)提的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是這兩處房(fang)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)均(jun)為(wei)料姜石燒制而成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)白灰地(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian),為(wei)目前(qian)所知早使(shi)用(yong)(yong)白灰處理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)。這兩座(zuo)(zuo)大型房(fang)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)往所發(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)此類房(fang)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)同有(you)異,在一(yi)個大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術傳統下(xia)體(ti)現出了(le)(le)(le)各地(di)(di)(di)(di)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)。
F1地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)4個(ge)(ge)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong),內(nei)(nei)(nei)外墻(qiang)均有(you)(you)(you)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong)發(fa)(fa)現(xian),其(qi)中(zhong)內(nei)(nei)(nei)墻(qiang)中(zhong)保(bao)存有(you)(you)(you)36個(ge)(ge)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong),外墻(qiang)3個(ge)(ge)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong),門道(dao)兩個(ge)(ge)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong)。8號柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong)上(shang)大(da)下(xia)小(xiao),直徑(jing)40~50厘米,距房(fang)地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)110厘米,因草拌泥阻隔下(xia)部(bu)中(zhong)空,結合房(fang)址(zhi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)堆積狀況(kuang)(kuang)、內(nei)(nei)(nei)外墻(qiang)向內(nei)(nei)(nei)傾(qing)倒的(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)和房(fang)址(zhi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)所出(chu)陶片較(jiao)少的(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)可推測F1為(wei)(wei)居民主動廢棄,并在(zai)(zai)遷走之(zhi)(zhi)前推倒墻(qiang)體(ti),將柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)子(zi)移走。F1的(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)塘(tang)由(you)操(cao)作間、火(huo)(huo)膛(tang)、地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)灶三部(bu)分組(zu)成(cheng),其(qi)中(zhong)操(cao)作間與(yu)斜坡(po)門道(dao)相(xiang)連(lian),并經(jing)(jing)火(huo)(huo)門與(yu)火(huo)(huo)膛(tang)相(xiang)連(lian),火(huo)(huo)膛(tang)直徑(jing)1.8米,深2米,火(huo)(huo)膛(tang)與(yu)近長(chang)方形的(de)(de)地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)灶相(xiang)連(lian)。據房(fang)址(zhi)東側剖面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)觀(guan)察(cha)可以(yi)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)F1建(jian)(jian)造之(zhi)(zhi)前先挖了一(yi)個(ge)(ge)基坑(keng),但坑(keng)內(nei)(nei)(nei)填土并非夯(hang)打(da)而(er)(er)成(cheng),地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)之(zhi)(zhi)下(xia)形成(cheng)若干不連(lian)續分布的(de)(de)堆積,且(qie)多數未見夯(hang)打(da)痕跡亦(yi)非草拌泥。從東側剖面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)觀(guan)察(cha)基本可以(yi)認為(wei)(wei)F1的(de)(de)上(shang)下(xia)兩層(ceng)地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)是由(you)房(fang)址(zhi)的(de)(de)翻新和修葺形成(cheng)。F2未見門道(dao),出(chu)門即為(wei)(wei)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)向下(xia)的(de)(de)斜坡(po),內(nei)(nei)(nei)墻(qiang)墻(qiang)皮(pi)和地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)上(shang)均有(you)(you)(you)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)顏料(liao)的(de)(de)痕跡。火(huo)(huo)塘(tang)由(you)火(huo)(huo)門和火(huo)(huo)膛(tang)兩部(bu)分構成(cheng),火(huo)(huo)膛(tang)直徑(jing)1.1米,深60厘米,在(zai)(zai)其(qi)下(xia)疊壓有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)直徑(jing)約1.4米的(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)膛(tang)。內(nei)(nei)(nei)墻(qiang)保(bao)存有(you)(you)(you)21個(ge)(ge)扶墻(qiang)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong),和兩個(ge)(ge)地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong)。據東側剖面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)觀(guan)察(cha),內(nei)(nei)(nei)墻(qiang)修建(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)下(xia)層(ceng)地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)之(zhi)(zhi)上(shang),由(you)紅(hong)(hong)燒土碎(sui)塊、細小(xiao)陶片和小(xiao)石塊組(zu)成(cheng)。外墻(qiang)打(da)破F3的(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)外墻(qiang)體(ti),F3的(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)墻(qiang)全部(bu)被燒成(cheng)磚紅(hong)(hong)色(se),其(qi)中(zhong)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)有(you)(you)(you)已炭化的(de)(de)大(da)木柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)和分布于邊緣的(de)(de)小(xiao)木柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。在(zai)(zai)對F2局部(bu)地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)清(qing)理后(hou)暴(bao)露出(chu)下(xia)層(ceng)地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),該地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)全部(bu)涂(tu)朱,且(qie)因經(jing)(jing)火(huo)(huo)而(er)(er)呈現(xian)出(chu)黑紅(hong)(hong)兩色(se)。結合火(huo)(huo)膛(tang)、剖面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)和墻(qiang)體(ti)的(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang),可以(yi)認為(wei)(wei)F2是在(zai)(zai)F3失(shi)火(huo)(huo)后(hou)重建(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)較(jiao)小(xiao)房(fang)址(zhi)。
白(bai)水縣(xian)下(xia)河遺址(zhi)(zhi)發現于1988年(nian)的(de)全省文物(wu)普查,隸(li)屬于白(bai)水縣(xian)雷村(cun)鄉(xiang)下(xia)河村(cun)。經初步調查和試掘,初步認定(ding)下(xia)河西遺址(zhi)(zhi)面積在 150 萬平方米,確認 75 座(zuo)屬于五六千(qian)年(nian)前仰韶時(shi)代(dai)和龍山(shan)時(shi)代(dai)的(de)房址(zhi)(zhi),發現了 27 個當(dang)時(shi)典型的(de)喪葬儀式瓷棺葬。該遺址(zhi)(zhi)的(de)整體文化(hua)面貌屬客省莊文化(hua),但(dan)其中(zhong)也(ye)不(bu)乏一些新的(de)因素(su)。下(xia)河西遺址(zhi)(zhi)的(de)發現對(dui)于即將(jiang)進行的(de)中(zhong)華(hua)文明(ming)探源工程具(ju)有重要(yao)意義。
白水縣(xian)(xian)下河(he)(he)遺(yi)址發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)于(yu)1988年的(de)(de)全省文(wen)物普查(cha),隸屬(shu)于(yu)白水縣(xian)(xian)雷村鄉下河(he)(he)村。經初(chu)步(bu)調查(cha)和試掘,初(chu)步(bu)認定下河(he)(he)西遺(yi)址面(mian)(mian)積(ji)在150萬平方米,確認75座屬(shu)于(yu)五六千年前仰韶時(shi)代和龍(long)山時(shi)代的(de)(de)房址,發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)了27個當(dang)時(shi)典型(xing)的(de)(de)喪葬儀式(shi)瓷(ci)棺葬。該遺(yi)址的(de)(de)整體文(wen)化面(mian)(mian)貌屬(shu)客省莊(zhuang)文(wen)化,但(dan)其中也不乏(fa)一些新的(de)(de)因素。下河(he)(he)西遺(yi)址的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)對(dui)(dui)于(yu)即將進(jin)行的(de)(de)中華文(wen)明探源工程具(ju)(ju)有重(zhong)要(yao)意義。下河(he)(he)西遺(yi)址發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)于(yu)1988年的(de)(de)陜西省文(wen)物普查(cha),自2004年4月開始,陜西省考(kao)古(gu)研究(jiu)所(suo)對(dui)(dui)該遺(yi)址進(jin)行調查(cha)和試掘。它對(dui)(dui)研究(jiu)仰韶文(wen)化、龍(long)山文(wen)化以及客省莊(zhuang)文(wen)化的(de)(de)分布、分期和分類具(ju)(ju)有很大(da)的(de)(de)文(wen)物價值。