在(zai)白(bai)水縣下(xia)河(he)西(xi)村的(de)(de)(de)(de)仰(yang)(yang)(yang)韶(shao)時(shi)期(qi)遺存(cun)(cun)分布(bu)達40萬平(ping)米(mi)(mi),在(zai)該處(chu)(chu)(chu)發現(xian)6座(zuo)仰(yang)(yang)(yang)韶(shao)時(shi)期(qi)大(da)型房址(zhi)。2010年8~12月(yue)間,在(zai)對其(qi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)F1和(he)F2進(jin)行了(le)發掘,揭露面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)1000平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi),發現(xian)了(le)兩(liang)(liang)座(zuo)仰(yang)(yang)(yang)韶(shao)中期(qi)晚段的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)型房址(zhi)和(he)42座(zuo)灰坑(keng)、2處(chu)(chu)(chu)活動面(mian)(mian)(mian)。其(qi)中F1殘(can)存(cun)(cun)建(jian)筑(zhu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)263.4平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi),殘(can)存(cun)(cun)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)217平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi),復原(yuan)建(jian)筑(zhu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)364.85米(mi)(mi),復原(yuan)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)304.5米(mi)(mi),是目(mu)前所發現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)期(qi)單(dan)體房址(zhi)中最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一例。F2殘(can)存(cun)(cun)建(jian)筑(zhu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)112平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi),殘(can)存(cun)(cun)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)92平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi),復原(yuan)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)和(he)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)分別(bie)為(wei)240.66和(he)181.44平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)。兩(liang)(liang)座(zuo)房址(zhi)位于仰(yang)(yang)(yang)韶(shao)時(shi)期(qi)遺存(cun)(cun)分布(bu)范(fan)圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)南側(ce)邊緣,門向朝南,面(mian)(mian)(mian)對房址(zhi)南側(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)沖溝(gou)和(he)白(bai)水河(he)河(he)谷,房址(zhi)東部均為(wei)梯田破壞。兩(liang)(liang)座(zuo)房址(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形制均為(wei)五邊形,有(you)內外(wai)兩(liang)(liang)層(ceng)墻體,地面(mian)(mian)(mian)分為(wei)上下(xia)兩(liang)(liang)層(ceng),地面(mian)(mian)(mian)以(yi)下(xia)鋪設草拌泥(ni)(ni),草拌泥(ni)(ni)之下(xia)或經(jing)火烘烤(kao)或經(jing)夯實。值得一提的(de)(de)(de)(de)是這兩(liang)(liang)處(chu)(chu)(chu)房址(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地面(mian)(mian)(mian)均為(wei)料姜(jiang)石燒(shao)制而(er)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)白(bai)灰地面(mian)(mian)(mian),為(wei)目(mu)前所知(zhi)早使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)白(bai)灰處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地面(mian)(mian)(mian)。這兩(liang)(liang)座(zuo)大(da)型房址(zhi)以(yi)往所發現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)此類房址(zhi)有(you)同(tong)(tong)有(you)異(yi),在(zai)一個大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術傳統(tong)下(xia)體現(xian)出了(le)各地不同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點。
F1地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)上有4個(ge)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong)(dong),內(nei)(nei)(nei)外墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)均有柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong)(dong)發(fa)現(xian),其中內(nei)(nei)(nei)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)中保存有36個(ge)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong)(dong),外墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)3個(ge)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong)(dong),門(men)道(dao)兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong)(dong)。8號柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong)(dong)上大(da)下(xia)小(xiao),直(zhi)徑40~50厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),距(ju)房地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)110厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),因草拌泥阻隔下(xia)部(bu)(bu)中空(kong),結(jie)合房址(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)堆積狀況(kuang)、內(nei)(nei)(nei)外墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)向內(nei)(nei)(nei)傾(qing)倒(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)和房址(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)所出陶(tao)片較(jiao)少的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)可推(tui)測F1為居民(min)主動廢棄,并在(zai)(zai)遷走(zou)之(zhi)前推(tui)倒(dao)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)體(ti),將柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)子移走(zou)。F1的(de)(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)塘由(you)(you)操(cao)作(zuo)間(jian)(jian)、火(huo)(huo)膛(tang)、地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)灶(zao)三部(bu)(bu)分組成(cheng)(cheng),其中操(cao)作(zuo)間(jian)(jian)與斜坡門(men)道(dao)相連,并經火(huo)(huo)門(men)與火(huo)(huo)膛(tang)相連,火(huo)(huo)膛(tang)直(zhi)徑1.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),深2米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),火(huo)(huo)膛(tang)與近長方(fang)形的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)灶(zao)相連。據房址(zhi)(zhi)東側剖面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)觀察(cha)可以(yi)(yi)發(fa)現(xian)F1建造之(zhi)前先挖了一個(ge)基坑,但坑內(nei)(nei)(nei)填土(tu)并非夯打(da)而成(cheng)(cheng),地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)之(zhi)下(xia)形成(cheng)(cheng)若干不連續分布的(de)(de)(de)(de)堆積,且(qie)多數未見夯打(da)痕(hen)跡(ji)亦(yi)非草拌泥。從(cong)東側剖面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)觀察(cha)基本可以(yi)(yi)認(ren)(ren)為F1的(de)(de)(de)(de)上下(xia)兩(liang)(liang)層(ceng)(ceng)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)是由(you)(you)房址(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)翻新和修葺形成(cheng)(cheng)。F2未見門(men)道(dao),出門(men)即為一個(ge)向下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)斜坡,內(nei)(nei)(nei)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)皮(pi)和地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)上均有紅色顏料的(de)(de)(de)(de)痕(hen)跡(ji)。火(huo)(huo)塘由(you)(you)火(huo)(huo)門(men)和火(huo)(huo)膛(tang)兩(liang)(liang)部(bu)(bu)分構成(cheng)(cheng),火(huo)(huo)膛(tang)直(zhi)徑1.1米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),深60厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),在(zai)(zai)其下(xia)疊壓有一個(ge)直(zhi)徑約1.4米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)膛(tang)。內(nei)(nei)(nei)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)保存有21個(ge)扶墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong)(dong),和兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong)(dong)。據東側剖面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)觀察(cha),內(nei)(nei)(nei)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)修建在(zai)(zai)下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)之(zhi)上,由(you)(you)紅燒土(tu)碎(sui)塊、細小(xiao)陶(tao)片和小(xiao)石塊組成(cheng)(cheng)。外墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)打(da)破F3的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)外墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)體(ti),F3的(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)(nei)(nei)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)全(quan)部(bu)(bu)被(bei)燒成(cheng)(cheng)磚紅色,其中發(fa)現(xian)有已炭(tan)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)木柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)和分布于邊緣的(de)(de)(de)(de)小(xiao)木柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。在(zai)(zai)對F2局部(bu)(bu)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)清理后(hou)暴露(lu)出下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),該地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)全(quan)部(bu)(bu)涂(tu)朱(zhu),且(qie)因經火(huo)(huo)而呈現(xian)出黑紅兩(liang)(liang)色。結(jie)合火(huo)(huo)膛(tang)、剖面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)和墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang),可以(yi)(yi)認(ren)(ren)為F2是在(zai)(zai)F3失火(huo)(huo)后(hou)重(zhong)建的(de)(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)較(jiao)小(xiao)房址(zhi)(zhi)。
白(bai)水縣下(xia)河(he)遺(yi)址(zhi)發(fa)(fa)現于1988年的(de)全省文(wen)(wen)物普查,隸屬于白(bai)水縣雷(lei)村鄉下(xia)河(he)村。經(jing)初步(bu)調查和試掘,初步(bu)認定下(xia)河(he)西(xi)(xi)遺(yi)址(zhi)面(mian)積在 150 萬平方米(mi),確認 75 座(zuo)屬于五六千年前(qian)仰韶時(shi)代(dai)和龍山(shan)時(shi)代(dai)的(de)房址(zhi),發(fa)(fa)現了 27 個當(dang)時(shi)典型的(de)喪葬(zang)儀式瓷棺葬(zang)。該遺(yi)址(zhi)的(de)整體文(wen)(wen)化(hua)面(mian)貌屬客省莊文(wen)(wen)化(hua),但其中也不乏一些新的(de)因(yin)素。下(xia)河(he)西(xi)(xi)遺(yi)址(zhi)的(de)發(fa)(fa)現對于即(ji)將進行的(de)中華(hua)文(wen)(wen)明探源工程具(ju)有重(zhong)要意義(yi)。
白水縣(xian)下(xia)河遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)發現(xian)(xian)于(yu)(yu)1988年的(de)(de)(de)全省文物普(pu)查(cha),隸屬于(yu)(yu)白水縣(xian)雷村(cun)鄉下(xia)河村(cun)。經(jing)初步(bu)調(diao)查(cha)和(he)試掘(jue),初步(bu)認定下(xia)河西(xi)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)面積在150萬平方米(mi),確認75座屬于(yu)(yu)五六千年前(qian)仰韶(shao)時代和(he)龍(long)山時代的(de)(de)(de)房(fang)址(zhi),發現(xian)(xian)了27個當時典型的(de)(de)(de)喪葬儀式瓷(ci)棺葬。該遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)整體文化(hua)面貌屬客省莊文化(hua),但(dan)其中也(ye)不乏一些新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)因素(su)。下(xia)河西(xi)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)發現(xian)(xian)對于(yu)(yu)即將進(jin)行的(de)(de)(de)中華文明探源工程具(ju)有重要意義。下(xia)河西(xi)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)發現(xian)(xian)于(yu)(yu)1988年的(de)(de)(de)陜西(xi)省文物普(pu)查(cha),自2004年4月開始,陜西(xi)省考古研究所對該遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)進(jin)行調(diao)查(cha)和(he)試掘(jue)。它對研究仰韶(shao)文化(hua)、龍(long)山文化(hua)以及客省莊文化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)布、分(fen)(fen)期和(he)分(fen)(fen)類具(ju)有很(hen)大的(de)(de)(de)文物價值。