在白(bai)水(shui)縣(xian)下(xia)河西村的(de)(de)(de)(de)仰韶時(shi)期(qi)遺存(cun)(cun)分布(bu)達(da)40萬平(ping)(ping)米(mi),在該處(chu)發(fa)現(xian)6座(zuo)仰韶時(shi)期(qi)大(da)(da)型(xing)房址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。2010年8~12月間(jian),在對(dui)其中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)F1和(he)F2進行了發(fa)掘,揭露面(mian)(mian)(mian)積1000平(ping)(ping)方米(mi),發(fa)現(xian)了兩(liang)座(zuo)仰韶中(zhong)期(qi)晚段的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)型(xing)房址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)42座(zuo)灰(hui)(hui)坑(keng)、2處(chu)活(huo)動面(mian)(mian)(mian)。其中(zhong)F1殘(can)存(cun)(cun)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積263.4平(ping)(ping)方米(mi),殘(can)存(cun)(cun)使用(yong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積217平(ping)(ping)方米(mi),復原(yuan)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積364.85米(mi),復原(yuan)使用(yong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積304.5米(mi),是目前所(suo)發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同期(qi)單體(ti)房址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)例。F2殘(can)存(cun)(cun)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積112平(ping)(ping)方米(mi),殘(can)存(cun)(cun)使用(yong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積92平(ping)(ping)方米(mi),復原(yuan)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)和(he)使用(yong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積分別為(wei)(wei)(wei)240.66和(he)181.44平(ping)(ping)方米(mi)。兩(liang)座(zuo)房址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位于(yu)仰韶時(shi)期(qi)遺存(cun)(cun)分布(bu)范圍的(de)(de)(de)(de)南(nan)側邊緣,門向朝南(nan),面(mian)(mian)(mian)對(dui)房址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)南(nan)側的(de)(de)(de)(de)沖溝和(he)白(bai)水(shui)河河谷(gu),房址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)東部均為(wei)(wei)(wei)梯(ti)田破壞。兩(liang)座(zuo)房址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形制均為(wei)(wei)(wei)五(wu)邊形,有(you)內外(wai)兩(liang)層墻體(ti),地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)上下(xia)兩(liang)層,地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)以下(xia)鋪設草拌(ban)泥,草拌(ban)泥之下(xia)或經火烘烤或經夯實。值得一(yi)提的(de)(de)(de)(de)是這兩(liang)處(chu)房址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)均為(wei)(wei)(wei)料姜(jiang)石燒制而成的(de)(de)(de)(de)白(bai)灰(hui)(hui)地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian),為(wei)(wei)(wei)目前所(suo)知早(zao)使用(yong)白(bai)灰(hui)(hui)處(chu)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)。這兩(liang)座(zuo)大(da)(da)型(xing)房址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以往所(suo)發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)此類(lei)房址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)同有(you)異,在一(yi)個大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術傳統下(xia)體(ti)現(xian)出了各地(di)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點。
F1地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)有(you)4個(ge)(ge)(ge)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong),內(nei)外(wai)墻(qiang)均有(you)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong)發(fa)現,其(qi)(qi)中內(nei)墻(qiang)中保(bao)存(cun)有(you)36個(ge)(ge)(ge)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong),外(wai)墻(qiang)3個(ge)(ge)(ge)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong),門道兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)(ge)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong)。8號柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong)上(shang)(shang)(shang)大(da)(da)下小,直徑40~50厘米(mi),距房(fang)地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)110厘米(mi),因(yin)草(cao)拌泥阻隔下部(bu)中空,結合(he)房(fang)址(zhi)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堆積狀(zhuang)況(kuang)、內(nei)外(wai)墻(qiang)向(xiang)內(nei)傾倒(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)和(he)房(fang)址(zhi)內(nei)所出(chu)(chu)陶(tao)片較少的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)可(ke)推測F1為居(ju)民(min)主動廢(fei)棄,并(bing)在(zai)(zai)遷走之前(qian)推倒(dao)墻(qiang)體,將(jiang)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)子移走。F1的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)塘(tang)由(you)(you)操(cao)作(zuo)間(jian)、火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)膛(tang)、地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)灶(zao)三部(bu)分組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),其(qi)(qi)中操(cao)作(zuo)間(jian)與斜(xie)坡門道相連(lian),并(bing)經火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)門與火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)膛(tang)相連(lian),火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)膛(tang)直徑1.8米(mi),深2米(mi),火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)膛(tang)與近(jin)長方(fang)形的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)灶(zao)相連(lian)。據(ju)房(fang)址(zhi)東側剖面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)觀察可(ke)以(yi)發(fa)現F1建(jian)(jian)造之前(qian)先挖了(le)一個(ge)(ge)(ge)基(ji)坑,但坑內(nei)填土并(bing)非夯(hang)(hang)打(da)而成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)之下形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)若干(gan)不連(lian)續分布的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堆積,且(qie)多(duo)數未(wei)見(jian)夯(hang)(hang)打(da)痕跡(ji)亦非草(cao)拌泥。從東側剖面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)觀察基(ji)本(ben)可(ke)以(yi)認(ren)為F1的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)(shang)下兩(liang)層地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)是由(you)(you)房(fang)址(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)翻新和(he)修(xiu)葺形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。F2未(wei)見(jian)門道,出(chu)(chu)門即為一個(ge)(ge)(ge)向(xiang)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)斜(xie)坡,內(nei)墻(qiang)墻(qiang)皮和(he)地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)均有(you)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色顏料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)痕跡(ji)。火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)塘(tang)由(you)(you)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)門和(he)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)膛(tang)兩(liang)部(bu)分構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)膛(tang)直徑1.1米(mi),深60厘米(mi),在(zai)(zai)其(qi)(qi)下疊壓有(you)一個(ge)(ge)(ge)直徑約1.4米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)膛(tang)。內(nei)墻(qiang)保(bao)存(cun)有(you)21個(ge)(ge)(ge)扶墻(qiang)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong),和(he)兩(liang)個(ge)(ge)(ge)地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)洞(dong)。據(ju)東側剖面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)觀察,內(nei)墻(qiang)修(xiu)建(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)下層地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)之上(shang)(shang)(shang),由(you)(you)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)燒土碎塊(kuai)、細小陶(tao)片和(he)小石(shi)塊(kuai)組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。外(wai)墻(qiang)打(da)破F3的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)外(wai)墻(qiang)體,F3的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)墻(qiang)全(quan)部(bu)被燒成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)磚紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)色,其(qi)(qi)中發(fa)現有(you)已炭(tan)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)木柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)和(he)分布于邊緣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小木柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。在(zai)(zai)對F2局(ju)部(bu)地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)清理后(hou)(hou)暴露(lu)出(chu)(chu)下層地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),該地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)全(quan)部(bu)涂朱,且(qie)因(yin)經火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)而呈現出(chu)(chu)黑紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)兩(liang)色。結合(he)火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)膛(tang)、剖面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)和(he)墻(qiang)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang),可(ke)以(yi)認(ren)為F2是在(zai)(zai)F3失火(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)后(hou)(hou)重建(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)(ge)(ge)較小房(fang)址(zhi)。
白水(shui)縣(xian)下河遺(yi)址發現于(yu)1988年的全省文物普查,隸屬(shu)于(yu)白水(shui)縣(xian)雷(lei)村(cun)鄉(xiang)下河村(cun)。經初步調查和試掘,初步認定下河西(xi)遺(yi)址面(mian)積在 150 萬平方米,確認 75 座(zuo)屬(shu)于(yu)五六千年前仰韶(shao)時(shi)代(dai)和龍(long)山時(shi)代(dai)的房址,發現了 27 個當時(shi)典型(xing)的喪葬儀式瓷棺葬。該遺(yi)址的整(zheng)體(ti)文化(hua)面(mian)貌屬(shu)客省莊文化(hua),但其中也不乏一些新的因素。下河西(xi)遺(yi)址的發現對于(yu)即將進行的中華文明探源(yuan)工程具有重要(yao)意義。
白(bai)水縣下河(he)遺(yi)址(zhi)發現(xian)(xian)于(yu)(yu)1988年(nian)(nian)的全省文(wen)(wen)物普查,隸屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)(yu)白(bai)水縣雷村(cun)鄉(xiang)下河(he)村(cun)。經(jing)初步(bu)(bu)調查和(he)試掘,初步(bu)(bu)認定下河(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)遺(yi)址(zhi)面(mian)(mian)積在150萬平(ping)方米,確認75座屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)(yu)五六千年(nian)(nian)前仰韶時(shi)代和(he)龍山時(shi)代的房址(zhi),發現(xian)(xian)了(le)27個當時(shi)典型的喪(sang)葬(zang)(zang)儀(yi)式瓷棺葬(zang)(zang)。該(gai)遺(yi)址(zhi)的整體文(wen)(wen)化(hua)面(mian)(mian)貌屬(shu)(shu)客(ke)省莊文(wen)(wen)化(hua),但(dan)其中(zhong)也不乏(fa)一些(xie)新的因素。下河(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)遺(yi)址(zhi)的發現(xian)(xian)對(dui)于(yu)(yu)即將(jiang)進行的中(zhong)華(hua)文(wen)(wen)明探源工(gong)程(cheng)具(ju)有重(zhong)要意義。下河(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)遺(yi)址(zhi)發現(xian)(xian)于(yu)(yu)1988年(nian)(nian)的陜西(xi)(xi)(xi)省文(wen)(wen)物普查,自2004年(nian)(nian)4月開始(shi),陜西(xi)(xi)(xi)省考古研(yan)究(jiu)所對(dui)該(gai)遺(yi)址(zhi)進行調查和(he)試掘。它對(dui)研(yan)究(jiu)仰韶文(wen)(wen)化(hua)、龍山文(wen)(wen)化(hua)以及(ji)客(ke)省莊文(wen)(wen)化(hua)的分(fen)布、分(fen)期(qi)和(he)分(fen)類具(ju)有很大的文(wen)(wen)物價值(zhi)。