芒果视频下载

考古歷程

長(chang)安城的(de)范圍包(bao)括現今西安市的(de)城區和近郊(jiao)。唐末兵(bing)亂(luan)，它被毀壞(huai)得很(hen)厲害，終(zhong)于(yu)成為廢墟。解(jie)放以前，曾有不少(shao)學(xue)者(zhe)試圖發掘(jue)這(zhe)座唐城的(de)遺址(zhi)，因苦于(yu)條件限制，沒(mei)有成功。

1957年，中(zhong)(zhong)國科學(xue)院考古研究所組織(zhi)專門的(de)(de)唐城發掘隊，開(kai)始了規(gui)模較大的(de)(de)發掘工作(zuo)。經(jing)過四年多的(de)(de)辛勤勞動，遺址的(de)(de)概(gai)貌已(yi)經(jing)顯露出來。從已(yi)經(jing)發掘的(de)(de)城市(shi)布局、宮殿、街道、坊里的(de)(de)遺跡，可以想見當時這座城市(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)千門萬戶(hu)、車(che)水馬龍的(de)(de)盛(sheng)況。

2011年，考(kao)古人員在(zai)配合基本建設時發現(xian)了大(da)面(mian)積的(de)唐代陶窯(yao)(yao)群遺址，其(qi)中有(you)(you)兩(liang)組陶窯(yao)(yao)保存完整(zheng)，已在(zai)有(you)(you)關部門的(de)協調下進行(xing)回填保護。

2010年底，陜西(xi)省考(kao)古研究(jiu)院對(dui)西(xi)安未央(yang)區大白(bai)楊西(xi)村西(xi)區基建(jian)范(fan)圍進行了1000平方米的考(kao)古發(fa)掘(jue)。

出土文物

2010年底，陜西省考古研(yan)究院共清(qing)理陶窯22座(zuo)，其中清(qing)理唐代陶窯17座(zuo)和水井3座(zuo)，以及一些不同時代的墓(mu)葬(zang)等遺跡。

2015年11月，陜西文物部門考古人(ren)員在唐代長安城東市遺(yi)(yi)址發(fa)(fa)掘中(zhong)，發(fa)(fa)現(xian)450件(jian)唐代遺(yi)(yi)物及一批(pi)重要商業(ye)遺(yi)(yi)跡。 據(ju)介紹(shao)，此次(ci)發(fa)(fa)掘位置在東市遺(yi)(yi)址中(zhong)部偏東處。目前，500平方(fang)(fang)米探(tan)方(fang)(fang)累計出土磚瓦、陶器(qi)(qi)、玉器(qi)(qi)、銅器(qi)(qi)、玻璃器(qi)(qi)、寶石戒(jie)面、開元通寶以及有(you)“家酒(jiu)店”字樣的瓷(ci)壺(hu)底片(pian)(pian)等(deng)唐代遺(yi)(yi)物450件(jian)。現(xian)場發(fa)(fa)掘過(guo)程中(zhong)，發(fa)(fa)現(xian)3條唐代道路遺(yi)(yi)跡、3條水溝(gou)遺(yi)(yi)跡，店肆后作坊遺(yi)(yi)跡1片(pian)(pian)、水井4口(kou)、窖井2口(kou)、滲(shen)井11口(kou)、灰(hui)坑12個、活土坑3處以及臥泥(ni)池、陶甕坑各1處。

文物遺存

外郭城

東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)長(chang)(chang)9721米(mi)(mi)，南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)寬8651.7米(mi)(mi)，周(zhou)長(chang)(chang)36.7公(gong)里，是(shi)當時世(shi)界上較大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)。城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)15個(ge)(ge)，東(dong)(dong)(dong)墻由北(bei)向(xiang)(xiang)南(nan)(nan)(nan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)通(tong)化(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、春明(ming)(ming)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、延(yan)興(xing)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)，南(nan)(nan)(nan)墻由東(dong)(dong)(dong)向(xiang)(xiang)西(xi)(xi)為(wei)(wei)啟(qi)夏門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、明(ming)(ming)德(de)(de)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、安(an)(an)化(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)，西(xi)(xi)墻自(zi)北(bei)向(xiang)(xiang)南(nan)(nan)(nan)為(wei)(wei)開(kai)遠門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、金光(guang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)和延(yan)平(ping)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)，北(bei)墻中(zhong)(zhong)段即(ji)宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)墻，宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)以(yi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)丹(dan)鳳門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)，宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)以(yi)西(xi)(xi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)芳林(lin)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(隋稱(cheng)華林(lin)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men))、景(jing)耀(yao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)和光(guang)化(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)，玄武(wu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)和安(an)(an)禮(li)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)與(yu)宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)共用。地(di)面城(cheng)(cheng)墻遺址僅玄武(wu)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)附近(jin)和安(an)(an)化(hua)(hua)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)處各有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)小段。地(di)下墻基保存基本完好(hao)，寬9～10米(mi)(mi)，個(ge)(ge)別地(di)方達(da)(da)20米(mi)(mi)。明(ming)(ming)德(de)(de)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)是(shi)長(chang)(chang)安(an)(an)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正南(nan)(nan)(nan)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)，位于長(chang)(chang)安(an)(an)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)軸線，朱(zhu)雀(que)大(da)(da)(da)街(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)南(nan)(nan)(nan)端，規模宏大(da)(da)(da)，是(shi)長(chang)(chang)安(an)(an)城(cheng)(cheng)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)址東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)長(chang)(chang)52.5米(mi)(mi)，南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)進深(shen)16.5米(mi)(mi)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)5個(ge)(ge)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)道(dao)，每個(ge)(ge)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)道(dao)均寬6.5米(mi)(mi)。門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)道(dao)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)隔(ge)墻厚(hou)2.9米(mi)(mi)，門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)道(dao)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)側(ce)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)排柱柱坑，每排15個(ge)(ge)，東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)對(dui)稱(cheng)，各門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)道(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)原都有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檻，用青石(shi)制成，現僅存留部(bu)分殘件。東(dong)(dong)(dong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)道(dao)石(shi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檻寬0.4米(mi)(mi)，厚(hou)0.26米(mi)(mi)，殘長(chang)(chang)3.7米(mi)(mi)，門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檻上有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)車轍(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溝(gou)槽四(si)(si)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)在正中(zhong)(zhong)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)道(dao)。殘留的(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檻較其他制作更為(wei)(wei)精致(zhi)，上面雕刻有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)流暢的(de)(de)(de)(de)卷(juan)草花紋及浮雕臥(wo)獸，具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)藝(yi)術價(jia)值。外郭(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)向(xiang)(xiang)大(da)(da)(da)街(jie)11條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)，東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)向(xiang)(xiang)大(da)(da)(da)街(jie)14條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)，街(jie)道(dao)十分寬闊，其中(zhong)(zhong)明(ming)(ming)德(de)(de)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)內(nei)朱(zhu)雀(que)大(da)(da)(da)街(jie)寬達(da)(da)150～155米(mi)(mi)。兩(liang)(liang)(liang)側(ce)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)寬3.3米(mi)(mi)、深(shen)約2米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水溝(gou)。城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)大(da)(da)(da)街(jie)把(ba)郭(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)分為(wei)(wei)110坊(fang)，朱(zhu)雀(que)大(da)(da)(da)街(jie)以(yi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)55坊(fang)為(wei)(wei)萬(wan)年(nian)縣(xian)，朱(zhu)雀(que)大(da)(da)(da)街(jie)以(yi)西(xi)(xi)55坊(fang)為(wei)(wei)長(chang)(chang)安(an)(an)縣(xian)。朱(zhu)雀(que)大(da)(da)(da)街(jie)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)側(ce)4列(lie)坊(fang)面積最小，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)和一(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)橫街(jie)。皇城(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)側(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)6列(lie)坊(fang)最大(da)(da)(da)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)四(si)(si)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)和十字街(jie)將全坊(fang)劃為(wei)(wei)4個(ge)(ge)街(jie)區(qu)，又(you)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)小巷將全坊(fang)分為(wei)(wei)16個(ge)(ge)小區(qu)。坊(fang)內(nei)是(shi)居民住(zhu)宅、王公(gong)宅第和寺觀，史籍(ji)記載佛(fo)寺100多處，道(dao)觀30多座，波斯(si)寺二，景(jing)教寺五(wu) 。著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)慈(ci)恩寺大(da)(da)(da)雁塔、薦福寺小雁塔。還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)興(xing)善寺、青龍寺等。坊(fang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)坊(fang)墻，坊(fang)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)早啟(qi)晚(wan)閉，設專人防守。在皇城(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)和西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)外郭(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)設有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)市(shi)，隋代(dai)將東(dong)(dong)(dong)市(shi)稱(cheng)都會市(shi)，西(xi)(xi)市(shi)稱(cheng)利人市(shi)，兩(liang)(liang)(liang)市(shi)面積各占兩(liang)(liang)(liang)坊(fang)之(zhi)地(di)。市(shi)內(nei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)(liang)(liang)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)和南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)大(da)(da)(da)街(jie)，構成"井"字形街(jie)道(dao)，市(shi)周(zhou)圍有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)夯土圍墻，四(si)(si)面各開(kai)二門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。市(shi)內(nei)9個(ge)(ge)區(qu)，每區(qu)四(si)(si)面臨街(jie)店鋪是(shi)長(chang)(chang)安(an)(an)手工業和商業的(de)(de)(de)(de)集中(zhong)(zhong)區(qu)域。

唐代(dai)外郭城(cheng)墻(qiang)西南角(jiao)當時是否(fou)有(you)類似明清城(cheng)墻(qiang)所(suo)筑的(de)角(jiao)樓(lou)？發(fa)掘(jue)結果顯示這里沒有(you)筑角(jiao)樓(lou)的(de)跡象。考(kao)古(gu)隊何歲利分析(xi)說，如果有(you)角(jiao)樓(lou)，城(cheng)角(jiao)的(de)基(ji)址(zhi)就(jiu)應(ying)(ying)該寬于城(cheng)墻(qiang)基(ji)址(zhi)，應(ying)(ying)形成(cheng)一(yi)處較(jiao)大(da)的(de)墩(dun)臺基(ji)址(zhi)，但發(fa)掘(jue)的(de)城(cheng)角(jiao)轉彎基(ji)址(zhi)寬度(du)與城(cheng)墻(qiang)基(ji)址(zhi)均(jun)為5.5米，應(ying)(ying)不存(cun)在構筑角(jiao)樓(lou)的(de)基(ji)礎。

宮城

是供皇帝、皇室居住和處理朝(chao)政的(de)地方，包括太極宮、東(dong)宮和掖庭宮，南(nan)北(bei)(bei)長1492.1米，東(dong)西(xi)寬(kuan)2820.3米，周長8.6公里，位于(yu)長安城(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)(bei)部中央。在今(jin)西(xi)安城(cheng)(cheng)內"西(xi)五臺"有(you)宮城(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)墻的(de)遺(yi)跡，在自(zi)強西(xi)路北(bei)(bei)側(ce)有(you)一段北(bei)(bei)墻遺(yi)址(zhi)。城(cheng)(cheng)墻均為夯(hang)土版筑，基(ji)(ji)部一般寬(kuan)18米左右。宮城(cheng)(cheng)正南(nan)門為承天門(隋(sui)代稱廣陽門)，遺(yi)址(zhi)在今(jin)蓮湖公園(yuan)內，東(dong)西(xi)殘(can)長41.7米，南(nan)北(bei)(bei)進深19米，有(you)三個門道(dao)，門基(ji)(ji)鋪磚或石板。宮城(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)(bei)面二門，"玄武門之(zhi)變(bian)"就發生在宮城(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)(bei)面的(de)玄武門。

皇城

又(you)(you)名"子(zi)城(cheng)(cheng)"，位(wei)于宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)南(nan)(nan)，北與(yu)宮(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)以(yi)橫街相(xiang)隔。東西寬2820.3米(mi)(mi)，南(nan)(nan)北長(chang)1843.6米(mi)(mi)，周長(chang)9.2公里。皇(huang)(huang)(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)是中(zhong)央官署和太廟(miao)、社稷。朱(zhu)雀(que)(que)門(men)(men)是皇(huang)(huang)(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)門(men)(men)，北與(yu)承天門(men)(men)遙相(xiang)對(dui)應，南(nan)(nan)接朱(zhu)雀(que)(que)大(da)街，直(zhi)達外郭城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)(zheng)門(men)(men)明德門(men)(men)，是全城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)軸線。含光門(men)(men)是朱(zhu)雀(que)(que)門(men)(men)西側的(de)(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)(ge)門(men)(men)，其遺(yi)址保存(cun)(cun)比(bi)較完(wan)整(zheng)，平面呈長(chang)方(fang)形，東西長(chang)37.4米(mi)(mi)，南(nan)(nan)北寬?19.6?米(mi)(mi)，門(men)(men)墩是以(yi)純(chun)凈的(de)(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)土版(ban)筑而(er)成，包(bao)砌磚壁，包(bao)磚厚0.35米(mi)(mi)。門(men)(men)道兩(liang)(liang)側 各有排(pai)列(lie)整(zheng)齊的(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)石柱(zhu)礎，東西對(dui)稱，呈正(zheng)(zheng)方(fang)形，72～78厘米(mi)(mi)見方(fang)，柱(zhu)礎中(zhong)間有一直(zhi)徑(jing)約10厘米(mi)(mi)、深10厘米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)圓形榫眼(yan)，以(yi)立排(pai)柱(zhu)，證明當年(nian)門(men)(men)樓是木結(jie)構的(de)(de)(de)(de)。含光門(men)(men)城(cheng)(cheng)墻斷面上(shang)遺(yi)址清晰地(di)保存(cun)(cun)著唐(tang)(tang)代(dai)(dai)、宋代(dai)(dai)、元代(dai)(dai)及明清各代(dai)(dai)修(xiu)補的(de)(de)(de)(de)夯層，成為長(chang)安(an)城(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)城(cheng)(cheng)變(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)(ge)歷(li)史見證。唐(tang)(tang)代(dai)(dai)在長(chang)安(an)還(huan)建(jian)有兩(liang)(liang)座大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)宮(gong)(gong)殿，大(da)明宮(gong)(gong)位(wei)于城(cheng)(cheng)東北的(de)(de)(de)(de)龍首(shou)原上(shang)，因位(wei)于太極宮(gong)(gong)之(zhi)東北，稱"東內(nei)"，太極宮(gong)(gong)稱"西內(nei)"。唐(tang)(tang)玄宗(zong)時期在春明門(men)(men)內(nei)建(jian)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)興慶(qing)宮(gong)(gong)在太極宮(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)東南(nan)(nan)，故稱"南(nan)(nan)內(nei)"。長(chang)安(an)城(cheng)(cheng)有著完(wan)善(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)供水系統，除鑿井外，還(huan)有永安(an)、清明、龍首(shou)三渠分別引(yin)進氵(shui)高(gao)水與(yu)氵(shui)產水，流(liu)經城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)，北入(ru)宮(gong)(gong)苑(yuan)。后(hou)又(you)(you)修(xiu)漕渠，引(yin)黃(huang)渠注入(ru)曲江池。長(chang)安(an)城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑模式是中(zhong)國(guo)古代(dai)(dai)都城(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)(ge)典范(fan)，對(dui)日本(ben)和亞(ya)洲其他國(guo)家及國(guo)內(nei)一些地(di)方(fang)政權的(de)(de)(de)(de)都城(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)設也(ye)產生了一定影響。唐(tang)(tang)末天寶元年(nian)(904)，朱(zhu)溫挾(xie)唐(tang)(tang)昭宗(zong)遷都洛陽，命長(chang)安(an)居民按籍遷居，毀長(chang)安(an)宮(gong)(gong)署民居，使隋唐(tang)(tang)長(chang)安(an)300年(nian)帝都成為廢墟(xu)。

規模面積

發(fa)掘勘測(ce)的(de)結果證明：唐代長安城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)周圍有七十多里(li)，比今天的(de)西安舊城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(即(ji)明清(qing)時代的(de)西安城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址)大(da)五(wu)倍(bei)以上(shang)。全城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分三部(bu)分，最外(wai)是(shi)外(wai)郭(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，中(zhong)間的(de)北部(bu)是(shi)皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北端正中(zhong)是(shi)宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)— —皇帝居住的(de)地方(fang)。在外(wai)郭(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)上(shang)有十二個城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門。許多縱(zong)橫的(de)街道把全城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)除宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)以外(wai)的(de)所(suo)有地區(qu)整齊地劃(hua)分為一(yi)百零八(ba)個長方(fang)形(xing)的(de)坊里(li)。

價值地位

隋(sui)唐(tang)(tang)長安(an)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是中國古代城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)規劃(hua)(hua)設計(ji)的(de)杰作，在中國城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)規劃(hua)(hua)史(shi)乃至世界城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)規劃(hua)(hua)史(shi)上占有十(shi)分(fen)重要(yao)的(de)地(di)位。隋(sui)唐(tang)(tang)長安(an)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)規劃(hua)(hua)手法的(de)探(tan)討對于隋(sui)唐(tang)(tang)時期城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)設計(ji)理論與(yu)方(fang)法的(de)研究、隋(sui)唐(tang)(tang)長安(an)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址的(de)保護和當代西安(an)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)規劃(hua)(hua)都具(ju)有十(shi)分(fen)重要(yao)的(de)意義(yi)。