歷史沿革
三臺縣郪(qi)(qi)(qi)江崖(ya)墓(mu)主要分(fen)布(bu)在(zai)(zai)郪(qi)(qi)(qi)江鎮(zhen)花棚村和玉(yu)江村內,沿郪(qi)(qi)(qi)江與錦(jin)(jin)江河道兩(liang)崖(ya)的(de)山(shan)(shan)坡上分(fen)布(bu)。以郪(qi)(qi)(qi)江鎮(zhen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中心,崖(ya)墓(mu)在(zai)(zai)郪(qi)(qi)(qi)江和錦(jin)(jin)江為(wei)(wei)(wei)“T”字(zi)形分(fen)布(bu)。從丘陵地貌的(de)二臺土至(zhi)山(shan)(shan)腰(yao),又以山(shan)(shan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中心而呈環形分(fen)布(bu)。崖(ya)墓(mu)多成(cheng)群(qun)分(fen)布(bu)在(zai)(zai)山(shan)(shan)巒(luan)間(jian)(jian),相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)獨立。墓(mu)群(qun)內的(de)崖(ya)墓(mu)似經統(tong)一(yi)規劃,相(xiang)(xiang)互間(jian)(jian)打破(po)關系(xi)較少(shao),依山(shan)(shan)勢分(fen)層(ceng)一(yi)字(zi)排列。墓(mu)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)間(jian)(jian)距大(da)至(zhi)相(xiang)(xiang)等,排列較為(wei)(wei)(wei)密(mi)集,多屬(shu)東(dong)漢時期的(de)崖(ya)墓(mu)。1996年(nian)11月郪(qi)(qi)(qi)江崖(ya)墓(mu)群(qun)被國務院公布(bu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“第四批全國重點墓(mu)群(qun)文物保護(hu)單位(wei)”。
中(zhong)國(guo)西漢(han)(han)(han)、新(xin)莽和(he)東漢(han)(han)(han)時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu)葬。其(qi)考古(gu)工作開始于(yu)20世紀20年代(dai)(dai),絕(jue)大(da)部分(fen)是(shi)(shi)50年代(dai)(dai)以后進(jin)行的(de)(de)(de)。漢(han)(han)(han)墓(mu)(mu)分(fen)布很廣,數(shu)量巨大(da),除西藏(zang)、臺灣(wan)以外,全(quan)國(guo)各省區都有發(fa)現。分(fen)布比較密集(ji)的(de)(de)(de)地方是(shi)(shi)兩漢(han)(han)(han)的(de)(de)(de)都城和(he)當時(shi)郡縣所在(zai)地。據不(bu)完(wan)全(quan)統(tong)計,已經發(fa)掘的(de)(de)(de)漢(han)(han)(han)墓(mu)(mu)約(yue)在(zai)萬座以上。主要是(shi)(shi)統(tong)治階級的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)(mu),其(qi)中(zhong)屬于(yu)諸(zhu)侯王(wang)一(yi)級的(de)(de)(de)有20多座,列侯一(yi)級的(de)(de)(de)約(yue)80座。發(fa)掘的(de)(de)(de)漢(han)(han)(han)墓(mu)(mu)資料,對(dui)研(yan)究漢(han)(han)(han)代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)社會經濟、物質(zhi)文化和(he)喪(sang)葬制(zhi)度,有重要歷(li)史文化價值。
墓上設(she)施 除(chu)繼承(cheng)戰國以后在(zai)墓上堆(dui)筑墳丘(qiu)的作法外,貴(gui)族官僚墓還(huan)在(zai)墳丘(qiu)四(si)周用夯土筑造圍墻以為塋域。東漢時(shi)期(qi)興起在(zai)墓前(qian)立墓碑(bei)、建祠堂、置墓闕,闕前(qian)辟神道(dao)(dao)。神道(dao)(dao)兩(liang)側還(huan)列置人物和動(dong)物的立雕石像。
墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)形(xing)制 從構筑(zhu)分(fen)主要有(you)兩(liang)種(zhong)形(xing)式。一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)地面挖出長方形(xing)豎穴(xue)土(tu)(tu)坑作為(wei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi),稱(cheng)土(tu)(tu)坑墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu);再在(zai)(zai)坑底用木板構筑(zhu)木壁(bi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi),稱(cheng)木槨(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu);用空心磚(zhuan)或小磚(zhuan)或石(shi)板(塊)砌筑(zhu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi),則分(fen)別(bie)稱(cheng)為(wei)空心磚(zhuan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、磚(zhuan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、石(shi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)豎穴(xue)土(tu)(tu)坑底部的(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)端或一(yi)(yi)(yi)側掏出橫(heng)穴(xue)作為(wei)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi),稱(cheng)土(tu)(tu)洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)或洞室(shi)(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。另有(you)在(zai)(zai)山上(shang)鑿洞建(jian)造的(de),稱(cheng)作崖墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。空心磚(zhuan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和磚(zhuan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)有(you)的(de)也(ye)在(zai)(zai)土(tu)(tu)洞中砌筑(zhu)。在(zai)(zai)許多大型(xing)磚(zhuan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)和石(shi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中,還流行彩繪壁(bi)畫(hua)為(wei)裝飾,稱(cheng)壁(bi)畫(hua)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。在(zai)(zai)石(shi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)壁(bi)上(shang)雕刻(ke)各種(zhong)畫(hua)像的(de),稱(cheng)畫(hua)像石(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。在(zai)(zai)磚(zhuan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中另嵌入一(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)模印(yin)畫(hua)像的(de)磚(zhuan),稱(cheng)畫(hua)像磚(zhuan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。
諸侯王墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)構筑(zhu)(zhu)方法與(yu)一般漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)大體相同(tong)(tong),但更(geng)為復雜。豎穴(xue)土坑(keng)的(de),有(you)多(duo)層棺(guan)槨,棺(guan)槨外(wai)設黃腸題(ti)湊,例如北京(jing)大葆(bao)臺漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)(mu),長(chang)沙(sha)咸家湖(hu)漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)。鑿(zao)山(shan)為墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de),布置多(duo)側室,多(duo)耳室、例如滿城漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)曲阜九龍山(shan)漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)。有(you)的(de)還采(cai)(cai)用(yong)豎穴(xue)和(he)(he)鑿(zao)洞(dong)相結合(he)的(de)做法,例如廣州南越(yue)王墓(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)徐州北洞(dong)山(shan)漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)。北洞(dong)山(shan)漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)主體建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)是采(cai)(cai)用(yong)開(kai)鑿(zao)山(shan)洞(dong)的(de)方法,而府庫倉廚等附屬建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)則(ze)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)開(kai)鑿(zao)豎穴(xue)石坑(keng)、再行(xing)砌建(jian)的(de)方法,這(zhe)與(yu)南越(yue)王墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)形式基本相同(tong)(tong)。
葬(zang)(zang)具和(he)葬(zang)(zang)俗(su) 土(tu)(tu)坑墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、土(tu)(tu)洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、空心(xin)磚(zhuan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)磚(zhuan)室(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)通常只用(yong)木棺;木槨墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)大都(dou)一棺一槨,諸侯王、列侯使用(yong)雙層(ceng)或多(duo)層(ceng)棺槨。一般地(di)說,西(xi)漢(han)前(qian)期流(liu)行土(tu)(tu)坑墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、土(tu)(tu)洞墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、空心(xin)磚(zhuan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、木槨墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),單人(ren)葬(zang)(zang);西(xi)漢(han)后期出現石(shi)室(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、磚(zhuan)室(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、壁畫墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),開(kai)始流(liu)行夫(fu)妻合葬(zang)(zang)。到了東(dong)漢(han),磚(zhuan)室(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)普及全國各地(di),畫像(xiang)石(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、畫像(xiang)磚(zhuan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)崖(ya)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)也在山東(dong)、四川等(deng)地(di)廣(guang)泛流(liu)行,并(bing)流(liu)行家(jia)族幾代合葬(zang)(zang)。不論單葬(zang)(zang)合葬(zang)(zang),死者都(dou)是(shi)仰身直肢葬(zang)(zang)式。
隨葬品(pin) 因身(shen)份貴賤、家資貧(pin)富而有很(hen)大差別。西漢(han)前(qian)期,貴族官僚大都把死人(ren)(ren)當作活人(ren)(ren)看待,將生人(ren)(ren)所用(yong)的(de)(de)車馬、金(jin)銀珠玉(yu)佩飾、絲織衣物(wu)、銅(tong)漆器皿、食品(pin)、錢(qian)幣等葬入(ru)墓(mu)中(zhong);將房(fang)屋、田地、武士、奴(nu)仆和牲畜等制成模型(xing)和偶(ou)像隨葬。一般漢(han)墓(mu)也(ye)有數(shu)量(liang)不(bu)等的(de)(de)銅(tong)、陶(tao)生活用(yong)具。西漢(han)中(zhong)期以后,陶(tao)質明器增多,時(shi)代愈(yu)晚,明器的(de)(de)種類(lei)和數(shu)量(liang)愈(yu)多,比較貴重的(de)(de)銅(tong)器、漆器則逐漸(jian)減少(shao)。到了東漢(han)末年,隨葬品(pin)幾乎全(quan)被陶(tao)明器代替(ti)。
郪(qi)(qi)江(jiang)鎮(zhen)古(gu)漢墓(mu)(mu) 郪(qi)(qi)江(jiang)鎮(zhen)位(wei)于三(san)臺縣城(cheng)南47公里處的(de)郪(qi)(qi)江(jiang)河畔,與中(zhong)江(jiang)縣隔(ge)河相望(wang)。東(dong)鄰建(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)鄉,南與中(zhong)江(jiang)縣交界(jie),西(xi)連安居鎮(zhen),北界(jie)觀橋(qiao)鎮(zhen)。1992年(nian)9月建(jian)(jian)(jian)制調整(zheng)設(she)單列鎮(zhen),是年(nian)被(bei)四(si)川(chuan)省人民政府批(pi)準(zhun)為省級歷(li)(li)史文化名(ming)(ming)鎮(zhen)。郪(qi)(qi)江(jiang)鎮(zhen)歷(li)(li)史悠久,為古(gu)代郪(qi)(qi)王(wang)城(cheng)遺址,西(xi)漢至南朝(chao)齊為郪(qi)(qi)縣治所。明朝(chao)因(yin)葬千總于此(ci),故(gu)名(ming)(ming)千總墳,諧音千子(zi)墳。因(yin)有(you)(you)郪(qi)(qi)江(jiang)從場鎮(zhen)南側流過,鎮(zhen)由(you)此(ci)得名(ming)(ming)。郪(qi)(qi)江(jiang)鎮(zhen)至今已(yi)有(you)(you)兩千多年(nian)的(de)歷(li)(li)史,境內數以萬計(ji)的(de)東(dong)漢崖墓(mu)(mu)群系全(quan)國(guo)四(si)大(da)漢墓(mu)(mu)之一,屬省級文物保護單位(wei),眾多的(de)古(gu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑、千佛巖和九龍(long)橋(qiao)都具有(you)(you)極高的(de)文物保護價值和旅(lv)游價值.該鎮(zhen)1992年(nian)被(bei)列為省級歷(li)(li)史文化名(ming)(ming)鎮(zhen)。而郪(qi)(qi)江(jiang)鎮(zhen)古(gu)漢墓(mu)(mu)也成為四(si)川(chuan)電視臺報道過的(de)有(you)(you)名(ming)(ming)古(gu)代建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑。
分布構造
以(yi)郪江鎮為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)心的(de)(de)河灣(wan)山(shan)巒(luan)間,遺存數(shu)以(yi)千(qian)計的(de)(de)崖(ya)(ya)墓(mu)(mu),有(you)(you)些地方鱗次櫛比,密如蜂(feng)房。其中(zhong)以(yi)金(jin)鐘(zhong)山(shan)、泉(quan)水壩、紫荊灣(wan)墓(mu)(mu)群(qun)最(zui)為(wei)(wei)集中(zhong),最(zui)富有(you)(you)特色。崖(ya)(ya)墓(mu)(mu)在(zai)(zai)時代(dai)上早晚不(bu)一(yi)(yi),但以(yi)東(dong)漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)為(wei)(wei)主。規(gui)模上大小不(bu)一(yi)(yi)。結(jie)構上,多(duo)室(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)均(jun)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)軸線上,一(yi)(yi)般可(ke)分(fen)墓(mu)(mu)道、墓(mu)(mu)門(men)、前(qian)室(shi)(shi)、中(zhong)室(shi)(shi)、后室(shi)(shi)、側(ce)室(shi)(shi)和(he)耳室(shi)(shi),墓(mu)(mu)內(nei)利用山(shan)巖(yan)鑿有(you)(you)臺階、水溝、壁(bi)龕(kan),灶案(an)、柜、棺(guan)(guan)臺、床等(deng)(deng)附(fu)屬設施。很多(duo)墓(mu)(mu)有(you)(you)圓雕(diao)、浮雕(diao)、線刻(ke)等(deng)(deng)建(jian)筑裝(zhuang)飾(shi)雕(diao)刻(ke)和(he)畫像(xiang)(xiang)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)雕(diao)刻(ke),還有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)些墓(mu)(mu)內(nei)有(you)(you)紅色涂料彩(cai)(cai)繪。畫像(xiang)(xiang)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)雕(diao)刻(ke)多(duo)在(zai)(zai)前(qian)、中(zhong)室(shi)(shi)兩壁(bi)和(he)門(men)壁(bi)上。浮雕(diao)畫像(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)內(nei)容有(you)(you):如舞(wu)蹈狀而奮力撐頂巖(yan)石(shi)的(de)(de)力士(shi)、騰空的(de)(de)舞(wu)蹈人、托(tuo)腮端坐人、推門(men)探望人、執板說(shuo)唱人、舂米人、人頭(tou)面具像(xiang)(xiang)、狗咬耗子(zi)、猴子(zi)吃桃、白(bai)虎、朱(zhu)雀、玄(xuan)武(wu)、羊頭(tou)、跑鹿(lu)、奔馬(ma)、立羊、爬龜、肥豬(zhu)、瓜果等(deng)(deng),陰線刻(ke)畫像(xiang)(xiang)有(you)(you)風闕、飛鶴、鳧鴨,花(hua)草、武(wu)器(戟、矛、戈、盾)及架(jia)等(deng)(deng)。漢(han)代(dai)以(yi)紅色表(biao)示高貴吉利,故很多(duo)墓(mu)(mu)內(nei)部用朱(zhu)紅、土(tu)紅涂抹和(he)彩(cai)(cai)繪,一(yi)(yi)些床臺、石(shi)棺(guan)(guan)也有(you)(you)此裝(zhuang)飾(shi)。以(yi)上畫像(xiang)(xiang)、彩(cai)(cai)繪裝(zhuang)飾(shi)表(biao)現了避邪乞樣的(de)(de)日常生活和(he)民俗情趣,反映出了漢(han)代(dai)的(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)風貌。
文物保護
郪江(jiang)崖墓(mu)在歷史上雖然多(duo)次被盜,但也有(you)一些殘存的隨葬(zang)物品出(chu)土。陶制品中有(you)較大量的墓(mu)磚。磚大小規格不一,裝(zhuang)飾有(you)素(su)面磚和花(hua)紋畫(hua)像銘文磚。
1991年,郪江崖(ya)墓群被公(gong)布為四川省文(wen)物保護單(dan)位;
1992年,郪江鎮被公布為(wei)四(si)川省歷史(shi)文(wen)化名鎮;
1996年(nian),郪江(jiang)崖(ya)墓群被列為(wei)第四(si)批全國重點文物保(bao)護(hu)單位(wei)。