歷史沿革
三臺(tai)縣(xian)郪(qi)江崖(ya)墓(mu)(mu)主(zhu)要分(fen)(fen)布在(zai)郪(qi)江鎮(zhen)花棚(peng)村(cun)和(he)玉江村(cun)內,沿(yan)郪(qi)江與(yu)錦江河道兩崖(ya)的山(shan)(shan)(shan)坡上分(fen)(fen)布。以(yi)(yi)郪(qi)江鎮(zhen)為(wei)中(zhong)心(xin),崖(ya)墓(mu)(mu)在(zai)郪(qi)江和(he)錦江為(wei)“T”字形(xing)分(fen)(fen)布。從丘陵地貌的二(er)臺(tai)土至山(shan)(shan)(shan)腰(yao),又以(yi)(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)為(wei)中(zhong)心(xin)而呈(cheng)環形(xing)分(fen)(fen)布。崖(ya)墓(mu)(mu)多成(cheng)群(qun)(qun)分(fen)(fen)布在(zai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)巒間(jian),相對獨立。墓(mu)(mu)群(qun)(qun)內的崖(ya)墓(mu)(mu)似經統一(yi)規劃,相互間(jian)打(da)破(po)關(guan)系較(jiao)少,依山(shan)(shan)(shan)勢分(fen)(fen)層一(yi)字排(pai)列。墓(mu)(mu)之間(jian)的間(jian)距大至相等,排(pai)列較(jiao)為(wei)密集(ji),多屬東漢(han)時期的崖(ya)墓(mu)(mu)。1996年11月郪(qi)江崖(ya)墓(mu)(mu)群(qun)(qun)被國務院(yuan)公布為(wei)“第四批全國重點(dian)墓(mu)(mu)群(qun)(qun)文物保護(hu)單位”。
中國西(xi)(xi)漢(han)(han)(han)、新莽和(he)東漢(han)(han)(han)時(shi)期的(de)(de)墓葬。其考古工作開始于20世紀20年(nian)代,絕大(da)部分是(shi)50年(nian)代以后進行的(de)(de)。漢(han)(han)(han)墓分布(bu)很廣,數量巨大(da),除(chu)西(xi)(xi)藏、臺灣以外,全國各省區都(dou)有(you)(you)發現。分布(bu)比較(jiao)密集(ji)的(de)(de)地方是(shi)兩漢(han)(han)(han)的(de)(de)都(dou)城和(he)當時(shi)郡縣(xian)所(suo)在(zai)地。據不完全統(tong)計,已經發掘(jue)的(de)(de)漢(han)(han)(han)墓約(yue)在(zai)萬座(zuo)以上。主要是(shi)統(tong)治階級(ji)的(de)(de)墓,其中屬于諸侯(hou)(hou)王(wang)一級(ji)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)20多(duo)座(zuo),列侯(hou)(hou)一級(ji)的(de)(de)約(yue)80座(zuo)。發掘(jue)的(de)(de)漢(han)(han)(han)墓資料,對(dui)研究漢(han)(han)(han)代的(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)經濟、物(wu)質文化和(he)喪(sang)葬制度,有(you)(you)重要歷(li)史文化價值。
墓(mu)上(shang)設(she)施 除(chu)繼承戰國(guo)以后(hou)在(zai)墓(mu)上(shang)堆筑墳丘的作法外,貴(gui)族官僚墓(mu)還(huan)在(zai)墳丘四(si)周用夯土筑造圍墻以為(wei)塋(ying)域。東漢(han)時期興起(qi)在(zai)墓(mu)前立墓(mu)碑、建祠堂、置墓(mu)闕,闕前辟神(shen)道。神(shen)道兩側還(huan)列置人物和動物的立雕石(shi)像(xiang)。
墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)形(xing)制 從(cong)構筑分主要有兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)形(xing)式。一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)地(di)面挖出(chu)長方形(xing)豎(shu)穴土(tu)坑作為墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)土(tu)坑墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu);再在(zai)(zai)坑底(di)用木(mu)板構筑木(mu)壁(bi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)木(mu)槨(guo)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu);用空心(xin)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)或(huo)小磚(zhuan)(zhuan)或(huo)石(shi)(shi)板(塊)砌筑墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),則分別稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為空心(xin)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、磚(zhuan)(zhuan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、石(shi)(shi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)豎(shu)穴土(tu)坑底(di)部的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)端或(huo)一(yi)(yi)側掏出(chu)橫穴作為墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)土(tu)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)或(huo)洞(dong)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。另有在(zai)(zai)山上(shang)鑿洞(dong)建造的(de)(de),稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)作崖墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。空心(xin)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和磚(zhuan)(zhuan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)有的(de)(de)也在(zai)(zai)土(tu)洞(dong)中砌筑。在(zai)(zai)許多大型磚(zhuan)(zhuan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和石(shi)(shi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中,還流行(xing)彩繪壁(bi)畫為裝飾,稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)壁(bi)畫墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。在(zai)(zai)石(shi)(shi)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)壁(bi)上(shang)雕刻各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)畫像(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de),稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)畫像(xiang)(xiang)石(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。在(zai)(zai)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中另嵌入(ru)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)模印(yin)畫像(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)磚(zhuan)(zhuan),稱(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)畫像(xiang)(xiang)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。
諸侯王墓(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)構筑(zhu)(zhu)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)與一(yi)般(ban)漢(han)(han)(han)墓(mu)(mu)大體(ti)相(xiang)同,但更為復雜。豎穴(xue)土坑的(de)(de),有多層(ceng)棺(guan)槨(guo),棺(guan)槨(guo)外(wai)設黃腸題(ti)湊,例(li)如北(bei)(bei)京大葆臺漢(han)(han)(han)墓(mu)(mu),長沙咸家湖(hu)漢(han)(han)(han)墓(mu)(mu)。鑿(zao)山(shan)(shan)為墓(mu)(mu)的(de)(de),布置多側室,多耳(er)室、例(li)如滿城漢(han)(han)(han)墓(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)曲阜九龍山(shan)(shan)漢(han)(han)(han)墓(mu)(mu)。有的(de)(de)還采用豎穴(xue)和(he)(he)鑿(zao)洞相(xiang)結合(he)的(de)(de)做法(fa)(fa),例(li)如廣州(zhou)南越(yue)王墓(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)徐州(zhou)北(bei)(bei)洞山(shan)(shan)漢(han)(han)(han)墓(mu)(mu)。北(bei)(bei)洞山(shan)(shan)漢(han)(han)(han)墓(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)主體(ti)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)是采用開鑿(zao)山(shan)(shan)洞的(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa),而府庫倉(cang)廚等附屬建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)則采用開鑿(zao)豎穴(xue)石坑、再行砌建(jian)的(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa),這與南越(yue)王墓(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)形式基本相(xiang)同。
葬(zang)具和(he)葬(zang)俗 土(tu)坑墓(mu)(mu)、土(tu)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)、空(kong)心(xin)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)墓(mu)(mu)和(he)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)室墓(mu)(mu)通常只(zhi)用(yong)木(mu)(mu)棺;木(mu)(mu)槨墓(mu)(mu)大都(dou)一(yi)棺一(yi)槨,諸侯王、列侯使用(yong)雙層(ceng)或多層(ceng)棺槨。一(yi)般(ban)地(di)說,西漢(han)前期(qi)流行土(tu)坑墓(mu)(mu)、土(tu)洞(dong)墓(mu)(mu)、空(kong)心(xin)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)墓(mu)(mu)、木(mu)(mu)槨墓(mu)(mu),單人葬(zang);西漢(han)后期(qi)出現石室墓(mu)(mu)、磚(zhuan)(zhuan)室墓(mu)(mu)、壁(bi)畫墓(mu)(mu),開始流行夫妻合葬(zang)。到了東(dong)漢(han),磚(zhuan)(zhuan)室墓(mu)(mu)普及全國各地(di),畫像石墓(mu)(mu)、畫像磚(zhuan)(zhuan)墓(mu)(mu)和(he)崖(ya)墓(mu)(mu)也在山東(dong)、四川(chuan)等地(di)廣泛流行,并流行家(jia)族幾(ji)代(dai)合葬(zang)。不論單葬(zang)合葬(zang),死者(zhe)都(dou)是(shi)仰(yang)身直(zhi)肢葬(zang)式。
隨葬(zang)品 因身份(fen)貴賤、家資貧富而有(you)很(hen)大差別(bie)。西漢前期(qi),貴族(zu)官僚大都把死人(ren)當作活(huo)人(ren)看待,將(jiang)(jiang)生人(ren)所用的(de)車(che)馬、金銀珠玉(yu)佩飾(shi)、絲織衣物、銅(tong)(tong)漆器(qi)皿、食品、錢幣(bi)等葬(zang)入(ru)墓中;將(jiang)(jiang)房屋、田地、武士、奴仆和(he)牲畜(chu)等制成模型和(he)偶(ou)像(xiang)隨葬(zang)。一(yi)般漢墓也有(you)數量(liang)不等的(de)銅(tong)(tong)、陶生活(huo)用具。西漢中期(qi)以后,陶質明器(qi)增多(duo),時(shi)代(dai)愈晚,明器(qi)的(de)種(zhong)類和(he)數量(liang)愈多(duo),比較貴重的(de)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)、漆器(qi)則逐漸減少。到了東漢末年,隨葬(zang)品幾乎全被陶明器(qi)代(dai)替。
郪(qi)江(jiang)(jiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)古(gu)(gu)漢墓 郪(qi)江(jiang)(jiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)位于(yu)三臺(tai)縣(xian)城南47公里處(chu)的(de)郪(qi)江(jiang)(jiang)河畔(pan),與中(zhong)江(jiang)(jiang)縣(xian)隔河相望。東鄰(lin)建(jian)中(zhong)鄉,南與中(zhong)江(jiang)(jiang)縣(xian)交界(jie),西連安居(ju)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen),北界(jie)觀橋鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)。1992年9月建(jian)制調整設單列鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen),是年被(bei)四(si)川(chuan)省(sheng)人民政(zheng)府(fu)批準為省(sheng)級歷(li)(li)史文(wen)(wen)(wen)化名(ming)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)。郪(qi)江(jiang)(jiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)歷(li)(li)史悠久,為古(gu)(gu)代郪(qi)王城遺址(zhi),西漢至南朝齊為郪(qi)縣(xian)治(zhi)所。明朝因(yin)葬(zang)千(qian)(qian)總(zong)于(yu)此,故(gu)名(ming)千(qian)(qian)總(zong)墳,諧音千(qian)(qian)子墳。因(yin)有郪(qi)江(jiang)(jiang)從場鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)南側流(liu)過,鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)由(you)此得名(ming)。郪(qi)江(jiang)(jiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)至今已有兩(liang)千(qian)(qian)多年的(de)歷(li)(li)史,境內(nei)數(shu)以萬計(ji)的(de)東漢崖墓群系全國(guo)四(si)大漢墓之(zhi)一,屬(shu)省(sheng)級文(wen)(wen)(wen)物保護(hu)單位,眾多的(de)古(gu)(gu)建(jian)筑(zhu)、千(qian)(qian)佛巖和九龍(long)橋都具(ju)有極高的(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)物保護(hu)價值和旅游價值.該鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)1992年被(bei)列為省(sheng)級歷(li)(li)史文(wen)(wen)(wen)化名(ming)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)。而郪(qi)江(jiang)(jiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)古(gu)(gu)漢墓也成(cheng)為四(si)川(chuan)電視臺(tai)報道(dao)過的(de)有名(ming)古(gu)(gu)代建(jian)筑(zhu)。
分布構造
以(yi)郪江鎮為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心的(de)河灣(wan)(wan)山(shan)巒間,遺存(cun)數以(yi)千(qian)計(ji)的(de)崖墓(mu)(mu),有(you)些地方鱗(lin)次櫛比,密如蜂房。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)金鐘山(shan)、泉水(shui)壩、紫(zi)荊灣(wan)(wan)墓(mu)(mu)群(qun)最為(wei)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),最富有(you)特色(se)(se)。崖墓(mu)(mu)在(zai)時代上早晚不(bu)一(yi)(yi),但(dan)以(yi)東漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)為(wei)主。規模(mo)上大(da)小不(bu)一(yi)(yi)。結構上,多(duo)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墓(mu)(mu)均(jun)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)軸線上,一(yi)(yi)般可分墓(mu)(mu)道、墓(mu)(mu)門(men)、前(qian)(qian)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、后室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、側室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和耳室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),墓(mu)(mu)內(nei)利用山(shan)巖鑿有(you)臺階、水(shui)溝、壁(bi)龕,灶案、柜、棺臺、床(chuang)等(deng)附(fu)屬設施。很多(duo)墓(mu)(mu)有(you)圓雕、浮雕、線刻(ke)(ke)等(deng)建筑裝飾雕刻(ke)(ke)和畫(hua)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)裝飾雕刻(ke)(ke),還(huan)有(you)一(yi)(yi)些墓(mu)(mu)內(nei)有(you)紅色(se)(se)涂(tu)料彩(cai)繪。畫(hua)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)裝飾雕刻(ke)(ke)多(duo)在(zai)前(qian)(qian)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)兩壁(bi)和門(men)壁(bi)上。浮雕畫(hua)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)內(nei)容有(you):如舞蹈狀而奮力撐頂巖石的(de)力士、騰空的(de)舞蹈人(ren)(ren)(ren)、托腮端(duan)坐(zuo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)、推門(men)探望人(ren)(ren)(ren)、執板說(shuo)唱人(ren)(ren)(ren)、舂(chong)米人(ren)(ren)(ren)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)頭面具像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、狗咬耗子(zi)、猴子(zi)吃桃、白虎、朱雀、玄武、羊頭、跑鹿、奔(ben)馬、立羊、爬龜(gui)、肥豬、瓜果等(deng),陰線刻(ke)(ke)畫(hua)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有(you)風(feng)闕、飛鶴(he)、鳧鴨,花草、武器(戟、矛(mao)、戈、盾)及架等(deng)。漢(han)代以(yi)紅色(se)(se)表示高(gao)貴吉利,故很多(duo)墓(mu)(mu)內(nei)部用朱紅、土紅涂(tu)抹(mo)和彩(cai)繪,一(yi)(yi)些床(chuang)臺、石棺也有(you)此裝飾。以(yi)上畫(hua)像(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、彩(cai)繪裝飾表現了(le)避邪乞樣的(de)日常生活(huo)和民俗情趣,反映出(chu)了(le)漢(han)代的(de)社會風(feng)貌(mao)。
文物保護
郪江(jiang)崖(ya)墓在(zai)歷史上(shang)雖然(ran)多(duo)次被盜,但也(ye)有一些(xie)殘存的隨葬物品出土(tu)。陶(tao)制品中有較大(da)量(liang)的墓磚(zhuan)。磚(zhuan)大(da)小規格不一,裝飾(shi)有素(su)面磚(zhuan)和花紋畫像銘(ming)文磚(zhuan)。
1991年,郪江(jiang)崖墓群被(bei)公布為四川省文物保(bao)護單位;
1992年,郪江鎮被公布(bu)為(wei)四川省(sheng)歷史文化名(ming)鎮;
1996年(nian),郪(qi)江崖(ya)墓群被列為第四批(pi)全(quan)國重(zhong)點文物保(bao)護(hu)單位。