含義
察吾乎古墓群
“察(cha)吾乎”蒙古語意為“懸崖的(de)溝”。
位置
察(cha)吾(wu)乎古墓群位于和靜縣境內(nei)的天山(shan)南麓(lu)中段(duan)山(shan)前(qian)的察(cha)吾(wu)乎溝(gou)口附近的洪溝(gou)臺地(di)上。
詳細介紹
基本情況
分布范圍方(fang)圓(yuan)(yuan)5公里(li),主要由(you)1號—8號墓(mu)(mu)地組成(cheng)。遺(yi)存墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)2000余座(zuo),分布密集(ji)、排(pai)列有序、特征(zheng)鮮明、氣勢宏大。地表(biao)幾無植(zhi)被,為戈壁礫石地層。墓(mu)(mu)葬(zang)地表(biao)有明顯(xian)的(de)(de)石圍、石堆標志。墓(mu)(mu)室(shi)由(you)塊石壘(lei)砌(qi)而(er)成(cheng),多呈(cheng)圓(yuan)(yuan)角長(chang)方(fang)形或橢圓(yuan)(yuan)形。有的(de)(de)在(zai)墓(mu)(mu)口上棚蓋大石板或木(mu)頭,有的(de)(de)在(zai)一側有短墓(mu)(mu)道(dao)。
多(duo)(duo)人(ren)二次合葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)為多(duo)(duo),最多(duo)(duo)者一(yi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)可達(da)二、三十(shi)人(ren),骨殖散亂(luan);部分(fen)為一(yi)次葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)。葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)式仰身(shen)或側身(shen)屈肢,頭(tou)向西或西北。兒童墓(mu)(mu)(mu)既有(you)(you)單人(ren)一(yi)次葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang),亦有(you)(you)多(duo)(duo)人(ren)二次合葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)。在(zai)主墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室周圍往往有(you)(you)殉(xun)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)坑,坑中(zhong)一(yi)般埋一(yi)具馬頭(tou)和幾只(zhi)腿蹄,也有(you)(you)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)整匹的(de)。隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)品(pin)主要(yao)有(you)(you)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)、銅器(qi)(qi)、木器(qi)(qi)、石器(qi)(qi)、鐵(tie)器(qi)(qi)等,其(qi)中(zhong)以陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)為最多(duo)(duo),彩陶(tao)最具特色,其(qi)上繪制(zhi)有(you)(you)網(wang)絡(luo)紋(wen)、幾何紋(wen)、三角紋(wen)、豎條紋(wen)等。已發掘墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)692座(zuo),出土文物(wu)5000多(duo)(duo)件。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)(zang)年代(dai)主要(yao)為距今3000年至春秋戰國時期。
一號墓
一(yi)號墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di):位于察吾乎溝口西南2.5公里(li)處一(yi)山前臺地(di)(di)上。臺地(di)(di)南部(bu)與戈壁漫灘接。臺地(di)(di)略(lve)呈南北(bei)向的(de)長方形(xing)(xing)(xing),南北(bei)長250米,東西寬50米。分布墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬總數約700座。地(di)(di)表特(te)征(zheng):墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬密集(ji)緊連,排列有(you)(you)序,均有(you)(you)石(shi)圍(wei)(wei),多(duo)(duo)完整,石(shi)圍(wei)(wei)以(yi)弧(hu)腰三角形(xing)(xing)(xing)為主,主要集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)南部(bu)、中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu),尖端多(duo)(duo)向西北(bei)或北(bei)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)北(bei)部(bu)出現圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)和橢圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)石(shi)圍(wei)(wei),少數石(shi)圍(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)或有(you)(you)小石(shi)堆(dui),也見別(bie)無石(shi)圍(wei)(wei)的(de)石(shi)堆(dui)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室形(xing)(xing)(xing)制:均豎(shu)穴石(shi)室,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)由南向北(bei)依次以(yi)AⅠ、AⅡ、AⅢ、AⅣ式(shi)嬗變(bian),
AⅢ式墓(mu)葬(zang)最多(duo)(duo),有(you)石蓋板(木),有(you)葬(zang)具(ju)。葬(zang)俗、葬(zang)式:以合葬(zang)墓(mu)為(wei)主(zhu),占4/5;有(you)少量單(dan)人葬(zang)墓(mu),流(liu)行(xing)(xing)二次葬(zang),并(bing)存一次葬(zang),多(duo)(duo)仰屈或側屈頭(tou)向西或西北,墓(mu)地北部出現馬頭(tou)坑和(he)兒(er)童(tong)祔葬(zang)坑。隨(sui)葬(zang)品:以陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)為(wei)主(zhu),多(duo)(duo)夾(jia)砂紅陶(tao),手制,素面,實用器(qi)(qi)(qi),多(duo)(duo)平底器(qi)(qi)(qi),盛行(xing)(xing)帶(dai)(dai)流(liu)陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi),占全(quan)產(chan)出土陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)(qi)2/5,以帶(dai)(dai)流(liu)杯(bei)和(he)帶(dai)(dai)流(liu)罐最多(duo)(duo),彩(cai)陶(tao)發(fa)達(da),流(liu)行(xing)(xing)斜帶(dai)(dai)彩(cai)、通體彩(cai)和(he)一周頸彩(cai),紋(wen)飾繁縟,主(zhu)要有(you)方格紋(wen)、三角紋(wen)、折線(xian)紋(wen)、回紋(wen)等(deng),晚期彩(cai)陶(tao)開始(shi)退(tui)化,多(duo)(duo)小件銅器(qi)(qi)(qi),鐵(tie)器(qi)(qi)(qi)增多(duo)(duo)。
二號墓
二號墓地(di)(di)(di)(di):位于察吾乎溝口南(nan)約3公里(li)處,相鄰山前短續的(de)臺地(di)(di)(di)(di),臺地(di)(di)(di)(di)向(xiang)南(nan)至綠洲之間是茫茫戈(ge)壁礫(li)石(shi)漫灘。分(fen)布墓葬約100座。地(di)(di)(di)(di)表特征:地(di)(di)(di)(di)表有(you)(you)(you)圓(yuan)或(huo)橢圓(yuan)形石(shi)圍(wei)。墓室形制:均(jun)豎(shu)穴石(shi)室,有(you)(you)(you)AⅡ、AⅢ、AⅣ式,但無(wu)AⅠ式,少見蓋板。葬俗、葬式:以合葬墓為主,占4/5;有(you)(you)(you)少量單人(ren)葬墓,流行二次葬,并存(cun)一次葬,多仰屈或(huo)側(ce)屈頭(tou)向(xiang)西或(huo)西北,墓地(di)(di)(di)(di)北部出現馬頭(tou)坑和(he)兒童祔葬坑。隨葬品:帶流陶(tao)器減少,彩陶(tao)退化;小件銅器多;鐵器明顯(xian)增多。
三號墓
三號墓(mu)地:位于察吾乎溝口(kou)西南(nan),山前礫石(shi)戈壁(bi)灘(tan)與綠洲交接處的兩片黃土臺地上(shang)。略呈長圓(yuan)形(xing),南(nan)北長200、寬65米。北距1號墓(mu)地約1公里(li)。分(fen)布墓(mu)葬約255座。地表特(te)征:地表起石(shi)堆,無石(shi)圍。墓(mu)室(shi)形(xing)制:基本(ben)為豎穴土坑(keng)(keng)墓(mu)和(he)豎穴土坑(keng)(keng)偏室(shi)墓(mu)。葬俗、葬式:基本(ben)是(shi)單(dan)人葬墓(mu),一次(ci)葬為主,多仰身直(zhi)肢,頭向東(dong);無馬頭坑(keng)(keng)和(he)兒童祔(fu)葬坑(keng)(keng)。隨(sui)葬品:陶器(qi)甚少,無彩陶;有較多小件銅器(qi);普遍出鐵器(qi)。
四號墓
四(si)號墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di):位于察吾(wu)(wu)乎(hu)溝口北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)側一臺地(di)(di)上。東、北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)與天山(shan)山(shan)體(ti)相連(lian)(lian),西(xi)(xi)為(wei)察吾(wu)(wu)乎(hu)溝干河床,南(nan)(nan)為(wei)礫石(shi)(shi)(shi)戈壁灘。臺地(di)(di)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)高南(nan)(nan)底,大體(ti)呈西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)—東南(nan)(nan)向(xiang)的(de)長方形,南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)長約165米,東西(xi)(xi)寬約65—80米,地(di)(di)表特(te)征:墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)密集緊連(lian)(lian),排(pai)列有序,均有石(shi)(shi)(shi)圍(wei),多(duo)完整,石(shi)(shi)(shi)圍(wei)以弧(hu)腰(yao)三角形為(wei)主(zhu),主(zhu)要集中(zhong)在墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)南(nan)(nan)部、中(zhong)部,尖端多(duo)向(xiang)西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)或北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部出(chu)現圓形和橢(tuo)圓形石(shi)(shi)(shi)圍(wei),少(shao)數石(shi)(shi)(shi)圍(wei)中(zhong)或有小石(shi)(shi)(shi)堆,也見別無石(shi)(shi)(shi)圍(wei)的(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)堆。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室形制(zhi):均豎穴石(shi)(shi)(shi)室,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)由南(nan)(nan)向(xiang)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)依次以AⅠ、AⅡ、AⅢ、AⅣ式嬗變(bian),有石(shi)(shi)(shi)蓋板(ban)(木),有葬(zang)(zang)(zang)具(ju)。葬(zang)(zang)(zang)俗、葬(zang)(zang)(zang)式:以合葬(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)為(wei)主(zhu),占4/5;有少(shao)量單人葬(zang)(zang)(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),流(liu)(liu)行二次葬(zang)(zang)(zang),并存一次葬(zang)(zang)(zang),多(duo)仰屈(qu)或側屈(qu)頭向(xiang)西(xi)(xi)或西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地(di)(di)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)部出(chu)現馬頭坑和兒(er)童祔(fu)葬(zang)(zang)(zang)坑。隨葬(zang)(zang)(zang)品:以陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)為(wei)主(zhu),多(duo)夾砂紅陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao),手制(zhi),素面(mian),實用器(qi),多(duo)平底器(qi),盛行帶流(liu)(liu)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi),占全產出(chu)土(tu)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)2/5,以帶流(liu)(liu)杯和帶流(liu)(liu)罐最(zui)多(duo),彩(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)發達,流(liu)(liu)行斜(xie)帶彩(cai)、通體(ti)彩(cai)和一周頸彩(cai),紋(wen)(wen)飾(shi)繁縟,主(zhu)要有方格(ge)紋(wen)(wen)、三角紋(wen)(wen)、折線紋(wen)(wen)、回紋(wen)(wen)等,晚期彩(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)開始退化,多(duo)小件(jian)銅器(qi),偶見鐵器(qi)。
五號墓
五號墓(mu)地(di)(di):位(wei)于察吾乎溝內,溝西南一(yi)臺地(di)(di)上,南距溝口約2公里。臺地(di)(di)西與天山主體山脈連為(wei)(wei)一(yi)體。臺地(di)(di)呈不(bu)規(gui)則狀,長(chang)95,寬50~70米。共有(you)墓(mu)葬(zang)約150余座(zuo)。地(di)(di)表(biao)特征:墓(mu)葬(zang)密集緊連,均有(you)石(shi)(shi)圍,但多殘缺簡陋(lou),完整者均作(zuo)弧角三角形,但多不(bu)規(gui)則。墓(mu)室形制:均為(wei)(wei)穴(xue)石(shi)(shi)式,均 AI式,有(you)石(shi)(shi)(木)蓋板,無(wu)葬(zang)具。葬(zang)俗(su)、葬(zang)式:基本(ben)是單人(ren)葬(zang)墓(mu),有(you)少(shao)量合葬(zang)墓(mu),流行(xing)一(yi)次葬(zang),并存二次葬(zang),多仰身屈肢,少(shao)量側身屈肢,頭(tou)向西或西北。隨葬(zang)品:以(yi)陶器為(wei)(wei)主,多夾砂紅(hong)陶,手制,素面,偶見彩陶,帶流陶器較多有(you)帶流罐、壺、杯等,有(you)少(shao)量小件銅器,無(wu)鐵器。
現狀
2001年06月25日(ri),察吾乎古(gu)墓(mu)群作為青銅時代至(zhi)春秋(qiu)時期(qi)的寶貴文化(hua)遺跡,被國(guo)務院(yuan)批準列入第(di)五批全國(guo)重點文物保(bao)護單位名單。