圣井(jing)山石(shi)殿(dian)(dian),位于浙江省溫(wen)州市(shi)大南鄉,海拔794米(mi)(mi)。因石(shi)殿(dian)(dian)神座(zuo)前(qian)正中,有(you)一(yi)口泉(quan)(quan)眼(yan)井(jing),終年(nian)不(bu)溢不(bu)涸,水(shui)位不(bu)變,泉(quan)(quan)水(shui)清洌甘甜(tian),故(gu)譽(yu)為“圣井(jing)”,山也由(you)井(jing)(原(yuan)名青龍泉(quan)(quan))得名。圣井(jing)山石(shi)殿(dian)(dian)的(de)所(suo)有(you)構件都(dou)是(shi)用石(shi)料雕刻而成,殿(dian)(dian)內陳設也都(dou)由(you)石(shi)塊(kuai)(kuai)刻制,全殿(dian)(dian)不(bu)見寸木塊(kuai)(kuai)磚。殿(dian)(dian)始(shi)建(jian)(jian)于南宋(song)景定元(yuan)年(nian)(1260),占(zhan)地面(mian)(mian)積410平(ping)(ping)方米(mi)(mi),建(jian)(jian)筑面(mian)(mian)積229平(ping)(ping)方米(mi)(mi)。現存建(jian)(jian)筑群為明(ming)代萬歷至清代光緒間(jian)的(de)建(jian)(jian)筑,由(you)山門、石(shi)坊、前(qian)殿(dian)(dian)、正殿(dian)(dian)和左(zuo)右(you)廂房組(zu)成,分布在一(yi)條東西向縱軸線上(shang),形(xing)成左(zuo)右(you)對稱的(de)建(jian)(jian)筑格局。殿(dian)(dian)內保存多(duo)方記載溫(wen)、瑞宋(song)、明(ming)時(shi)(shi)期百姓到此(ci)“求雨(yu)”碑(bei)刻,記錄多(duo)次大旱時(shi)(shi)間(jian)及(ji)災情,留(liu)下(xia)珍(zhen)貴史料。1989年(nian)列為浙江省重點文物保護單位。
圣(sheng)井(jing)(jing)(jing)山(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)殿(dian)(dian)位(wei)于(yu)海(hai)拔(ba)748.6米(mi)的馬嶼大南鄉圣(sheng)井(jing)(jing)(jing)山(shan)之顛,有石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)殿(dian)(dian)和(he)玉皇塔組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng),肇建(jian)于(yu)南宋景(jing)定元年(1206),為(wei)人(ren)民(min)祈雨之所,后(hou)傳說為(wei)西晉旌陽令許遜練丹成(cheng)(cheng)仙之處,故(gu)又(you)名許府圣(sheng)廟。圣(sheng)井(jing)(jing)(jing)山(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)殿(dian)(dian)坐(zuo)西朝東,由山(shan)門、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)坊、回廊、前后(hou)進和(he)左右廂(xiang)房(fang)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng),占(zhan)地486平方(fang)米(mi),建(jian)筑(zhu)面積略小,構件純為(wei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料。殿(dian)(dian)宇造型(xing)古樸莊重,結構巧妙而堅(jian)固;石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)坊、山(shan)門恢弘(hong)典雅;殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)立塑像外還陳列著(zhu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)碑8方(fang)和(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)香爐、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)佛、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)雕等,別具一格(ge),饒有藝術品位(wei)。建(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun)中(zhong)精美(mei)浮雕頗多(duo)。現存(cun)有明(ming)(ming)天啟元年(1621)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刻獅(shi)子和(he)香爐以(yi)及(ji)多(duo)方(fang)明(ming)(ming)清碑刻。
殿(dian)宇梁(liang)(liang)、柱(zhu)、檁(lin)、椽、斗拱、山(shan)(shan)(shan)墻、屋面(mian)及(ji)殿(dian)內(nei)陳設之案(an)、床、凳等(deng)均用石(shi)料刻(ke)成,且(qie)位于圣(sheng)井(jing)山(shan)(shan)(shan)巔(dian),故稱圣(sheng)井(jing)山(shan)(shan)(shan)石(shi)殿(dian)。南宋景定元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(1260)肇(zhao)建(jian),明(ming)(ming)萬歷(li)至清光(guang)(guang)緒年(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)重(zhong)建(jian),占地面(mian)積(ji)480平(ping)方米,建(jian)筑面(mian)積(ji)229平(ping)方米,平(ping)面(mian)依(yi)次(ci)由山(shan)(shan)(shan)門(men)(men)(men)、石(shi)坊(fang)、前殿(dian)、后殿(dian)和左右廂房等(deng)組成,建(jian)筑格局(ju)對稱。東西朝向(xiang),山(shan)(shan)(shan)門(men)(men)(men)單開間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),重(zhong)檐懸(xuan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)頂(ding),卷葉(xie)形吻。闌額(e)上題刻(ke):“光(guang)(guang)緒二十(shi)八年(nian)(nian)冬重(zhong)建(jian)”。牌(pai)坊(fang)四柱(zhu)三(san)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),重(zhong)檐懸(xuan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)頂(ding),鴟尾吻。明(ming)(ming)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)匾上刻(ke)有“萬歷(li)庚子歲七月壬子吉日,住持僧募造”題記(ji)。前殿(dian)三(san)開間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),穿斗式梁(liang)(liang)架(jia),懸(xuan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)頂(ding)。明(ming)(ming)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)金柱(zhu)上刻(ke)有修理題記(ji):“康熙十(shi)七年(nian)(nian)孟秋”。正殿(dian)三(san)開間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),明(ming)(ming)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)抬梁(liang)(liang)式,次(ci)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)穿斗式梁(liang)(liang)架(jia)。明(ming)(ming)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)后金柱(zhu)上刻(ke)有明(ming)(ming)萬歷(li)時林(lin)元(yuan)深等(deng)捐銀修建(jian)題記(ji)。廂房六開間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),門(men)(men)(men)楣石(shi)額(e)有清道(dao)光(guang)(guang)年(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)題記(ji)。建(jian)筑群(qun)中精(jing)美浮(fu)雕頗多(duo),惜(xi)在十(shi)年(nian)(nian)浩劫期間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)遭受嚴重(zhong)毀(hui)壞。現存有明(ming)(ming)天啟元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(1621)石(shi)刻(ke)獅子和香爐以及(ji)多(duo)方明(ming)(ming)清碑(bei)刻(ke)。
石(shi)殿(dian)為宋景定(ding)元(yuan)年(nian)(1260年(nian))肇建,明萬(wan)歷至清(qing)光緒年(nian)間重建,占地面(mian)積480平(ping)方(fang)米,建筑面(mian)積229平(ping)方(fang)米,依(yi)次(ci)由山門(men)、石(shi)坊、前殿(dian)、后(hou)殿(dian)和左右廂(xiang)房等組成,建筑格局對稱。因殿(dian)宇梁、柱、檁、椽、斗拱(gong)、山墻、屋面(mian)及殿(dian)內陳設之(zhi)案、床(chuang)、凳等均用石(shi)料刻成,且位于圣井山巔,故稱圣井山石(shi)殿(dian)。
圣井山石(shi)殿的建(jian)筑(zhu)群內,還保存著明天啟元(yuan)年(nian)(1621年(nian))的兩(liang)座石(shi)刻(ke)獅(shi)子、香爐及多方明清(qing)碑刻(ke)和精美浮雕等。如此時代久遠、特色顯著、保存較完整的石(shi)構建(jian)筑(zhu)群,具觀賞價(jia)值。
圣(sheng)井(jing)山石(shi)殿是溫(wen)州(zhou)市(shi)時代早、規模大、保(bao)存(cun)較(jiao)完整的(de)石(shi)構建(jian)筑群,對研究我(wo)國(guo)古代石(shi)構建(jian)筑藝術(shu)具(ju)有重要參考價值。此外,殿內還保(bao)存(cun)的(de)多(duo)方記載宋、明時期溫(wen)、瑞(rui)人民到圣(sheng)井(jing)“求(qiu)雨”的(de)碑刻,記敘(xu)每次大旱年月(yue)與災情,是研究溫(wen)州(zhou)歷史上災害(hai)和氣象(xiang)規律的(de)真實史料(liao),彌足珍貴。2006年列為(wei)第六批全(quan)國(guo)重點文(wen)物(wu)保(bao)護(hu)單位(wei)。
建筑是(shi)(shi)凝固的音樂,那(nei)么這石殿(dian)可(ke)算是(shi)(shi)黃(huang)鐘大呂,金聲玉振,奏出了中國古代工匠技藝高超的強(qiang)旋律。一行人徘徊觀賞,贊嘆(tan)不(bu)已。
圣(sheng)井(jing)(jing)山(shan)(shan)地處東海之濱,飛云(yun)江畔,登(deng)臨遠眺,五縣山(shan)(shan)河和(he)東海煙(yan)波盡(jin)收眼底。相傳許(xu)真君在(zai)此(ci)修煉,“丹灶尚存(cun),石室下有井(jing)(jing),深廣尺許(xu),水無盈涸,傳為海眼”,此(ci)后(hou)“顯圣(sheng)”而名“圣(sheng)井(jing)(jing)”,山(shan)(shan)亦由(you)此(ci)而名。
圣井山(shan)石殿(dian)(dian)建筑(zhu)(zhu)群即建于山(shan)巔(dian),據縣志載,石殿(dian)(dian)創建于南宋景(jing)定元年(1260年),明萬歷至清光緒年間重(zhong)修。石殿(dian)(dian)坐(zuo)西朝東(dong),由山(shan)門、牌坊、前殿(dian)(dian)、后殿(dian)(dian)和(he)左右廂房等五大部分組成,布(bu)局規整。殿(dian)(dian)宇的(de)(de)(de)梁(liang)、柱、檁(lin)、斗(dou)拱、山(shan)墻、屋(wu)面及(ji)殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)陳設之案、床、凳等均用(yong)石料(liao)打制和(he)雕(diao)刻而成,不(bu)用(yong)一(yi)木(mu)一(yi)磚一(yi)瓦,共用(yong)去3000多條(塊)的(de)(de)(de)花崗(gang)巖,其在建筑(zhu)(zhu)學上的(de)(de)(de)創性由此可(ke)見一(yi)斑。
圣井山石(shi)殿佛、道(dao)并重(zhong)。初(chu)建時(shi)屬道(dao)家(jia)宮觀(guan),主(zhu)祀許旌陽。明(ming)成化(hua)、弘治(zhi)年間規(gui)模漸大,約(yue)從明(ming)萬歷時(shi)始,又半為佛家(jia)禪林。
圣井山(shan)石雕(diao)建(jian)筑群(qun),迎面即為二柱(zhu)三(san)樓(lou)(lou)式(shi)(shi)山(shan)門,鐫刻(ke)精(jing)致,華(hua)麗秀韻。其后(hou)為高(gao)4.65米(mi)的(de)牌(pai)樓(lou)(lou),四柱(zhu)三(san)間三(san)樓(lou)(lou),懸(xuan)(xuan)山(shan)頂。額枋上刻(ke)“萬歷(li)庚子歲月壬子吉日,住持僧法靜募造”銘記。前殿(dian)(dian)和后(hou)殿(dian)(dian)是(shi)圣井山(shan)石雕(diao)建(jian)筑群(qun)的(de)精(jing)華(hua)所在,屋寬約6.6米(mi),高(gao)約5.7米(mi),棟梁(liang)采用花崗巖穿斗抬梁(liang)結(jie)構。懸(xuan)(xuan)山(shan)頂屋面由花崗巖石板雕(diao)成陰陽復(fu)合瓦片覆蓋。前、后(hou)殿(dian)(dian)之間為封閉式(shi)(shi)院落,兩(liang)側沿墻設(she)單(dan)坡檐廊。石殿(dian)(dian)中多(duo)雕(diao)飾(shi),十分(fen)精(jing)美。同時殿(dian)(dian)內還留存有從宋至明清石碑多(duo)通。
一(yi)些(xie)到此考(kao)察的(de)專(zhuan)家以為,圣(sheng)井(jing)山(shan)石殿整個(ge)建(jian)筑群設計和安裝所具有(you)的(de)技術(shu)水(shui)平,在(zai)當(dang)時已達到一(yi)個(ge)境界,石與石之間(jian)的(de)銜接如此精細,實(shi)在(zai)令人驚嘆不(bu)已,在(zai)山(shan)頂打造出這樣的(de)建(jian)筑更(geng)屬(shu)奇跡。
圣井(jing)(jing)山石殿是為紀念許(xu)真君(jun)而建。許(xu)真君(jun)曾(ceng)在此山修煉(lian),灶(zao)井(jing)(jing)尚存。考證許(xu)真君(jun)名遜,字敬之,晉汝南(今(jin)河南汝南縣(xian))人,做(zuo)過旌(jing)(jing)陽縣(xian)令。感晉室(shi)紛亂,棄官(guan)浪跡(ji)江湖,為民排憂(you)解難;傳說(shuo)東晉寧康二年(374),舉家42口拔宅(zhai)飛升。宋封“神功妙濟(ji)真君(jun)”,世稱“許(xu)真君(jun)”或(huo)“許(xu)旌(jing)(jing)陽”。他是否曾(ceng)在此修煉(lian),實存疑惑。至于灶(zao)井(jing)(jing)尚存,或(huo)許(xu)是好事者牽強附會。
所(suo)謂“圣井(jing)”,就在石殿(dian)的神案下(xia),井(jing)水清澈甘洌,不(bu)盈不(bu)涸,相傳(chuan)飲(yin)用有益于(yu)身心健康,吉祥無邪。不(bu)少男女提著3公斤容(rong)量(liang)的塑料壺向(xiang)圣井(jing)取水。此水究竟含何種元素不(bu)得而(er)知,但帶個(ge)“圣”,自然受(shou)人青睞。
圣井(jing)山石殿周(zhou)邊還有石質的(de)玉皇塔、皇后(hou)宮、景(jing)福(fu)寺(si)、大南湖、楓葉坑諸勝,構(gou)成一個總(zong)面積11平方公里的(de)“圣井(jing)山風景(jing)區”。游客絡(luo)繹不絕,有的(de)從遠道(dao)而來。據稱每(mei)年正(zheng)月(yue)初一,來此地游覽、度假(jia)的(de)男女老少多達數萬(wan)人(ren)次。