圣井山(shan)石(shi)殿(dian)(dian),位于浙(zhe)江省溫(wen)州市大(da)南鄉,海拔(ba)794米。因石(shi)殿(dian)(dian)神座(zuo)前正中,有(you)一口泉(quan)(quan)眼井,終(zhong)年(nian)不(bu)溢不(bu)涸,水(shui)位不(bu)變,泉(quan)(quan)水(shui)清洌(lie)甘甜(tian),故譽(yu)為“圣井”,山(shan)也由井(原名青龍(long)泉(quan)(quan))得名。圣井山(shan)石(shi)殿(dian)(dian)的所有(you)構件都是用石(shi)料(liao)雕刻(ke)而成,殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)陳設也都由石(shi)塊刻(ke)制,全殿(dian)(dian)不(bu)見寸木塊磚。殿(dian)(dian)始建(jian)(jian)于南宋景定(ding)元(yuan)年(nian)(1260),占地(di)面積(ji)(ji)410平方米,建(jian)(jian)筑面積(ji)(ji)229平方米。現存建(jian)(jian)筑群為明代萬歷至清代光緒間的建(jian)(jian)筑,由山(shan)門、石(shi)坊、前殿(dian)(dian)、正殿(dian)(dian)和左(zuo)右廂房組成,分(fen)布在一條東(dong)西向縱(zong)軸線上,形成左(zuo)右對稱的建(jian)(jian)筑格局。殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)保存多(duo)方記(ji)載溫(wen)、瑞宋、明時期(qi)百姓(xing)到此“求雨”碑刻(ke),記(ji)錄多(duo)次(ci)大(da)旱時間及災情,留(liu)下珍貴史料(liao)。1989年(nian)列為浙(zhe)江省重點文物保護單位。
圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)井(jing)山石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)殿位于海拔748.6米的馬嶼大南鄉圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)井(jing)山之(zhi)顛,有石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)殿和玉皇塔組成,肇建于南宋景定元年(nian)(1206),為人民祈雨(yu)之(zhi)所,后(hou)傳說為西晉旌陽令(ling)許遜(xun)練丹成仙之(zhi)處,故又名許府圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)廟。圣(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)井(jing)山石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)殿坐西朝東(dong),由山門(men)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)坊、回(hui)廊(lang)、前后(hou)進和左右廂房組成,占(zhan)地486平方(fang)米,建筑面積略小,構(gou)件純為石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)料。殿宇造型古樸莊(zhuang)重,結構(gou)巧妙而堅固;石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)坊、山門(men)恢(hui)弘典雅;殿內立(li)塑像外還陳列著石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)碑8方(fang)和石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)香爐、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)佛、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)雕等,別具一格,饒有藝術品(pin)位。建筑群中精美浮雕頗多(duo)。現存有明天啟元年(nian)(1621)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刻獅(shi)子和香爐以(yi)及多(duo)方(fang)明清碑刻。
殿(dian)(dian)宇(yu)梁、柱、檁、椽、斗(dou)拱、山(shan)墻、屋面及殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)陳設之案、床、凳等均用石(shi)料刻(ke)成,且位于圣井山(shan)巔(dian),故稱(cheng)圣井山(shan)石(shi)殿(dian)(dian)。南宋(song)景定元年(1260)肇建(jian)(jian)(jian),明(ming)(ming)(ming)萬歷(li)至清光(guang)緒(xu)年間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)重(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian),占地面積480平(ping)方米,建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑面積229平(ping)方米,平(ping)面依次由山(shan)門、石(shi)坊、前殿(dian)(dian)、后殿(dian)(dian)和(he)左右(you)廂房(fang)等組成,建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑格(ge)局(ju)對稱(cheng)。東西朝向,山(shan)門單開間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),重(zhong)檐懸山(shan)頂,卷葉形吻(wen)。闌額(e)上題(ti)(ti)(ti)刻(ke):“光(guang)緒(xu)二十(shi)(shi)八年冬重(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)”。牌坊四柱三間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),重(zhong)檐懸山(shan)頂,鴟尾(wei)吻(wen)。明(ming)(ming)(ming)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)匾上刻(ke)有(you)“萬歷(li)庚(geng)子(zi)歲七月壬子(zi)吉(ji)日,住持僧募造”題(ti)(ti)(ti)記(ji)(ji)。前殿(dian)(dian)三開間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),穿斗(dou)式(shi)梁架,懸山(shan)頂。明(ming)(ming)(ming)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)金(jin)柱上刻(ke)有(you)修(xiu)理題(ti)(ti)(ti)記(ji)(ji):“康熙十(shi)(shi)七年孟(meng)秋(qiu)”。正殿(dian)(dian)三開間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),明(ming)(ming)(ming)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)抬(tai)梁式(shi),次間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)穿斗(dou)式(shi)梁架。明(ming)(ming)(ming)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)后金(jin)柱上刻(ke)有(you)明(ming)(ming)(ming)萬歷(li)時林元深(shen)等捐銀修(xiu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)題(ti)(ti)(ti)記(ji)(ji)。廂房(fang)六開間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),門楣石(shi)額(e)有(you)清道(dao)光(guang)年間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)題(ti)(ti)(ti)記(ji)(ji)。建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑群中精美浮(fu)雕頗多(duo),惜在十(shi)(shi)年浩劫期間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)遭受嚴重(zhong)毀(hui)壞(huai)。現(xian)存有(you)明(ming)(ming)(ming)天啟元年(1621)石(shi)刻(ke)獅(shi)子(zi)和(he)香爐以及多(duo)方明(ming)(ming)(ming)清碑刻(ke)。
石殿(dian)(dian)為宋景定元年(1260年)肇建,明萬(wan)歷至清光(guang)緒年間(jian)重建,占地面積(ji)480平(ping)方米,建筑面積(ji)229平(ping)方米,依次(ci)由(you)山(shan)(shan)門、石坊(fang)、前殿(dian)(dian)、后殿(dian)(dian)和左右廂房等組成,建筑格局對稱。因殿(dian)(dian)宇梁、柱、檁(lin)、椽、斗拱(gong)、山(shan)(shan)墻(qiang)、屋面及殿(dian)(dian)內陳設之案、床、凳等均用石料刻(ke)成,且位(wei)于圣井山(shan)(shan)巔,故稱圣井山(shan)(shan)石殿(dian)(dian)。
圣井山石殿的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)群內(nei),還(huan)保存著(zhu)明(ming)天(tian)啟(qi)元年(nian)(1621年(nian))的(de)兩座石刻(ke)(ke)獅子、香(xiang)爐及多方明(ming)清碑刻(ke)(ke)和精美浮雕等。如此時代(dai)久遠、特色顯著(zhu)、保存較完整的(de)石構建(jian)筑(zhu)群,具觀(guan)賞價值(zhi)。
圣(sheng)井(jing)山石(shi)(shi)殿是溫(wen)州市(shi)時代早、規模(mo)大、保(bao)存較完整的(de)石(shi)(shi)構(gou)(gou)建(jian)(jian)筑群,對研(yan)究(jiu)我國古代石(shi)(shi)構(gou)(gou)建(jian)(jian)筑藝術具(ju)有重(zhong)要參(can)考價值。此(ci)外,殿內還(huan)保(bao)存的(de)多方(fang)記(ji)載宋(song)、明時期(qi)溫(wen)、瑞人民到圣(sheng)井(jing)“求雨”的(de)碑刻(ke),記(ji)敘每次大旱年(nian)月(yue)與災情,是研(yan)究(jiu)溫(wen)州歷(li)史(shi)上災害和氣象規律的(de)真實史(shi)料,彌足珍(zhen)貴。2006年(nian)列(lie)為第六批全國重(zhong)點文物保(bao)護單位。
建筑是凝固(gu)的音樂,那么(me)這石殿(dian)可算是黃鐘大(da)呂,金聲玉振,奏(zou)出了中國(guo)古代工匠技藝(yi)高超的強旋(xuan)律。一行人徘(pai)徊(huai)觀賞,贊嘆不已。
圣(sheng)井山(shan)地處東海之濱,飛云(yun)江畔,登臨遠眺,五縣山(shan)河和(he)東海煙波盡(jin)收(shou)眼(yan)底。相傳(chuan)許真君在(zai)此修煉,“丹灶尚存(cun),石室下(xia)有井,深廣尺許,水無盈涸,傳(chuan)為海眼(yan)”,此后(hou)“顯(xian)圣(sheng)”而(er)名“圣(sheng)井”,山(shan)亦由(you)此而(er)名。
圣井(jing)山(shan)(shan)石殿(dian)建(jian)筑(zhu)群即建(jian)于山(shan)(shan)巔,據縣志載(zai),石殿(dian)創(chuang)建(jian)于南宋景定(ding)元年(1260年),明萬歷至清(qing)光緒年間重修。石殿(dian)坐西朝東,由山(shan)(shan)門、牌坊、前殿(dian)、后殿(dian)和左右廂房等(deng)五大部分組(zu)成,布局規(gui)整。殿(dian)宇的(de)梁、柱、檁、斗拱、山(shan)(shan)墻、屋面(mian)及殿(dian)內陳設之案、床(chuang)、凳等(deng)均(jun)用石料打制(zhi)和雕刻(ke)而(er)成,不用一(yi)木一(yi)磚(zhuan)一(yi)瓦,共用去3000多條(tiao)(塊)的(de)花崗巖,其(qi)在建(jian)筑(zhu)學上的(de)創(chuang)性(xing)由此可(ke)見一(yi)斑。
圣井山石殿佛、道并重。初建時屬(shu)道家宮觀,主祀許(xu)旌陽。明成(cheng)化、弘治(zhi)年(nian)間規(gui)模漸(jian)大(da),約從明萬歷時始,又半為佛家禪林。
圣井(jing)山(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)雕建筑群,迎面即為二(er)柱三樓式山(shan)(shan)門,鐫刻(ke)精(jing)致,華麗秀韻。其后為高4.65米(mi)的牌樓,四柱三間(jian)三樓,懸(xuan)山(shan)(shan)頂(ding)。額(e)枋上刻(ke)“萬(wan)歷庚子(zi)歲月(yue)壬子(zi)吉日(ri),住持(chi)僧法靜(jing)募造(zao)”銘記。前殿(dian)和后殿(dian)是圣井(jing)山(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)雕建筑群的精(jing)華所在(zai),屋(wu)寬約6.6米(mi),高約5.7米(mi),棟(dong)梁采(cai)用(yong)花崗巖穿(chuan)斗(dou)抬梁結構(gou)。懸(xuan)山(shan)(shan)頂(ding)屋(wu)面由花崗巖石(shi)(shi)板雕成陰陽(yang)復合瓦片覆蓋。前、后殿(dian)之間(jian)為封閉式院(yuan)落,兩側沿墻設單坡檐廊。石(shi)(shi)殿(dian)中多雕飾,十(shi)分精(jing)美。同時殿(dian)內還留存有從宋至明清石(shi)(shi)碑多通。
一(yi)些到此(ci)考(kao)察的(de)專家以為,圣井山石(shi)殿整(zheng)個建筑(zhu)群設計和安(an)裝(zhuang)所(suo)具有的(de)技(ji)術(shu)水(shui)平,在當時已達到一(yi)個境界,石(shi)與石(shi)之間的(de)銜接如此(ci)精細,實(shi)在令人(ren)驚嘆不已,在山頂打造出這(zhe)樣的(de)建筑(zhu)更屬(shu)奇跡。
圣井山石殿(dian)是為紀念許(xu)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)君而建。許(xu)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)君曾在此(ci)山修煉(lian),灶井尚(shang)存(cun)。考證(zheng)許(xu)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)君名遜,字敬(jing)之,晉(jin)汝南(今河南汝南縣)人,做過(guo)旌陽(yang)縣令。感晉(jin)室紛亂,棄官(guan)浪跡江湖,為民排憂解難;傳(chuan)說東晉(jin)寧康二(er)年(374),舉(ju)家42口拔宅飛升。宋封“神功妙(miao)濟真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)君”,世稱“許(xu)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)君”或“許(xu)旌陽(yang)”。他是否曾在此(ci)修煉(lian),實存(cun)疑惑。至于(yu)灶井尚(shang)存(cun),或許(xu)是好事者牽(qian)強附會。
所謂“圣(sheng)井(jing)(jing)”,就在石殿的神案下,井(jing)(jing)水(shui)(shui)清澈甘洌,不(bu)盈不(bu)涸,相傳(chuan)飲用有益于身心健康,吉(ji)祥(xiang)無邪。不(bu)少(shao)男女提(ti)著3公斤容量的塑料(liao)壺向圣(sheng)井(jing)(jing)取水(shui)(shui)。此水(shui)(shui)究竟含何種元素不(bu)得(de)而知,但帶個“圣(sheng)”,自(zi)然(ran)受人青睞。
圣(sheng)井(jing)山石(shi)(shi)殿周邊還有(you)石(shi)(shi)質(zhi)的玉皇(huang)塔、皇(huang)后宮、景福寺(si)、大南湖(hu)、楓葉坑諸勝,構成一個總(zong)面積11平方公里的“圣(sheng)井(jing)山風景區”。游(you)客絡繹不絕(jue),有(you)的從遠道而來。據稱每年正月初一,來此地游(you)覽、度假(jia)的男女老少(shao)多達數萬人(ren)次。