位于臨潭縣陳旗鄉磨(mo)溝村眺河(he)西岸陽田川臺地(di)西南(nan)角。面(mian)積(ji)250 X 250平方米(mi),文(wen)化層(ceng)厚1.8~2.6米(mi)。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)片分(fen)泥質陶(tao)(tao)(tao)和夾(jia)砂(sha)(sha)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)兩種,器形(xing)有(you)(you)重(zhong)唇(chun)口(kou)尖(jian)底(di)瓶、斂口(kou)缽、平沿尖(jian)底(di)瓶、夾(jia)砂(sha)(sha)紅(hong)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)罐(guan)、高領罐(guan)、雙大(da)耳(er)罐(guan)等,彩陶(tao)(tao)(tao)紋(wen)(wen)飾(shi)有(you)(you)變體鳥紋(wen)(wen)、勾葉紋(wen)(wen)、圓點紋(wen)(wen)、網紋(wen)(wen)、三角紋(wen)(wen)、弧線紋(wen)(wen)、帶紋(wen)(wen)等,其它紋(wen)(wen)飾(shi)有(you)(you)繩紋(wen)(wen)、附加堆紋(wen)(wen)、籃紋(wen)(wen)等,生產(chan)工(gong)具有(you)(you)石(shi)斧、石(shi)鑿(zao)、帶孔石(shi)刀、石(shi)球、骨錐、陶(tao)(tao)(tao)紡輪等。裝飾(shi)品有(you)(you)石(shi)環、陶(tao)(tao)(tao)環、赤鐵(tie)礦(kuang)石(shi)。札(zha)器有(you)(you)玉壁等。發現房址(zhi)兩座,系圓形(xing)豎穴式,屬(shu)仰韶文(wen)化廟(miao)底(di)溝類型(xing),是目前甘南(nan)地(di)區(qu)發現早的人(ren)類居址(zhi)。
遺址包含(han)仰韶(shao)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、馬家(jia)(jia)窯文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、齊(qi)(qi)家(jia)(jia)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)不同(tong)遺存(cun),為(wei)目前挑河流域發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)仰韶(shao)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和馬家(jia)(jia)窯文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)分(fen)布西(xi)端的(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)遺址,對(dui)研究(jiu)三種(zhong)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)分(fen)布及(ji)延續變(bian)異關系具(ju)有(you)重(zhong)要價值。同(tong)時發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)基葬(zang)(zang)區,面(mian)積396 x 650平方(fang)米,埋葬(zang)(zang)密集(ji),互相疊(die)壓,屬(shu)齊(qi)(qi)家(jia)(jia)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和寺(si)洼(wa)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)區.所清理的(de)(de)一(yi)號墓(mu)(mu)(mu),系長方(fang)形抹角豎穴式(shi),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)為(wei)男性,居墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)。仰身直肢,其(qi)左側葬(zang)(zang)成年1具(ju)、少(shao)年1具(ju),右(you)側葬(zang)(zang)少(shao)年1具(ju)、兒童5具(ju),均(jun)骨(gu)殖不全(quan)或錯置.墓(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)出土銅鐲(zhuo)1只,陶器2個(ge),大小骨(gu)珠100多個(ge),骨(gu)制臂9111只,動(dong)物牙齒化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石1個(ge)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)為(wei)齊(qi)(qi)家(jia)(jia)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)殉人(ren)墓(mu)(mu)(mu),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)主(zhu)不同(tong)尋常的(de)(de)葬(zang)(zang)式(shi)、豐富(fu)的(de)(de)殉葬(zang)(zang)品(pin)尤其(qi)是貴(gui)重(zhong)的(de)(de)銅鐲(zhuo),表明其(qi)據(ju)有(you)的(de)(de)權力和擁有(you)的(de)(de)財富(fu),兒童占很(hen)高比例的(de)(de)人(ren)殉,可能是戰(zhan)爭掠(lve)奪(duo)來的(de)(de)奴隸。此墓(mu)(mu)(mu)對(dui)研究(jiu)齊(qi)(qi)家(jia)(jia)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)性質、喪(sang)葬(zang)(zang)習(xi)俗及(ji)階(jie)級(ji)的(de)(de)起源具(ju)有(you)較高學術(shu)價值。為(wei)省級(ji)文(wen)(wen)物保護單位。
磨溝遺址(含墓葬)位于甘肅省(sheng)甘南藏(zang)族自(zi)治(zhi)州臨(lin)潭縣(xian)陳(chen)旗(今(jin)王旗)鄉磨溝村西北(bei)300米(mi)與岷縣(xian)交界(jie)處(chu)洮河西南岸(an)的(de)臺地(di)上,在臨(lin)潭縣(xian)與岷縣(xian)交界(jie)處(chu)的(de)洮河西南岸(an),面(mian)積約80萬平方(fang)米(mi)。臨(lin)潭縣(xian)地(di)處(chu)青藏(zang)高原東(dong)北(bei)邊緣(yuan),是青藏(zang)高原與黃(huang)土(tu)高原過渡的(de)低山(shan)(shan)丘陵地(di)帶,海拔2209~3926米(mi)。遺址地(di)處(chu)山(shan)(shan)間臺地(di),北(bei)以洮河為界(jie),東(dong)、南、西三(san)面(mian)環山(shan)(shan),自(zi)然地(di)形呈馬蹄形。
1958年發現,2008~2012年,甘肅省文物考古研究所與西北大學文化遺產學與考古學研究中心聯合發掘(jue)。遺址斷崖上(shang)暴露有(you)(you)房址和(he)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地面積約(yue)8000平方米。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)呈西北—東南方向排列,以土(tu)(tu)葬(zang)為(wei)主,有(you)(you)少量(liang)火葬(zang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)存在(zai)。形制(zhi)(zhi)多為(wei)豎(shu)穴土(tu)(tu)坑偏洞(dong)室(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),豎(shu)穴土(tu)(tu)坑墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)較(jiao)少。偏洞(dong)室(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多以單偏室(shi)為(wei)主,葬(zang)制(zhi)(zhi)以多人(ren)多次葬(zang)為(wei)主,合(he)葬(zang)形式既有(you)(you)并(bing)排合(he)葬(zang),也有(you)(you)上(shang)下(xia)疊葬(zang),部分墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)地表發現(xian)有(you)(you)封土(tu)(tu),封土(tu)(tu)下(xia)鋪礫石(shi)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)有(you)(you)封門(men),少量(liang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)在(zai)豎(shu)穴中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)立(li)石(shi),上(shang)搭(da)棚木(mu),以便再次葬(zang)人(ren)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)道(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)殉人(ren)現(xian)象,隨葬(zang)品(pin)有(you)(you)陶器、石(shi)器、銅(tong)器、骨器及蚌、牙、石(shi)質裝飾品(pin)和(he)復合(he)材料(liao)裝飾品(pin),并(bing)發現(xian)了工藝先進的金(jin)器。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)地時代集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)齊(qi)家文化晚期(qi)和(he)寺(si)洼文化早期(qi)。
磨溝遺址是(shi)目前(qian)洮河上(shang)游(you)地(di)區發現的大的新石器(qi)時(shi)(shi)代和(he)(he)青(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)時(shi)(shi)代的中(zhong)(zhong)心聚落,該遺址內涵豐(feng)富,延續(xu)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)長(chang),保存完好(hao),為研究(jiu)齊(qi)家文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的社(she)(she)會結(jie)構、家庭婚姻形態和(he)(he)社(she)(she)會復雜化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)進程提(ti)供了全新的考古資料(liao),進而對(dui)中(zhong)(zhong)國文(wen)明起源不同(tong)模式(shi)的研究(jiu)也有深遠(yuan)影響。同(tong)時(shi)(shi),對(dui)研究(jiu)當(dang)時(shi)(shi)的埋葬(zang)制度、埋葬(zang)習俗及特征、史前(qian)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)合(he)葬(zang)現象、我國早期(qi)(qi)青(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)起源和(he)(he)制作技(ji)術、早期(qi)(qi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)交流(liu)、齊(qi)家文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)流(liu)向(xiang)和(he)(he)寺(si)洼文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)起源,以及甘(gan)青(qing)地(di)區新石器(qi)時(shi)(shi)代文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)向(xiang)青(qing)銅(tong)時(shi)(shi)代文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)過渡的一元(yuan)多子文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)現象提(ti)供了珍貴資料(liao)。
文物(wu)普查人員發(fa)現(xian)了一(yi)塊(kuai)墓(mu)葬保(bao)存(cun)完整(zheng)的封土。這一(yi)發(fa)現(xian)說明,早在(zai)齊家(jia)文化時期墓(mu)葬已有使(shi)用封土的現(xian)象存(cun)在(zai)。時過(guo)境遷,保(bao)存(cun)下(xia)來的封土堆已是萬(wan)幸,這一(yi)發(fa)現(xian)是迄今(jin)考古界發(fa)現(xian)的時代(dai)早的墓(mu)上封土;在(zai)兩個年度(du)發(fa)掘(jue)的墓(mu)葬中,發(fa)現(xian)近百座墓(mu)葬在(zai)其原始地表,墓(mu)葬的一(yi)端(duan)或一(yi)側立有長條形石塊(kuai)作為(wei)地面性標志。
2008年,甘肅省文物考古(gu)所聯(lian)合西北大學對該遺址進行了(le)(le)考古(gu)發掘(jue),發現(xian)仰韶中晚期、馬家窯、齊(qi)家和寺洼文化的(de)遺存,并(bing)發掘(jue)出了(le)(le)數量眾多的(de)銅(tong)器(qi)、陶器(qi)及不同材質(zhi)的(de)裝飾品(pin)。
2009年6月,相關(guan)專家(jia)在遺址內頭龕右側陶(tao)雙耳罐中(zhong)間(jian)土中(zhong)發現一(yi)根(gen)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)條(tiao)(tiao)和(he)一(yi)塊鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)銹,經(jing)檢測,發現鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)條(tiao)(tiao)上(shang)的(de)成分為煉(lian)滲碳鋼鍛打而成,充分證明(ming)該(gai)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)條(tiao)(tiao)為人工(gong)冶(ye)(ye)(ye)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)制(zhi)品,冶(ye)(ye)(ye)煉(lian)時間(jian)為公(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)14世紀(ji)左(zuo)右,同時也說明(ming)該(gai)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)條(tiao)(tiao)是目前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)境內出(chu)(chu)(chu)土的(de)早人工(gong)冶(ye)(ye)(ye)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)證據。經(jing)統計,甘肅、青海、寧夏和(he)陜西西部等(deng)地出(chu)(chu)(chu)土早于(yu)公(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)5世紀(ji)的(de)早期(qi)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)器已有50多(duo)件(jian),其(qi)中(zhong)甘肅永昌三角城和(he)蛤蟆墩出(chu)(chu)(chu)土鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)器4件(jian)、靈(ling)臺景家(jia)莊出(chu)(chu)(chu)土銅(tong)柄(bing)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)劍1件(jian)、禮縣(xian)秦公(gong)墓(mu)地趙坪墓(mu)區(qu)2號貴族墓(mu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)土鎏金(jin)鏤(lou)空銅(tong)柄(bing)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)劍1件(jian)及此墓(mu)南側的(de)1號車馬坑(keng)中(zhong)發現“銹蝕嚴重的(de)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)制(zhi)品”、隴縣(xian)邊家(jia)莊出(chu)(chu)(chu)土的(de)1件(jian)銅(tong)柄(bing)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)劍和(he)長武出(chu)(chu)(chu)土1件(jian)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)短劍等(deng)共(gong)10件(jian),其(qi)余40余件(jian)樣品的(de)年代為春秋戰(zhan)國(guo)(guo)。經(jing)過專家(jia)分析判斷,認為這些已經(jing)出(chu)(chu)(chu)土的(de)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)器可以追(zhui)溯到公(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)9世紀(ji),而陳旗磨溝(gou)公(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)14世紀(ji)人工(gong)冶(ye)(ye)(ye)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)制(zhi)品的(de)出(chu)(chu)(chu)土,把中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)人工(gong)冶(ye)(ye)(ye)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)制(zhi)品開始(shi)使(shi)用的(de)時間(jian)提前(qian)(qian)(qian)(qian)了(le)約500年。