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簡介

林家遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)全國(guo)(guo)重點文(wen)(wen)物(wu)保護單(dan)位(wei)(wei)。位(wei)(wei)于甘肅(su)省臨(lin)夏回族自治(zhi)州(zhou)東鄉族自治(zhi)縣城(cheng)鎖南(nan)壩西12公里(li)東塬(yuan)鄉林家村北，大(da)夏河(he)南(nan)岸臺地(di)(di)(di)上(shang)。1976年(nian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)，1977-1978年(nian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)秋梁地(di)(di)(di)、破四格(ge)、陰洼坡(po)子三處，前(qian)兩處地(di)(di)(di)埂上(shang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)大(da)量彩(cai)陶(tao)(tao)片(pian)(pian)和殘石器(qi)。陰洼坡(po)子崖(ya)邊地(di)(di)(di)表(biao)1米(mi)以下有(you)(you)(you)1-2米(mi)厚的(de)灰層，內(nei)有(you)(you)(you)大(da)量彩(cai)陶(tao)(tao)片(pian)(pian)、殘石、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)器(qi)。彩(cai)陶(tao)(tao)片(pian)(pian)復(fu)原有(you)(you)(you)缽、盆、罐(guan)、壺、瓶等器(qi)形(xing)，施黑彩(cai)，花紋(wen)(wen)(wen)有(you)(you)(you)平(ping)行(xing)線夾圓點紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、勾葉紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、網(wang)格(ge)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)等。陶(tao)(tao)質細(xi)膩，陶(tao)(tao)色(se)橙黃，器(qi)表(biao)打(da)磨(mo)光滑。曾(ceng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)房(fang)(fang)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)幾十座(zuo)，窯(yao)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)五處及窖(jiao)穴多(duo)(duo)處。出(chu)土大(da)量彩(cai)陶(tao)(tao)、石器(qi)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)器(qi)及炭粟、麻籽等農作物(wu)。還出(chu)土銅(tong)刀一(yi)把（長12.7厘米(mi)，寬2.5厘米(mi)）。林家遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)屬5000年(nian)前(qian)新石器(qi)時(shi)代馬家窯(yao)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)馬家窯(yao)類(lei)型文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)存(cun)。 遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)(wei)于甘肅(su)省東鄉縣東塬(yuan)鄉林家村北、大(da)夏河(he)東岸臺地(di)(di)(di)。該遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)勢平(ping)坦，高出(chu)河(he)床約 30 米(mi)，隔河(he)與(yu)臨(lin)夏市(shi)上(shang)莊遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)相(xiang)望(wang)。總(zong)面積約6.6 萬平(ping)方米(mi)。其主體遺(yi)存(cun)為(wei)馬家窯(yao)類(lei)型，臺地(di)(di)(di)東緣有(you)(you)(you)少量的(de)齊家文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)存(cun)。發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)馬家窯(yao)類(lei)型房(fang)(fang)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中的(de)早(zao)期房(fang)(fang)屋均(jun)(jun)為(wei)凸字形(xing)半地(di)(di)(di)穴建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)，門向大(da)夏河(he)。中期房(fang)(fang)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)房(fang)(fang)基經平(ping)整夯筑(zhu)，半地(di)(di)(di)下淺穴，僅有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)個淺坑低圈灶址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。晚期出(chu)現(xian)(xian)平(ping)地(di)(di)(di)筑(zhu)墻建(jian)(jian)房(fang)(fang)或室內(nei)分(fen)隔小間(jian)，室外續(xu)建(jian)(jian)前(qian)后相(xiang)連小屋的(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)形(xing)式。灰坑多(duo)(duo)為(wei)袋狀窖(jiao)穴。發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)的(de)生(sheng)產工具(ju)和生(sheng)活用(yong)(yong)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)2000 余(yu)件(jian)，陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)有(you)(you)(you)缽、碗、罐(guan)、壺、瓶等，其中的(de)泥質紅陶(tao)(tao)大(da)多(duo)(duo)為(wei)彩(cai)陶(tao)(tao)，均(jun)(jun)為(wei)黑彩(cai)，飾(shi)有(you)(you)(you)平(ping)行(xing)線紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、圓點紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、網(wang)格(ge)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、葉網(wang)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。石制(zhi)工具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)刀、斧、鏟、鎮、鑿、錐、紡(fang)輪(lun)、網(wang)垂等10 余(yu)種，且(qie)磨(mo)刃鋒利(li)。骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)制(zhi)工具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)錐、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)針、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)竿和特色(se)的(de)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)柄(bing)石刃器(qi)，精細(xi)實(shi)用(yong)(yong)。這里(li)出(chu)土的(de)一(yi)件(jian)銅(tong)刀，由錫青銅(tong)模鑄而成，刀身薄(bo)厚均(jun)(jun)勻，短柄(bing)長刃，長12.5厘米(mi)，是我國(guo)(guo)目前(qian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)早(zao)的(de)銅(tong)器(qi)，距今(jin)約五千年(nian)，它的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)把我國(guo)(guo)使用(yong)(yong)青銅(tong)器(qi)的(de)歷(li)史提早(zao)了一(yi)千年(nian)。

林家遺址發掘

1977年至1978年，甘(gan)肅省博物館(guan)文(wen)物工作(zuo)隊(dui)、臨夏(xia)州文(wen)化(hua)局、東鄉縣文(wen)化(hua)館(guan)共(gong)同對林家遺址(zhi)進行(xing)了(le)發掘(jue)。

1978年夏天，考古(gu)文物(wu)(wu)工作隊又到林(lin)家，舉辦了(le)第(di)二期學(xue)習班(ban)，人員擴大(da)到40人。我們在考古(gu)隊老師的(de)(de)帶領下(xia)，遺址發掘又開(kai)始了(le)。探方(fang)(fang)(fang)五(wu)米(mi)見方(fang)(fang)(fang)，每五(wu)至六人一組。白(bai)天發掘探方(fang)(fang)(fang)，清理、繪圖、拍片(pian)、記(ji)錄(lu)、采集陶(tao)片(pian)等(deng)遺物(wu)(wu)。晚上整理采集物(wu)(wu)、洗照(zhao)片(pian)、抄(chao)送記(ji)錄(lu)等(deng)。照(zhao)片(pian)是用海鷗(ou)像機照(zhao)的(de)(de)，原(yuan)保存有(you)一些現場照(zhao)片(pian)，找不(bu)著了(le)。特(te)別是日記(ji)本，每天的(de)(de)日記(ji)記(ji)得(de)很(hen)細，探方(fang)(fang)(fang)編(bian)號、開(kai)挖(wa)時間、出土器物(wu)(wu)等(deng)都有(you)記(ji)錄(lu)。因搬了(le)一次家，丟(diu)了(le)個(ge)干凈。

陶(tao)器是(shi)(shi)(shi)當(dang)時人們主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)生活(huo)用具。東鄉縣林(lin)(lin)家遺址發現的(de)(de)馬家窯類型橫(heng)穴式陶(tao)窯，窯室為圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)，直徑1.3米，窯箅周圍有(you)火孔，頂部與窯室間隔一(yi)層夯土(tu)，火膛呈長方形(xing)(xing)。陶(tao)的(de)(de)制作普遍采用泥(ni)條(tiao)盤筑法，出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)陶(tao)器分泥(ni)質(zhi)(zhi)、夾砂二(er)類。早(zao)期的(de)(de)陶(tao)器數量少，有(you)瓶(ping)、罐(guan)(guan)、盆(pen)、缽(bo)等(deng)。瓶(ping)多喇叭口(kou)(kou)，罐(guan)(guan)為敞口(kou)(kou)，盆(pen)的(de)(de)口(kou)(kou)沿外卷，缽(bo)為圓(yuan)唇。紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾以(yi)旋紋(wen)(wen)(wen)為主(zhu)，線條(tiao)流暢古拙。中(zhong)期的(de)(de)陶(tao)瓶(ping)，口(kou)(kou)沿向(xiang)外翻(fan)轉，頸(jing)部變長，罐(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)頸(jing)部變短，紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾以(yi)弧(hu)形(xing)(xing)并列條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)為主(zhu)，線條(tiao)均勻細密，活(huo)潑流暢。晚(wan)期陶(tao)器數量多，陶(tao)質(zhi)(zhi)較前(qian)者略粗，主(zhu)要(yao)器形(xing)(xing)有(you)盆(pen)、碗(wan)、壺、瓶(ping)、罐(guan)(guan)等(deng)，色彩(cai)(cai)也有(you)變化(hua)，在黑(hei)彩(cai)(cai)間添加(jia)了白彩(cai)(cai)，白彩(cai)(cai)多為輔(fu)助裝飾，黑(hei)白對比強烈，紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾簡化(hua)，線條(tiao)以(yi)旋紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、平行為主(zhu)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)晚(wan)期的(de)(de)特(te)點。2005年，在修(xiu)林(lin)(lin)家至河灘鄉間公路時，出(chu)土(tu)了很多陶(tao)片(pian)，有(you)群眾把好看的(de)(de)陶(tao)片(pian)拿到了臨夏(xia)市舊(jiu)花(hua)市出(chu)售。9月初的(de)(de)一(yi)天，我從市場上(shang)拍到了兩塊精(jing)美的(de)(de)陶(tao)片(pian)，一(yi)塊是(shi)(shi)(shi)鴨(ya)子紋(wen)(wen)(wen)，一(yi)塊是(shi)(shi)(shi)蝌蚪紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。若是(shi)(shi)(shi)完整器，那將是(shi)(shi)(shi)馬家窯類型的(de)(de)美輪美奐的(de)(de)彩(cai)(cai)陶(tao)大盆(pen)和大罐(guan)(guan)，應屬當(dang)時居民(min)的(de)(de)祭祀(si)用器。

重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)遺(yi)(yi)址20號(hao)房(fang)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)北壁下出土(tu)(tu)了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)(ba)(ba)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)，還在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)54號(hao)灰坑中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出土(tu)(tu)了(le)(le)(le)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)渣。考(kao)古工(gong)作者(zhe)(zhe)龐耀先是(shi)(shi)(shi)林家(jia)(jia)遺(yi)(yi)址青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)者(zhe)(zhe)，他說：編號(hao)F20的(de)(de)(de)(de)房(fang)屋(wu)結構是(shi)(shi)(shi)比較(jiao)完(wan)整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，它(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)房(fang)屋(wu)門道(dao)大都(dou)向(xiang)著大夏河(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)邊，屋(wu)基皆在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生土(tu)(tu)層中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)半(ban)地(di)穴式(shi)房(fang)屋(wu)，我(wo)們(men)看得出來(lai)，單間(jian)房(fang)屋(wu)各(ge)自(zi)獨立，布(bu)局(ju)分散，他們(men)比較(jiao)講究生活(huo)，好多房(fang)屋(wu)遺(yi)(yi)址中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)都(dou)出現(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)兩(liang)(liang)個灶。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)僅有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)(ba)(ba)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)，還出土(tu)(tu)了(le)(le)(le)大量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)骨器(qi)(qi)(qi)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)之前，我(wo)還發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)(ba)(ba)骨制的(de)(de)(de)(de)匕首。匕首非(fei)(fei)常精致(zhi)，兩(liang)(liang)面有(you)刃(ren)(ren)，使用(yong)(yong)打磨成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)細石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)做的(de)(de)(de)(de)把(ba)(ba)(ba)，用(yong)(yong)動物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)肢骨做成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)刀(dao)刃(ren)(ren)，刀(dao)把(ba)(ba)(ba)則是(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)不(bu)知(zhi)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)膠粘合上(shang)去的(de)(de)(de)(de)。長(chang)15厘米左(zuo)右，刃(ren)(ren)面非(fei)(fei)常銳利，用(yong)(yong)手一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)摸有(you)點被刺的(de)(de)(de)(de)感覺(jue)，就是(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)樣精美的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)(ba)(ba)骨刀(dao)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)拿到(dao)(dao)(dao)手的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)瞬間(jian)就散了(le)(le)(le)架，刀(dao)把(ba)(ba)(ba)與(yu)骨刃(ren)(ren)分離了(le)(le)(le)。那把(ba)(ba)(ba)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)放(fang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)房(fang)屋(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)角落(luo)里，角落(luo)正(zheng)好在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)我(wo)們(men)探方的(de)(de)(de)(de)橫(heng)梁下面，刀(dao)渾身布(bu)滿銅(tong)(tong)(tong)銹(xiu)，它(ta)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定是(shi)(shi)(shi)被主人遺(yi)(yi)忘了(le)(le)(le)，才得以(yi)幸存下來(lai)。”銅(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)由兩(liang)(liang)塊范(fan)澆鑄(zhu)而(er)成(cheng)，表面平整(zheng)，有(you)較(jiao)厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)深灰色綠(lv)色銹(xiu)，短柄(bing)長(chang)刃(ren)(ren)，刀(dao)尖(jian)圓鈍，微(wei)上(shang)翹(qiao)，弧(hu)背，薄(bo)厚均(jun)勻，柄(bing)端有(you)明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)安裝木把(ba)(ba)(ba)的(de)(de)(de)(de)痕跡，刀(dao)長(chang)12.5厘米。1981年經(jing)北京鋼鐵(tie)學(xue)院冶(ye)金研究所檢驗，為(wei)(wei)(wei)含錫(xi)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。它(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)迄今為(wei)(wei)(wei)止(zhi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)早的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)件青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，其(qi)年代(dai)(dai)距(ju)今約5000年左(zuo)右。此刀(dao)被譽為(wei)(wei)(wei)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)刀(dao)”，現(xian)(xian)(xian)藏中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國國家(jia)(jia)博物(wu)(wu)館 。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)渣分別用(yong)(yong)巖相鑒定和(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)活(huo)化(hua)法(fa)分析，證明(ming)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)渣不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)天然(ran)礦石(shi)，也非(fei)(fei)煉(lian)(lian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)殘(can)渣，而(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)塊經(jing)冶(ye)煉(lian)(lian)但(dan)已經(jing)分化(hua)成(cheng)碎塊的(de)(de)(de)(de)含銅(tong)(tong)(tong)鐵(tie)金屬長(chang)期銹(xiu)蝕(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)物(wu)(wu)，這(zhe)(zhe)些銅(tong)(tong)(tong)渣在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)林家(jia)(jia)遺(yi)(yi)址中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)三四快(kuai)，都(dou)因為(wei)(wei)(wei)分化(hua)而(er)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)碎塊，這(zhe)(zhe)證明(ming)當地(di)以(yi)能(neng)進行冶(ye)鑄(zhu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)生產。它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意義在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于：把(ba)(ba)(ba)我(wo)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)冶(ye)金史(shi)，向(xiang)前推進了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)大步，與(yu)早發(fa)(fa)(fa)明(ming)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)冶(ye)煉(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)、西亞(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)些國家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)大致(zhi)相同，這(zhe)(zhe)說明(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國是(shi)(shi)(shi)世界上(shang)率先發(fa)(fa)(fa)明(ming)和(he)使用(yong)(yong)冶(ye)金技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)國家(jia)(jia)之一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)；同時(shi)也證明(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國早的(de)(de)(de)(de)冶(ye)金技(ji)術發(fa)(fa)(fa)源地(di)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)甘肅(su)。用(yong)(yong)金屬代(dai)(dai)替石(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)勞動工(gong)具，是(shi)(shi)(shi)人類發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)史(shi)上(shang)極為(wei)(wei)(wei)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)變革，青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)早出現(xian)(xian)(xian)，有(you)其(qi)劃時(shi)代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意義。到(dao)(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)龍(long)山文化(hua)、齊家(jia)(jia)文化(hua)時(shi)期銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制造較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)普(pu)遍。據考(kao)古資料得知(zhi)，整(zheng)個黃河(he)流域從東到(dao)(dao)(dao)西都(dou)有(you)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)出土(tu)(tu)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)、黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。

林(lin)家遺(yi)址出(chu)土的(de)石(shi)(shi)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)器(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)2000余(yu)件(jian)(jian)。有(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)錛312件(jian)(jian)，石(shi)(shi)斧211件(jian)(jian)，石(shi)(shi)刀(dao)(dao)209件(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)鑿189件(jian)(jian)，石(shi)(shi)紡(fang)(fang)輪(lun)49個(ge)，還(huan)有(you)(you)敲(qiao)砸器(qi)(qi)、研磨器(qi)(qi)、磨臼(jiu)、石(shi)(shi)杵、磨石(shi)(shi)、石(shi)(shi)鉆(zhan)、石(shi)(shi)鏃等；次為骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)器(qi)(qi)，骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)錐(zhui)358個(ge)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)針(zhen)236個(ge)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)鏃44個(ge)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)刀(dao)(dao)15個(ge)；石(shi)(shi)刃骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)柄刀(dao)(dao)12件(jian)(jian)、石(shi)(shi)刃骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)柄匕首6件(jian)(jian)。林(lin)家遺(yi)址F21晚(wan)期陶罐內盛有(you)(you)稷(ji)、粟(su)和大(da)(da)麻(ma)籽(zi)。H19灰坑底(di)(di)部(bu)有(you)(you)大(da)(da)量(liang)炭化稷(ji)、部(bu)分(fen)穗(sui)頭、稷(ji)粒(li)、枝(zhi)干等，穗(sui)頭上(shang)帶有(you)(you)較長(chang)的(de)細枝(zhi)，捆成(cheng)小(xiao)把，整齊放在坑底(di)(di)，厚達40厘米，計可(ke)達2立方米。這說明(ming)，林(lin)家已(yi)有(you)(you)較發(fa)達的(de)原(yuan)始農(nong)業(ye)，兼事狩獵和采(cai)集。其石(shi)(shi)錛、石(shi)(shi)斧、石(shi)(shi)刀(dao)(dao)、石(shi)(shi)鑿為農(nong)業(ye)生產(chan)中的(de)主要使用工具；另外三處(chu)窯(yao)穴也有(you)(you)炭化稷(ji)粒(li)，大(da)(da)量(liang)稷(ji)的(de)發(fa)現(xian)，從帶穗(sui)的(de)細枝(zhi)割斷痕跡，是(shi)用石(shi)(shi)、陶刀(dao)(dao)割下來的(de)；磨臼(jiu)、石(shi)(shi)杵是(shi)大(da)(da)量(liang)谷物加(jia)工，說明(ming)粟(su)是(shi)當時居民(min)的(de)主要糧食之(zhi)一(yi)。石(shi)(shi)紡(fang)(fang)輪(lun)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)針(zhen)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)錐(zhui)的(de)出(chu)土，證明(ming)當時的(de)人(ren)們已(yi)經掌握了紡(fang)(fang)織(zhi)技術(shu)，取植物纖(xian)維或獸毛，用紡(fang)(fang)輪(lun)捻成(cheng)線(xian)，用原(yuan)始的(de)織(zhi)布機制(zhi)成(cheng)粗(cu)毛、麻(ma)布，用骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)針(zhen)縫制(zhi)衣服(fu)。F8、F10、F11房址殘陶罐中均有(you)(you)發(fa)現(xian)大(da)(da)麻(ma)籽(zi)。大(da)(da)麻(ma)籽(zi)可(ke)食用，其纖(xian)維，以紡(fang)(fang)輪(lun)捻織(zhi)麻(ma)布；出(chu)土的(de)石(shi)(shi)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)鏃、石(shi)(shi)蛋是(shi)人(ren)們獵取鹿、獐(zhang)、兔等野生動(dong)物的(de)明(ming)證。

出土的陶器分泥質和夾砂兩類

主要采用泥條(tiao)盤筑和(he)捏塑法制作。根據地層堆積(ji)，分早、中、晚(wan)三期。早期的(de)陶(tao)器(qi)數量(liang)較少，主要有瓶、罐(guan)、盆(pen)(pen)、缽(bo)(bo)等，瓶多為(wei)(wei)喇叭口(kou)(kou)，罐(guan)為(wei)(wei)敞口(kou)(kou)，盆(pen)(pen)的(de)口(kou)(kou)沿(yan)外卷，缽(bo)(bo)為(wei)(wei)圓(yuan)唇。彩(cai)繪為(wei)(wei)黑(hei)色(se)，漆黑(hei)發(fa)亮，紋(wen)飾(shi)以(yi)旋紋(wen)和(he)弧線(xian)(xian)紋(wen)為(wei)(wei)主，線(xian)(xian)條(tiao)粗健古樸；中期的(de)瓶口(kou)(kou)沿(yan)向外翻轉，頸部(bu)(bu)變(bian)(bian)長(chang)，罐(guan)的(de)頸部(bu)(bu)變(bian)(bian)短(duan)，紋(wen)飾(shi)以(yi)弧形并列條(tiao)紋(wen)為(wei)(wei)主，線(xian)(xian)條(tiao)均勻(yun)細密(mi)，活(huo)潑流暢；晚(wan)期陶(tao)器(qi)數量(liang)多，陶(tao)質較粗，主要器(qi)形有盆(pen)(pen)、缽(bo)(bo)、碗、壺、瓶、罐(guan)等，色(se)彩(cai)也發(fa)生變(bian)(bian)化，出現了白彩(cai)，紋(wen)飾(shi)簡(jian)化、潦(liao)草，以(yi)旋紋(wen)、平(ping)行條(tiao)紋(wen)為(wei)(wei)主，色(se)彩(cai)清(qing)淡(dan)，白彩(cai)多為(wei)(wei)輔(fu)助(zhu)裝飾(shi)，黑(hei)白分明，對(dui)比強烈，是晚(wan)期的(de)突(tu)出特(te)點。

林家遺址躋身國家級文物保護單位

國務院公布的第六批全國重(zhong)點文物保護單位中牞東鄉縣新石器(qi)時代林家遺址名列其(qi)中。

林家(jia)(jia)(jia)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)位(wei)于東鄉族自治縣(xian)大夏河東岸的黃土塬(yuan)上牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)文化(hua)(hua)內(nei)涵以馬(ma)家(jia)(jia)(jia)窯(yao)類(lei)型(xing)為(wei)(wei)主牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)包含有馬(ma)家(jia)(jia)(jia)窯(yao)類(lei)型(xing)早(zao)、中(zhong)、晚期的文化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是馬(ma)家(jia)(jia)(jia)窯(yao)類(lei)型(xing)的代表性遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)。1978年牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)甘肅省博(bo)物(wu)館(guan)文化(hua)(hua)工(gong)(gong)作隊(dui)、州文化(hua)(hua)局、東鄉縣(xian)文化(hua)(hua)館(guan)共同進行了發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)面積近3000平方米。發(fa)(fa)現馬(ma)家(jia)(jia)(jia)窯(yao)時期房(fang)屋遺(yi)(yi)跡(ji)27處牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)制陶(tao)窯(yao)址(zhi)3處牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)灰坑(keng)985個(ge)。發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)和采(cai)集各(ge)類(lei)遺(yi)(yi)物(wu)3000余件牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)其(qi)中(zhong)各(ge)類(lei)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)和生(sheng)活用具(ju)2000余件牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)包括石器(qi)(qi)、骨器(qi)(qi)、陶(tao)、蚌、角器(qi)(qi)等。其(qi)中(zhong)一件青(qing)銅(tong)模鑄刀具(ju)牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)為(wei)(wei)目前發(fa)(fa)現的時代早(zao)的青(qing)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)。林家(jia)(jia)(jia)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)的發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)能夠幫(bang)助人們了解(jie)馬(ma)家(jia)(jia)(jia)窯(yao)類(lei)型(xing)早(zao)、中(zhong)、晚期的地層(ceng)堆積關系牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)為(wei)(wei)文化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)物(wu)的33期提供了明確(que)的地層(ceng)關系。