林(lin)家遺(yi)(yi)址全國重點(dian)文物(wu)保護單(dan)位(wei)(wei)。位(wei)(wei)于(yu)甘肅省臨夏回族自(zi)(zi)治州東(dong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)族自(zi)(zi)治縣(xian)城(cheng)鎖南壩(ba)西12公里東(dong)塬(yuan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)林(lin)家村(cun)北(bei),大(da)夏河(he)南岸臺(tai)(tai)(tai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)上(shang)。1976年(nian)發(fa)(fa)現(xian),1977-1978年(nian)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)秋(qiu)梁(liang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)、破四(si)格、陰洼坡子(zi)三處(chu),前(qian)(qian)(qian)兩處(chu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)埂上(shang)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)大(da)量(liang)彩陶(tao)片(pian)和殘(can)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器。陰洼坡子(zi)崖邊地(di)(di)(di)(di)表(biao)1米(mi)(mi)(mi)以(yi)下(xia)有(you)(you)(you)1-2米(mi)(mi)(mi)厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)灰層,內(nei)(nei)有(you)(you)(you)大(da)量(liang)彩陶(tao)片(pian)、殘(can)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、骨(gu)(gu)器。彩陶(tao)片(pian)復原有(you)(you)(you)缽(bo)、盆、罐、壺、瓶等器形(xing),施黑彩,花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)有(you)(you)(you)平行(xing)線夾圓點(dian)紋(wen)(wen)、勾葉紋(wen)(wen)、網(wang)格紋(wen)(wen)等。陶(tao)質(zhi)細膩,陶(tao)色橙黃,器表(biao)打磨(mo)(mo)光滑(hua)。曾發(fa)(fa)現(xian)房(fang)址幾十座,窯(yao)(yao)址五處(chu)及(ji)窖(jiao)穴多處(chu)。出土大(da)量(liang)彩陶(tao)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器、骨(gu)(gu)器及(ji)炭粟、麻籽等農(nong)作(zuo)物(wu)。還(huan)出土銅刀一(yi)把(ba)(長12.7厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)2.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi))。林(lin)家遺(yi)(yi)址屬5000年(nian)前(qian)(qian)(qian)新(xin)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器時代馬家窯(yao)(yao)文化(hua)馬家窯(yao)(yao)類(lei)型文化(hua)遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)。 遺(yi)(yi)址位(wei)(wei)于(yu)甘肅省東(dong)鄉(xiang)(xiang)縣(xian)東(dong)塬(yuan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)林(lin)家村(cun)北(bei)、大(da)夏河(he)東(dong)岸臺(tai)(tai)(tai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)。該遺(yi)(yi)址地(di)(di)(di)(di)勢(shi)平坦(tan),高(gao)出河(he)床約 30 米(mi)(mi)(mi),隔(ge)河(he)與臨夏市上(shang)莊遺(yi)(yi)址相(xiang)望。總面積約6.6 萬平方米(mi)(mi)(mi)。其(qi)主體遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)為(wei)馬家窯(yao)(yao)類(lei)型,臺(tai)(tai)(tai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)東(dong)緣有(you)(you)(you)少量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)齊家文化(hua)遺(yi)(yi)存(cun)。發(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)馬家窯(yao)(yao)類(lei)型房(fang)址中的(de)(de)(de)(de)早期(qi)房(fang)屋均(jun)為(wei)凸字形(xing)半(ban)地(di)(di)(di)(di)穴建筑(zhu)(zhu),門向大(da)夏河(he)。中期(qi)房(fang)址的(de)(de)(de)(de)房(fang)基經平整夯筑(zhu)(zhu),半(ban)地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)淺穴,僅有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)個淺坑(keng)(keng)低圈灶址。晚期(qi)出現(xian)平地(di)(di)(di)(di)筑(zhu)(zhu)墻建房(fang)或室內(nei)(nei)分隔(ge)小間,室外(wai)續建前(qian)(qian)(qian)后(hou)相(xiang)連小屋的(de)(de)(de)(de)建筑(zhu)(zhu)形(xing)式(shi)。灰坑(keng)(keng)多為(wei)袋狀窖(jiao)穴。發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)和生活(huo)用(yong)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)2000 余件,陶(tao)器有(you)(you)(you)缽(bo)、碗、罐、壺、瓶等,其(qi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)泥(ni)質(zhi)紅陶(tao)大(da)多為(wei)彩陶(tao),均(jun)為(wei)黑彩,飾有(you)(you)(you)平行(xing)線紋(wen)(wen)、圓點(dian)紋(wen)(wen)、網(wang)格紋(wen)(wen)、葉網(wang)紋(wen)(wen)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)刀、斧(fu)、鏟(chan)、鎮(zhen)、鑿、錐、紡輪(lun)、網(wang)垂(chui)等10 余種,且磨(mo)(mo)刃(ren)鋒利。骨(gu)(gu)制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)骨(gu)(gu)錐、骨(gu)(gu)針、骨(gu)(gu)竿和特(te)色的(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)柄(bing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刃(ren)器,精細實用(yong)。這(zhe)里出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)件銅刀,由錫青(qing)銅模鑄(zhu)而(er)成,刀身薄厚均(jun)勻(yun),短柄(bing)長刃(ren),長12.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),是(shi)我(wo)國目前(qian)(qian)(qian)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)早的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅器,距今約五千(qian)年(nian),它的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)把(ba)我(wo)國使用(yong)青(qing)銅器的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)提早了(le)一(yi)千(qian)年(nian)。
1977年至(zhi)1978年,甘肅省(sheng)博物館文(wen)物工(gong)作隊(dui)、臨夏州文(wen)化局(ju)、東鄉(xiang)縣(xian)文(wen)化館共同對林家遺址進行了發掘。
1978年夏天,考(kao)古(gu)文物工作隊又(you)到林家,舉辦了第(di)二(er)期(qi)學習班(ban),人員擴大到40人。我(wo)們在考(kao)古(gu)隊老師的帶領(ling)下,遺(yi)址發掘又(you)開始了。探方(fang)(fang)(fang)五米見方(fang)(fang)(fang),每(mei)五至六(liu)人一(yi)組。白天發掘探方(fang)(fang)(fang),清理(li)、繪圖、拍片、記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)、采(cai)集陶片等(deng)遺(yi)物。晚上整理(li)采(cai)集物、洗照(zhao)片、抄(chao)送記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)等(deng)。照(zhao)片是用海鷗像機照(zhao)的,原保存(cun)有一(yi)些現場照(zhao)片,找不著了。特別是日記(ji)(ji)(ji)本(ben),每(mei)天的日記(ji)(ji)(ji)記(ji)(ji)(ji)得很細(xi),探方(fang)(fang)(fang)編號、開挖時間、出土器物等(deng)都有記(ji)(ji)(ji)錄(lu)。因搬了一(yi)次家,丟了個干凈(jing)。
陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)是(shi)當時(shi)(shi)人們主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)生活用具(ju)。東(dong)鄉縣林(lin)家(jia)遺址發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)馬家(jia)窯類型(xing)橫穴式陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)窯,窯室為圓形,直徑1.3米(mi),窯箅(bi)周(zhou)圍有(you)火(huo)孔,頂(ding)部(bu)與窯室間(jian)隔一(yi)層夯土(tu),火(huo)膛呈(cheng)長(chang)(chang)方形。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)制作普遍采用泥條(tiao)盤筑法,出土(tu)的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)分泥質(zhi)、夾砂二類。早期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)數(shu)(shu)量(liang)少,有(you)瓶(ping)、罐(guan)、盆、缽等。瓶(ping)多(duo)喇叭口(kou)(kou),罐(guan)為敞口(kou)(kou),盆的(de)(de)口(kou)(kou)沿外(wai)(wai)卷,缽為圓唇(chun)。紋(wen)飾(shi)以(yi)(yi)旋紋(wen)為主(zhu)(zhu),線條(tiao)流暢古拙(zhuo)。中期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)瓶(ping),口(kou)(kou)沿向外(wai)(wai)翻轉,頸部(bu)變長(chang)(chang),罐(guan)的(de)(de)頸部(bu)變短,紋(wen)飾(shi)以(yi)(yi)弧(hu)形并列條(tiao)紋(wen)為主(zhu)(zhu),線條(tiao)均勻細密,活潑流暢。晚期(qi)(qi)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)器(qi)數(shu)(shu)量(liang)多(duo),陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)質(zhi)較(jiao)前者略粗,主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)器(qi)形有(you)盆、碗(wan)、壺、瓶(ping)、罐(guan)等,色彩(cai)也有(you)變化(hua)(hua),在黑彩(cai)間(jian)添(tian)加了白彩(cai),白彩(cai)多(duo)為輔助裝飾(shi),黑白對比(bi)強烈,紋(wen)飾(shi)簡(jian)化(hua)(hua),線條(tiao)以(yi)(yi)旋紋(wen)、平行(xing)為主(zhu)(zhu),是(shi)晚期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)特(te)點。2005年(nian),在修(xiu)林(lin)家(jia)至河(he)灘鄉間(jian)公(gong)路時(shi)(shi),出土(tu)了很多(duo)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)片(pian)(pian),有(you)群眾把好看的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)片(pian)(pian)拿到(dao)了臨夏市(shi)舊花(hua)市(shi)出售。9月初(chu)的(de)(de)一(yi)天,我從市(shi)場上拍到(dao)了兩(liang)塊(kuai)精美的(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)片(pian)(pian),一(yi)塊(kuai)是(shi)鴨子紋(wen),一(yi)塊(kuai)是(shi)蝌蚪紋(wen)。若是(shi)完整器(qi),那將是(shi)馬家(jia)窯類型(xing)的(de)(de)美輪美奐的(de)(de)彩(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)(tao)大盆和大罐(guan),應屬當時(shi)(shi)居民的(de)(de)祭祀用器(qi)。
重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)20號(hao)房(fang)子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北壁(bi)下出(chu)(chu)土(tu)了一(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)(ba)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao),還(huan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)54號(hao)灰(hui)坑中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)了銅(tong)(tong)渣(zha)(zha)。考(kao)古工作者(zhe)龐耀先是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)林家(jia)(jia)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)者(zhe),他說:編(bian)號(hao)F20的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)房(fang)屋(wu)結構是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)比較(jiao)完整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),它(ta)(ta)(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)房(fang)屋(wu)門道大(da)都(dou)向著大(da)夏河(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)邊,屋(wu)基(ji)皆(jie)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)土(tu)層中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)半地(di)穴(xue)式房(fang)屋(wu),我(wo)們看得出(chu)(chu)來,單間(jian)(jian)(jian)房(fang)屋(wu)各自獨立(li),布局分(fen)散,他們比較(jiao)講究生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)(huo),好(hao)多(duo)房(fang)屋(wu)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)都(dou)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)了兩個(ge)灶。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)現(xian)場(chang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)僅有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)(ba)銅(tong)(tong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao),還(huan)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)了大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)骨器(qi)(qi)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)銅(tong)(tong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)之(zhi)前,我(wo)還(huan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)了一(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)(ba)骨制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)匕(bi)首。匕(bi)首非常精致,兩面(mian)(mian)(mian)有(you)(you)刃,使用(yong)(yong)打磨成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細石器(qi)(qi)做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)把(ba)(ba),用(yong)(yong)動物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肢骨做(zuo)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)刃,刀(dao)(dao)(dao)把(ba)(ba)則是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)不(bu)知(zhi)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)膠(jiao)粘合上(shang)去(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。長(chang)(chang)15厘(li)米(mi)左右,刃面(mian)(mian)(mian)非常銳利,用(yong)(yong)手一(yi)(yi)(yi)摸有(you)(you)點(dian)被刺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感覺(jue),就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)這樣精美的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)(ba)骨刀(dao)(dao)(dao),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)拿到(dao)手的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)瞬間(jian)(jian)(jian)就(jiu)散了架,刀(dao)(dao)(dao)把(ba)(ba)與(yu)骨刃分(fen)離了。那把(ba)(ba)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)放在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)房(fang)屋(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)落(luo)里,角(jiao)落(luo)正好(hao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)我(wo)們探方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橫梁下面(mian)(mian)(mian),刀(dao)(dao)(dao)渾身(shen)布滿銅(tong)(tong)銹(xiu),它(ta)(ta)(ta)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)被主人遺(yi)(yi)忘了,才得以幸存下來。”銅(tong)(tong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)由兩塊(kuai)范澆鑄(zhu)而(er)成(cheng),表面(mian)(mian)(mian)平整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),有(you)(you)較(jiao)厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深灰(hui)色(se)綠色(se)銹(xiu),短柄長(chang)(chang)刃,刀(dao)(dao)(dao)尖圓鈍,微(wei)上(shang)翹,弧背(bei),薄厚(hou)均勻,柄端有(you)(you)明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安裝木把(ba)(ba)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)痕跡,刀(dao)(dao)(dao)長(chang)(chang)12.5厘(li)米(mi)。1981年(nian)經北京鋼鐵(tie)學院冶(ye)金(jin)研究所檢驗,為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)含錫青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)。它(ta)(ta)(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)迄(qi)今為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)止發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)時(shi)代(dai)(dai)早的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi),其年(nian)代(dai)(dai)距(ju)今約5000年(nian)左右。此(ci)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)被譽為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華第一(yi)(yi)(yi)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)”,現(xian)藏中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)博物館 。銅(tong)(tong)渣(zha)(zha)分(fen)別用(yong)(yong)巖相鑒(jian)定和(he)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子活(huo)(huo)化(hua)法分(fen)析,證明(ming)銅(tong)(tong)渣(zha)(zha)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)天然礦石,也非煉銅(tong)(tong)殘渣(zha)(zha),而(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)塊(kuai)經冶(ye)煉但已經分(fen)化(hua)成(cheng)碎塊(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含銅(tong)(tong)鐵(tie)金(jin)屬(shu)長(chang)(chang)期銹(xiu)蝕的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)物,這些(xie)銅(tong)(tong)渣(zha)(zha)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)林家(jia)(jia)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)了三(san)四快,都(dou)因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)分(fen)化(hua)而(er)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)碎塊(kuai),這證明(ming)當地(di)以能進(jin)行冶(ye)鑄(zhu)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產。它(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于:把(ba)(ba)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)冶(ye)金(jin)史(shi),向前推進(jin)了一(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)步,與(yu)早發(fa)(fa)(fa)明(ming)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)冶(ye)煉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)、西亞(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)大(da)致相同,這說明(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)世界上(shang)率先發(fa)(fa)(fa)明(ming)和(he)使用(yong)(yong)冶(ye)金(jin)技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi);同時(shi)也證明(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)早的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)冶(ye)金(jin)技術發(fa)(fa)(fa)源地(di)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)甘肅。用(yong)(yong)金(jin)屬(shu)代(dai)(dai)替石器(qi)(qi)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)勞動工具(ju),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人類發(fa)(fa)(fa)展史(shi)上(shang)極為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變革,青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)早出(chu)(chu)現(xian),有(you)(you)其劃時(shi)代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義。到(dao)了龍(long)山文化(hua)、齊家(jia)(jia)文化(hua)時(shi)期銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制造較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)普遍。據考(kao)古資料得知(zhi),整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)個(ge)黃河(he)流域(yu)從東到(dao)西都(dou)有(you)(you)銅(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)出(chu)(chu)土(tu),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)紅銅(tong)(tong)、黃銅(tong)(tong)和(he)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)。
林家遺址出土的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)器(qi)有(you)(you)(you)2000余件(jian)。有(you)(you)(you)石(shi)錛(ben)312件(jian),石(shi)斧211件(jian),石(shi)刀209件(jian)石(shi)鑿189件(jian),石(shi)紡(fang)(fang)輪49個,還有(you)(you)(you)敲砸(za)器(qi)、研(yan)磨(mo)(mo)器(qi)、磨(mo)(mo)臼(jiu)、石(shi)杵、磨(mo)(mo)石(shi)、石(shi)鉆、石(shi)鏃等(deng);次為(wei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)器(qi),骨(gu)(gu)(gu)錐(zhui)(zhui)358個、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)針236個、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)鏃44個、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)刀15個;石(shi)刃(ren)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)柄刀12件(jian)、石(shi)刃(ren)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)柄匕首6件(jian)。林家遺址F21晚期陶(tao)罐內盛有(you)(you)(you)稷(ji)、粟和大(da)(da)麻籽(zi)。H19灰(hui)坑(keng)底(di)部有(you)(you)(you)大(da)(da)量炭(tan)化稷(ji)、部分穗頭、稷(ji)粒、枝干等(deng),穗頭上帶有(you)(you)(you)較長的(de)(de)(de)細(xi)枝,捆成(cheng)小把,整齊放在坑(keng)底(di),厚達(da)(da)40厘米,計(ji)可達(da)(da)2立方米。這(zhe)說明,林家已有(you)(you)(you)較發達(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)始農(nong)業,兼事狩獵和采集。其(qi)石(shi)錛(ben)、石(shi)斧、石(shi)刀、石(shi)鑿為(wei)農(nong)業生(sheng)產(chan)中的(de)(de)(de)主要使(shi)用(yong)工具;另(ling)外三處窯穴也有(you)(you)(you)炭(tan)化稷(ji)粒,大(da)(da)量稷(ji)的(de)(de)(de)發現(xian),從帶穗的(de)(de)(de)細(xi)枝割斷痕跡,是用(yong)石(shi)、陶(tao)刀割下來的(de)(de)(de);磨(mo)(mo)臼(jiu)、石(shi)杵是大(da)(da)量谷物加工,說明粟是當時居民(min)的(de)(de)(de)主要糧食之一。石(shi)紡(fang)(fang)輪、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)針、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)錐(zhui)(zhui)的(de)(de)(de)出土,證(zheng)明當時的(de)(de)(de)人們已經掌握了紡(fang)(fang)織(zhi)技(ji)術,取植(zhi)物纖維或獸(shou)毛,用(yong)紡(fang)(fang)輪捻成(cheng)線(xian),用(yong)原(yuan)(yuan)始的(de)(de)(de)織(zhi)布(bu)機(ji)制(zhi)成(cheng)粗毛、麻布(bu),用(yong)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)針縫制(zhi)衣服(fu)。F8、F10、F11房址殘(can)陶(tao)罐中均有(you)(you)(you)發現(xian)大(da)(da)麻籽(zi)。大(da)(da)麻籽(zi)可食用(yong),其(qi)纖維,以紡(fang)(fang)輪捻織(zhi)麻布(bu);出土的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)鏃、石(shi)蛋(dan)是人們獵取鹿、獐、兔等(deng)野生(sheng)動(dong)物的(de)(de)(de)明證(zheng)。
主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)采用(yong)泥(ni)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)盤筑(zhu)和捏塑(su)法制(zhi)作。根據地層堆積,分(fen)早、中、晚(wan)三期(qi)(qi)。早期(qi)(qi)的(de)陶(tao)器(qi)數(shu)量較少,主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)有(you)瓶(ping)、罐(guan)、盆(pen)、缽等,瓶(ping)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)喇叭口(kou),罐(guan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)敞口(kou),盆(pen)的(de)口(kou)沿(yan)外(wai)卷,缽為(wei)(wei)(wei)圓唇。彩(cai)繪為(wei)(wei)(wei)黑色(se),漆黑發亮,紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾以(yi)(yi)旋紋(wen)(wen)(wen)和弧線紋(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),線條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)粗健古樸;中期(qi)(qi)的(de)瓶(ping)口(kou)沿(yan)向外(wai)翻轉(zhuan),頸部(bu)變長,罐(guan)的(de)頸部(bu)變短,紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾以(yi)(yi)弧形(xing)并列(lie)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),線條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)均(jun)勻細密(mi),活潑流(liu)暢;晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)陶(tao)器(qi)數(shu)量多(duo),陶(tao)質(zhi)較粗,主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)(yao)器(qi)形(xing)有(you)盆(pen)、缽、碗、壺、瓶(ping)、罐(guan)等,色(se)彩(cai)也(ye)發生變化(hua)(hua),出(chu)現了(le)白彩(cai),紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾簡(jian)化(hua)(hua)、潦(liao)草,以(yi)(yi)旋紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、平行條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),色(se)彩(cai)清淡,白彩(cai)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)輔助裝飾,黑白分(fen)明(ming),對比強烈,是晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)的(de)突(tu)出(chu)特點(dian)。
國務(wu)院(yuan)公布的第(di)六批全國重點文物保(bao)護單位中牞(jiu)東鄉縣新石器時(shi)代林(lin)家遺址(zhi)名(ming)列其中。
林(lin)家遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位(wei)于東(dong)鄉族自治縣大夏河(he)東(dong)岸(an)的(de)(de)(de)黃土(tu)塬上牞(jiu)(jiu)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)內涵(han)以馬家窯(yao)(yao)(yao)類(lei)型為主牞(jiu)(jiu)包含有馬家窯(yao)(yao)(yao)類(lei)型早、中、晚期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)存牞(jiu)(jiu)是馬家窯(yao)(yao)(yao)類(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)代(dai)表(biao)性遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。1978年(nian)牞(jiu)(jiu)甘肅省博物(wu)(wu)館(guan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)工作隊、州文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)局、東(dong)鄉縣文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)館(guan)共(gong)同進行了發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)牞(jiu)(jiu)發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)面(mian)積近3000平方米。發(fa)現馬家窯(yao)(yao)(yao)時期(qi)(qi)房屋遺(yi)(yi)跡27處(chu)牞(jiu)(jiu)制(zhi)陶窯(yao)(yao)(yao)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)3處(chu)牞(jiu)(jiu)灰坑985個。發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)和(he)采集(ji)各類(lei)遺(yi)(yi)物(wu)(wu)3000余(yu)件(jian)牞(jiu)(jiu)其中各類(lei)工具(ju)和(he)生活(huo)用具(ju)2000余(yu)件(jian)牞(jiu)(jiu)包括(kuo)石器(qi)、骨器(qi)、陶、蚌、角器(qi)等(deng)。其中一件(jian)青銅模鑄刀(dao)具(ju)牞(jiu)(jiu)為目前發(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)時代(dai)早的(de)(de)(de)青銅器(qi)。林(lin)家遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)牞(jiu)(jiu)能夠幫(bang)助人們了解馬家窯(yao)(yao)(yao)類(lei)型早、中、晚期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)層(ceng)堆積關(guan)系牞(jiu)(jiu)為文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)33期(qi)(qi)提供了明(ming)確的(de)(de)(de)地(di)層(ceng)關(guan)系。