林(lin)(lin)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)遺(yi)址全(quan)國重點(dian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)物保護單位(wei)。位(wei)于甘肅省(sheng)臨夏回族自治州東(dong)鄉(xiang)族自治縣城(cheng)鎖南(nan)壩西12公里東(dong)塬鄉(xiang)林(lin)(lin)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)村北(bei),大(da)夏河南(nan)岸臺地(di)(di)上。1976年發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian),1977-1978年發(fa)(fa)掘秋梁地(di)(di)、破四格(ge)、陰(yin)洼坡子三處(chu),前兩處(chu)地(di)(di)埂上發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)大(da)量(liang)彩陶(tao)片(pian)和(he)殘(can)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)。陰(yin)洼坡子崖邊(bian)地(di)(di)表(biao)1米(mi)(mi)以下有(you)(you)(you)1-2米(mi)(mi)厚(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)灰(hui)層,內有(you)(you)(you)大(da)量(liang)彩陶(tao)片(pian)、殘(can)石(shi)、骨(gu)(gu)器(qi)(qi)。彩陶(tao)片(pian)復原有(you)(you)(you)缽(bo)、盆(pen)、罐(guan)、壺、瓶(ping)等(deng)(deng)器(qi)(qi)形(xing),施(shi)黑彩,花紋(wen)(wen)有(you)(you)(you)平(ping)行(xing)(xing)線夾圓(yuan)點(dian)紋(wen)(wen)、勾(gou)葉紋(wen)(wen)、網格(ge)紋(wen)(wen)等(deng)(deng)。陶(tao)質細膩,陶(tao)色橙黃,器(qi)(qi)表(biao)打磨光滑。曾發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)房(fang)(fang)址幾十座,窯(yao)址五(wu)處(chu)及窖穴(xue)多處(chu)。出(chu)(chu)土大(da)量(liang)彩陶(tao)、石(shi)器(qi)(qi)、骨(gu)(gu)器(qi)(qi)及炭粟(su)、麻(ma)籽等(deng)(deng)農(nong)作(zuo)物。還出(chu)(chu)土銅(tong)刀一(yi)把(長(chang)12.7厘(li)米(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)2.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi))。林(lin)(lin)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)遺(yi)址屬5000年前新石(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代馬(ma)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)窯(yao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化馬(ma)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)窯(yao)類(lei)(lei)型文(wen)(wen)(wen)化遺(yi)存。 遺(yi)址位(wei)于甘肅省(sheng)東(dong)鄉(xiang)縣東(dong)塬鄉(xiang)林(lin)(lin)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)村北(bei)、大(da)夏河東(dong)岸臺地(di)(di)。該遺(yi)址地(di)(di)勢(shi)平(ping)坦,高出(chu)(chu)河床約(yue) 30 米(mi)(mi),隔河與臨夏市(shi)上莊遺(yi)址相望。總(zong)面積約(yue)6.6 萬平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)(mi)。其主體遺(yi)存為馬(ma)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)窯(yao)類(lei)(lei)型,臺地(di)(di)東(dong)緣有(you)(you)(you)少量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)齊家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化遺(yi)存。發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)馬(ma)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)窯(yao)類(lei)(lei)型房(fang)(fang)址中的(de)(de)(de)(de)早期(qi)房(fang)(fang)屋均(jun)(jun)為凸字形(xing)半地(di)(di)穴(xue)建筑,門向(xiang)大(da)夏河。中期(qi)房(fang)(fang)址的(de)(de)(de)(de)房(fang)(fang)基(ji)經平(ping)整夯(hang)筑,半地(di)(di)下淺穴(xue),僅有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)個淺坑低圈灶址。晚期(qi)出(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)平(ping)地(di)(di)筑墻建房(fang)(fang)或室內分(fen)隔小(xiao)間(jian),室外(wai)續建前后相連小(xiao)屋的(de)(de)(de)(de)建筑形(xing)式(shi)。灰(hui)坑多為袋狀窖穴(xue)。發(fa)(fa)掘的(de)(de)(de)(de)生產工具和(he)生活用具有(you)(you)(you)2000 余(yu)件,陶(tao)器(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)缽(bo)、碗(wan)、罐(guan)、壺、瓶(ping)等(deng)(deng),其中的(de)(de)(de)(de)泥質紅陶(tao)大(da)多為彩陶(tao),均(jun)(jun)為黑彩,飾有(you)(you)(you)平(ping)行(xing)(xing)線紋(wen)(wen)、圓(yuan)點(dian)紋(wen)(wen)、網格(ge)紋(wen)(wen)、葉網紋(wen)(wen)。石(shi)制(zhi)工具有(you)(you)(you)刀、斧(fu)、鏟、鎮、鑿(zao)、錐、紡輪(lun)、網垂(chui)等(deng)(deng)10 余(yu)種,且磨刃(ren)(ren)鋒利。骨(gu)(gu)制(zhi)工具有(you)(you)(you)骨(gu)(gu)錐、骨(gu)(gu)針、骨(gu)(gu)竿(gan)和(he)特色的(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)柄石(shi)刃(ren)(ren)器(qi)(qi),精細實用。這里出(chu)(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)件銅(tong)刀,由錫青銅(tong)模鑄而(er)成,刀身薄厚(hou)(hou)均(jun)(jun)勻,短柄長(chang)刃(ren)(ren),長(chang)12.5厘(li)米(mi)(mi),是(shi)我(wo)國目前發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)早的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi),距今約(yue)五(wu)千年,它的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)把我(wo)國使用青銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史提早了一(yi)千年。
1977年(nian)至1978年(nian),甘肅省博物(wu)館文物(wu)工作隊、臨夏州文化局、東鄉縣文化館共同對林(lin)家遺(yi)址進行了(le)發掘。
1978年夏天,考古(gu)文物(wu)(wu)工(gong)作(zuo)隊又到(dao)林家,舉辦了(le)第(di)二期學(xue)習班,人員擴大到(dao)40人。我們在考古(gu)隊老師的(de)帶領下,遺址發掘又開始(shi)了(le)。探方五(wu)米見方,每(mei)五(wu)至六人一組(zu)。白(bai)天發掘探方,清理(li)、繪(hui)圖、拍片、記錄、采(cai)集陶片等(deng)遺物(wu)(wu)。晚上整理(li)采(cai)集物(wu)(wu)、洗照片、抄送(song)記錄等(deng)。照片是用海鷗(ou)像機(ji)照的(de),原(yuan)保存有一些現(xian)場(chang)照片,找不著了(le)。特別是日記本(ben),每(mei)天的(de)日記記得很細,探方編號、開挖時間、出土器物(wu)(wu)等(deng)都有記錄。因(yin)搬(ban)了(le)一次家,丟了(le)個干凈。
陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器是(shi)(shi)當時(shi)人們(men)主要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生活用(yong)具(ju)。東鄉縣林家(jia)(jia)遺(yi)址發(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)馬家(jia)(jia)窯類(lei)型橫穴式陶(tao)(tao)(tao)窯,窯室為圓(yuan)形,直徑1.3米,窯箅周(zhou)圍有(you)(you)火(huo)孔,頂部與窯室間(jian)隔一(yi)層夯(hang)土,火(huo)膛呈長方(fang)形。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制作普遍(bian)采(cai)用(yong)泥條(tiao)盤筑法,出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器分泥質、夾砂二類(lei)。早期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器數量少,有(you)(you)瓶(ping)、罐(guan)、盆、缽等(deng)。瓶(ping)多(duo)(duo)喇叭口(kou),罐(guan)為敞口(kou),盆的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)口(kou)沿(yan)外(wai)卷,缽為圓(yuan)唇(chun)。紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)以(yi)(yi)旋(xuan)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)為主,線條(tiao)流(liu)暢古拙。中(zhong)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)瓶(ping),口(kou)沿(yan)向外(wai)翻轉,頸(jing)部變長,罐(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頸(jing)部變短,紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)以(yi)(yi)弧(hu)形并列條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)為主,線條(tiao)均勻細密,活潑流(liu)暢。晚期(qi)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器數量多(duo)(duo),陶(tao)(tao)(tao)質較前(qian)者(zhe)略(lve)粗(cu),主要(yao)器形有(you)(you)盆、碗、壺、瓶(ping)、罐(guan)等(deng),色彩(cai)也有(you)(you)變化,在黑彩(cai)間(jian)添(tian)加了(le)白彩(cai),白彩(cai)多(duo)(duo)為輔助(zhu)裝飾(shi),黑白對比(bi)強烈,紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)簡化,線條(tiao)以(yi)(yi)旋(xuan)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、平(ping)行為主,是(shi)(shi)晚期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點。2005年,在修林家(jia)(jia)至河灘(tan)鄉間(jian)公路時(shi),出土了(le)很多(duo)(duo)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)片(pian),有(you)(you)群眾把好看的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)片(pian)拿到(dao)了(le)臨(lin)夏市舊(jiu)花市出售。9月初(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)天,我從市場(chang)上拍(pai)到(dao)了(le)兩塊精美的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)片(pian),一(yi)塊是(shi)(shi)鴨(ya)子紋(wen)(wen)(wen),一(yi)塊是(shi)(shi)蝌蚪紋(wen)(wen)(wen)。若(ruo)是(shi)(shi)完整器,那將是(shi)(shi)馬家(jia)(jia)窯類(lei)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美輪美奐的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)大盆和(he)大罐(guan),應屬(shu)當時(shi)居民的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)祭祀用(yong)器。
重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)20號房(fang)(fang)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北壁下(xia)出(chu)土(tu)了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)把青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao),還(huan)(huan)(huan)在(zai)54號灰(hui)坑中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土(tu)了(le)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)渣(zha)(zha)。考(kao)古(gu)工(gong)作(zuo)者龐(pang)耀先(xian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)林家(jia)(jia)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)現(xian)者,他說(shuo):編號F20的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)房(fang)(fang)屋(wu)(wu)結構是(shi)(shi)(shi)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)完(wan)整(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),它們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)房(fang)(fang)屋(wu)(wu)門道大(da)(da)(da)都向(xiang)著大(da)(da)(da)夏河的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)邊,屋(wu)(wu)基皆在(zai)生土(tu)層中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),是(shi)(shi)(shi)半(ban)地穴(xue)式房(fang)(fang)屋(wu)(wu),我(wo)們看(kan)得出(chu)來,單(dan)間(jian)房(fang)(fang)屋(wu)(wu)各自獨立,布(bu)局分(fen)(fen)散,他們比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)講(jiang)究(jiu)生活(huo),好(hao)多房(fang)(fang)屋(wu)(wu)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)都出(chu)現(xian)了(le)兩個灶(zao)。在(zai)現(xian)場發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不僅有一(yi)(yi)(yi)把銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao),還(huan)(huan)(huan)出(chu)土(tu)了(le)大(da)(da)(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)骨器(qi)(qi)。在(zai)發(fa)現(xian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)之前,我(wo)還(huan)(huan)(huan)發(fa)現(xian)了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)把骨制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)匕首。匕首非(fei)常(chang)精(jing)致(zhi),兩面(mian)有刃(ren)(ren),使用打磨成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)做的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)把,用動(dong)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肢骨做成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)刃(ren)(ren),刀(dao)(dao)(dao)把則是(shi)(shi)(shi)用不知名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)膠粘合上(shang)(shang)去(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。長15厘米左(zuo)右(you),刃(ren)(ren)面(mian)非(fei)常(chang)銳利,用手一(yi)(yi)(yi)摸有點被(bei)刺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感覺,就是(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)樣精(jing)美的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)把骨刀(dao)(dao)(dao),在(zai)拿到(dao)手的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)瞬間(jian)就散了(le)架,刀(dao)(dao)(dao)把與骨刃(ren)(ren)分(fen)(fen)離了(le)。那(nei)把青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)放在(zai)房(fang)(fang)屋(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)落(luo)里(li),角(jiao)落(luo)正好(hao)在(zai)我(wo)們探方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橫梁下(xia)面(mian),刀(dao)(dao)(dao)渾身布(bu)滿銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)銹,它一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)是(shi)(shi)(shi)被(bei)主(zhu)人(ren)遺(yi)(yi)忘了(le),才得以幸存(cun)下(xia)來。”銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)由兩塊(kuai)范澆鑄而成(cheng)(cheng),表面(mian)平(ping)整(zheng)(zheng),有較(jiao)(jiao)厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深灰(hui)色綠色銹,短柄長刃(ren)(ren),刀(dao)(dao)(dao)尖(jian)圓鈍(dun),微上(shang)(shang)翹,弧背,薄厚(hou)均勻,柄端有明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安裝(zhuang)木(mu)把的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)痕跡(ji),刀(dao)(dao)(dao)長12.5厘米。1981年經北京鋼鐵學(xue)院(yuan)冶(ye)金(jin)研究(jiu)所檢驗(yan),為(wei)含錫青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。它是(shi)(shi)(shi)迄(qi)今(jin)為(wei)止發(fa)現(xian)時代早(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi),其(qi)(qi)年代距今(jin)約(yue)5000年左(zuo)右(you)。此刀(dao)(dao)(dao)被(bei)譽為(wei)“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華第一(yi)(yi)(yi)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)”,現(xian)藏中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)博物(wu)(wu)館 。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)渣(zha)(zha)分(fen)(fen)別用巖相鑒(jian)定(ding)和中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)活(huo)化(hua)法分(fen)(fen)析,證(zheng)明銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)渣(zha)(zha)不是(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)然礦(kuang)石(shi),也(ye)非(fei)煉(lian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)殘渣(zha)(zha),而是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)塊(kuai)經冶(ye)煉(lian)但已經分(fen)(fen)化(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)碎(sui)塊(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鐵金(jin)屬長期銹蝕的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)物(wu)(wu),這(zhe)些銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)渣(zha)(zha)在(zai)林家(jia)(jia)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)了(le)三四快,都因為(wei)分(fen)(fen)化(hua)而成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)碎(sui)塊(kuai),這(zhe)證(zheng)明當地以能進行(xing)冶(ye)鑄銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)生產。它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)義(yi)(yi)在(zai)于:把我(wo)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)冶(ye)金(jin)史(shi),向(xiang)前推進了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)(da)步,與早(zao)(zao)發(fa)明青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)冶(ye)煉(lian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)、西(xi)(xi)亞(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)大(da)(da)(da)致(zhi)相同,這(zhe)說(shuo)明中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)世界上(shang)(shang)率(lv)先(xian)發(fa)明和使用冶(ye)金(jin)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)之一(yi)(yi)(yi);同時也(ye)證(zheng)明中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)早(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)冶(ye)金(jin)技術(shu)發(fa)源地在(zai)甘肅。用金(jin)屬代替石(shi)器(qi)(qi)作(zuo)為(wei)勞動(dong)工(gong)具,是(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)類發(fa)展史(shi)上(shang)(shang)極為(wei)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變革,青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)早(zao)(zao)出(chu)現(xian),有其(qi)(qi)劃時代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)義(yi)(yi)。到(dao)了(le)龍山文化(hua)、齊(qi)家(jia)(jia)文化(hua)時期銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)造較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)普遍(bian)。據考(kao)古(gu)資料得知,整(zheng)(zheng)個黃河流域(yu)從東到(dao)西(xi)(xi)都有銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)出(chu)土(tu),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。
林家遺(yi)址出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)器(qi)有(you)(you)(you)2000余(yu)件。有(you)(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)錛(ben)312件,石(shi)(shi)斧(fu)(fu)211件,石(shi)(shi)刀209件石(shi)(shi)鑿189件,石(shi)(shi)紡(fang)輪49個,還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)敲砸器(qi)、研(yan)磨器(qi)、磨臼、石(shi)(shi)杵、磨石(shi)(shi)、石(shi)(shi)鉆、石(shi)(shi)鏃(zu)等(deng)(deng);次為骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)器(qi),骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)錐(zhui)358個、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)針(zhen)236個、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)鏃(zu)44個、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)刀15個;石(shi)(shi)刃骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)柄(bing)(bing)刀12件、石(shi)(shi)刃骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)柄(bing)(bing)匕首6件。林家遺(yi)址F21晚期(qi)陶(tao)罐內(nei)盛(sheng)有(you)(you)(you)稷(ji)、粟和(he)大(da)麻(ma)籽(zi)(zi)。H19灰坑底部(bu)有(you)(you)(you)大(da)量炭(tan)化稷(ji)、部(bu)分穗(sui)(sui)頭(tou)、稷(ji)粒(li)、枝干等(deng)(deng),穗(sui)(sui)頭(tou)上帶(dai)有(you)(you)(you)較(jiao)長的(de)(de)(de)細枝,捆成(cheng)(cheng)小(xiao)把,整齊(qi)放在(zai)坑底,厚(hou)達(da)40厘(li)米(mi),計(ji)可達(da)2立(li)方米(mi)。這說明(ming)(ming),林家已有(you)(you)(you)較(jiao)發達(da)的(de)(de)(de)原始(shi)農業,兼事狩獵和(he)采集(ji)。其石(shi)(shi)錛(ben)、石(shi)(shi)斧(fu)(fu)、石(shi)(shi)刀、石(shi)(shi)鑿為農業生產(chan)中的(de)(de)(de)主要使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)工(gong)具(ju);另外三(san)處窯穴也有(you)(you)(you)炭(tan)化稷(ji)粒(li),大(da)量稷(ji)的(de)(de)(de)發現,從帶(dai)穗(sui)(sui)的(de)(de)(de)細枝割(ge)(ge)斷痕跡,是用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)石(shi)(shi)、陶(tao)刀割(ge)(ge)下來的(de)(de)(de);磨臼、石(shi)(shi)杵是大(da)量谷物加(jia)工(gong),說明(ming)(ming)粟是當(dang)(dang)時(shi)居民的(de)(de)(de)主要糧食之一。石(shi)(shi)紡(fang)輪、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)針(zhen)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)錐(zhui)的(de)(de)(de)出(chu)土,證(zheng)明(ming)(ming)當(dang)(dang)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)人們已經(jing)掌握了紡(fang)織(zhi)技術,取(qu)植(zhi)物纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)或獸毛(mao),用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)紡(fang)輪捻(nian)(nian)成(cheng)(cheng)線,用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)原始(shi)的(de)(de)(de)織(zhi)布機(ji)制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)粗毛(mao)、麻(ma)布,用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)針(zhen)縫制(zhi)衣服(fu)。F8、F10、F11房址殘陶(tao)罐中均有(you)(you)(you)發現大(da)麻(ma)籽(zi)(zi)。大(da)麻(ma)籽(zi)(zi)可食用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong),其纖(xian)維(wei)(wei),以(yi)紡(fang)輪捻(nian)(nian)織(zhi)麻(ma)布;出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)鏃(zu)、石(shi)(shi)蛋是人們獵取(qu)鹿、獐、兔(tu)等(deng)(deng)野生動物的(de)(de)(de)明(ming)(ming)證(zheng)。
主要(yao)采用泥條盤筑和捏塑法制(zhi)作(zuo)。根據地層堆積,分早(zao)、中、晚三期(qi)(qi)。早(zao)期(qi)(qi)的陶(tao)器數(shu)量較少,主要(yao)有(you)瓶(ping)、罐、盆、缽(bo)等(deng),瓶(ping)多為喇(la)叭口(kou),罐為敞口(kou),盆的口(kou)沿(yan)(yan)外(wai)卷,缽(bo)為圓唇。彩(cai)繪為黑色,漆黑發(fa)亮,紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)以旋紋(wen)(wen)(wen)和弧線紋(wen)(wen)(wen)為主,線條粗健古(gu)樸(pu);中期(qi)(qi)的瓶(ping)口(kou)沿(yan)(yan)向外(wai)翻轉,頸部變(bian)長(chang),罐的頸部變(bian)短(duan),紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)以弧形并(bing)列條紋(wen)(wen)(wen)為主,線條均勻細密(mi),活潑流暢;晚期(qi)(qi)陶(tao)器數(shu)量多,陶(tao)質較粗,主要(yao)器形有(you)盆、缽(bo)、碗、壺、瓶(ping)、罐等(deng),色彩(cai)也(ye)發(fa)生變(bian)化(hua)(hua),出(chu)現了白彩(cai),紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)簡化(hua)(hua)、潦草,以旋紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、平(ping)行條紋(wen)(wen)(wen)為主,色彩(cai)清淡,白彩(cai)多為輔(fu)助裝(zhuang)飾(shi),黑白分明,對(dui)比強(qiang)烈,是晚期(qi)(qi)的突出(chu)特點(dian)。
國務院公布的第六批(pi)全國重點文(wen)物保護(hu)單位中牞(jiu)東鄉縣(xian)新石器時代林家遺址名(ming)列其(qi)中。
林家(jia)遺(yi)址位(wei)于東(dong)鄉(xiang)族(zu)自治縣(xian)大(da)夏(xia)河(he)東(dong)岸的(de)黃(huang)土塬上牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)文(wen)化(hua)內涵(han)以馬(ma)家(jia)窯(yao)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)為(wei)主牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)包含有(you)馬(ma)家(jia)窯(yao)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)早(zao)(zao)、中、晚期(qi)的(de)文(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)存牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)是馬(ma)家(jia)窯(yao)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)的(de)代(dai)表性(xing)遺(yi)址。1978年牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)甘肅省博物館文(wen)化(hua)工(gong)作隊、州(zhou)文(wen)化(hua)局、東(dong)鄉(xiang)縣(xian)文(wen)化(hua)館共同進行了發(fa)掘牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)發(fa)掘面積近3000平(ping)方米。發(fa)現(xian)(xian)馬(ma)家(jia)窯(yao)時期(qi)房屋遺(yi)跡27處(chu)牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)制陶窯(yao)址3處(chu)牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)灰(hui)坑(keng)985個。發(fa)掘和(he)采(cai)集各(ge)類(lei)(lei)遺(yi)物3000余(yu)件(jian)牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)其(qi)中各(ge)類(lei)(lei)工(gong)具和(he)生活用具2000余(yu)件(jian)牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)包括石器(qi)、骨器(qi)、陶、蚌、角器(qi)等。其(qi)中一件(jian)青(qing)(qing)銅模(mo)鑄刀具牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)為(wei)目前(qian)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)時代(dai)早(zao)(zao)的(de)青(qing)(qing)銅器(qi)。林家(jia)遺(yi)址的(de)發(fa)掘牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)能夠幫助人們了解馬(ma)家(jia)窯(yao)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)早(zao)(zao)、中、晚期(qi)的(de)地層堆積關系牞(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)為(wei)文(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)物的(de)33期(qi)提供了明確(que)的(de)地層關系。