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簡介

林(lin)家(jia)(jia)遺址(zhi)(zhi)全國重點(dian)(dian)文(wen)物保護單位。位于(yu)甘肅(su)省(sheng)臨夏回族自治州東(dong)鄉(xiang)族自治縣城鎖南壩西12公里(li)東(dong)塬(yuan)鄉(xiang)林(lin)家(jia)(jia)村北，大(da)(da)夏河南岸臺地(di)上。1976年(nian)(nian)發(fa)現(xian)，1977-1978年(nian)(nian)發(fa)掘秋(qiu)梁(liang)地(di)、破四格、陰(yin)洼坡子三處(chu)，前(qian)(qian)(qian)兩處(chu)地(di)埂(geng)上發(fa)現(xian)大(da)(da)量(liang)彩(cai)(cai)陶片(pian)(pian)和殘(can)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)。陰(yin)洼坡子崖邊地(di)表1米(mi)以下有(you)(you)1-2米(mi)厚的(de)灰層(ceng)，內(nei)有(you)(you)大(da)(da)量(liang)彩(cai)(cai)陶片(pian)(pian)、殘(can)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、骨(gu)器(qi)(qi)。彩(cai)(cai)陶片(pian)(pian)復(fu)原(yuan)有(you)(you)缽、盆、罐、壺(hu)、瓶等(deng)器(qi)(qi)形，施(shi)黑彩(cai)(cai)，花紋(wen)(wen)有(you)(you)平(ping)行線夾圓點(dian)(dian)紋(wen)(wen)、勾葉紋(wen)(wen)、網格紋(wen)(wen)等(deng)。陶質(zhi)(zhi)細膩，陶色(se)橙黃，器(qi)(qi)表打(da)磨光滑。曾(ceng)發(fa)現(xian)房址(zhi)(zhi)幾十座，窯址(zhi)(zhi)五處(chu)及窖穴(xue)多(duo)處(chu)。出(chu)土(tu)大(da)(da)量(liang)彩(cai)(cai)陶、石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)、骨(gu)器(qi)(qi)及炭粟(su)、麻籽等(deng)農(nong)作物。還出(chu)土(tu)銅(tong)刀(dao)(dao)一(yi)把(ba)（長(chang)12.7厘米(mi)，寬2.5厘米(mi)）。林(lin)家(jia)(jia)遺址(zhi)(zhi)屬5000年(nian)(nian)前(qian)(qian)(qian)新石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代馬(ma)家(jia)(jia)窯文(wen)化馬(ma)家(jia)(jia)窯類型(xing)(xing)文(wen)化遺存。 遺址(zhi)(zhi)位于(yu)甘肅(su)省(sheng)東(dong)鄉(xiang)縣東(dong)塬(yuan)鄉(xiang)林(lin)家(jia)(jia)村北、大(da)(da)夏河東(dong)岸臺地(di)。該遺址(zhi)(zhi)地(di)勢平(ping)坦，高(gao)出(chu)河床約(yue)(yue) 30 米(mi)，隔(ge)河與臨夏市上莊遺址(zhi)(zhi)相望。總面積約(yue)(yue)6.6 萬平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)。其主體遺存為(wei)馬(ma)家(jia)(jia)窯類型(xing)(xing)，臺地(di)東(dong)緣有(you)(you)少量(liang)的(de)齊(qi)家(jia)(jia)文(wen)化遺存。發(fa)現(xian)的(de)馬(ma)家(jia)(jia)窯類型(xing)(xing)房址(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)的(de)早期房屋(wu)均為(wei)凸字形半地(di)穴(xue)建(jian)筑(zhu)，門向大(da)(da)夏河。中(zhong)期房址(zhi)(zhi)的(de)房基經平(ping)整夯筑(zhu)，半地(di)下淺(qian)(qian)穴(xue)，僅有(you)(you)一(yi)個淺(qian)(qian)坑低圈(quan)灶址(zhi)(zhi)。晚期出(chu)現(xian)平(ping)地(di)筑(zhu)墻建(jian)房或室內(nei)分(fen)隔(ge)小間，室外(wai)續建(jian)前(qian)(qian)(qian)后(hou)相連小屋(wu)的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)形式。灰坑多(duo)為(wei)袋(dai)狀窖穴(xue)。發(fa)掘的(de)生產工(gong)具和生活用具有(you)(you)2000 余件，陶器(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)缽、碗、罐、壺(hu)、瓶等(deng)，其中(zhong)的(de)泥(ni)質(zhi)(zhi)紅陶大(da)(da)多(duo)為(wei)彩(cai)(cai)陶，均為(wei)黑彩(cai)(cai)，飾有(you)(you)平(ping)行線紋(wen)(wen)、圓點(dian)(dian)紋(wen)(wen)、網格紋(wen)(wen)、葉網紋(wen)(wen)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)制工(gong)具有(you)(you)刀(dao)(dao)、斧(fu)、鏟、鎮、鑿、錐、紡輪、網垂等(deng)10 余種，且(qie)磨刃(ren)鋒(feng)利。骨(gu)制工(gong)具有(you)(you)骨(gu)錐、骨(gu)針、骨(gu)竿和特色(se)的(de)骨(gu)柄(bing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)刃(ren)器(qi)(qi)，精細實(shi)用。這里(li)出(chu)土(tu)的(de)一(yi)件銅(tong)刀(dao)(dao)，由(you)錫青銅(tong)模鑄而成，刀(dao)(dao)身薄厚均勻，短柄(bing)長(chang)刃(ren)，長(chang)12.5厘米(mi)，是我(wo)國目前(qian)(qian)(qian)發(fa)現(xian)早的(de)銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)，距今約(yue)(yue)五千(qian)年(nian)(nian)，它(ta)的(de)發(fa)現(xian)把(ba)我(wo)國使(shi)用青銅(tong)器(qi)(qi)的(de)歷(li)史提早了一(yi)千(qian)年(nian)(nian)。

林家遺址發掘

1977年至1978年，甘肅省博物(wu)館(guan)文(wen)物(wu)工(gong)作隊、臨夏州(zhou)文(wen)化(hua)局、東鄉縣(xian)文(wen)化(hua)館(guan)共同對(dui)林家遺址進行了發掘。

1978年夏天(tian)，考(kao)古文物(wu)(wu)工作隊又到林家，舉辦了第二期學(xue)習班，人員(yuan)擴大到40人。我們在(zai)考(kao)古隊老(lao)師的(de)帶領下，遺址發掘又開始了。探方(fang)五(wu)米見方(fang)，每五(wu)至六(liu)人一組。白天(tian)發掘探方(fang)，清理(li)、繪(hui)圖、拍片、記(ji)錄、采集(ji)陶片等遺物(wu)(wu)。晚上整理(li)采集(ji)物(wu)(wu)、洗(xi)照(zhao)片、抄(chao)送記(ji)錄等。照(zhao)片是(shi)用海(hai)鷗像機(ji)照(zhao)的(de)，原保存有(you)一些現場(chang)照(zhao)片，找不(bu)著了。特別是(shi)日(ri)記(ji)本，每天(tian)的(de)日(ri)記(ji)記(ji)得(de)很細，探方(fang)編號、開挖時間、出(chu)土器(qi)物(wu)(wu)等都(dou)有(you)記(ji)錄。因搬(ban)了一次(ci)家，丟了個(ge)干凈。

陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)是(shi)當(dang)時人們(men)主(zhu)(zhu)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活用具。東鄉縣林(lin)家(jia)遺址(zhi)發現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)馬(ma)家(jia)窯(yao)(yao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)型(xing)橫穴式陶(tao)(tao)窯(yao)(yao)，窯(yao)(yao)室(shi)為(wei)(wei)圓形(xing)，直(zhi)徑1.3米，窯(yao)(yao)箅周圍(wei)有(you)火孔，頂部與窯(yao)(yao)室(shi)間隔一(yi)層夯土，火膛(tang)呈長方形(xing)。陶(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制作普遍(bian)采(cai)用泥(ni)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)盤筑法，出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)分泥(ni)質(zhi)、夾(jia)砂二類(lei)(lei)(lei)。早期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)數(shu)量少(shao)，有(you)瓶、罐(guan)、盆、缽等(deng)。瓶多喇叭口(kou)，罐(guan)為(wei)(wei)敞口(kou)，盆的(de)(de)(de)(de)口(kou)沿外卷，缽為(wei)(wei)圓唇。紋(wen)(wen)飾以(yi)(yi)旋(xuan)紋(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，線(xian)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)流暢古拙(zhuo)。中期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)瓶，口(kou)沿向外翻轉，頸(jing)部變長，罐(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頸(jing)部變短，紋(wen)(wen)飾以(yi)(yi)弧形(xing)并列(lie)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，線(xian)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)均勻細密，活潑流暢。晚期(qi)陶(tao)(tao)器(qi)數(shu)量多，陶(tao)(tao)質(zhi)較前者略(lve)粗，主(zhu)(zhu)要器(qi)形(xing)有(you)盆、碗、壺、瓶、罐(guan)等(deng)，色彩也(ye)有(you)變化，在黑彩間添加了白彩，白彩多為(wei)(wei)輔助裝飾，黑白對(dui)比強烈，紋(wen)(wen)飾簡化，線(xian)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)以(yi)(yi)旋(xuan)紋(wen)(wen)、平行(xing)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，是(shi)晚期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)。2005年，在修林(lin)家(jia)至(zhi)河灘鄉間公路時，出(chu)土了很多陶(tao)(tao)片(pian)，有(you)群眾把好看的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)片(pian)拿到了臨夏(xia)市舊花市出(chu)售。9月初的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)天，我從市場上(shang)拍到了兩塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)精美(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)片(pian)，一(yi)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)是(shi)鴨子紋(wen)(wen)，一(yi)塊(kuai)(kuai)(kuai)是(shi)蝌(ke)蚪(dou)紋(wen)(wen)。若是(shi)完整器(qi)，那將(jiang)是(shi)馬(ma)家(jia)窯(yao)(yao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)輪美(mei)奐的(de)(de)(de)(de)彩陶(tao)(tao)大盆和大罐(guan)，應屬當(dang)時居(ju)民的(de)(de)(de)(de)祭(ji)祀用器(qi)。

重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)遺(yi)址20號房(fang)(fang)(fang)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北壁下(xia)(xia)出(chu)土(tu)了(le)一(yi)(yi)把(ba)(ba)(ba)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)，還(huan)在(zai)(zai)54號灰坑(keng)中(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)土(tu)了(le)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)渣。考古工作者(zhe)龐耀(yao)先(xian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)林(lin)家(jia)(jia)遺(yi)址青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)者(zhe)，他說(shuo)：編號F20的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)房(fang)(fang)(fang)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)結構(gou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)比(bi)較(jiao)完整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，它(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)房(fang)(fang)(fang)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)門道大都向著(zhu)大夏河(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)邊，屋(wu)(wu)(wu)基皆在(zai)(zai)生土(tu)層中(zhong)(zhong)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)半地穴式(shi)房(fang)(fang)(fang)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)，我(wo)們看得(de)出(chu)來，單間(jian)房(fang)(fang)(fang)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)各(ge)自(zi)獨立，布局(ju)分(fen)散，他們比(bi)較(jiao)講究生活，好多房(fang)(fang)(fang)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)遺(yi)址中(zhong)(zhong)都出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)兩個灶。在(zai)(zai)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)場發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不僅有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)把(ba)(ba)(ba)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)，還(huan)出(chu)土(tu)了(le)大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)器(qi)。在(zai)(zai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)之(zhi)前，我(wo)還(huan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)一(yi)(yi)把(ba)(ba)(ba)骨(gu)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)匕首。匕首非常(chang)精致(zhi)(zhi)，兩面有(you)(you)刃(ren)(ren)，使(shi)用(yong)打磨成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細石(shi)器(qi)做的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)把(ba)(ba)(ba)，用(yong)動物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肢骨(gu)做成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刀(dao)刃(ren)(ren)，刀(dao)把(ba)(ba)(ba)則是(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)不知名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)膠(jiao)粘合上(shang)去的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。長(chang)15厘(li)米(mi)左(zuo)右(you)，刃(ren)(ren)面非常(chang)銳(rui)利，用(yong)手一(yi)(yi)摸有(you)(you)點被(bei)(bei)刺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感(gan)覺，就是(shi)(shi)(shi)這樣精美的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)把(ba)(ba)(ba)骨(gu)刀(dao)，在(zai)(zai)拿到(dao)手的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)瞬間(jian)就散了(le)架(jia)，刀(dao)把(ba)(ba)(ba)與骨(gu)刃(ren)(ren)分(fen)離了(le)。那把(ba)(ba)(ba)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)放在(zai)(zai)房(fang)(fang)(fang)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)落里，角(jiao)落正好在(zai)(zai)我(wo)們探(tan)方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橫梁下(xia)(xia)面，刀(dao)渾(hun)身布滿銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)銹(xiu)，它(ta)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)是(shi)(shi)(shi)被(bei)(bei)主人遺(yi)忘了(le)，才得(de)以幸存下(xia)(xia)來。”銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)由(you)兩塊(kuai)(kuai)范澆鑄而成(cheng)(cheng)，表面平(ping)整(zheng)，有(you)(you)較(jiao)厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深灰色綠色銹(xiu)，短柄(bing)(bing)長(chang)刃(ren)(ren)，刀(dao)尖圓鈍，微(wei)上(shang)翹(qiao)，弧背(bei)，薄厚均勻，柄(bing)(bing)端有(you)(you)明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)裝木把(ba)(ba)(ba)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)痕(hen)跡，刀(dao)長(chang)12.5厘(li)米(mi)。1981年(nian)經北京鋼(gang)鐵學院冶金(jin)(jin)研(yan)究所檢驗，為(wei)含(han)錫青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。它(ta)是(shi)(shi)(shi)迄今為(wei)止(zhi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)早的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)件青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)，其(qi)(qi)年(nian)代(dai)距今約5000年(nian)左(zuo)右(you)。此刀(dao)被(bei)(bei)譽為(wei)“中(zhong)(zhong)華第一(yi)(yi)刀(dao)”，現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)藏中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)博物館 。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)渣分(fen)別用(yong)巖相鑒定(ding)和中(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)活化法分(fen)析，證(zheng)(zheng)明(ming)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)渣不是(shi)(shi)(shi)天然礦石(shi)，也(ye)非煉銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)殘渣，而是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)塊(kuai)(kuai)經冶煉但已經分(fen)化成(cheng)(cheng)碎(sui)塊(kuai)(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鐵金(jin)(jin)屬長(chang)期(qi)銹(xiu)蝕的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)物，這些銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)渣在(zai)(zai)林(lin)家(jia)(jia)遺(yi)址中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)三四快(kuai)，都因為(wei)分(fen)化而成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)碎(sui)塊(kuai)(kuai)，這證(zheng)(zheng)明(ming)當地以能(neng)進行冶鑄銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)生產。它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義在(zai)(zai)于：把(ba)(ba)(ba)我(wo)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)冶金(jin)(jin)史(shi)，向前推(tui)進了(le)一(yi)(yi)大步，與早發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)明(ming)青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)冶煉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)、西亞(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)些國(guo)家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)大致(zhi)(zhi)相同，這說(shuo)明(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)世界上(shang)率先(xian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)明(ming)和使(shi)用(yong)冶金(jin)(jin)技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)；同時(shi)(shi)也(ye)證(zheng)(zheng)明(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)早的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)冶金(jin)(jin)技術發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)源地在(zai)(zai)甘肅。用(yong)金(jin)(jin)屬代(dai)替石(shi)器(qi)作為(wei)勞(lao)動工具(ju)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)人類(lei)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展史(shi)上(shang)極為(wei)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變革，青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)早出(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，有(you)(you)其(qi)(qi)劃時(shi)(shi)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義。到(dao)了(le)龍(long)山文化、齊家(jia)(jia)文化時(shi)(shi)期(qi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制造(zao)較(jiao)為(wei)普遍。據考古資料得(de)知，整(zheng)個黃河(he)流(liu)域(yu)從東(dong)到(dao)西都有(you)(you)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)出(chu)土(tu)，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和青銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。

林家(jia)遺址(zhi)出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、骨(gu)器有(you)(you)(you)(you)2000余件。有(you)(you)(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錛(ben)312件，石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧(fu)211件，石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刀209件石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鑿(zao)189件，石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)紡(fang)輪(lun)49個，還有(you)(you)(you)(you)敲砸器、研(yan)磨器、磨臼、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)杵、磨石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鉆、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鏃(zu)(zu)等；次為骨(gu)器，骨(gu)錐358個、骨(gu)針(zhen)(zhen)236個、骨(gu)鏃(zu)(zu)44個、骨(gu)刀15個；石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刃(ren)骨(gu)柄刀12件、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刃(ren)骨(gu)柄匕首6件。林家(jia)遺址(zhi)F21晚期(qi)陶罐內盛有(you)(you)(you)(you)稷、粟和大(da)(da)麻籽(zi)。H19灰(hui)坑底部有(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)(da)量炭化稷、部分穗(sui)頭、稷粒(li)、枝干等，穗(sui)頭上(shang)帶有(you)(you)(you)(you)較長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)細枝，捆(kun)成(cheng)小把，整齊放(fang)在坑底，厚達(da)40厘米(mi)，計可達(da)2立方米(mi)。這說明，林家(jia)已有(you)(you)(you)(you)較發達(da)的(de)(de)(de)原始(shi)農業(ye)，兼事(shi)狩獵和采集。其(qi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錛(ben)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)斧(fu)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)刀、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)鑿(zao)為農業(ye)生產中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)主要使用工(gong)具；另(ling)外三處窯穴(xue)也有(you)(you)(you)(you)炭化稷粒(li)，大(da)(da)量稷的(de)(de)(de)發現，從(cong)帶穗(sui)的(de)(de)(de)細枝割斷痕跡，是(shi)(shi)用石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、陶刀割下(xia)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)；磨臼、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)杵是(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)量谷物加(jia)工(gong)，說明粟是(shi)(shi)當時(shi)居民的(de)(de)(de)主要糧(liang)食之一。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)紡(fang)輪(lun)、骨(gu)針(zhen)(zhen)、骨(gu)錐的(de)(de)(de)出(chu)土，證(zheng)明當時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)人們已經掌握了紡(fang)織技術，取植物纖維(wei)或獸(shou)毛(mao)，用紡(fang)輪(lun)捻成(cheng)線，用原始(shi)的(de)(de)(de)織布機(ji)制成(cheng)粗毛(mao)、麻布，用骨(gu)針(zhen)(zhen)縫制衣服。F8、F10、F11房址(zhi)殘陶罐中(zhong)均(jun)有(you)(you)(you)(you)發現大(da)(da)麻籽(zi)。大(da)(da)麻籽(zi)可食用，其(qi)纖維(wei)，以紡(fang)輪(lun)捻織麻布；出(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、骨(gu)鏃(zu)(zu)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)蛋是(shi)(shi)人們獵取鹿、獐、兔等野生動(dong)物的(de)(de)(de)明證(zheng)。

出土的陶器分泥質和夾砂兩類

主(zhu)(zhu)要采用泥條(tiao)盤(pan)筑和捏塑(su)法制作。根據地層(ceng)堆積，分早、中、晚(wan)(wan)三期(qi)。早期(qi)的陶器(qi)(qi)數(shu)量(liang)較(jiao)(jiao)少，主(zhu)(zhu)要有(you)瓶、罐(guan)、盆(pen)、缽等(deng)，瓶多(duo)為(wei)喇(la)叭口(kou)，罐(guan)為(wei)敞口(kou)，盆(pen)的口(kou)沿(yan)外(wai)卷，缽為(wei)圓唇。彩(cai)繪為(wei)黑色(se)(se)，漆(qi)黑發亮，紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)以旋紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)和弧(hu)(hu)線(xian)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，線(xian)條(tiao)粗健古樸(pu)；中期(qi)的瓶口(kou)沿(yan)向外(wai)翻轉(zhuan)，頸部變長，罐(guan)的頸部變短，紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)以弧(hu)(hu)形并列條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，線(xian)條(tiao)均(jun)勻(yun)細密，活潑流暢(chang)；晚(wan)(wan)期(qi)陶器(qi)(qi)數(shu)量(liang)多(duo)，陶質較(jiao)(jiao)粗，主(zhu)(zhu)要器(qi)(qi)形有(you)盆(pen)、缽、碗、壺、瓶、罐(guan)等(deng)，色(se)(se)彩(cai)也發生變化，出現了(le)白(bai)彩(cai)，紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)飾(shi)簡化、潦草，以旋紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)、平(ping)行條(tiao)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，色(se)(se)彩(cai)清淡，白(bai)彩(cai)多(duo)為(wei)輔助裝飾(shi)，黑白(bai)分明(ming)，對比(bi)強烈，是晚(wan)(wan)期(qi)的突出特點。

林家遺址躋身國家級文物保護單位

國務(wu)院(yuan)公布的第(di)六批全國重點(dian)文物(wu)保護單(dan)位(wei)中(zhong)牞東鄉縣新石器時(shi)代林家遺(yi)址名列其中(zhong)。

林家(jia)(jia)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)位于東鄉族自治縣大夏河東岸的(de)(de)黃(huang)土塬上(shang)牞文化(hua)內涵以馬(ma)家(jia)(jia)窯類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)型(xing)為(wei)主牞包含有馬(ma)家(jia)(jia)窯類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)型(xing)早、中(zhong)、晚期的(de)(de)文化(hua)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存牞是馬(ma)家(jia)(jia)窯類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)型(xing)的(de)(de)代表性遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)。1978年牞甘肅省博物館文化(hua)工作隊、州文化(hua)局、東鄉縣文化(hua)館共(gong)同(tong)進行了發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)牞發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)面積近3000平方(fang)米。發(fa)現馬(ma)家(jia)(jia)窯時(shi)期房屋遺(yi)(yi)(yi)跡27處(chu)牞制陶(tao)窯址(zhi)3處(chu)牞灰(hui)坑985個。發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)和(he)采集各類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)物3000余件牞其(qi)中(zhong)各類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)工具(ju)和(he)生(sheng)活用(yong)具(ju)2000余件牞包括石器(qi)、骨器(qi)、陶(tao)、蚌、角器(qi)等。其(qi)中(zhong)一件青銅(tong)模鑄刀具(ju)牞為(wei)目(mu)前發(fa)現的(de)(de)時(shi)代早的(de)(de)青銅(tong)器(qi)。林家(jia)(jia)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)的(de)(de)發(fa)掘(jue)(jue)牞能夠幫助人(ren)們了解馬(ma)家(jia)(jia)窯類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)型(xing)早、中(zhong)、晚期的(de)(de)地(di)層堆積關系牞為(wei)文化(hua)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)物的(de)(de)33期提供了明確的(de)(de)地(di)層關系。