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簡介

林家遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)全國重點文(wen)物(wu)保護單(dan)位。位于甘肅省(sheng)臨(lin)夏(xia)回族自治州(zhou)東鄉(xiang)族自治縣(xian)城(cheng)鎖南(nan)壩西(xi)12公里(li)東塬鄉(xiang)林家村北，大夏(xia)河南(nan)岸臺(tai)地(di)(di)上(shang)(shang)。1976年發現(xian)，1977-1978年發掘秋梁地(di)(di)、破四格(ge)、陰洼坡(po)子三處，前(qian)兩(liang)處地(di)(di)埂上(shang)(shang)發現(xian)大量彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)片和(he)殘石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)。陰洼坡(po)子崖邊地(di)(di)表1米(mi)以下(xia)有(you)1-2米(mi)厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)灰層，內有(you)大量彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)片、殘石(shi)(shi)(shi)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)器(qi)。彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)片復(fu)原有(you)缽(bo)、盆(pen)、罐、壺(hu)(hu)、瓶(ping)等器(qi)形(xing)，施黑彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)，花紋(wen)有(you)平(ping)行線夾圓(yuan)(yuan)點紋(wen)、勾葉紋(wen)、網(wang)格(ge)紋(wen)等。陶(tao)質細膩，陶(tao)色橙黃(huang)，器(qi)表打磨光滑。曾發現(xian)房址(zhi)(zhi)幾十座(zuo)，窯(yao)(yao)(yao)址(zhi)(zhi)五(wu)處及窖穴多(duo)(duo)處。出土大量彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)器(qi)及炭粟、麻籽(zi)等農作(zuo)物(wu)。還出土銅刀一(yi)把(ba)（長12.7厘米(mi)，寬2.5厘米(mi)）。林家遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)屬5000年前(qian)新石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)時代(dai)馬(ma)家窯(yao)(yao)(yao)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)馬(ma)家窯(yao)(yao)(yao)類(lei)型文(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)存(cun)。 遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)位于甘肅省(sheng)東鄉(xiang)縣(xian)東塬鄉(xiang)林家村北、大夏(xia)河東岸臺(tai)地(di)(di)。該遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)勢平(ping)坦，高出河床約 30 米(mi)，隔河與(yu)臨(lin)夏(xia)市(shi)上(shang)(shang)莊遺(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)相(xiang)望(wang)。總面積約6.6 萬平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)。其主體遺(yi)存(cun)為(wei)馬(ma)家窯(yao)(yao)(yao)類(lei)型，臺(tai)地(di)(di)東緣(yuan)有(you)少量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)齊(qi)家文(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)存(cun)。發現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)馬(ma)家窯(yao)(yao)(yao)類(lei)型房址(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)早期房屋均為(wei)凸字形(xing)半地(di)(di)穴建(jian)筑(zhu)，門向大夏(xia)河。中(zhong)(zhong)期房址(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)房基(ji)經平(ping)整夯筑(zhu)，半地(di)(di)下(xia)淺(qian)(qian)穴，僅有(you)一(yi)個淺(qian)(qian)坑低(di)圈灶址(zhi)(zhi)。晚(wan)期出現(xian)平(ping)地(di)(di)筑(zhu)墻建(jian)房或室(shi)內分隔小間，室(shi)外續建(jian)前(qian)后(hou)相(xiang)連(lian)小屋的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)形(xing)式。灰坑多(duo)(duo)為(wei)袋狀(zhuang)窖穴。發掘的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產工(gong)(gong)具和(he)生活用(yong)(yong)具有(you)2000 余(yu)件(jian)(jian)，陶(tao)器(qi)有(you)缽(bo)、碗(wan)、罐、壺(hu)(hu)、瓶(ping)等，其中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)泥(ni)質紅陶(tao)大多(duo)(duo)為(wei)彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)陶(tao)，均為(wei)黑彩(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)，飾有(you)平(ping)行線紋(wen)、圓(yuan)(yuan)點紋(wen)、網(wang)格(ge)紋(wen)、葉網(wang)紋(wen)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)制工(gong)(gong)具有(you)刀、斧、鏟、鎮、鑿(zao)、錐(zhui)、紡輪(lun)、網(wang)垂等10 余(yu)種，且(qie)磨刃鋒利。骨(gu)(gu)(gu)制工(gong)(gong)具有(you)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)錐(zhui)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)針、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)竿和(he)特色的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)柄石(shi)(shi)(shi)刃器(qi)，精細實用(yong)(yong)。這里(li)出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)件(jian)(jian)銅刀，由錫青銅模鑄(zhu)而成(cheng)，刀身薄厚均勻，短柄長刃，長12.5厘米(mi)，是我國目前(qian)發現(xian)早的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅器(qi)，距今約五(wu)千年，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發現(xian)把(ba)我國使(shi)用(yong)(yong)青銅器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史提早了一(yi)千年。

林家遺址發掘

1977年至1978年，甘肅省博物(wu)館文物(wu)工作隊、臨夏州文化局、東鄉(xiang)縣文化館共同(tong)對(dui)林家遺址進行了(le)發(fa)掘(jue)。

1978年夏天(tian)，考古(gu)文物工作(zuo)隊又到林家，舉(ju)辦了第二期學習(xi)班，人員擴大(da)到40人。我(wo)們在考古(gu)隊老師的帶領下(xia)，遺址發掘又開始了。探方(fang)(fang)五米(mi)見方(fang)(fang)，每五至六人一組。白天(tian)發掘探方(fang)(fang)，清理、繪(hui)圖、拍片(pian)、記(ji)錄(lu)、采集陶片(pian)等遺物。晚上整理采集物、洗(xi)照(zhao)片(pian)、抄(chao)送(song)記(ji)錄(lu)等。照(zhao)片(pian)是用(yong)海鷗像(xiang)機照(zhao)的，原保(bao)存有一些(xie)現場照(zhao)片(pian)，找(zhao)不著了。特別是日(ri)記(ji)本，每天(tian)的日(ri)記(ji)記(ji)得很細，探方(fang)(fang)編號、開挖時間、出(chu)土器(qi)物等都有記(ji)錄(lu)。因搬了一次家，丟了個(ge)干凈。

陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器是當時(shi)人(ren)們主要的(de)(de)(de)(de)生活用具(ju)。東鄉縣林家(jia)遺址(zhi)發現的(de)(de)(de)(de)馬家(jia)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)類型(xing)橫穴式陶(tao)(tao)(tao)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)，窯(yao)(yao)(yao)室(shi)為(wei)(wei)圓(yuan)形，直徑1.3米，窯(yao)(yao)(yao)箅周圍有(you)(you)火孔(kong)，頂部(bu)與窯(yao)(yao)(yao)室(shi)間隔(ge)一層夯土，火膛呈長方形。陶(tao)(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制作(zuo)普(pu)遍采用泥條(tiao)(tiao)盤筑法，出土的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器分泥質、夾砂二類。早期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器數量少(shao)，有(you)(you)瓶(ping)(ping)(ping)、罐(guan)(guan)(guan)、盆(pen)、缽(bo)等。瓶(ping)(ping)(ping)多(duo)(duo)(duo)喇叭口，罐(guan)(guan)(guan)為(wei)(wei)敞口，盆(pen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)口沿(yan)外卷，缽(bo)為(wei)(wei)圓(yuan)唇。紋(wen)飾(shi)以(yi)旋(xuan)紋(wen)為(wei)(wei)主，線條(tiao)(tiao)流暢古拙。中期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)瓶(ping)(ping)(ping)，口沿(yan)向外翻轉，頸部(bu)變長，罐(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頸部(bu)變短，紋(wen)飾(shi)以(yi)弧(hu)形并列條(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)為(wei)(wei)主，線條(tiao)(tiao)均勻細密，活潑流暢。晚(wan)期(qi)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)器數量多(duo)(duo)(duo)，陶(tao)(tao)(tao)質較前(qian)者略粗(cu)，主要器形有(you)(you)盆(pen)、碗、壺、瓶(ping)(ping)(ping)、罐(guan)(guan)(guan)等，色(se)彩(cai)也有(you)(you)變化，在黑彩(cai)間添加了白(bai)(bai)彩(cai)，白(bai)(bai)彩(cai)多(duo)(duo)(duo)為(wei)(wei)輔助裝飾(shi)，黑白(bai)(bai)對比強烈，紋(wen)飾(shi)簡化，線條(tiao)(tiao)以(yi)旋(xuan)紋(wen)、平行(xing)為(wei)(wei)主，是晚(wan)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點。2005年，在修林家(jia)至(zhi)河灘(tan)鄉間公路(lu)時(shi)，出土了很多(duo)(duo)(duo)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)片，有(you)(you)群(qun)眾(zhong)把好看的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)片拿到(dao)了臨夏市舊花市出售。9月初(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一天(tian)，我從(cong)市場上拍到(dao)了兩塊精美的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)片，一塊是鴨子紋(wen)，一塊是蝌蚪紋(wen)。若是完整器，那將是馬家(jia)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)類型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)美輪(lun)美奐的(de)(de)(de)(de)彩(cai)陶(tao)(tao)(tao)大盆(pen)和大罐(guan)(guan)(guan)，應(ying)屬(shu)當時(shi)居民的(de)(de)(de)(de)祭祀用器。

重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)20號房(fang)(fang)子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北(bei)壁下(xia)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)，還(huan)在(zai)(zai)54號灰坑中(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)渣(zha)(zha)。考古工作(zuo)者龐(pang)耀(yao)先是(shi)(shi)林家(jia)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)者，他說：編號F20的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)房(fang)(fang)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)結構是(shi)(shi)比較(jiao)完整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，它(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)房(fang)(fang)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)門道大(da)(da)都(dou)向著大(da)(da)夏河(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)邊，屋(wu)(wu)(wu)基皆在(zai)(zai)生(sheng)土層中(zhong)(zhong)，是(shi)(shi)半地穴式房(fang)(fang)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)，我(wo)們看得(de)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)來，單(dan)間房(fang)(fang)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)各自獨(du)立(li)，布局分(fen)散(san)，他們比較(jiao)講究生(sheng)活，好(hao)多房(fang)(fang)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)都(dou)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)兩個灶。在(zai)(zai)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)僅有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)，還(huan)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)大(da)(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)骨(gu)(gu)器(qi)(qi)。在(zai)(zai)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)之前，我(wo)還(huan)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)骨(gu)(gu)制的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)匕(bi)首。匕(bi)首非常(chang)精(jing)致，兩面(mian)(mian)有(you)(you)(you)刃(ren)，使用(yong)(yong)打磨(mo)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細石器(qi)(qi)做的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)把(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)，用(yong)(yong)動(dong)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肢骨(gu)(gu)做成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)刀(dao)刃(ren)，刀(dao)把(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)則是(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)不(bu)知名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)膠(jiao)粘合上去的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。長(chang)(chang)15厘米左右，刃(ren)面(mian)(mian)非常(chang)銳利，用(yong)(yong)手(shou)一(yi)(yi)(yi)摸(mo)有(you)(you)(you)點被刺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感覺(jue)，就是(shi)(shi)這樣精(jing)美的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)骨(gu)(gu)刀(dao)，在(zai)(zai)拿(na)到手(shou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)瞬間就散(san)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)架(jia)，刀(dao)把(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)與(yu)骨(gu)(gu)刃(ren)分(fen)離了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)。那把(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)是(shi)(shi)放在(zai)(zai)房(fang)(fang)屋(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角落(luo)里，角落(luo)正好(hao)在(zai)(zai)我(wo)們探方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)橫梁下(xia)面(mian)(mian)，刀(dao)渾(hun)身布滿銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)銹(xiu)，它(ta)一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)是(shi)(shi)被主人(ren)遺(yi)(yi)忘了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)，才得(de)以(yi)幸存下(xia)來。”銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)刀(dao)由兩塊(kuai)范澆(jiao)鑄(zhu)而成，表(biao)面(mian)(mian)平整，有(you)(you)(you)較(jiao)厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深(shen)灰色綠色銹(xiu)，短柄長(chang)(chang)刃(ren)，刀(dao)尖圓鈍(dun)，微上翹，弧(hu)背，薄厚均勻，柄端(duan)有(you)(you)(you)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安裝木把(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)痕跡，刀(dao)長(chang)(chang)12.5厘米。1981年經北(bei)京鋼鐵(tie)學院冶(ye)(ye)金(jin)(jin)研究所檢驗，為(wei)含(han)錫青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。它(ta)是(shi)(shi)迄今(jin)為(wei)止發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)時(shi)代早的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)件(jian)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)，其(qi)(qi)年代距今(jin)約5000年左右。此刀(dao)被譽為(wei)“中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)刀(dao)”，現(xian)(xian)(xian)藏中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)博物館(guan) 。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)渣(zha)(zha)分(fen)別用(yong)(yong)巖相鑒定(ding)和中(zhong)(zhong)子活化(hua)法分(fen)析(xi)，證(zheng)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)渣(zha)(zha)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)天然礦石，也(ye)非煉銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)殘渣(zha)(zha)，而是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)塊(kuai)經冶(ye)(ye)煉但已(yi)經分(fen)化(hua)成碎(sui)塊(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)含(han)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鐵(tie)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)長(chang)(chang)期(qi)銹(xiu)蝕的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)物，這些(xie)(xie)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)渣(zha)(zha)在(zai)(zai)林家(jia)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)三(san)四快，都(dou)因(yin)為(wei)分(fen)化(hua)而成為(wei)碎(sui)塊(kuai)，這證(zheng)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)當地以(yi)能(neng)進行冶(ye)(ye)鑄(zhu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)生(sheng)產(chan)。它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)義(yi)在(zai)(zai)于：把(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)冶(ye)(ye)金(jin)(jin)史，向前推進了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)(da)步，與(yu)早發(fa)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)冶(ye)(ye)煉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)亞、西(xi)亞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些(xie)(xie)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間大(da)(da)致相同，這說明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)是(shi)(shi)世界上率先發(fa)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)和使用(yong)(yong)冶(ye)(ye)金(jin)(jin)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)之一(yi)(yi)(yi)；同時(shi)也(ye)證(zheng)明(ming)(ming)(ming)(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)早的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)冶(ye)(ye)金(jin)(jin)技(ji)術(shu)發(fa)源地在(zai)(zai)甘(gan)肅(su)。用(yong)(yong)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)代替(ti)石器(qi)(qi)作(zuo)為(wei)勞(lao)動(dong)工具，是(shi)(shi)人(ren)類(lei)發(fa)展史上極為(wei)重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變革，青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)早出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)，有(you)(you)(you)其(qi)(qi)劃時(shi)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)義(yi)。到了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)龍山文化(hua)、齊家(jia)文化(hua)時(shi)期(qi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制造較(jiao)為(wei)普(pu)遍。據考古資料得(de)知，整個黃河(he)(he)流(liu)域(yu)從東到西(xi)都(dou)有(you)(you)(you)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)器(qi)(qi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)土，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)紅銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。

林家遺址出(chu)(chu)土的(de)石(shi)(shi)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)器有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)2000余件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)錛(ben)312件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，石(shi)(shi)斧(fu)211件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，石(shi)(shi)刀(dao)209件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)石(shi)(shi)鑿(zao)189件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，石(shi)(shi)紡(fang)(fang)輪49個(ge)，還有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)敲砸器、研磨(mo)器、磨(mo)臼(jiu)、石(shi)(shi)杵(chu)(chu)、磨(mo)石(shi)(shi)、石(shi)(shi)鉆、石(shi)(shi)鏃等(deng)；次為骨(gu)(gu)(gu)器，骨(gu)(gu)(gu)錐(zhui)358個(ge)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)針(zhen)(zhen)236個(ge)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)鏃44個(ge)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)刀(dao)15個(ge)；石(shi)(shi)刃骨(gu)(gu)(gu)柄刀(dao)12件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、石(shi)(shi)刃骨(gu)(gu)(gu)柄匕首6件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。林家遺址F21晚期陶(tao)罐(guan)內盛有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)稷、粟(su)和大(da)(da)(da)麻籽(zi)。H19灰(hui)坑底部(bu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)(da)(da)量炭化(hua)稷、部(bu)分穗頭、稷粒、枝干等(deng)，穗頭上帶有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)較(jiao)長的(de)細枝，捆成(cheng)小把，整齊(qi)放(fang)在坑底，厚(hou)達(da)40厘米(mi)，計可達(da)2立(li)方米(mi)。這說明(ming)，林家已有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)較(jiao)發達(da)的(de)原始農業(ye)，兼事狩(shou)獵和采集(ji)。其石(shi)(shi)錛(ben)、石(shi)(shi)斧(fu)、石(shi)(shi)刀(dao)、石(shi)(shi)鑿(zao)為農業(ye)生產(chan)中(zhong)的(de)主要使用(yong)工具；另外三處窯穴也有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)炭化(hua)稷粒，大(da)(da)(da)量稷的(de)發現(xian)，從帶穗的(de)細枝割斷痕跡(ji)，是用(yong)石(shi)(shi)、陶(tao)刀(dao)割下來的(de)；磨(mo)臼(jiu)、石(shi)(shi)杵(chu)(chu)是大(da)(da)(da)量谷物(wu)加工，說明(ming)粟(su)是當(dang)時居民的(de)主要糧(liang)食之一。石(shi)(shi)紡(fang)(fang)輪、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)針(zhen)(zhen)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)錐(zhui)的(de)出(chu)(chu)土，證(zheng)明(ming)當(dang)時的(de)人們已經(jing)掌握了紡(fang)(fang)織技術，取(qu)(qu)植物(wu)纖(xian)維或(huo)獸毛(mao)，用(yong)紡(fang)(fang)輪捻成(cheng)線，用(yong)原始的(de)織布機(ji)制(zhi)成(cheng)粗毛(mao)、麻布，用(yong)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)針(zhen)(zhen)縫制(zhi)衣服。F8、F10、F11房址殘陶(tao)罐(guan)中(zhong)均有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)發現(xian)大(da)(da)(da)麻籽(zi)。大(da)(da)(da)麻籽(zi)可食用(yong)，其纖(xian)維，以紡(fang)(fang)輪捻織麻布；出(chu)(chu)土的(de)石(shi)(shi)、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)鏃、石(shi)(shi)蛋是人們獵取(qu)(qu)鹿(lu)、獐、兔等(deng)野生動(dong)物(wu)的(de)明(ming)證(zheng)。

出土的陶器分泥質和夾砂兩類

主(zhu)要采(cai)用泥條(tiao)(tiao)盤筑和捏塑法(fa)制作。根據地層堆積(ji)，分早、中(zhong)、晚(wan)三期(qi)(qi)。早期(qi)(qi)的(de)陶器數量較(jiao)少(shao)，主(zhu)要有瓶(ping)(ping)、罐(guan)、盆、缽等(deng)，瓶(ping)(ping)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)喇叭口，罐(guan)為(wei)(wei)敞(chang)口，盆的(de)口沿外卷，缽為(wei)(wei)圓(yuan)唇。彩繪(hui)為(wei)(wei)黑(hei)色(se)，漆黑(hei)發亮，紋(wen)飾(shi)(shi)以(yi)旋(xuan)紋(wen)和弧線(xian)紋(wen)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，線(xian)條(tiao)(tiao)粗(cu)健古樸；中(zhong)期(qi)(qi)的(de)瓶(ping)(ping)口沿向外翻轉，頸(jing)部變長，罐(guan)的(de)頸(jing)部變短，紋(wen)飾(shi)(shi)以(yi)弧形并(bing)列(lie)條(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，線(xian)條(tiao)(tiao)均(jun)勻細密，活潑流暢；晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)陶器數量多(duo)，陶質較(jiao)粗(cu)，主(zhu)要器形有盆、缽、碗、壺、瓶(ping)(ping)、罐(guan)等(deng)，色(se)彩也發生(sheng)變化(hua)，出(chu)現了(le)白(bai)彩，紋(wen)飾(shi)(shi)簡(jian)化(hua)、潦(liao)草，以(yi)旋(xuan)紋(wen)、平(ping)行條(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，色(se)彩清淡，白(bai)彩多(duo)為(wei)(wei)輔助裝飾(shi)(shi)，黑(hei)白(bai)分明，對比強(qiang)烈，是晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)的(de)突出(chu)特點。

林家遺址躋身國家級文物保護單位

國務院公(gong)布(bu)的第六批全國重點文物保(bao)護單位中(zhong)牞東鄉縣新(xin)石(shi)器(qi)時代林家(jia)遺(yi)址名列其中(zhong)。

林家(jia)(jia)(jia)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)位于東鄉族自治縣(xian)大夏(xia)河東岸(an)的(de)(de)(de)黃土塬(yuan)上(shang)牞(jiu)(jiu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)內涵以馬家(jia)(jia)(jia)窯(yao)(yao)類(lei)型(xing)為(wei)(wei)主牞(jiu)(jiu)包(bao)含有馬家(jia)(jia)(jia)窯(yao)(yao)類(lei)型(xing)早(zao)、中、晚期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)存牞(jiu)(jiu)是馬家(jia)(jia)(jia)窯(yao)(yao)類(lei)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)代(dai)表(biao)性遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)。1978年(nian)牞(jiu)(jiu)甘(gan)肅省(sheng)博(bo)物館(guan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)工作隊、州文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)局(ju)、東鄉縣(xian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)館(guan)共同進行(xing)了發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)牞(jiu)(jiu)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)面(mian)積(ji)近3000平方米(mi)。發(fa)(fa)現馬家(jia)(jia)(jia)窯(yao)(yao)時期(qi)房屋遺(yi)(yi)(yi)跡27處(chu)牞(jiu)(jiu)制(zhi)陶窯(yao)(yao)址(zhi)3處(chu)牞(jiu)(jiu)灰坑985個(ge)。發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)和(he)采集(ji)各類(lei)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)物3000余(yu)件牞(jiu)(jiu)其中各類(lei)工具和(he)生活用具2000余(yu)件牞(jiu)(jiu)包(bao)括(kuo)石器、骨器、陶、蚌(bang)、角器等。其中一件青銅(tong)模(mo)鑄刀(dao)具牞(jiu)(jiu)為(wei)(wei)目前發(fa)(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)時代(dai)早(zao)的(de)(de)(de)青銅(tong)器。林家(jia)(jia)(jia)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)掘(jue)牞(jiu)(jiu)能夠幫助人們(men)了解馬家(jia)(jia)(jia)窯(yao)(yao)類(lei)型(xing)早(zao)、中、晚期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)地層堆(dui)積(ji)關(guan)系牞(jiu)(jiu)為(wei)(wei)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)物的(de)(de)(de)33期(qi)提供(gong)了明確的(de)(de)(de)地層關(guan)系。