簡介
興隆山(shan)(shan)(shan),又稱東老爺山(shan)(shan)(shan),地處陜(shan)甘寧三省(sheng)(區)交界處,甘肅省(sheng)慶陽市環(huan)縣(xian)東北(bei)部四合原鄉(xiang),北(bei)接(jie)寧夏鹽池,東臨陜(shan)西(xi)定邊,自古(gu)(gu)有(you)“雞鳴(ming)聽三省(sheng)”之(zhi)美譽(yu),距縣(xian)城75公(gong)里(li),海拔1774米。現為國家AAA級旅游景區、全國重點文物保(bao)護單位、省(sheng)級森林公(gong)園。東老爺山(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)(gu)建筑群(qun),是慶陽境內古(gu)(gu)建筑中(zhong)規模(mo)最大、藝術(shu)成就最高、保(bao)存(cun)最完好(hao)的古(gu)(gu)建筑群(qun)落,是頗(po)負盛(sheng)名(ming)的道教名(ming)山(shan)(shan)(shan)。
作為隴東現代革命圣地(di)之一,1935年(nian)長征(zheng)途中的中央紅軍二、三縱(zong)隊(dui)在此(ci)地(di)宿營,司(si)令(ling)部和電臺辦公室(shi)就設在祖師殿內,葉劍(jian)英、鄧發(fa)、蔡樹藩、張經武等(deng)領導在神龕下過夜。
興隆山屬(shu)于子午(wu)嶺山脈(mo)的(de)北(bei)部(bu)余(yu)脈(mo),海(hai)拔1774米,位于環縣四合塬鄉以東六公里處,距縣城75公里。北(bei)與(yu)寧夏鹽(yan)池(chi)相望,東與(yu)陜西定邊(bian)毗鄰,素有(you)"雞鳴聽三省"之稱。
歷史沿革
興隆山古建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群始建(jian)(jian)于明代,清康(kang)熙、道光年間(jian)曾進(jin)行過兩次修復和(he)擴建(jian)(jian),現(xian)存15座建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu),占地面積約40000平(ping)方(fang)米。劃分(fen)三(san)個(ge)區域(yu),一是(shi)東(dong)南峰外圍(wei)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)區域(yu),現(xian)存有牛馬王(wang)廟(miao),城隍廟(miao);二是(shi)中(zhong)峰東(dong)南坡上(shang)(shang)分(fen)布(bu)的建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群,它們不規(gui)則地分(fen)布(bu)在許多小(xiao)平(ping)臺上(shang)(shang),依次由下而上(shang)(shang)有前門樓(lou)(lou)、碑坊、中(zhong)門樓(lou)(lou)、三(san)進(jin)門樓(lou)(lou)、關帝(di)廟(miao)、藥王(wang)洞等建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu);最高處(chu)即是(shi)中(zhong)峰峰頂主(zhu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群,以(yi)無量祖師(shi)大殿(dian)(dian)、獻殿(dian)(dian)和(he)山門為中(zhong)軸(zhou)線(xian),旁(pang)有佛(fo)殿(dian)(dian)、菩(pu)薩(sa)殿(dian)(dian)、鐘樓(lou)(lou)、鼓(gu)樓(lou)(lou),共同構成了對稱規(gui)整布(bu)局。
歷史懸疑
東老爺山是否始建于(yu)北魏(wei)(386—534年)
至(zhi)今仍(reng)完整矗(chu)立(li)在岳(yue)靈(ling)官樓后院牌坊之內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)《無量祖(zu)師(shi)(shi)廟記(ji)(ji)》碑,可(ke)算(suan)是(shi)探究(jiu)(jiu)東(dong)老(lao)(lao)爺(ye)山(shan)歷史的(de)(de)(de)(de)“活教(jiao)材”。碑置磚砌頂部(bu)為圓(yuan)拱(gong)形的(de)(de)(de)(de)碑龕(kan)內(nei),龕(kan)高225厘(li)米(mi),寬71厘(li)米(mi),進深61厘(li)米(mi),龕(kan)內(nei)鑲(xiang)有清道光(guang)二(er)十(shi)年(1840年)孟夏四月初(chu)一日立(li)石碑,黑青石材質,雕(diao)工(gong)精美。據作者近期(qi)翻(fan)閱大量資料(liao),特別(bie)是(shi)仔細(xi)研讀《無量祖(zu)師(shi)(shi)廟記(ji)(ji)》碑文(wen)(wen)(wen)后,關于(yu)東(dong)老(lao)(lao)爺(ye)山(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建造(zao)時間(jian)和歷史上的(de)(de)(de)(de)重修擴(kuo)建,認為有著詳盡的(de)(de)(de)(de)記(ji)(ji)述(shu)。該碑撰文(wen)(wen)(wen)結構嚴謹(jin),文(wen)(wen)(wen)采超然,堪稱迄今為止(zhi)研究(jiu)(jiu)東(dong)老(lao)(lao)爺(ye)山(shan),特別(bie)是(shi)研究(jiu)(jiu)確(que)定其修建史實的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本資料(liao)。撰文(wen)(wen)(wen)者張毓(yu)秀,清代吏(li)部(bu)候選官、環(huan)縣拔貢、尊為教(jiao)諭、道家(jia)弟(di)子。從作者的(de)(de)(de)(de)經歷與學識來看,《無量祖(zu)師(shi)(shi)廟記(ji)(ji)》所(suo)記(ji)(ji)載的(de)(de)(de)(de)東(dong)老(lao)(lao)爺(ye)山(shan)足可(ke)采信。碑文(wen)(wen)(wen)如(ru)下:
興隆山,蓋延慶重(zhong)鎮也(ye)。其(qi)嶺□□,亙數余(yu)里,上結山峰,勢若捧笏(hu),眾山繚(liao)繞,累累如貫珠;兩旁幽谷(gu)窈然,而(er)深谷(gu)中有泉(quan)翁然而(er)出(chu),泉(quan)水南北分流如往(wang)而(er)復陡;其(qi)巔蔚(yu)然深秀,峰回路轉,往(wang)來行旅不絕。
朔方地脈之(zhi)靈,莫勝于(yu)此山之(zhi)中峰。祖師廟(miao)在正殿,旁有佛廟(miao)、觀音菩薩廟(miao)、百子閣、韋陀廟(miao)。山門之(zhi)外有黑(hei)虎廟(miao)、靈官廟(miao),左有關帝廟(miao)、藥王(wang)洞,右有三官蟲王(wang)廟(miao),前(qian)門有靈官樓(lou),北峰則(ze)玉(yu)皇廟(miao),南(nan)峰則(ze)馬王(wang)牛(niu)王(wang)、城隍、土(tu)地廟(miao)也。追溯(su)所自(zi),不(bu)知創于(yu)何時(shi)?
洎(ji)乎國朝順治年(nian)間,仙人(ren)林公修煉此山,重為建造(zao),頗壯觀瞻。至康熙時,即得圣(sheng)果(guo),因建廟在(zai)山,邑民李天柱等(deng)捐割,環(huan)縣祥集(ji)里一(yi)甲佃地(di)百(bai)余畝。□其(qi)所(suo)入,以(yi)招道流,供(gong)香(xiang)火,鳴(ming)鐘磬。每歲春朔(shuo)秋望,諸人(ren)士之(zhi)祈(qi)福而來(lai)者,莫不感斯(si)應昭(zhao)其(qi)靈也(ye)。第以(yi)峰巒高聳,風雨易于飄零,且歷年(nian)既久,廟宇見圮,登獻者以(yi)為嘆。
丁酉(you)歲,主持(chi)孫吉寧暨五官司(si)事(shi)(shi)諸公,目擊凋零(ling),毅然(ran)(ran)欲恢復(fu)之,而竊慮其(qi)艱也。夫(fu)(fu)執(zhi)事(shi)(shi)貴敬,能敬必(bi)有(you)德(de),有(you)德(de)故(gu)人和,人和則功易,成而神必(bi)享。諸公乃傾(qing)城(cheng)募(mu)緣,估得七百余金,以儲木材,征工(gong)役,重修(xiu)祖師正殿,改(gai)修(xiu)靈官樓(lou),創修(xiu)鐘鼓樓(lou)二座(zuo)(zuo)、山門一座(zuo)(zuo),上下(xia)右路并起,丹漆(qi)黝堊,煥然(ran)(ran)聿新。若左右南北(bei)峰諸廟,雖乃夫(fu)(fu)舊(jiu),則有(you)待于修(xiu)之司(si)事(shi)(shi)者也。其(qi)工(gong)肇于戊戌春(chun),中越己亥秋季告竣。
諸公(gong)屬余(yu)為記,余(yu)為之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)其登山,沐手焚(fen)香謁神,牽牲捧帑(tang),朝者如(ru)云。僉曰:山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)靈以(yi)(yi)神也(ye),又曰:神之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)靈以(yi)(yi)山也(ye)。仰知神有陰翊(yi),斯人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功。人有肅事,其神之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)禮。惟賴司(si)事者至誠感(gan)神,而神乃靈應如(ru)斯。司(si)事者誰?安化縣(xian)(xian)武(wu)生(sheng)周殿福、環(huan)縣(xian)(xian)生(sheng)員南(nan)丹穴(xue)、邑民李含章、縣(xian)(xian)學廩生(sheng)敬(jing)爾位、武(wu)生(sheng)韓(han)中元(yuan)、定邑生(sheng)員趙玉德、環(huan)縣(xian)(xian)居士孫(sun)吉財,主持孫(sun)吉寧(ning)、馬和順、蘇萬和、何(he)明、司(si)事墻(qiang)功監生(sheng)□明是也(ye)。
碑文(wen)首(shou)句(ju)“興隆山,蓋延(yan)(yan)慶(qing)重鎮(zhen)也”。筆者認為(wei)(wei)反映的(de)(de)是(shi)東老(lao)爺山廟宇始建(jian)的(de)(de)時間問題。“延(yan)(yan)慶(qing)”是(shi)我(wo)國北(bei)朝時期(qi)建(jian)于慶(qing)陽(yang)的(de)(de)縣(xian)名。據(ju)《元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和(he)郡(jun)縣(xian)圖(tu)志(zhi)》記載(zai),“延(yan)(yan)慶(qing)縣(xian),中南(nan)至州(zhou)40里。天(tian)寶(bao)(bao)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(742年),改名延(yan)(yan)慶(qing)縣(xian)”。《元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和(he)郡(jun)縣(xian)圖(tu)志(zhi)》寫于唐憲宗元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和(he)年間(806—820年),當時正(zheng)處于藩鎮(zhen)割據(ju)的(de)(de)混亂時期(qi)。“慶(qing)州(zhou),都督(du)府,古西戎地(di)春秋及戰國時為(wei)(wei)義渠(qu)戎國,秦厲公伐義渠(qu)并之,虜(lu)其(qi)王。至始皇時屬(shu)北(bei)地(di)郡(jun)。后(hou)魏文(wen)帝(di)(di)大統十(shi)一年置(zhi)朔(shuo)州(zhou),周武(wu)帝(di)(di)保定元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年廢朔(shuo)州(zhou)為(wei)(wei)周武(wu)防(fang),隋(sui)文(wen)帝(di)(di)十(shi)六(liu)年割寧(ning)州(zhou)歸德(de)縣(xian)置(zhi)慶(qing)州(zhou),義寧(ning)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年為(wei)(wei)弘化(hua)郡(jun),天(tian)寶(bao)(bao)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年改為(wei)(wei)安(an)化(hua)郡(jun),至德(de)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年改為(wei)(wei)順(shun)化(hua)郡(jun),乾元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年復為(wei)(wei)慶(qing)州(zhou)。州(zhou)境:東西二百五十(shi)二里。南(nan)北(bei)四百七十(shi)二里”。“管縣(xian)十(shi):順(shun)化(hua),樂(le)蟠(pan),馬領,合(he)水(shui),華(hua)池,同川(chuan),洛原(yuan),延(yan)(yan)慶(qing),方渠(qu),懷安(an)”。又據(ju)顧祖禹(yu)《讀史方輿紀要》卷57記載(zai):“延(yan)(yan)慶(qing)城,府城東北(bei)三(san)十(shi)里,本漢郁郅縣(xian)地(di),后(hou)魏嘗置(zhi)延(yan)(yan)慶(qing)縣(xian),旋廢。劉咰曰:唐武(wu)德(de)六(liu)年,分合(he)水(shui)縣(xian)置(zhi)白馬縣(xian)。天(tian)寶(bao)(bao)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年,改為(wei)(wei)延(yan)(yan)慶(qing)縣(xian)。寶(bao)(bao)歷初(chu)廢。”
可見,北(bei)魏時期在(zai)今慶(qing)(qing)(qing)城置延(yan)慶(qing)(qing)(qing)縣(xian)(xian),西魏大統十一年(nian)(nian)(545年(nian)(nian))置朔州(zhou)(zhou),乾(qian)元(yuan)(yuan)元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)復為慶(qing)(qing)(qing)州(zhou)(zhou)。州(zhou)(zhou)境包括東西252里,南北(bei)472里,下管十個縣(xian)(xian),延(yan)慶(qing)(qing)(qing)、方渠是其(qi)中之一。據1985年(nian)(nian)修《環(huan)縣(xian)(xian)志》記載(zai),唐(tang)高祖武德(de)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(619年(nian)(nian))前,環(huan)屬(shu)慶(qing)(qing)(qing)州(zhou)(zhou)方渠縣(xian)(xian)轄(xia)(《唐(tang)書》)。由此推斷(duan),興隆(long)山(東老爺(ye)山)在(zai)北(bei)魏時期就是“延(yan)慶(qing)(qing)(qing)重(zhong)鎮”。
廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)宇建筑群包括(kuo)“祖師(shi)(shi)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)在(zai)正(zheng)殿(dian),旁有(you)佛(fo)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、觀音菩薩廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、百子閣(ge)、韋陀廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)。山門之(zhi)(zhi)外(wai)有(you)黑虎廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、靈官廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),左有(you)關帝(di)(di)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)、藥王洞,右有(you)三(san)官蟲王廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),前門有(you)靈官樓,北峰(feng)則(ze)玉皇(huang)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),南(nan)峰(feng)則(ze)馬王牛王、城(cheng)隍、土地(di)(di)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)也。追溯(su)所自(zi),不(bu)知(zhi)創于(yu)何時(shi)(shi)?”碑(bei)文撰寫于(yu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)光二十年(nian),撰者(zhe)(zhe)對(dui)上述建筑群的(de)起始(shi)年(nian)代提出了(le)(le)質疑(yi)。但這(zhe)(zhe)里提供了(le)(le)一(yi)個信息,就是(shi)(shi)釋老同山而居。這(zhe)(zhe)與(yu)北朝(chao)時(shi)(shi)期崇(chong)(chong)(chong)佛(fo)、崇(chong)(chong)(chong)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)生態(tai)分不(bu)開的(de)。據《冊府元龜》卷五(wu)十三(san)載(zai):“后魏道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)武帝(di)(di)(拓跋珪(gui))好黃老之(zhi)(zhi)言,誦(song)詠不(bu)倦,數召諸(zhu)王及朝(chao)臣親(qin)為(wei)說之(zhi)(zhi)”。大(da)興道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)法,皇(huang)帝(di)(di)都要登壇受簶。“[始(shi)光間]崇(chong)(chong)(chong)尚天(tian)(tian)師(shi)(shi),顯(xian)揚新法,宣布天(tian)(tian)下,道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)業大(da)行……”(《魏書(shu)·釋老志》第(di)8冊第(di)3049頁,中華(hua)書(shu)局1976年(nian)版),期望政(zheng)權鞏固,皇(huang)帝(di)(di)康強。北魏拓跋氏以少數民族(zu)身份入(ru)(ru)主中原,其統治(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)對(dui)神(shen)仙方術興趣頗隆,還把道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教定位國教,對(dui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教極度尊(zun)崇(chong)(chong)(chong)。修(xiu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)講究環境清靜,自(zi)然優美,在(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)樣一(yi)個山勢(shi)奇(qi)特(te),天(tian)(tian)造地(di)(di)設,“雞鳴聽三(san)省(sheng)”的(de)地(di)(di)方,天(tian)(tian)時(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)利人和(he),尊(zun)神(shen)修(xiu)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),正(zheng)合(he)時(shi)(shi)宜。佛(fo)學(xue)在(zai)沒有(you)傳入(ru)(ru)華(hua)夏之(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)(shi),本土的(de)宗教就是(shi)(shi)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教,在(zai)中華(hua)傳統文化中,道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教是(shi)(shi)與(yu)儒學(xue)和(he)佛(fo)教一(yi)起占據著(zhu)主導地(di)(di)位的(de)理論(lun)學(xue)說。佛(fo)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)曾經相爭,但又互相包容(rong),和(he)諧(xie)共生。這(zhe)(zhe)也是(shi)(shi)解釋東老爺山建筑和(he)塑像為(wei)什么是(shi)(shi)以道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教為(wei)主,又兼(jian)容(rong)佛(fo)教內容(rong)的(de)緣故了(le)(le)。
由(you)(you)此(ci),從區(qu)域設置、歷史背(bei)景,以及(ji)自然形態分析,我們能否由(you)(you)此(ci)推(tui)斷:東老爺山始(shi)建于魏晉南北(bei)朝時(shi)期(qi)的北(bei)魏,距今(jin)約(yue)(yue)1600多(duo)年,比元明時(shi)期(qi)早約(yue)(yue)900年。但由(you)(you)于現存可(ke)查證的資(zi)料并(bing)不多(duo),留待史學家去進一步去考(kao)證。
基本情況
前(qian)門樓(lou)(lou)是興(xing)隆(long)山第(di)一道門,為(wei)純(chun)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)發券砌成的(de)(de)二層(ceng)樓(lou)(lou)閣,上(shang)層(ceng)為(wei)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)砌仿(fang)木(mu)歇(xie)山頂,下層(ceng)為(wei)卷頂形(xing)(xing)門洞,其頂部(bu)為(wei)四檐出水短坡,以屋(wu)脊代(dai)回廊欄(lan)桿。下層(ceng)墻(qiang)體(ti)為(wei)四方形(xing)(xing),每邊長6米(mi)(mi),檐高4.6米(mi)(mi),中開拱券頂門洞,高3.1米(mi)(mi),寬1.8米(mi)(mi)。門洞內(nei)有(you)(you)暗(an)道式樓(lou)(lou)梯(ti),隱在門樓(lou)(lou)第(di)一層(ceng)的(de)(de)側(ce)墻(qiang)內(nei),樓(lou)(lou)梯(ti)踏步23級,曲折而上(shang)至第(di)二層(ceng)屋(wu)內(nei)。第(di)一層(ceng)四面(mian)坡短檐下有(you)(you)二層(ceng)雕(diao)花磚(zhuan)(zhuan)刻,圖案有(you)(you)“琴棋(qi)書畫(hua)”、“建筑四寶”等(deng),還有(you)(you)較為(wei)少見的(de)(de)人面(mian)龍和(he)人面(mian)鳥。上(shang)層(ceng)墻(qiang)體(ti)也是正方形(xing)(xing),每邊長3.75米(mi)(mi),高3.9米(mi)(mi),園券頂門開東(dong)南向(xiang),上(shang)層(ceng)屋(wu)頂為(wei)仿(fang)木(mu)歇(xie)山頂,共有(you)(you)13條(tiao)脊,14個獸。屋(wu)內(nei)有(you)(you)神壇,塑(su)像已佚,僅存部(bu)分繪有(you)(you)屏風人物的(de)(de)壁畫(hua)。
碑坊為磚(zhuan)砌仿木歇山頂(ding),通高4.4米(mi),寬(kuan)3.64米(mi),進深1.77米(mi),頂(ding)部結(jie)構和前門樓上(shang)層屋(wu)頂(ding)結(jie)構相(xiang)似,但略小點。檐下有(you)橫(heng)匾楷(kai)體(ti)陽刻“蟠龍泊鳳”四字,兩側各有(you)兩幅磚(zhuan)雕人物圖案(an),工藝屬淺浮雕。橫(heng)匾下有(you)兩個(ge)并列神龕,高2.52米(mi),寬(kuan)0.71米(mi),進深0.61米(mi)。其中一(yi)龕內(nei)有(you)鑲石碑一(yi)通,即清道光二(er)十年(nian)的《無(wu)量祖師廟(miao)記》碑。
中門(men)樓(lou)亦是兩(liang)層純磚樓(lou)閣(ge)結構(gou),通高(gao)8.4米。下(xia)層為(wei)正方形,邊(bian)長4.45米,高(gao)3.7米,有(you)(you)發券門(men)洞(dong),高(gao)1.68米,寬1.43米,下(xia)層出(chu)檐為(wei)兩(liang)層平砌素(su)磚,每面均有(you)(you)兩(liang)個仿木倒(dao)掛垂(chui)蓮(lian)柱,四角(jiao)有(you)(you)仿木角(jiao)科式挑角(jiao)。上層為(wei)歇山頂(ding),結構(gou)與(yu)前門(men)樓(lou)相似,正脊中有(you)(you)一(yi)站獅。東(dong)南(nan)開圓拱(gong)門(men),兩(liang)側雕有(you)(you)對聯一(yi)副,“金(jin)磚有(you)(you)眼不垯(da)善,鋼鞭無(wu)情(qing)自(zi)逐兇”屋內有(you)(you)神壇,塑(su)像已佚,兩(liang)壁各尚存(cun)山水(shui)畫四條副。
三進門樓(lou)與(yu)前門樓(lou)結構(gou)相似,通高(gao)9.35米(mi)。下(xia)(xia)層正方形邊長4.32米(mi),檐下(xia)(xia)有兩層雕花(hua)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)和一層云紋雕花(hua)仿木雀替(ti)(ti)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan),磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)雕圖案(an)為琴棋書畫和暗八仙(xian)題材。上層為純(chun)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)發券(quan)結構(gou)的(de)歇山頂,正脊(ji)中有團龍(long),龍(long)上有鐵制變形壽字裝(zhuang)飾。檐下(xia)(xia)亦有兩層磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)雕圖案(an)和仿木吉祥草紋樣雀替(ti)(ti),四角(jiao)有簡(jian)式(shi)角(jiao)科,正面開門,門兩側檐下(xia)(xia)和后(hou)檐檐下(xia)(xia)各有一方蒙古裝(zhuang)男士磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)雕,神(shen)態威(wei)武(wu)強悍。
關帝廟為(wei)(wei)磚木(mu)結構硬山頂,前廊有(you)兩明柱,面闊4.1米(mi)(mi),進深5米(mi)(mi),通高(gao)4.8米(mi)(mi)。在兩山墻上(shang)(shang)施以貼墻柁,大柁與二柁間(jian)以金瓜柱相承。屋頂為(wei)(wei)青色板(ban)瓦、簡瓦覆頂,5脊(ji)6獸。正脊(ji)為(wei)(wei)鏤空雙龍(long)雙鳳脊(ji)圖案,脊(ji)中有(you)寶(bao)珠,形成二龍(long)戲珠,寶(bao)珠上(shang)(shang)有(you)獅(shi)馱寶(bao)塔。4個垂脊(ji)末端亦為(wei)(wei)張(zhang)口龍(long)獸。
藥王洞(dong)位于中峰東南(nan)(nan)山(shan)坡(po)中部南(nan)(nan)側,屬黃土窯洞(dong)建筑,外(wai)加簡易雨棚,洞(dong)高2.3米,寬2.2米,進深(shen)3.1米。
山(shan)(shan)門(men)為(wei)單間磚木結(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)歇山(shan)(shan)頂,面闊3米(mi),柱高3.3米(mi)。門(men)匾墨書“興隆寶山(shan)(shan)”四(si)字。山(shan)(shan)門(men)四(si)角(jiao)柱露(lu)明,上(shang)托角(jiao)科,下座鼓形基(ji)石。前(qian)檐檐枋(fang)、額枋(fang)均彩繪,額枋(fang)下面為(wei)鏤空二龍(long)戲珠圖案的騎馬雀替,雀替下為(wei)云角(jiao)。梁架結(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)為(wei)四(si)角(jiao)亭(ting)式結(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou),屋(wu)頂青色(se)板(ban)瓦、簡瓦覆頂,中脊(ji)、垂脊(ji)、戧脊(ji)均為(wei)堆花脊(ji),脊(ji)上(shang)均為(wei)張口龍(long)獸(shou)。
鐘樓和(he)鼓樓位于山門內兩(liang)側,這兩(liang)座建筑(zhu)(zhu)造型和(he)大小完全相同,均為高(gao)(gao)(gao)臺(tai)基二層建筑(zhu)(zhu),歇山頂(ding)。臺(tai)階高(gao)(gao)(gao)1.3米(mi),平面(mian)為四方形,邊長3.3米(mi),檐高(gao)(gao)(gao)2.8米(mi),頂(ding)高(gao)(gao)(gao)1米(mi),通高(gao)(gao)(gao)5.1米(mi)。向山門處開拱券(quan)門洞,高(gao)(gao)(gao)1.83米(mi),寬(kuan)0.69米(mi)。二層圍墻(qiang)其余三面(mian)均有圓形窗。木制窗欞為“八(ba)字連(lian)環”式(shi),窗周(zhou)飾以(yi)“鵲雀撣梅(mei)”或(huo)梔(zhi)子花圖案。
獻(xian)殿為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)磚(zhuan)木結(jie)構(gou)卷棚頂(ding)過庭,與大(da)殿相(xiang)通。兩(liang)山墻(qiang)(qiang)飾(shi)以(yi)(yi)博風(feng),頂(ding)有(you)螻蛄垂脊和龍獸。墀頭頂(ding)部(bu)(bu)裝飾(shi)成四(si)面坡屋頂(ding)的牌樓形(xing),平身科(ke)、如意科(ke)、平板枋、檐(yan)枋、檐(yan)檁(lin)以(yi)(yi)及椽和飛頭等仿木構(gou)件樣(yang)(yang)樣(yang)(yang)俱全,還有(you)仿木雀替(ti)和倒掛垂蓮柱等裝飾(shi)磚(zhuan)雕(diao)。在戧(chuang)磚(zhuan)位置(zhi)有(you)三層磚(zhuan)雕(diao),上(shang)下均為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)條(tiao)磚(zhuan)所刻,上(shang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)雙鶴,下位單(dan)鹿,中間(jian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)方磚(zhuan)雕(diao)刻的麒麟(lin)圖(tu)案。獻(xian)殿三開間(jian),面闊6.92米(mi)(mi),明(ming)間(jian)間(jian)寬(kuan)2.36米(mi)(mi),稍間(jian)間(jian)寬(kuan)2.28米(mi)(mi),檐(yan)高2.8米(mi)(mi),進(jin)深6.27米(mi)(mi)。正門和隔扇均為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)六抹,條(tiao)形(xing)板、隔心(xin)、裙板遍施彩繪。廊(lang)進(jin)深1米(mi)(mi),兩(liang)邊廊(lang)墻(qiang)(qiang)上(shang)各有(you)屏風(feng)形(xing)磚(zhuan)刻。東(dong)廊(lang)墻(qiang)(qiang)上(shang)部(bu)(bu)展示(shi)“琴、棋、書、畫”四(si)樣(yang)(yang)文化(hua)生(sheng)活;下部(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“四(si)福(fu)降臨”圖(tu)案。西廊(lang)墻(qiang)(qiang)上(shang)部(bu)(bu)則為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“耕、讀、漁、樵(qiao)”,四(si)種經濟生(sheng)活方式,下部(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“丹鳳賜福(fu)”圖(tu)案。獻(xian)殿屋架(jia)結(jie)構(gou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)三架(jia)梁結(jie)構(gou),斗拱結(jie)構(gou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)斗二升(sheng)交麻葉。
祖(zu)師(shi)大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)與獻殿(dian)(dian)(dian)的開(kai)間(jian)、面(mian)闊、檐(yan)高完全相同(tong),兩(liang)者(zhe)左右山(shan)墻(qiang)也在一條(tiao)線上(shang),前后檐(yan)緊(jin)接(jie),之(zhi)間(jian)有(you)50厘米(mi)寬的小天(tian)井。大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)(wei)歇山(shan)頂(ding),各脊(ji)均為(wei)(wei)團花脊(ji),正(zheng)脊(ji)中部有(you)三(san)層樓閣(ge)式(shi)天(tian)宮(gong)。四個(ge)翼(yi)角均有(you)套獸。屋(wu)頂(ding)為(wei)(wei)青灰板瓦(wa)(wa)、簡瓦(wa)(wa)覆頂(ding),大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)各檐(yan)下的斗拱為(wei)(wei)“單斗只替(ti)”,屋(wu)架結(jie)構為(wei)(wei)“穿斗式(shi)”結(jie)構。大殿(dian)(dian)(dian)兩(liang)山(shan)墻(qiang)上(shang)有(you)無量(liang)祖(zu)師(shi)成道(dao)的連環畫(hua)彩(cai)繪壁(bi)畫(hua)。
佛殿(dian)位于大殿(dian)左(zuo)側3米(mi)(mi)處,坐北面南。單(dan)間歇(xie)山(shan)頂(ding)建筑,面闊(kuo)5米(mi)(mi),進深4.8米(mi)(mi),通高6.1米(mi)(mi)。圓券頂(ding)板門(men),高2.82米(mi)(mi),寬1.14米(mi)(mi)。門(men)兩側各鑲石碑一塊,高1.02米(mi)(mi),寬53厘(li)米(mi)(mi),左(zuo)為《興(xing)隆山(shan)地形(xing)碑記(ji)(ji)》,右(you)為功(gong)德碑。佛殿(dian)四面平砌(qi)磚墻,用5層疊澀出(chu)檐。屋(wu)頂(ding)用青(qing)灰板瓦、簡瓦覆(fu)蓋(gai),正(zheng)(zheng)吻為龍形(xing)獸,正(zheng)(zheng)脊為堆花脊,中(zhong)部(bu)有(you)立獅,左(zuo)為狻猊,右(you)為天馬(ma)。殿(dian)內有(you)西游記(ji)(ji)故事彩繪(hui)壁畫。
菩(pu)薩殿位于祖師大殿右側(ce)(ce),坐(zuo)北面南(nan),磚木硬山頂(ding)結構,面闊(kuo)7米,進深8米,通高5.5米,原為(wei)五架梁,前帶廊(lang)子。因(yin)后改造,前廊(lang)、前檐用(yong)磚墻(qiang)包(bao)砌,用(yong)五層疊澀出檐,再用(yong)磚件刻(ke)出仿木椽頭(tou)(tou)和飛頭(tou)(tou)。面墻(qiang)有(you)圓(yuan)券(quan)頂(ding)板門(men),門(men)高1.66米,寬(kuan)0.83米,門(men)兩側(ce)(ce)有(you)磚刻(ke)對聯一副(fu):“擺動慈云救八難(nan),施行法雨淋蒼生”,對聯外(wai)側(ce)(ce)各有(you)一直徑為(wei)88厘米的圓(yuan)形(xing)窗。屋(wu)頂(ding)也(ye)是青灰(hui)板瓦(wa)(wa)和簡瓦(wa)(wa)覆頂(ding),五脊六獸(shou),正脊為(wei)堆花脊,脊中有(you)輪狀裝飾,正吻和垂獸(shou)均(jun)為(wei)龍形(xing)。
牛馬王(wang)廟(miao)位于(yu)東南峰,這(zhe)里地(di)形(xing)平(ping)緩、開闊,原有建(jian)筑(zhu)較多,現僅存牛馬王(wang)廟(miao)和(he)城(cheng)隍廟(miao)兩座建(jian)筑(zhu)。牛馬王(wang)廟(miao)為(wei)純磚發(fa)券相砌的歇山(shan)頂(ding)單(dan)間(jian)建(jian)筑(zhu),面闊3.7米(mi)(mi),進深3.7米(mi)(mi),通高(gao)5.2米(mi)(mi),檐下高(gao)3.45米(mi)(mi),出檐是(shi)以(yi)多層疊澀成(cheng)形(xing),再施以(yi)仿木椽頭和(he)飛頭磚件,前檐下有磚雕(diao)裝飾,面墻正(zheng)中(zhong)開券形(xing)門(men),高(gao)1.6米(mi)(mi),寬0.95米(mi)(mi)。屋頂(ding)也是(shi)灰色(se)板(ban)瓦(wa)、簡瓦(wa)覆頂(ding),正(zheng)脊為(wei)堆花(hua)脊,正(zheng)吻、垂(chui)獸(shou)和(he)戧獸(shou)均為(wei)龍形(xing)。
城(cheng)隍廟(miao)與牛(niu)馬王(wang)廟(miao)距離(li)10米,為(wei)純磚發券成(cheng)四(si)角(jiao)攢尖 的(de)單間建筑,攢頂(ding)為(wei)兩(liang)層塔式樓閣天(tian)宮,天(tian)宮兩(liang)層均為(wei)八角(jiao)形,每面開(kai)圓(yuan)拱(gong)門(men)或(huo)金錢(qian)圓(yuan)形窗,頂(ding)部有蓮(lian)座和寶(bao)珠。通高5.7米,面闊(kuo)4米,進深4米,檐(yan)高3.9米。四(si)檐(yan)均以(yi)五層疊(die)(die)澀(se)磚件和仿木(mu)椽(chuan)、飛龍(long)條磚砌成(cheng),疊(die)(die)澀(se)磚下為(wei)雕花條磚砌成(cheng),疊(die)(die)澀(se)磚組(zu)成(cheng)檐(yan)枋,四(si)角(jiao)出角(jiao)昂(ang)和云(yun)形耍頭(tou)。坐北(bei)面南,面墻開(kai)圓(yuan)拱(gong)頂(ding)門(men),門(men)兩(liang)側磚刻對聯(lian):“舉念奸邪任爾焚香無(wu)益(yi),存志(zhi)正直見吾不拜何(he)妨(fang)”。
縱觀(guan)興隆山古(gu)建(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun)整(zheng)體布局和(he)建(jian)筑(zhu)風格,至少可追溯到元(yuan)明時(shi)期(qi),而現存的建(jian)筑(zhu)基本上屬于清代(dai)(dai),清代(dai)(dai)古(gu)建(jian)筑(zhu)雖(sui)然不(bu)能用(yong)歷史(shi)悠久來概括,但其(qi)歷史(shi)價值是不(bu)容忽視的,因為它(ta)代(dai)(dai)表著(zhu)一(yi)個時(shi)代(dai)(dai)的建(jian)筑(zhu)風格,同時(shi)也(ye)反映(ying)著(zhu)這一(yi)時(shi)期(qi)的文(wen)化藝術、科技(ji)經濟、乃至軍事(shi)政治諸領域的社會(hui)現實。
興隆山古建(jian)筑造(zao)型(xing)雖(sui)不是(shi)宏偉(wei)高(gao)大,但趨向小(xiao)巧玲瓏(long)。從總體效果看,布(bu)局疏密(mi)有(you)致,巧妙地(di)利用了自然(ran)地(di)貌,呈不規則(ze)分(fen)布(bu),人(ren)工(gong)(gong)雕(diao)琢與山形地(di)貌結(jie)合得天(tian)衣無縫,體現出我國傳(chuan)統的(de)“天(tian)人(ren)合一”文化思維。造(zao)型(xing)除獻殿(dian)為卷棚頂(ding)外,其(qi)(qi)余多(duo)(duo)為單(dan)體歇山頂(ding)或硬(ying)山頂(ding)建(jian)筑;結(jie)構(gou)(gou)多(duo)(duo)為磚(zhuan)(zhuan)木結(jie)構(gou)(gou)或純磚(zhuan)(zhuan)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)。另外壁畫(hua)精美(mei),情(qing)節(jie)連環、形神畢肖、寓意深(shen)刻。 每座單(dan)體建(jian)筑檐(yan)下都有(you)三至五層以(yi)(yi)寫實手法構(gou)(gou)圖、深(shen)淺浮雕(diao)制作的(de)精工(gong)(gong)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)雕(diao),如(ru)此精美(mei)造(zao)型(xing)和(he)精湛(zhan)雕(diao)琢工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)以(yi)(yi)及保存完(wan)好的(de)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)雕(diao)是(shi)其(qi)(qi)他古建(jian)筑少有(you)的(de),體現了了清(qing)代環慶地(di)區藝(yi)術(shu)流派和(he)思潮。
興隆山(shan)古建筑群(qun)的(de)(de)(de)科學價值(zhi)主(zhu)要表現(xian)在建筑布局與(yu)自然環(huan)境的(de)(de)(de)有機結合(he)和建筑物的(de)(de)(de)結構與(yu)用途的(de)(de)(de)合(he)理結合(he)這(zhe)兩個方(fang)面。從(cong)建筑學角度(du)看,它是一(yi)處規劃(hua)設計完善、施工規范,又具(ju)有創造(zao)和發明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)建筑。主(zhu)要體現(xian)在三方(fang)面:1、建筑為歇(xie)山(shan)頂(ding)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)木(mu)結構,架構采用無梁穿斗(dou)式;2、多采用純磚(zhuan)(zhuan)發券結構;3、純磚(zhuan)(zhuan)疊(die)澀(se)仿木(mu)出檐與(yu)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)混造(zao)型假(jia)歇(xie)山(shan)頂(ding)結合(he)是一(yi)種發明(ming),而用于廟宇實(shi)屬(shu)興隆山(shan)首創。這(zhe)些珍貴的(de)(de)(de)歷史遺產和科技實(shi)物,是明(ming)清時期環(huan)慶地區勞(lao)動人(ren)民智慧和文(wen)明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)結晶,也(ye)是不可多得的(de)(de)(de)精神財(cai)富(fu)。