駱駝城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址分南(nan)(nan)(nan)北兩(liang)部分組成。南(nan)(nan)(nan)北兩(liang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)僅(jin)一(yi)(yi)墻之隔,總(zong)面積30.77萬平方米(mi)(mi),南(nan)(nan)(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)(nan)(nan)北長(chang)494米(mi)(mi)、東西(xi)寬(kuan)425米(mi)(mi),北城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東西(xi)長(chang)425米(mi)(mi)、南(nan)(nan)(nan)北寬(kuan)210米(mi)(mi),東、西(xi)、南(nan)(nan)(nan)正(zheng)中(zhong)各辟一(yi)(yi)門(men),門(men)外皆(jie)有方形(xing)甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內西(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)角又有一(yi)(yi)座南(nan)(nan)(nan)北長(chang)132米(mi)(mi)、東西(xi)寬(kuan)79米(mi)(mi)的(de)小城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),俗(su)稱(cheng)“宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內有古井一(yi)(yi)眼。北城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),俗(su)稱(cheng)“皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”,面積為(wei)6.54萬平方米(mi)(mi),南(nan)(nan)(nan)面正(zheng)中(zhong)筑方形(xing)甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),開東、西(xi)向(xiang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men),與南(nan)(nan)(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相通。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣四角均有 6×6米(mi)(mi)的(de)方形(xing)角墩。兩(liang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)現存墻垣總(zong)長(chang)1933米(mi)(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內地(di)表遺存有漢(han)一(yi)(yi)唐時代(dai)的(de)磚(zhuan)、瓦、陶(tao)片,北城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內有建筑遺跡9處。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內地(di)表散(san)見(jian)焦獸骨、灰陶(tao)片,出土過(guo)漢(han)五銖錢幣、陶(tao)紡輪、唐代(dai)銅器和鐵器等。
從(cong)整體上看又分(fen)(fen)外(wai)廊、宮城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、皇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)三層,外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、馬面(mian)、敵(di)臺(tai)、角墩(dun)、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣等輔助設施一(yi)應俱(ju)全,基本完好。在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)南2公里處,還有俗(su)稱“羊(yang)蹄鼓城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”的小方城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),長(chang)55米(mi),寬40米(mi),向東(dong)開一(yi)小城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門,系主城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)圍防(fang)御(yu)堡壘(lei),二者遙(yao)相(xiang)呼應,互為犄角之勢。統觀全城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)結構(gou)嚴密精巧,氣勢宏偉雄壯,歷經(jing)千年仍巍然屹立(li),充分(fen)(fen)展示了古人在軍事(shi)工程設計(ji)施工方面(mian)的高(gao)超水平(ping)。
遺址(zhi)(zhi)周圍還有(you)(you)(you)城(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)(nan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群、城(cheng)(cheng)東墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群和(he)五(wu)座窯遺址(zhi)(zhi)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群以城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)為中心,分布(bu)在城(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)(nan)、西、北三面。城(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)(nan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群距城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)南(nan)(nan)2公(gong)里,面積27平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)里,有(you)(you)(you)封土(tu)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬近(jin)2000余座。封土(tu)堆呈(cheng)圓形或方(fang)形,有(you)(you)(you)土(tu)壙墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)室(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)兩種。出(chu)土(tu)有(you)(you)(you)大(da)量(liang)的彩(cai)繪(hui)畫(hua)(hua)像(xiang)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan),內容有(you)(you)(you)伏羲(xi)、女媧(wa)、農耕、畜牧、家居(ju)等,并出(chu)土(tu)有(you)(you)(you)前涼時(shi)期(qi)的木(mu)牘(du)、木(mu)俑及西晉時(shi)期(qi)的彩(cai)帛旌(jing)銘(ming)、木(mu)版畫(hua)(hua)。城(cheng)(cheng)西南(nan)(nan)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)群距城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)西南(nan)(nan)1公(gong)里處,墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬均為高大(da)的方(fang)形夯土(tu)墩,土(tu)墩底(di)邊長6一(yi)8米,高5一(yi)6米,為五(wu)涼時(shi)期(qi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬,經發掘為磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)室(shi)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)土(tu)壙墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu),出(chu)土(tu)有(you)(you)(you)彩(cai)繪(hui)畫(hua)(hua)像(xiang)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)、胡運子(zi)衣物疏、紅(hong)紗旌(jing)銘(ming)、青(qing)海神樹等,城(cheng)(cheng)北1.5公(gong)里處有(you)(you)(you)古窯址(zhi)(zhi)9座,窯底(di)周長50米,窯高8—10米,地表(biao)散見大(da)量(liang)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)瓦、陶器殘片和(he)少量(liang)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬。
可(ke)(ke)(ke)乘火車、長(chang)途汽車前往觀光、考古(gu),當地(di)有住(zhu)宿。粉(fen)皮面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)筋(jin)是當地(di)的(de)特色美食。農民秋收(shou)(shou)后,家(jia)家(jia)戶戶要晾腸(chang)粉(fen)皮面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)筋(jin)。一來(lai)秋收(shou)(shou)后農閑;二來(lai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)新(xin)麥面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)做(zuo)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)筋(jin)質量(liang)好;三(san)是因為馬(ma)蓮成熟(shu)(shu)。可(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)來(lai)晾曬粉(fen)皮面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)筋(jin)。粉(fen)皮面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)筋(jin)的(de)制作過程較復雜(za),由白面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)加(jia)(jia)水拌和揉洗(xi),將洗(xi)出(chu)的(de)淀(dian)粉(fen)加(jia)(jia)熱煮沸,放(fang)冷(leng)凝固,切(qie)片(pian)晾干(gan)(gan),即(ji)成粉(fen)皮。剩下的(de)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)筋(jin)蒸(zheng)熟(shu)(shu)或絡熟(shu)(shu)切(qie)片(pian)晾干(gan)(gan)即(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)。做(zuo)好的(de)粉(fen)皮面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)筋(jin),都用(yong)(yong)(yong)馬(ma)蓮絲(si)扎成小把(ba),貯存起來(lai)。食用(yong)(yong)(yong)時(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)涼水臨(lin)時(shi)浸泡(pao),即(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)做(zuo)湯、炒(chao)萊,又可(ke)(ke)(ke)加(jia)(jia)蔥末(mo)、蒜泥、辣(la)椒油(you)、鹽及醋(cu)等涼拌而(er)(er)食,冷(leng)熱葷素隨(sui)人口味(wei)而(er)(er)制,方便實惠,風味(wei)獨特。
據史書記載和學(xue)術考證(zheng),駱駝(tuo)(tuo)城(cheng)為西(xi)漢表是(shi)縣地震(zhen)后(hou)(hou)前(qian)(qian)涼(liang)于(yu)距縣城(cheng)西(xi)南(nan)20公(gong)(gong)(gong)里處(chu)新建(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)治所。西(xi)晉滅亡后(hou)(hou),割據河西(xi)的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)(qian)涼(liang)張氏政(zheng)權為安(an)置(zhi)關內來投的(de)(de)(de)難(nan)民(min),在(zai)駱駝(tuo)(tuo)城(cheng)故(gu)址建(jian)(jian)郡(jun),并(bing)(bing)以東(dong)晉王朝都“建(jian)(jian)康(kang)”來命名(ming),借此(ci)(ci)標榜(bang)效忠晉王室來爭取北(bei)方漢人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)支持,成為戰亂(luan)給駱駝(tuo)(tuo)城(cheng)歷史烙下的(de)(de)(de)特(te)殊印記。此(ci)(ci)后(hou)(hou)前(qian)(qian)涼(liang)于(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)元376年(nian)(nian)被前(qian)(qian)秦所滅,建(jian)(jian)康(kang)郡(jun)首次易主(zhu)。淝水之戰前(qian)(qian)秦苻堅失敗后(hou)(hou),其大(da)將(jiang)呂(lv)光乘機占領(ling)河西(xi)擁兵(bing)自立(li),次年(nian)(nian)又鎮壓了以張大(da)豫(yu)、王穆為首的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)(qian)涼(liang)殘余勢力在(zai)建(jian)(jian)康(kang)郡(jun)舉行的(de)(de)(de)叛亂(luan),并(bing)(bing)于(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)元389年(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian)立(li)后(hou)(hou)涼(liang),委任參軍(jun)段(duan)業(ye)為建(jian)(jian)康(kang)太(tai)守。第二(er)年(nian)(nian),因(yin)呂(lv)光濫殺無(wu)辜(gu),盧水胡(hu)人(ren)(ren)沮渠(qu)、蒙(meng)遜擁立(li)段(duan)業(ye)為主(zhu),以建(jian)(jian)康(kang)郡(jun)為根據地糾集各部族起兵(bing)反呂(lv),四(si)年(nian)(nian)后(hou)(hou)占領(ling)張掖建(jian)(jian)立(li)北(bei)涼(liang),使(shi)駱駝(tuo)(tuo)城(cheng)成為北(bei)涼(liang)政(zheng)權的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)祥(xiang)地。沮渠(qu)、蒙(meng)遜自段(duan)業(ye)自稱涼(liang)王后(hou)(hou),為與(yu)西(xi)涼(liang)李暠(gao)爭霸,于(yu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)元405年(nian)(nian)增筑了建(jian)(jian)康(kang)郡(jun)城(cheng)。在(zai)歷經北(bei)魏、北(bei)周250年(nian)(nian)后(hou)(hou)至隋代被撤銷建(jian)(jian)置(zhi)降稱福祿縣。唐(tang)武后(hou)(hou)證(zheng)圣元年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元695年(nian)(nian)),大(da)將(jiang)王孝(xiao)杰(jie)在(zai)此(ci)(ci)置(zhi)建(jian)(jian)康(kang)軍(jun),成為甘、肅兩(liang)州之間的(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)事重鎮,郡(jun)與(yu)軍(jun)雖(sui)一字(zi)之差(cha),但反映出地方行政(zheng)與(yu)軍(jun)事管制兩(liang)種管理體制,軍(jun)有大(da)軍(jun)、中軍(jun)、小軍(jun)之分(fen)。大(da)軍(jun)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)置(zhi)是(shi)萬人(ren)(ren)左右(you),中軍(jun)五千人(ren)(ren)左右(you)、小軍(jun)三千人(ren)(ren)左右(you)。建(jian)(jian)康(kang)軍(jun)是(shi)中等(deng)軍(jun),多時(shi),屯兵(bing)五千三百人(ren)(ren)。唐(tang)大(da)歷元年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元766年(nian)(nian)),建(jian)(jian)康(kang)軍(jun)被吐(tu)蕃攻陷后(hou)(hou),慘遭屠(tu)掠(lve),后(hou)(hou)荒廢,從此(ci)(ci)淪為牧人(ren)(ren)晚間的(de)(de)(de)宿營地,被當(dang)作天然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)駱駝(tuo)(tuo)圈,風靡一時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)故(gu)都由此(ci)(ci)得(de)名(ming)駱駝(tuo)(tuo)城(cheng)沿用至今。
神(shen)秘的(de)駱(luo)駝城(cheng)曾讓后(hou)人(ren)產生(sheng)了(le)許多遐(xia)想(xiang)。相傳,西夏王李元昊在攻打由(you)回鶻(gu)駱(luo)駝王子鎮守的(de)駱(luo)駝城(cheng)時,因城(cheng)池堅固久(jiu)攻不下(xia),便命人(ren)用亂木、骷髏鎮住了(le)從山上流向駱(luo)駝城(cheng)的(de)“臭門(men)泉”。斷水后(hou)駱(luo)駝王子支持不住,以土(tu)丘水缸假制米山面(mian)嶺、油缸醋井來迷惑城(cheng)外重兵,擺出誓同(tong)來敵一(yi)決(jue)死戰的(de)架勢,而在背后(hou)則調兵差民(min)(min)開挖了(le)一(yi)條(tiao)自城(cheng)中直通(tong)往今羅城(cheng)紅(hong)寺坡的(de)地道(dao)。一(yi)個月(yue)黑風(feng)高的(de)夜晚,駱(luo)駝王用餓馬搖鈴、懸羊(yang)擂鼓的(de)手法掩(yan)敵耳目,他自己則率領城(cheng)中軍民(min)(min)老少潛入地道(dao)悄然遠(yuan)遁(dun)。
解放后,考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)工作者(zhe)在(zai)(zai)(zai)遺址內采集到了大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)漢晉(jin)玉銖和唐開元(yuan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)幣及(ji)漢、魏晉(jin)銅印(yin)、箭鏃(zu),城(cheng)南墓群出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)魏晉(jin)畫像磚(zhuan)、猴形木(mu)印(yin)、漢晉(jin)紀年簡(jian)牘、彩繪木(mu)馬、木(mu)板畫、木(mu)尺、西晉(jin)紀年彩帛旌銘,五座窯出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)魏晉(jin)帛書(shu)等(deng)珍貴(gui)文物(wu),為研(yan)究古(gu)(gu)(gu)代河(he)西歷(li)史提供(gong)了豐富直(zhi)觀的(de)(de)(de)資料佐(zuo)證,受到國(guo)家文物(wu)部(bu)門的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)度重(zhong)視,多次出(chu)國(guo)展出(chu),在(zai)(zai)(zai)國(guo)際考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)界引(yin)起強烈轟動(dong)。2002年8月,甘肅省考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)研(yan)究所(suo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)北城(cheng)西南角(jiao)進行考(kao)察(cha)性考(kao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)發(fa)掘(jue),發(fa)掘(jue)面積1000多平方米(mi),出(chu)土(tu)文物(wu)有(you)唐代開元(yuan)通寶錢(qian)幣和方形蓮(lian)花紋地(di)磚(zhuan),據此(ci)判斷(duan)北城(cheng)上面地(di)表(biao)為唐代文化層,并根據房屋柱基被火焚燒的(de)(de)(de)遺存推斷(duan),駱(luo)駝(tuo)城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)廢棄,與(yu)一(yi)場大(da)火有(you)關(guan)。同時還發(fa)掘(jue)出(chu)一(yi)眼磚(zhuan)砌水(shui)井,深(shen)5.7米(mi),表(biao)明在(zai)(zai)(zai)唐代,駱(luo)駝(tuo)城(cheng)地(di)表(biao)水(shui)位在(zai)(zai)(zai)5米(mi)左(zuo)右,現駱(luo)駝(tuo)城(cheng)周圍打井,出(chu)水(shui)層在(zai)(zai)(zai)34米(mi)左(zuo)右,地(di)下水(shui)位在(zai)(zai)(zai)千(qian)余年歷(li)史過程中下降(jiang)30米(mi)左(zuo)右。地(di)下水(shui)位逐年下降(jiang),也與(yu)駱(luo)駝(tuo)城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)廢棄密(mi)切相關(guan)。
駱駝城(cheng)位于(yu)高臺縣城(cheng)西(xi)20公里處。始建(jian)(jian)于(yu)東晉陲安(an)元年(nian),公元397年(nian),是后(hou)涼建(jian)(jian)康郡太守段業另立年(nian)號(hao)建(jian)(jian)立的北涼國國都(dou)。據《重修肅(su)州新(xin)志》記(ji)載,駱駝城(cheng)不但(dan)是北涼初建(jian)(jian)時的國都(dou),而且是漢(han)代樂涫縣、唐代建(jian)(jian)康軍的故址。
駱駝城(cheng)(cheng)面積近(jin)30萬(wan)平方米,分前(qian)、中(zhong)、后三(san)城(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)墻基厚6米,殘高7米。除東北角外(wai),其它三(san)角都筑(zhu)有長方形(xing)角墩,前(qian)部城(cheng)(cheng)垣東、西(xi)、南三(san)面各(ge)開一門并筑(zhu)有甕城(cheng)(cheng),內城(cheng)(cheng)南垣正(zheng)中(zhong)辟門并筑(zhu)甕城(cheng)(cheng)與外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)相(xiang)通。全(quan)城(cheng)(cheng)布局(ju)合(he)理,是遺存(cun)較完整(zheng)的漢唐故(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)。
明代詩(shi)人沈青崖過(guo)高(gao)臺留詩(shi)道“榆(yu)木(mu)山前古建(jian)康,南郭風(feng)景繪屯莊。兩行高(gao)柳(liu)沙汀(ting)暗(an),一派平湖水稻香(xiang)。紫燕泥穿曲巷,白鷗沖雨過(guo)橫塘(tang)。當年畫舸中流處,談笑行兵寄羽觴”。這首詩(shi)道出(chu)了當年故城周圍人丁興旺,水清樹茂,阡陌(mo)縱橫的田野風(feng)光秀色。