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簡介

廣(guang)西(xi)興(xing)(xing)安縣秦(qin)城遺址位于廣(guang)西(xi)桂(gui)林地區興(xing)(xing)安縣城西(xi)南(nan)20公(gong)里的(de)的(de)溶(rong)江(jiang)鎮靈(ling)渠與漓江(jiang)匯合(he)的(de)三角洲(zhou)處，占地6平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)里。1956年(nian)調查，1990-1991年(nian)初(chu)步發(fa)掘，1993年(nian)鉆探，經鑒(jian)定(ding)為秦(qin)漢時期古(gu)城遺址。秦(qin)始皇三十三年(nian)（公(gong)元前214年(nian)）南(nan)開五嶺時所(suo)筑。宋文獻中稱秦(qin)城。現存遺跡(ji)四處：馬家渡口墻垣殘跡(ji)500米(mi)，殘高1.2-2米(mi)，城壕1500米(mi)；七星長方(fang)形土城，東西(xi)長300米(mi)，南(nan)北寬200多米(mi)，墻體完(wan)整，分內(nei)外城。現廣(guang)西(xi)壯族自治區人民政府把“秦(qin)城遺址”作為重(zhong)點文物(wu)保(bao)護單位。

內容

秦城(cheng)遺址是秦始皇修建(jian)靈渠、統一嶺南的(de)(de)屯兵(bing)遺址、軍事要塞，現(xian)在發現(xian)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要有四處(chu)： 一是馬家渡至(zhi)大(da)(da)營村(cun)的(de)(de)“城(cheng)墻(qiang)梗子” 二(er)是七(qi)里圩村(cun)南大(da)(da)溶江(jiang)(jiang)邊的(de)(de)“王(wang)城(cheng)” 三(san)是道濟(ji)與太(tai)和堡(bao)之間兩道土城(cheng) 四是在靈渠出口(kou)處(chu)與大(da)(da)溶江(jiang)(jiang)匯合處(chu)的(de)(de)水(shui)銜。

已(yi)發現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)“大營”秦(qin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址(zhi)(zhi)主要(yao)有(you)(you)四處(chu)(chu)：一是(shi)(shi)(shi)位(wei)于(yu)大營村(cun)的(de)(de)(de)“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻埂子”，二(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)位(wei)于(yu)七里圩村(cun)的(de)(de)(de)“王城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”，三是(shi)(shi)(shi)位(wei)于(yu)道濟(ji)村(cun)的(de)(de)(de)土城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，四是(shi)(shi)(shi)位(wei)于(yu)靈渠(qu)出(chu)口處(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)水街土墻。除(chu)了這幾處(chu)(chu)，在(zai)(zai)十多(duo)平方(fang)(fang)公里范圍(wei)內(nei)，還有(you)(you)散(san)布(bu)著許多(duo)墩臺(tai)、壕(hao)溝、土墻，布(bu)局縱橫交錯，古戰場遺跡歷歷在(zai)(zai)目。“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻埂子”呈東(dong)(dong)北(bei)——西(xi)南(nan)走向(xiang)(xiang)，從馬家(jia)渡(du)口至(zhi)大營村(cun)西(xi)丘陵高地，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)長(chang)(chang)達(da)三里多(duo)路，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)之上(shang)(shang)寬可縱馬飛(fei)奔。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)北(bei)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)靈渠(qu)為(wei)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)走向(xiang)(xiang)，與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)斜向(xiang)(xiang)并(bing)行，在(zai)(zai)馬家(jia)渡(du)口與城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)交匯處(chu)(chu)，現(xian)存(cun)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)東(dong)(dong)端(duan)距靈渠(qu)僅數十米。在(zai)(zai)高高的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)上(shang)(shang)，處(chu)(chu)處(chu)(chu)可監控(kong)靈渠(qu)，看(kan)來，這一道“長(chang)(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”對(dui)靈渠(qu)的(de)(de)(de)護(hu)衛非常重要(yao)。秦(qin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)保(bao)存(cun)完好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)七里圩村(cun)南(nan)大溶江(jiang)邊的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)“王城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”。，“王城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”北(bei)距古嚴關(guan)15公里，地勢平坦，兩邊則高山連綿，靈渠(qu)和(he)大溶江(jiang)流經東(dong)(dong)西(xi)。“王城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻殘(can)垣(yuan)(yuan)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)長(chang)(chang)約(yue)300米，南(nan)北(bei)寬約(yue)200米，墻厚5至(zhi)8米，高2至(zhi)4米；城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)(wai)周圍(wei)還筑有(you)(you)約(yue)10米寬的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)壕(hao)和(he)墻體(ti)高厚約(yue)1米的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)；內(nei)外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)基本(ben)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)長(chang)(chang)方(fang)(fang)形，整(zheng)座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)像(xiang)一個“回(hui)”字，僅在(zai)(zai)北(bei)垣(yuan)(yuan)開有(you)(you)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)及一突(tu)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)平臺(tai)；城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)四角墻高且(qie)厚，向(xiang)(xiang)往(wang)外(wai)(wai)突(tu)出(chu)，古時應(ying)建有(you)(you)角樓(lou)。

高大(da)的城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)，寬而(er)深(shen)的城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)壕，角樓、馬面、單城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門的設置，以及(ji)出(chu)土的兵器(qi)，顯露出(chu)軍事防御的氣息。說明秦城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)整體(ti)上是一(yi)座規模(mo)宏(hong)大(da)的軍事要塞，而(er)“王城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”則是其中(zhong)一(yi)座具有(you)軍事性(xing)質的古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，應是秦漢時期駐軍的指揮機(ji)構所(suo)在地。

秦城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址中規模宏大的是位于通(tong)(tong)濟村的“土城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”。稱(cheng)“土城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”不過是為(wei)(wei)了(le)與“王城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”有區(qu)別，這“土城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”之(zhi)稱(cheng)實為(wei)(wei)杜撰，不必當真。找“土城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”先問遺(yi)址保護標志，好不容易在(zai)荒(huang)草(cao)叢中發現了(le)這少為(wei)(wei)人知的石碑。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)呈長(chang)方形，南北長(chang)約1000米(mi)，東(dong)(dong)西寬(kuan)約400米(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)東(dong)(dong)臨靈(ling)渠，西瀕(bin)大溶江，南起通(tong)(tong)濟村，北至太和堡，雄(xiong)據(ju)于兩(liang)水三(san)角洲上。王城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)外掘(jue)有城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)壕(hao)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)壕(hao)外筑(zhu)有外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。可惜的是，西城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)沿大溶江一線已毀，筆直(zhi)的城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)修筑(zhu)成(cheng)公(gong)路，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)壕(hao)改造(zao)成(cheng)水渠。北城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)因開(kai)挖農田，斷斷續續的已殘缺成(cheng)土墩，唯東(dong)(dong)、南兩(liang)面城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)仍在(zai)，雄(xiong)視靈(ling)渠南北。通(tong)(tong)濟村“土城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)有內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)分，內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)間(jian)掘(jue)有約20米(mi)寬(kuan)的城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)壕(hao)。

秦(qin)城(cheng)中(zhong)險要的是(shi)位于(yu)“水街(jie)”北的靈(ling)河(he)(he)口(kou)遺(yi)址，水街(jie)位置(zhi)原在窄小的三(san)角洲上，而今早已廢(fei)棄(qi)。因古水街(jie)在1952年被洪(hong)水沖毀，政府將“水街(jie)”村民遷到靈(ling)渠以東(dong)老溶江(jiang)鎮以南(nan)，已遠離靈(ling)河(he)(he)口(kou)秦(qin)城(cheng)遺(yi)址。靈(ling)河(he)(he)口(kou)秦(qin)城(cheng)遺(yi)址城(cheng)垣殘存(cun)約200米，東(dong)起靈(ling)渠，西至大溶江(jiang)，南(nan)為匯流后的漓江(jiang)，雖彈丸之地，卻控制著三(san)江(jiang)航道(dao)，堪稱(cheng)一(yi)壘當關，萬船莫開。當走遍秦(qin)城(cheng)，才認識到這古秦(qin)城(cheng)的軍事意(yi)義非(fei)同凡響：北的大營(ying)“長城(cheng)”、中(zhong)部的通濟方(fang)城(cheng)、南(nan)的河(he)(he)口(kou)城(cheng)堡，沿靈(ling)渠西岸層層設(she)防，固若金湯。

靠(kao)西的七里圩“王城(cheng)”西臨(lin)大溶江，據江流(liu)天險，相對安全，其東南與通濟(ji)土城(cheng)、河口城(cheng)堡相呼應，西北與大營長(chang)城(cheng)相依托(tuo)，是軍事(shi)指揮的位置。

古代地位

興安縣地處(chu)廣(guang)西的(de)(de)東北,地勢高,境內多山(shan),五嶺(ling)中的(de)(de)越(yue)城(cheng)、都(dou)龐二嶺(ling)穿過縣內在二嶺(ling)之(zhi)間形成(cheng)一(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)較為平坦的(de)(de)狹長(chang)地帶,這就是歷史(shi)上嶺(ling)南與中原往來(lai)、荊楚南下(xia)廣(guang)西的(de)(de)交通要道湘桂(gui)走廊。秦城(cheng)就位于這條(tiao)(tiao)通道的(de)(de)南端,地處(chu)靈渠與大溶江匯合處(chu)的(de)(de)三角(jiao)洲(zhou)上(圖一(yi))。自嚴關以南,經白竹鋪到小溶江口15里間,地勢平坦。

秦城處在(zai)湘桂(gui)走廊一片(pian)肥沃的(de)稻田(tian)區。

歷史記載

宋以(yi)前文獻無記載，宋代及(ji)其以(yi)后(hou)的文獻都稱之為“秦(qin)城”。

《輿地(di)(di)(di)志》載(zai)：“秦(qin)(qin)城，昔秦(qin)(qin)謫戍(shu)之所”。南宋范(fan)成大(da)說：“秦(qin)(qin)城，相(xiang)傳(chuan)秦(qin)(qin)始皇(huang)發(fa)兵戍(shu)五嶺(ling)之地(di)(di)(di)”。明鄺露(lu)撰(zhuan)《赤雅·秦(qin)(qin)城》亦(yi)載(zai)“秦(qin)(qin)始皇(huang)發(fa)卒戍(shu)五嶺(ling)地(di)(di)(di)為(wei)秦(qin)(qin)城。……秦(qin)(qin)取桂林(lin)、象郡，兵勒湘南，據其喉咽，臨融漓二水(shui)間”，所以秦(qin)(qin)城也就(jiu)是“秦(qin)(qin)營”，是當(dang)年秦(qin)(qin)軍駐守之地(di)(di)(di)。秦(qin)(qin)城遺址(zhi)位于(yu)越城、都龐二嶺(ling)孔(kong)道，其間地(di)(di)(di)勢平坦，四周高山綿(mian)亙，大(da)溶江旁(pang)依(yi)而過(guo)，背靠天險嚴關，足見其形勢的險要，是典型的防守要塞，是當(dang)時秦(qin)(qin)軍被西甌部落圍(wei)困的地(di)(di)(di)方。

宋(song)以(yi)前文(wen)獻(xian)無記載，宋(song)代及(ji)其以(yi)后的文(wen)獻(xian)都稱之為(wei)“秦(qin)城”。北宋(song)詩(shi)人曹(cao)輔、南宋(song)詩(shi)人張孝祥都有《古秦(qin)城》詩(shi)，劉克莊有《秦(qin)城》詩(shi)。

周去非《嶺外代答》對其(qi)地理位置及形勝有(you)較詳細(xi)記載：“湘水之(zhi)南(nan)，靈渠之(zhi)口(kou)，大溶江小(xiao)溶江之(zhi)間(jian)，有(you)遺堞存焉(yan)，名曰(yue)秦城……”。

發掘由來

秦城又(you)稱越(yue)城,相傳為(wei)秦始(shi)皇發兵(bing)戍五嶺(ling)之地(di)但在(zai)多次的(de)調查中(zhong)均未(wei)發現秦代(dai)的(de)遺物,在(zai)城址內所采集到(dao)的(de)大量陶(tao)質磚瓦(wa)片和(he)各(ge)類(lei)器物大都是漢(han)代(dai)及漢(han)以(yi)后的(de)遺物,因此對(dui)城址的(de)建筑年代(dai)有著不同的(de)看法。

1947年，廣西省(sheng)文(wen)獻委員會提交(jiao)的興安古(gu)跡采訪報告書中，曾經分析(xi)過秦城(cheng)遺址的形勢。

1957年(nian)5～7月，廣西省文物管理(li)委員會(hui)派人對興安文物古跡進行調查，提(ti)交了一份報告書，認(ren)為當時秦(qin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址較顯著的(de)有四處，即馬家渡口南岸(an)的(de)“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻埂子”，七里(li)圩南端的(de)“王(wang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”，通濟村、太和堡之間的(de)“漢城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”，水街北端的(de)“漕(cao)田”。當時鉆(zhan)探過(guo)水街北的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)基，證明確是人力所筑。

為(wei)更加清楚地(di)了解城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)的(de)時(shi)代、性質,以及城(cheng)(cheng)內的(de)建筑布(bu)局(ju)、城(cheng)(cheng)市設施和筑城(cheng)(cheng)方法,以便(bian)更好(hao)地(di)對城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)行保護和研究,廣(guang)西壯族自治區文物(wu)工(gong)作隊在興安縣博物(wu)館的(de)配合下,從(cong)1990年起對秦城(cheng)(cheng)遺址(zhi)(zhi)之一的(de)一七(qi)里燈王城(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)行獷科學的(de)測繪、勘探與(yu)發(fa)掘。至1996年止(zhi),共發(fa)掘面積331平方米,獲取(qu)了大(da)量(liang)文化(hua)遺物(wu),發(fa)現了建筑遺跡,使我們(men)對秦城(cheng)(cheng)遺址(zhi)(zhi)有了初步的(de)認識。

遺址結構

遺(yi)址(zhi)大體為長方(fang)形，東西(xi)約(yue)800米(mi)，南北約(yue)600米(mi)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻尚存，但西(xi)南角已遭潮白河(he)侵蝕破(po)壞。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻殘高5米(mi)，寬20多(duo)米(mi)，為夯(hang)土(tu)筑墻，夯(hang)土(tu)層厚10～20厘米(mi)。此(ci)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)廢棄約(yue)在(zai)西(xi)漢末年(nian)(nian)。出(chu)土(tu)文物(wu)以秦(qin)(qin)漢時代居多(duo)，有(you)石斧(fu)、青銅劍(jian)、陶器殘片(pian)等。較有(you)價(jia)值的(de)是秦(qin)(qin)塔式紐銅印、漢青銅盆、“大富牢罌”陶甕。該遺(yi)址(zhi)為天(tian)津(jin)市早期城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一，處于(yu)西(xi)漢雍奴縣治的(de)位置。秦(qin)(qin)甌(ou)戰爭時期，秦(qin)(qin)軍由于(yu)遭遇(yu)西(xi)甌(ou)部落處處堵擊(ji)，欲進不(bu)得，欲罷不(bu)能(neng)，陷于(yu)“曠日持久，糧食絕乏(fa)”和(he)“宿兵(bing)無用之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)”的(de)困(kun)境，只能(neng)駐(zhu)(zhu)守(shou)險要地(di)區，因而駐(zhu)(zhu)扎在(zai)今興安縣的(de)大、小溶江之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)。修(xiu)建城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)堡，派兵(bing)駐(zhu)(zhu)屯，以防西(xi)甌(ou)人(ren)的(de)進襲。后人(ren)把這城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)堡稱為秦(qin)(qin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。二(er)千多(duo)年(nian)(nian)的(de)時間(jian)過(guo)去(qu)了，該地(di)至今還(huan)保存有(you)“秦(qin)(qin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi)”。這遺(yi)址(zhi)周約(yue)二(er)十(shi)(shi)公(gong)里，有(you)“大營(ying)”和(he)“小營(ying)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分。古戰壕和(he)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣的(de)痕(hen)跡依然歷歷在(zai)目(mu)，顯然是當(dang)年(nian)(nian)十(shi)(shi)萬秦(qin)(qin)軍駐(zhu)(zhu)扎的(de)地(di)方(fang)。