廣西(xi)興安縣秦(qin)城(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)位于廣西(xi)桂(gui)林地(di)區興安縣城(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)南(nan)20公(gong)里的的溶江(jiang)鎮靈(ling)渠(qu)與漓江(jiang)匯合的三角(jiao)洲處,占地(di)6平方公(gong)里。1956年(nian)(nian)調查(cha),1990-1991年(nian)(nian)初步發掘(jue),1993年(nian)(nian)鉆(zhan)探,經鑒定為(wei)(wei)秦(qin)漢時期古城(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)。秦(qin)始皇(huang)三十三年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元前214年(nian)(nian))南(nan)開五嶺時所(suo)筑。宋(song)文獻中稱秦(qin)城(cheng)(cheng)。現(xian)存遺(yi)(yi)跡四處:馬家渡口墻垣殘跡500米(mi),殘高1.2-2米(mi),城(cheng)(cheng)壕1500米(mi);七星長方形土城(cheng)(cheng),東西(xi)長300米(mi),南(nan)北寬200多(duo)米(mi),墻體完(wan)整,分內外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)。現(xian)廣西(xi)壯族自治區人民政府(fu)把“秦(qin)城(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)”作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)重(zhong)點文物(wu)保護單(dan)位。
秦城(cheng)遺址是(shi)秦始皇(huang)修(xiu)建靈渠(qu)、統(tong)一嶺南(nan)的(de)屯兵遺址、軍事要(yao)塞,現在發現的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)有四(si)處: 一是(shi)馬家渡至(zhi)大(da)營村(cun)(cun)的(de)“城(cheng)墻(qiang)梗子(zi)” 二是(shi)七(qi)里圩村(cun)(cun)南(nan)大(da)溶江邊的(de)“王城(cheng)” 三是(shi)道(dao)(dao)濟與(yu)(yu)太(tai)和堡之間兩(liang)道(dao)(dao)土城(cheng) 四(si)是(shi)在靈渠(qu)出口處與(yu)(yu)大(da)溶江匯合處的(de)水銜。
已發現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)“大(da)營”秦城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址主要有(you)四處(chu)(chu):一(yi)是位(wei)于大(da)營村(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)埂子(zi)”,二(er)是位(wei)于七里(li)(li)(li)圩村(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)“王(wang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”,三(san)是位(wei)于道濟村(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)土城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),四是位(wei)于靈(ling)(ling)渠出口處(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)水街土墻(qiang)(qiang)。除(chu)了這幾處(chu)(chu),在(zai)十多(duo)(duo)平方公里(li)(li)(li)范圍(wei)內,還有(you)散布著許多(duo)(duo)墩臺、壕(hao)(hao)溝、土墻(qiang)(qiang),布局縱橫交錯(cuo),古戰(zhan)場遺跡歷歷在(zai)目。“城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)埂子(zi)”呈東(dong)北(bei)——西(xi)南走向(xiang),從馬家(jia)渡口至大(da)營村(cun)(cun)西(xi)丘(qiu)陵(ling)高(gao)地,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)長(chang)達三(san)里(li)(li)(li)多(duo)(duo)路,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)之上寬(kuan)可縱馬飛奔。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)北(bei)面的(de)(de)(de)靈(ling)(ling)渠為東(dong)西(xi)走向(xiang),與(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)斜向(xiang)并(bing)行,在(zai)馬家(jia)渡口與(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)交匯(hui)處(chu)(chu),現(xian)存城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)東(dong)端距靈(ling)(ling)渠僅數十米(mi)(mi)。在(zai)高(gao)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)上,處(chu)(chu)處(chu)(chu)可監控(kong)靈(ling)(ling)渠,看來,這一(yi)道“長(chang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”對靈(ling)(ling)渠的(de)(de)(de)護(hu)衛非常重要。秦城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址中(zhong)保存完(wan)好的(de)(de)(de)是七里(li)(li)(li)圩村(cun)(cun)南大(da)溶(rong)(rong)江邊的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)“王(wang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”。,“王(wang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”北(bei)距古嚴關15公里(li)(li)(li),地勢平坦,兩(liang)邊則高(gao)山連(lian)綿,靈(ling)(ling)渠和大(da)溶(rong)(rong)江流經東(dong)西(xi)。“王(wang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)殘垣(yuan)(yuan)東(dong)西(xi)長(chang)約(yue)(yue)300米(mi)(mi),南北(bei)寬(kuan)約(yue)(yue)200米(mi)(mi),墻(qiang)(qiang)厚(hou)5至8米(mi)(mi),高(gao)2至4米(mi)(mi);城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外周(zhou)圍(wei)還筑有(you)約(yue)(yue)10米(mi)(mi)寬(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)壕(hao)(hao)和墻(qiang)(qiang)體高(gao)厚(hou)約(yue)(yue)1米(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)(de)外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng);內外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)基本都是長(chang)方形(xing),整座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)像一(yi)個“回”字,僅在(zai)北(bei)垣(yuan)(yuan)開有(you)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門及一(yi)突出的(de)(de)(de)平臺;城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)四角(jiao)墻(qiang)(qiang)高(gao)且厚(hou),向(xiang)往外突出,古時應建(jian)有(you)角(jiao)樓(lou)。
高大的(de)(de)城(cheng)墻(qiang),寬而深的(de)(de)城(cheng)壕,角樓、馬面、單城(cheng)門的(de)(de)設(she)置,以及出土的(de)(de)兵器(qi),顯露出軍(jun)(jun)事防御的(de)(de)氣息。說明(ming)秦城(cheng)整體(ti)上是(shi)一(yi)座規(gui)模宏大的(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)事要塞,而“王城(cheng)”則(ze)是(shi)其中一(yi)座具有軍(jun)(jun)事性質的(de)(de)古城(cheng),應是(shi)秦漢(han)時期(qi)駐軍(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)指揮(hui)機(ji)構所在地。
秦城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址中規模宏大的(de)(de)是(shi)位于(yu)(yu)通濟村(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)“土(tu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”。稱“土(tu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”不(bu)(bu)過是(shi)為了(le)與“王城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”有(you)(you)區別,這(zhe)“土(tu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”之稱實為杜撰(zhuan),不(bu)(bu)必(bi)當(dang)真。找“土(tu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”先問遺(yi)址保護標志,好不(bu)(bu)容易在(zai)荒(huang)草叢中發現了(le)這(zhe)少(shao)為人知的(de)(de)石碑。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)呈長(chang)方形(xing),南(nan)北(bei)長(chang)約1000米,東西(xi)寬(kuan)約400米。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣東臨靈(ling)渠,西(xi)瀕大溶(rong)江,南(nan)起通濟村(cun)(cun),北(bei)至太和堡,雄(xiong)(xiong)據于(yu)(yu)兩水(shui)三角洲(zhou)上。王城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣外掘有(you)(you)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)壕,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)壕外筑有(you)(you)外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。可惜的(de)(de)是(shi),西(xi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣沿大溶(rong)江一(yi)線已毀,筆直的(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣修筑成(cheng)公(gong)路,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)壕改造成(cheng)水(shui)渠。北(bei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣則因開挖農田,斷斷續續的(de)(de)已殘缺成(cheng)土(tu)墩,唯東、南(nan)兩面城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣仍在(zai),雄(xiong)(xiong)視靈(ling)渠南(nan)北(bei)。通濟村(cun)(cun)“土(tu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣有(you)(you)內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之分,內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之間掘有(you)(you)約20米寬(kuan)的(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)壕。
秦(qin)(qin)城(cheng)中(zhong)險要的(de)(de)是位于“水(shui)街(jie)”北(bei)的(de)(de)靈(ling)河(he)口(kou)遺址(zhi),水(shui)街(jie)位置(zhi)原(yuan)在窄(zhai)小的(de)(de)三(san)(san)角洲上(shang),而(er)今(jin)早已廢棄。因古(gu)水(shui)街(jie)在1952年被洪水(shui)沖毀,政府將“水(shui)街(jie)”村民(min)遷到(dao)靈(ling)渠以(yi)東老溶江鎮以(yi)南,已遠離靈(ling)河(he)口(kou)秦(qin)(qin)城(cheng)遺址(zhi)。靈(ling)河(he)口(kou)秦(qin)(qin)城(cheng)遺址(zhi)城(cheng)垣殘存約200米,東起(qi)靈(ling)渠,西至大溶江,南為匯流后的(de)(de)漓江,雖彈丸之地(di),卻控制著三(san)(san)江航道,堪稱一壘(lei)當關,萬船莫(mo)開。當走遍秦(qin)(qin)城(cheng),才認識到(dao)這古(gu)秦(qin)(qin)城(cheng)的(de)(de)軍事意(yi)義非(fei)同(tong)凡響:北(bei)的(de)(de)大營“長城(cheng)”、中(zhong)部的(de)(de)通濟方城(cheng)、南的(de)(de)河(he)口(kou)城(cheng)堡,沿靈(ling)渠西岸(an)層層設防(fang),固若金湯(tang)。
靠(kao)西的七里(li)圩(wei)“王(wang)城(cheng)”西臨大(da)溶江(jiang),據江(jiang)流天險(xian),相(xiang)對安全,其東南與通濟土城(cheng)、河口(kou)城(cheng)堡相(xiang)呼應(ying),西北與大(da)營長城(cheng)相(xiang)依托,是軍事指揮的位置。
興安(an)縣地處(chu)廣(guang)西(xi)的(de)(de)東(dong)北,地勢(shi)高,境內多山(shan),五(wu)嶺中的(de)(de)越(yue)城(cheng)、都龐(pang)二嶺穿過縣內在二嶺之間形(xing)成一條(tiao)較為(wei)平(ping)坦的(de)(de)狹(xia)長(chang)地帶,這(zhe)就是(shi)歷史上(shang)嶺南與中原往(wang)來、荊楚南下廣(guang)西(xi)的(de)(de)交通(tong)要道湘桂走廊。秦城(cheng)就位于這(zhe)條(tiao)通(tong)道的(de)(de)南端,地處(chu)靈渠與大溶(rong)江(jiang)匯合處(chu)的(de)(de)三(san)角洲上(shang)(圖(tu)一)。自嚴(yan)關以(yi)南,經(jing)白竹(zhu)鋪到小溶(rong)江(jiang)口15里間,地勢(shi)平(ping)坦。
秦城處在(zai)湘桂(gui)走廊一片肥沃的稻田區。
宋以前文獻(xian)無記載,宋代及其以后的(de)文獻(xian)都稱之為“秦城”。
《輿地(di)(di)志》載:“秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),昔秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)謫戍(shu)之(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)”。南(nan)宋范成大說:“秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),相(xiang)傳秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)始皇(huang)發兵(bing)戍(shu)五嶺(ling)(ling)之(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)”。明(ming)鄺露撰《赤雅·秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》亦(yi)載“秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)始皇(huang)發卒戍(shu)五嶺(ling)(ling)地(di)(di)為秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。……秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)取桂林、象郡,兵(bing)勒湘南(nan),據其喉(hou)咽,臨融漓二水間”,所(suo)以秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)也就是(shi)(shi)“秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)營”,是(shi)(shi)當年秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)軍駐(zhu)守之(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)。秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址位于越城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、都(dou)龐(pang)二嶺(ling)(ling)孔道,其間地(di)(di)勢平坦,四周高山綿亙,大溶江旁(pang)依而(er)過,背(bei)靠天險(xian)嚴關,足見其形勢的(de)險(xian)要,是(shi)(shi)典型(xing)的(de)防守要塞,是(shi)(shi)當時秦(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)軍被西甌(ou)部落圍困的(de)地(di)(di)方。
宋(song)(song)以(yi)前文獻無記(ji)載,宋(song)(song)代及(ji)其以(yi)后(hou)的文獻都稱之為“秦城(cheng)(cheng)”。北宋(song)(song)詩(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)曹輔、南宋(song)(song)詩(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)張孝祥(xiang)都有《古秦城(cheng)(cheng)》詩(shi)(shi),劉克莊有《秦城(cheng)(cheng)》詩(shi)(shi)。
周去非《嶺(ling)外代(dai)答(da)》對其(qi)地理位置及(ji)形勝(sheng)有較詳(xiang)細記載:“湘水之(zhi)南,靈渠(qu)之(zhi)口(kou),大溶江小溶江之(zhi)間(jian),有遺堞存焉,名曰秦城……”。
秦(qin)城(cheng)又稱越城(cheng),相傳為秦(qin)始皇發(fa)兵戍(shu)五嶺之地但在多次的(de)調查中均未發(fa)現(xian)秦(qin)代的(de)遺物(wu)(wu),在城(cheng)址內所采集(ji)到的(de)大(da)量陶質磚瓦片和(he)各類(lei)器物(wu)(wu)大(da)都是漢代及(ji)漢以(yi)后的(de)遺物(wu)(wu),因此對城(cheng)址的(de)建筑(zhu)年代有著不同的(de)看法。
1947年,廣(guang)西省文(wen)獻(xian)委員(yuan)會提(ti)交的興安古跡采訪報告書(shu)中,曾經分析過秦(qin)城遺址(zhi)的形勢。
1957年5~7月,廣西省文物管理委員(yuan)會派人對(dui)興安文物古跡(ji)進(jin)行調查,提交了一份報(bao)告書(shu),認為當時(shi)秦城(cheng)遺址較顯(xian)著的(de)有四處(chu),即(ji)馬家渡(du)口南岸的(de)“城(cheng)墻埂子”,七(qi)里(li)圩南端的(de)“王城(cheng)”,通濟村、太和(he)堡之(zhi)間的(de)“漢城(cheng)”,水街北端的(de)“漕田”。當時(shi)鉆(zhan)探過水街北的(de)城(cheng)基,證明確(que)是人力所筑。
為(wei)更(geng)加清楚地了(le)解城(cheng)址的時代、性質(zhi),以(yi)及城(cheng)內(nei)的建筑布局、城(cheng)市(shi)設施和(he)筑城(cheng)方法,以(yi)便更(geng)好(hao)地對城(cheng)址進行(xing)保護(hu)和(he)研(yan)究,廣西(xi)壯族(zu)自(zi)治區文(wen)物(wu)工作隊在興安縣博物(wu)館的配(pei)合下(xia),從1990年起對秦(qin)城(cheng)遺(yi)址之一的一七里燈王城(cheng)進行(xing)獷科學的測(ce)繪、勘探(tan)與發(fa)掘。至1996年止(zhi),共(gong)發(fa)掘面積331平方米(mi),獲取了(le)大(da)量文(wen)化遺(yi)物(wu),發(fa)現了(le)建筑遺(yi)跡,使(shi)我們對秦(qin)城(cheng)遺(yi)址有了(le)初步的認識。
遺(yi)址(zhi)大(da)(da)體為長方(fang)形,東西(xi)(xi)約(yue)800米(mi),南北(bei)約(yue)600米(mi),城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)尚(shang)存(cun),但(dan)西(xi)(xi)南角已遭潮白(bai)河侵蝕破壞。城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)殘高5米(mi),寬20多(duo)(duo)米(mi),為夯(hang)(hang)土(tu)(tu)筑墻(qiang)(qiang),夯(hang)(hang)土(tu)(tu)層(ceng)厚10~20厘米(mi)。此城(cheng)(cheng)廢棄約(yue)在西(xi)(xi)漢(han)(han)(han)末年。出土(tu)(tu)文物以(yi)秦(qin)漢(han)(han)(han)時代居多(duo)(duo),有石斧、青銅劍(jian)、陶器殘片(pian)等。較(jiao)有價值的(de)是秦(qin)塔式紐(niu)銅印(yin)、漢(han)(han)(han)青銅盆、“大(da)(da)富牢罌”陶甕。該遺(yi)址(zhi)為天津市早期(qi)城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)之一,處(chu)(chu)于(yu)西(xi)(xi)漢(han)(han)(han)雍奴縣(xian)治的(de)位置。秦(qin)甌戰爭時期(qi),秦(qin)軍由于(yu)遭遇西(xi)(xi)甌部落(luo)處(chu)(chu)處(chu)(chu)堵擊,欲進(jin)不得,欲罷(ba)不能,陷(xian)于(yu)“曠日持久,糧食絕乏”和(he)“宿兵(bing)(bing)無用之地”的(de)困境,只能駐(zhu)(zhu)守險要地區,因(yin)而駐(zhu)(zhu)扎(zha)在今興安(an)縣(xian)的(de)大(da)(da)、小溶江之間。修建城(cheng)(cheng)堡,派兵(bing)(bing)駐(zhu)(zhu)屯(tun),以(yi)防西(xi)(xi)甌人(ren)的(de)進(jin)襲。后人(ren)把這城(cheng)(cheng)堡稱(cheng)為秦(qin)城(cheng)(cheng)。二千多(duo)(duo)年的(de)時間過去(qu)了,該地至今還保存(cun)有“秦(qin)城(cheng)(cheng)遺(yi)址(zhi)”。這遺(yi)址(zhi)周約(yue)二十公里,有“大(da)(da)營(ying)”和(he)“小營(ying)”之分。古(gu)戰壕和(he)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)的(de)痕跡依然歷(li)歷(li)在目,顯然是當年十萬秦(qin)軍駐(zhu)(zhu)扎(zha)的(de)地方(fang)。