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地理位置

普定穿洞(dong)遺址位(wei)于貴(gui)州省普定縣(xian)城(cheng)西 5公里處的(de)一座孤山(shan)上。

歷史沿革

普定穿洞遺(yi)址是舊石器時(shi)代晚期遺(yi)址。

1979 年5月試(shi)掘(jue)，獲得大量石(shi)器(qi)、骨器(qi)。

1981年5月，中(zhong)國科學院和(he)貴州省(sheng)博(bo)物(wu)館聯合發掘，出土(tu)石(shi)器、骨器、動物(wu)化石(shi)和(he)人類化石(shi)2000多件(jian)，為研(yan)究中(zhong)國西南原始社會提供了豐富的(de)實物(wu)資料。

迄今為(wei)止已發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)早、中、晚三個時(shi)期(qi)的(de)舊(jiu)石(shi)器時(shi)代遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)有50處(chu)，已正式發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)掘20多處(chu)，主要(yao)有黔西觀(guan)音洞(dong)(dong)(dong)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)、桐(tong)梓巖灰洞(dong)(dong)(dong)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)、水城(cheng)硝灰洞(dong)(dong)(dong)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)、興(xing)(xing)(xing)義(yi)貓貓洞(dong)(dong)(dong)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)、普定(ding)穿洞(dong)(dong)(dong)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)、六枝桃(tao)花洞(dong)(dong)(dong)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)。在(zai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)掘的(de)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)中，不僅出土了(le)(le)打制(zhi)石(shi)器、骨(gu)(gu)器、哺乳動物化石(shi)，而且還(huan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)了(le)(le)一(yi)批人(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)牙齒、頜骨(gu)(gu)、股骨(gu)(gu)、頭骨(gu)(gu)等化石(shi)，分別(bie)被命名(ming)為(wei)“桐(tong)梓猿人(ren)(ren)”、“水城(cheng)人(ren)(ren)”、“興(xing)(xing)(xing)義(yi)人(ren)(ren)”、“穿洞(dong)(dong)(dong)人(ren)(ren)”。1982年(nian)至(zhi)(zhi)1992年(nian)考古(gu)(gu)工作者(zhe)在(zai)桐(tong)梓盤(pan)縣(xian)大洞(dong)(dong)(dong)舊(jiu)石(shi)器文化遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)中國(guo)南方新發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)的(de)古(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)，被列(lie)為(wei)1993 年(nian)全國(guo)十大考古(gu)(gu)成果之首。其(qi)次是(shi)(shi)商(shang)周至(zhi)(zhi)秦漢(han)時(shi)期(qi)的(de)考古(gu)(gu)。主要(yao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)掘的(de)有普定(ding)銅鼓山(shan)(shan)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)、赫章可樂墓(mu)(mu)群(qun)(qun)、安順(shun)寧(ning)谷墓(mu)(mu)群(qun)(qun)、興(xing)(xing)(xing)義(yi)萬屯漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)群(qun)(qun)、興(xing)(xing)(xing)義(yi)交樂漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)群(qun)(qun)、仁(ren)懷合(he)馬東漢(han)墓(mu)(mu)群(qun)(qun)。普定(ding)銅鼓山(shan)(shan)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)出土的(de)冶(ye)銅坩(gan)鍋(guo)和(he)一(yi)批石(shi)范石(shi)模，為(wei)研(yan)究(jiu)貴州冶(ye)鑄發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展史提供了(le)(le)戰國(guo)至(zhi)(zhi)秦漢(han)之際的(de)實物依(yi)據。此外(wai)，在(zai)貴州還(huan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)了(le)(le)許多墓(mu)(mu)葬方式不同的(de)少數民族(zu)墓(mu)(mu)葬。

穿(chuan)(chuan)洞(dong)古(gu)人類遺址經(jing)國(guo)家(jia)考(kao)古(gu)隊兩次發(fa)掘，出(chu)土(tu)人類完整頭(tou)骨(gu)(gu)兩件，哺乳動物(wu)碎(sui)骨(gu)(gu)18,000件，單(dan)個牙齒500多枚，動物(wu)化石13個屬或種(zhong)；出(chu)土(tu)石制器物(wu)20,000余(yu)件，骨(gu)(gu)器1,000余(yu)件，以骨(gu)(gu)錐多，另(ling)有骨(gu)(gu)鏟、骨(gu)(gu)針、骨(gu)(gu)棒等。此外，發(fa)現用(yong)火遺跡多處。穿(chuan)(chuan)洞(dong)古(gu)人類遺址一處發(fa)現兩具(ju)(ju)頭(tou)骨(gu)(gu)至(zhi)今國(guo)內無先例(li)，出(chu)土(tu)的骨(gu)(gu)器，超(chao)過(guo)全(quan)國(guo)發(fa)現總和(he)30倍，一舉摘掉我國(guo)舊(jiu)石器文(wen)化中貧骨(gu)(gu)器的帽子，世界罕(han)見。穿(chuan)(chuan)洞(dong)古(gu)人類遺址具(ju)(ju)有極其重要(yao)的考(kao)古(gu)研究(jiu)價(jia)值(zhi)，被中科院(yuan)專家(jia)們(men)譽為“亞(ya)洲文(wen)明之(zhi)燈”，現擬建“穿(chuan)(chuan)洞(dong)古(gu)人類遺址博物(wu)館”。1988年1月，經(jing)國(guo)務院(yuan)批準，公布為全(quan)國(guo)重點文(wen)物(wu)保護單(dan)位。

文物價值

長江三(san)峽(xia)地(di)(di)(di)區目20世紀50年代發現(xian)長陽(yang)人(ren)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)后，相繼(ji)又(you)發現(xian)有(you)(you)建(jian)始人(ren)、巫山人(ren)、奉節人(ren)等(deng)8處古(gu)人(ren)類(lei)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)地(di)(di)(di)點，這使(shi)三(san)峽(xia)地(di)(di)(di)區成為世界上人(ren)類(lei)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)分(fen)布(bu)密集的(de)地(di)(di)(di)區之一。但是，由(you)于三(san)峽(xia)人(ren)類(lei)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)完(wan)整(zheng)(zheng)程(cheng)度(du)不太好(hao)(以前沒有(you)(you)出土較完(wan)整(zheng)(zheng)的(de)顱骨化(hua)(hua)石(shi))，導(dao)致人(ren)類(lei)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)地(di)(di)(di)點的(de)整(zheng)(zheng)體研究水平不夠深入，學術(shu)界一直期(qi)待(dai)更完(wan)整(zheng)(zheng)的(de)人(ren)類(lei)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)和更有(you)(you)學術(shu)意(yi)義(yi)的(de)研究成果。

2008年7月，重(zhong)慶師范大(da)學(xue)歷(li)史與(yu)(yu)文博學(xue)院師生(sheng)在三峽古人(ren)(ren)類資(zi)源(yuan)考(kao)察(cha)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，于(yu)奉(feng)節(jie)縣(xian)云霧鄉穿洞(dong)(dong)新發(fa)現(xian)一處古人(ren)(ren)類化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地點(dian)。初次(ci)考(kao)察(cha)和(he)試(shi)(shi)掘中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)現(xian)l枚人(ren)(ren)類門(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，以及3件(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制品(pin)和(he)其(qi)他(ta)(ta)一些伴生(sheng)動物(wu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。2009年8月，在穿洞(dong)(dong)試(shi)(shi)掘中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)又發(fa)現(xian)一具完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)類顱(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，并(bing)有(you)多(duo)件(jian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制品(pin)和(he)其(qi)+他(ta)(ta)動物(wu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)類顱(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)態(tai)完(wan)好(hao)，顱(lu)(lu)(lu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)呈卵(luan)圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)：顱(lu)(lu)(lu)底、枕骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)等部(bu)位(wei)膠結(jie)(jie)有(you)一層很薄的(de)(de)(de)鈣質(zhi)礦(kuang)物(wu)質(zhi)：顱(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)冠狀縫(feng)、矢狀縫(feng)、入字縫(feng)愈(yu)合程(cheng)度微弱(ruo)；顱(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)寬處位(wei)于(yu)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)頂中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后部(bu)；顱(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)額結(jie)(jie)節(jie)和(he)項(xiang)結(jie)(jie)節(jie)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)顯(xian)著，矢狀脊(ji)略(lve)為(wei)(wei)(wei)凸起：枕骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)后上(shang)部(bu)有(you)發(fa)髻狀結(jie)(jie)構(gou)，上(shang)項(xiang)線(xian)不大(da)明顯(xian)；眉(mei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)粗壯(zhuang)，眉(mei)弓(gong)內側端與(yu)(yu)眶上(shang)緣合并(bing)：眼眶呈長方(fang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)，眼眶外下緣較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)圓鈍；鼻根點(dian)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)淺，鼻前棘(ji)高度適中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；顴(quan)弓(gong)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)細(xi)弱(ruo)，乳突較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)粗大(da)，穿洞(dong)(dong)出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，，有(you)些形(xing)(xing)(xing)態(tai)表(biao)現(xian)出(chu)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)原始(shi)的(de)(de)(de)一面(mian)，如(ru)眉(mei)弓(gong)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)粗壯(zhuang)，有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)明顯(xian)晶矢狀脊(ji)，粗壯(zhuang)豹乳突，以及顱(lu)(lu)(lu)頂較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)平(ping)坦等。但該顱(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)有(you)些特(te)征(zheng)(zheng)又顯(xian)示出(chu)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)進(jin)步(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)～面(mian)，如(ru)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)壁較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)薄，顴(quan)弓(gong)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)細(xi)弱(ruo)，顳骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)和(he)鱗骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)高度與(yu)(yu)現(xian)代人(ren)(ren)比較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)接近等。該顱(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)這種原始(shi)特(te)征(zheng)(zheng)與(yu)(yu)進(jin)步(bu)(bu)特(te)征(zheng)(zheng)鑲嵌(qian)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象(xiang)，反映(ying)出(chu)其(qi)具有(you)晚(wan)期(qi)智(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)征(zheng)(zheng)。并(bing)且，該件(jian)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)一些特(te)征(zheng)(zheng)，與(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國其(qi)他(ta)(ta)晚(wan)期(qi)智(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)具有(you)明顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)似現(xian)象(xiang)(如(ru)頂部(bu)前囟點(dian)位(wei)置與(yu)(yu)柳(liu)江(jiang)人(ren)(ren)、資(zi)陽人(ren)(ren)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一樣比較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)靠(kao)后)。顱(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)性別特(te)征(zheng)(zheng)方(fang)面(mian)，其(qi)額結(jie)(jie)節(jie)和(he)頂結(jie)(jie)節(jie)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)顯(xian)著、顴(quan)弓(gong)細(xi)而平(ping)直(zhi)等現(xian)象(xiang)，顯(xian)示該顱(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)可能為(wei)(wei)(wei)女性。在年齡鑒定方(fang)面(mian)，顱(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)上(shang)保存有(you)4枚完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)頰齒(chi)(chi)(chi)，分別是左(zuo)Ml，右(you)Pl、Ml、M2。顱(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)左(zuo)、右(you)Ml齒(chi)(chi)(chi)尖(jian)(jian)磨耗較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)重(zhong)，齒(chi)(chi)(chi)質(zhi)點(dian)連接成片；右(you)M2齒(chi)(chi)(chi)尖(jian)(jian)大(da)部(bu)分磨去(qu)，齒(chi)(chi)(chi)質(zhi)點(dian)暴露。考(kao)慮到(dao)_占代人(ren)(ren)咀嚼食物(wu)對(dui)牙(ya)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)磨損較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)重(zhong)，推測該顱(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)個體年齡可能為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、青年階段(duan)。與(yu)(yu)穿洞(dong)(dong)人(ren)(ren)類顱(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)伴生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)其(qi)他(ta)(ta)動物(wu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)種類有(you)魚、鱉、蝙蝠(fu)、豪豬(zhu)、赤腹松鼠、大(da)熊貓(mao)、東方(fang)劍齒(chi)(chi)(chi)象(xiang)、華南(nan)巨(ju)貘、水鹿、青羊、蘇門(men)羚等，屬于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國南(nan)方(fang)大(da)熊貓(mao)一劍齒(chi)(chi)(chi)象(xiang)動物(wu)群，其(qi)地質(zhi)時代可能為(wei)(wei)(wei)更新世晚(wan)期(qi)。從(cong)穿洞(dong)(dong)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)出(chu)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)制品(pin)觀察(cha)，該遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器以尖(jian)(jian)刃器、刮(gua)削器為(wei)(wei)(wei)主，器體形(xing)(xing)(xing)態(tai)主要為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)型(xing)和(he)小型(xing)。器物(wu)加工以使用(yong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錘進(jin)行復向、正向加工為(wei)(wei)(wei)主。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器文化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)風格反映(ying)出(chu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國南(nan)方(fang)礫石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器文化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)，但同時也表(biao)現(xian)出(chu)與(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國北方(fang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器文化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)有(you)很強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)交流(liu)現(xian)象(xiang)。

重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)慶穿(chuan)洞晚(wan)(wan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)智(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)和(he)相關文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)跡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)，對促進中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)研究(jiu)有(you)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要意義。古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)學(xue)研究(jiu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，現(xian)(xian)(xian)代人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)演(yan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)關系、不(bu)同(tong)區域(yu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)群的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遷徙和(he)基(ji)(ji)因交流等(deng)(deng)是重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要課題。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)已(yi)(yi)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晚(wan)(wan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)智(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，雖(sui)然已(yi)(yi)有(you)柳江人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、山(shan)頂(ding)洞人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、資陽人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)等(deng)(deng)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，但(dan)相對于該時(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)數量激增、分布區域(yu)擴(kuo)大(da)(da)、人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)群交流增加(jia)等(deng)(deng)事實(shi)，僅靠目(mu)前有(you)限的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)進行研究(jiu)還很不(bu)夠(gou)。重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)慶穿(chuan)洞古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，其基(ji)(ji)本(ben)特(te)征(zheng)顯示具(ju)有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)連(lian)續(xu)演(yan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點，如該顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)與(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)大(da)(da)部(bu)分智(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)～樣(yang)眼(yan)(yan)眶(kuang)為(wei)長方(fang)(fang)形、眼(yan)(yan)眶(kuang)外下(xia)緣(yuan)較為(wei)圓鈍、上(shang)(shang)面(mian)部(bu)(眉(mei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)以上(shang)(shang)部(bu)分)較低等(deng)(deng)。但(dan)同(tong)時(shi)，穿(chuan)洞人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)也存在有(you)與(yu)歐(ou)(ou)洲(zhou)同(tong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)相似(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些(xie)現(xian)(xian)(xian)象，有(you)些(xie)現(xian)(xian)(xian)象暗示該顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)與(yu)歐(ou)(ou)洲(zhou)晚(wan)(wan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)智(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)基(ji)(ji)因交流(如沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)印加(jia)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)，枕骨(gu)(gu)(gu)上(shang)(shang)有(you)發(fa)髻(ji)狀結構等(deng)(deng))。穿(chuan)洞智(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)甚至(zhi)還反映出與(yu)非洲(zhou)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)有(you)基(ji)(ji)因交流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況：中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)寬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)位均在顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)頂(ding)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)，而穿(chuan)洞標本(ben)該特(te)征(zheng)卻與(yu)非洲(zhou)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)樣(yang)，是在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)偏后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位置等(deng)(deng)。綜(zong)合考(kao)察，穿(chuan)洞人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)這種復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)質(zhi)形態鑲嵌(qian)現(xian)(xian)(xian)象，是更(geng)新世(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)間地球上(shang)(shang)晚(wan)(wan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)智(zhi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)廣泛擴(kuo)散、基(ji)(ji)因交流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果。這種現(xian)(xian)(xian)象符合中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)學(xue)界(jie)提出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)“連(lian)續(xu)進化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)附帶雜交”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀點。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)和(he)西方(fang)(fang)古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)因交流在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)更(geng)新世(shi)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)已(yi)(yi)經出現(xian)(xian)(xian)。晚(wan)(wan)更(geng)新世(shi)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，由(you)于人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)生(sheng)產能力(li)進步和(he)控(kong)制(zhi)性用火(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普及等(deng)(deng)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)已(yi)(yi)經擴(kuo)散到地球表(biao)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)部(bu)分陸(lu)地，并(bing)且在遙遠陸(lu)地之間也存在著(zhu)自身生(sheng)物(wu)基(ji)(ji)因和(he)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)交流。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)以前發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藍(lan)田人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、大(da)(da)荔人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)、馬壩(ba)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)等(deng)(deng)，都在不(bu)同(tong)程度(du)上(shang)(shang)保存有(you)歐(ou)(ou)洲(zhou)某些(xie)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點。但(dan)是、因人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)(yi)物(wu)有(you)限，雖(sui)然我們(men)已(yi)(yi)從中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、西方(fang)(fang)古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)(lei)(lei)基(ji)(ji)因交流的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)少許證據，但(dan)在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舊石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)上(shang)(shang)，卻沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、西方(fang)(fang)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)融合現(xian)(xian)(xian)象。迄今(jin)為(wei)止，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)還沒(mei)(mei)(mei)有(you)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)一(yi)個兼具(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、西方(fang)(fang)二元(yuan)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舊石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器時(shi)代典(dian)型遺(yi)(yi)址。

中(zhong)(zhong)華人(ren)(ren)民(min)(min)共和(he)國(guo)成(cheng)立(li)后(hou)，特別是(shi)(shi)近20年(nian)來，貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)成(cheng)效顯著。首(shou)先(xian)是(shi)(shi)舊(jiu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)。迄今為(wei)止(zhi)已發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)早(zao)、中(zhong)(zhong)、晚三個時期的(de)舊(jiu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)50處(chu)(chu)，已正式發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)20多處(chu)(chu)，主要(yao)有(you)黔西觀音洞(dong)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、桐(tong)梓(zi)巖(yan)灰(hui)洞(dong)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、水城硝(xiao)灰(hui)洞(dong)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、興(xing)義(yi)(yi)貓貓洞(dong)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、普定穿洞(dong)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、六枝桃花洞(dong)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。在(zai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)的(de)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)，不(bu)僅出(chu)土了(le)打制石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)、骨(gu)(gu)器(qi)(qi)、哺乳動物化石(shi)(shi)(shi)，而且還發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)了(le)一(yi)批人(ren)(ren)類牙齒、頜骨(gu)(gu)、股(gu)骨(gu)(gu)、頭骨(gu)(gu)等化石(shi)(shi)(shi)，分(fen)別被命名(ming)為(wei)“桐(tong)梓(zi)猿(yuan)人(ren)(ren)”、“水城人(ren)(ren)”、“興(xing)義(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)”、“穿洞(dong)人(ren)(ren)”。1982年(nian)至1992年(nian)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)工作者在(zai)桐(tong)梓(zi)縣九壩鄉巖(yan)灰(hui)洞(dong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)猿(yuan)人(ren)(ren)化石(shi)(shi)(shi)，是(shi)(shi)繼(ji)云(yun)南元謀猿(yuan)人(ren)(ren)之后(hou)西南地區(qu)再次發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)猿(yuan)人(ren)(ren)化石(shi)(shi)(shi)。盤縣大洞(dong)舊(jiu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)文化遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)南方新發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)古(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)類遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，被列為(wei)1993年(nian)全(quan)國(guo)十大考(kao)古(gu)(gu)成(cheng)果之首(shou)。其次是(shi)(shi)商(shang)周至秦漢時期的(de)考(kao)古(gu)(gu)。主要(yao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)的(de)有(you)普定銅鼓山遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、赫章(zhang)可樂墓群(qun)(qun)、安順寧谷墓群(qun)(qun)、興(xing)義(yi)(yi)萬屯漢墓群(qun)(qun)、興(xing)義(yi)(yi)交樂漢墓群(qun)(qun)、仁懷(huai)合馬東漢墓群(qun)(qun)。普定銅鼓山遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)土的(de)冶(ye)銅坩鍋(guo)和(he)一(yi)批石(shi)(shi)(shi)范石(shi)(shi)(shi)模，為(wei)研究貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)冶(ye)鑄發(fa)(fa)(fa)展史(shi)提供了(le)戰國(guo)至秦漢之際的(de)實物依據(ju)。此(ci)外，在(zai)貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)還發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)了(le)許多墓葬(zang)方式不(bu)同的(de)少數民(min)(min)族墓葬(zang)。

人類(lei)(lei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)上出(chu)現(xian)(xian)有中兩方(fang)基(ji)因(yin)交流現(xian)(xian)象，石(shi)器(qi)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)上卻(que)缺少中西(xi)方(fang)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)碰撞和(he)(he)(he)兼(jian)容，這(zhe)種復(fu)雜(za)的(de)人類(lei)(lei)演化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傳播過程顯(xian)然需(xu)要不斷(duan)補充新證據并加強研究(jiu)。重慶穿(chuan)洞古人類(lei)(lei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)和(he)(he)(he)石(shi)器(qi)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)，是揭示三(san)峽(xia)地區人類(lei)(lei)和(he)(he)(he)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)演進的(de)珍貴材料，而且對(dui)研究(jiu)中國乃至世(shi)界范圍內的(de)人類(lei)(lei)基(ji)因(yin)交流和(he)(he)(he)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)傳播將產生積極影響(xiang)。