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地理位置

普(pu)定(ding)穿(chuan)洞(dong)遺(yi)址位于貴(gui)州(zhou)省普(pu)定(ding)縣(xian)城西 5公里處的一座孤山上。

歷史沿革

普定(ding)穿洞遺(yi)址是(shi)舊石器時代(dai)晚(wan)期遺(yi)址。

1979 年5月試掘，獲得(de)大量(liang)石器、骨器。

1981年5月，中(zhong)國(guo)科學院和(he)貴(gui)州省博(bo)物館聯(lian)合發掘(jue)，出土石器(qi)、骨器(qi)、動物化石和(he)人類(lei)化石2000多件，為研究中(zhong)國(guo)西(xi)南原始社會提供了豐富(fu)的實物資料(liao)。

迄今(jin)為(wei)止(zhi)已(yi)發(fa)(fa)現的(de)(de)早、中(zhong)、晚三個時期的(de)(de)舊石(shi)(shi)器時代遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)有(you)50處(chu)，已(yi)正式(shi)發(fa)(fa)掘20多(duo)處(chu)，主(zhu)(zhu)要有(you)黔西觀音(yin)洞(dong)(dong)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)、桐梓(zi)巖灰洞(dong)(dong)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)、水(shui)城硝(xiao)灰洞(dong)(dong)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)、興義(yi)貓貓洞(dong)(dong)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)、普(pu)定穿洞(dong)(dong)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)、六(liu)枝(zhi)桃花(hua)洞(dong)(dong)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)。在(zai)發(fa)(fa)掘的(de)(de)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong)，不(bu)僅(jin)出土了(le)(le)打(da)制石(shi)(shi)器、骨器、哺乳動(dong)物(wu)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)，而且(qie)還發(fa)(fa)現了(le)(le)一批人類(lei)牙齒、頜骨、股骨、頭骨等化(hua)石(shi)(shi)，分別被命(ming)名為(wei)“桐梓(zi)猿人”、“水(shui)城人”、“興義(yi)人”、“穿洞(dong)(dong)人”。1982年至1992年考古(gu)(gu)工作者在(zai)桐梓(zi)盤縣(xian)大洞(dong)(dong)舊石(shi)(shi)器文化(hua)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)是在(zai)中(zhong)國南方新發(fa)(fa)現的(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)人類(lei)遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)，被列為(wei)1993 年全國十(shi)大考古(gu)(gu)成果之首。其(qi)次是商周至秦漢(han)時期的(de)(de)考古(gu)(gu)。主(zhu)(zhu)要發(fa)(fa)掘的(de)(de)有(you)普(pu)定銅(tong)鼓(gu)山遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)、赫章可樂(le)墓群、安(an)順寧(ning)谷(gu)墓群、興義(yi)萬(wan)屯漢(han)墓群、興義(yi)交樂(le)漢(han)墓群、仁懷合馬東漢(han)墓群。普(pu)定銅(tong)鼓(gu)山遺(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)址(zhi)出土的(de)(de)冶(ye)銅(tong)坩鍋和一批石(shi)(shi)范石(shi)(shi)模，為(wei)研究貴(gui)州冶(ye)鑄發(fa)(fa)展史提供了(le)(le)戰國至秦漢(han)之際的(de)(de)實(shi)物(wu)依(yi)據。此(ci)外(wai)，在(zai)貴(gui)州還發(fa)(fa)現了(le)(le)許多(duo)墓葬方式(shi)不(bu)同的(de)(de)少數民族(zu)墓葬。

穿(chuan)洞古(gu)人(ren)類(lei)遺址(zhi)經(jing)國(guo)家(jia)考古(gu)隊兩(liang)次(ci)發(fa)掘，出(chu)土(tu)人(ren)類(lei)完整頭(tou)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)兩(liang)件(jian)，哺(bu)乳動物(wu)碎骨(gu)(gu)(gu)18,000件(jian)，單個(ge)牙(ya)齒(chi)500多枚，動物(wu)化石13個(ge)屬(shu)或種(zhong)；出(chu)土(tu)石制器物(wu)20,000余(yu)件(jian)，骨(gu)(gu)(gu)器1,000余(yu)件(jian)，以骨(gu)(gu)(gu)錐多，另(ling)有骨(gu)(gu)(gu)鏟、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)針、骨(gu)(gu)(gu)棒等。此外，發(fa)現用火(huo)遺跡多處(chu)。穿(chuan)洞古(gu)人(ren)類(lei)遺址(zhi)一處(chu)發(fa)現兩(liang)具頭(tou)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)至今國(guo)內無先例，出(chu)土(tu)的(de)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)器，超(chao)過全國(guo)發(fa)現總和(he)30倍(bei)，一舉(ju)摘掉我國(guo)舊(jiu)石器文(wen)化中(zhong)貧骨(gu)(gu)(gu)器的(de)帽子，世界罕見。穿(chuan)洞古(gu)人(ren)類(lei)遺址(zhi)具有極其重要的(de)考古(gu)研究價值，被(bei)中(zhong)科院專家(jia)們譽為(wei)“亞洲文(wen)明之(zhi)燈”，現擬建(jian)“穿(chuan)洞古(gu)人(ren)類(lei)遺址(zhi)博物(wu)館”。1988年1月，經(jing)國(guo)務院批準，公布為(wei)全國(guo)重點(dian)文(wen)物(wu)保護單位。

文物價值

長江(jiang)三峽(xia)(xia)地(di)區(qu)目20世紀(ji)50年代發(fa)現長陽(yang)人(ren)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)后，相繼又發(fa)現有(you)建(jian)始人(ren)、巫山人(ren)、奉節(jie)人(ren)等8處古人(ren)類(lei)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)點(dian)，這使三峽(xia)(xia)地(di)區(qu)成(cheng)為世界上(shang)人(ren)類(lei)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)分布(bu)密集的(de)地(di)區(qu)之一。但是，由于三峽(xia)(xia)人(ren)類(lei)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)完整(zheng)(zheng)程(cheng)度不(bu)太好(以前沒(mei)有(you)出土較完整(zheng)(zheng)的(de)顱骨化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))，導(dao)致(zhi)人(ren)類(lei)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)點(dian)的(de)整(zheng)(zheng)體研究水平不(bu)夠(gou)深入，學術界一直期(qi)待(dai)更完整(zheng)(zheng)的(de)人(ren)類(lei)化(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和更有(you)學術意義(yi)的(de)研究成(cheng)果。

2008年(nian)7月(yue)(yue)，重慶師范大學(xue)歷史與(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)博學(xue)院師生(sheng)在三峽古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)資源考(kao)察(cha)中(zhong)(zhong)，于奉節(jie)縣(xian)云(yun)霧(wu)鄉(xiang)穿(chuan)(chuan)洞新發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)一處(chu)古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)地(di)點(dian)(dian)。初次(ci)考(kao)察(cha)和(he)(he)試(shi)掘中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)l枚人(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)門齒(chi)(chi)(chi)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)，以(yi)及3件(jian)石(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)和(he)(he)其(qi)他(ta)一些伴生(sheng)動物(wu)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)。2009年(nian)8月(yue)(yue)，在穿(chuan)(chuan)洞試(shi)掘中(zhong)(zhong)又發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)一具完整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)，并有(you)(you)多件(jian)石(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)和(he)(he)其(qi)+他(ta)動物(wu)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)。出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)形(xing)(xing)態(tai)完好，顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)形(xing)(xing)呈(cheng)卵(luan)圓形(xing)(xing)：顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)底、枕骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)等部(bu)位(wei)膠(jiao)結(jie)有(you)(you)一層(ceng)很(hen)薄(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鈣質礦物(wu)質：顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)冠狀縫、矢狀縫、入(ru)字縫愈合程度微(wei)弱；顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)寬處(chu)位(wei)于顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)頂中(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)部(bu)；顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)額結(jie)節(jie)和(he)(he)項(xiang)結(jie)節(jie)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)顯(xian)著，矢狀脊略為(wei)(wei)(wei)凸起：枕骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)后(hou)上(shang)(shang)部(bu)有(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)(fa)髻狀結(jie)構，上(shang)(shang)項(xiang)線(xian)不大明顯(xian)；眉(mei)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)粗(cu)壯(zhuang)，眉(mei)弓(gong)(gong)內側端與(yu)(yu)(yu)眶(kuang)上(shang)(shang)緣合并：眼眶(kuang)呈(cheng)長(chang)方形(xing)(xing)，眼眶(kuang)外(wai)下緣較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)圓鈍；鼻根點(dian)(dian)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)淺，鼻前(qian)棘高度適中(zhong)(zhong)；顴(quan)弓(gong)(gong)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)細(xi)(xi)弱，乳突較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)粗(cu)大，穿(chuan)(chuan)洞出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)，，有(you)(you)些形(xing)(xing)態(tai)表現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)出較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)原始的(de)(de)(de)(de)一面(mian)，如眉(mei)弓(gong)(gong)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)粗(cu)壯(zhuang)，有(you)(you)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)明顯(xian)晶矢狀脊，粗(cu)壯(zhuang)豹(bao)乳突，以(yi)及顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)頂較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)平(ping)坦等。但該(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)有(you)(you)些特(te)征又顯(xian)示(shi)(shi)出較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)進步(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)～面(mian)，如顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)壁較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)薄(bo)，顴(quan)弓(gong)(gong)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)細(xi)(xi)弱，顳骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)和(he)(he)鱗骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)高度與(yu)(yu)(yu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)接近等。該(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)這種原始特(te)征與(yu)(yu)(yu)進步(bu)特(te)征鑲(xiang)嵌(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)象(xiang)，反映(ying)出其(qi)具有(you)(you)晚期(qi)智人(ren)(ren)(ren)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征。并且，該(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)件(jian)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一些特(te)征，與(yu)(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)其(qi)他(ta)晚期(qi)智人(ren)(ren)(ren)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)具有(you)(you)明顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)相似現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(如頂部(bu)前(qian)囟點(dian)(dian)位(wei)置(zhi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)柳江人(ren)(ren)(ren)、資陽人(ren)(ren)(ren)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)一樣比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)靠后(hou))。顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)性(xing)別(bie)特(te)征方面(mian)，其(qi)額結(jie)節(jie)和(he)(he)頂結(jie)節(jie)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)顯(xian)著、顴(quan)弓(gong)(gong)細(xi)(xi)而平(ping)直等現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)象(xiang)，顯(xian)示(shi)(shi)該(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)可能為(wei)(wei)(wei)女性(xing)。在年(nian)齡鑒定方面(mian)，顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)上(shang)(shang)保(bao)存有(you)(you)4枚完整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頰齒(chi)(chi)(chi)，分別(bie)是左Ml，右(you)(you)Pl、Ml、M2。顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)左、右(you)(you)Ml齒(chi)(chi)(chi)尖磨(mo)耗較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)重，齒(chi)(chi)(chi)質點(dian)(dian)連接成(cheng)片；右(you)(you)M2齒(chi)(chi)(chi)尖大部(bu)分磨(mo)去(qu)，齒(chi)(chi)(chi)質點(dian)(dian)暴露(lu)。考(kao)慮到(dao)_占代(dai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)咀嚼食(shi)物(wu)對牙齒(chi)(chi)(chi)磨(mo)損(sun)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)重，推測該(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)個體(ti)(ti)年(nian)齡可能為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)、青年(nian)階(jie)段。與(yu)(yu)(yu)穿(chuan)(chuan)洞人(ren)(ren)(ren)類(lei)顱(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)伴生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)其(qi)他(ta)動物(wu)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)種類(lei)有(you)(you)魚、鱉、蝙蝠、豪(hao)豬、赤腹松(song)鼠、大熊貓、東(dong)方劍齒(chi)(chi)(chi)象(xiang)、華南(nan)巨貘、水鹿、青羊、蘇門羚(ling)等，屬于中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)南(nan)方大熊貓一劍齒(chi)(chi)(chi)象(xiang)動物(wu)群(qun)，其(qi)地(di)質時代(dai)可能為(wei)(wei)(wei)更新世晚期(qi)。從(cong)穿(chuan)(chuan)洞遺址(zhi)出土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)觀(guan)察(cha)，該(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)遺址(zhi)石(shi)(shi)器以(yi)尖刃(ren)器、刮(gua)削器為(wei)(wei)(wei)主，器體(ti)(ti)形(xing)(xing)態(tai)主要為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)型(xing)和(he)(he)小(xiao)型(xing)。器物(wu)加(jia)工以(yi)使用石(shi)(shi)錘進行復向、正(zheng)向加(jia)工為(wei)(wei)(wei)主。石(shi)(shi)器文(wen)化(hua)(hua)風格(ge)反映(ying)出中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)南(nan)方礫石(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)器文(wen)化(hua)(hua)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)(dian)，但同時也表現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)出與(yu)(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)北方石(shi)(shi)片石(shi)(shi)器文(wen)化(hua)(hua)有(you)(you)很(hen)強的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)交流(liu)現(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)象(xiang)。

重(zhong)慶穿(chuan)洞晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)智人(ren)(ren)顱(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)和(he)相關文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)跡的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)現，對(dui)促進(jin)(jin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)研究有(you)(you)重(zhong)要意義。古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)學研究中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，現代人(ren)(ren)與(yu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)演(yan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)關系、不同(tong)(tong)區域人(ren)(ren)群(qun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遷徙和(he)基(ji)因(yin)交(jiao)流(liu)等是(shi)重(zhong)要課題。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)已(yi)發(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)智人(ren)(ren)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，雖(sui)然已(yi)有(you)(you)柳江(jiang)人(ren)(ren)、山頂(ding)洞人(ren)(ren)、資陽人(ren)(ren)等顱(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，但(dan)相對(dui)于(yu)該時(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)數量激(ji)增、分布區域擴大(da)、人(ren)(ren)群(qun)交(jiao)流(liu)增加(jia)等事實(shi)，僅(jin)靠目前有(you)(you)限(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)研究還很不夠。重(zhong)慶穿(chuan)洞古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)顱(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，其基(ji)本特(te)征顯(xian)示具(ju)有(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)連續(xu)(xu)演(yan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點，如該顱(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)與(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)大(da)部(bu)(bu)分智人(ren)(ren)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)～樣眼(yan)眶為(wei)長方(fang)形、眼(yan)眶外下緣(yuan)較為(wei)圓鈍、上面部(bu)(bu)(眉骨(gu)(gu)以上部(bu)(bu)分)較低等。但(dan)同(tong)(tong)時(shi)，穿(chuan)洞人(ren)(ren)類(lei)顱(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)也存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)有(you)(you)與(yu)歐洲同(tong)(tong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)相似的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一些現象(xiang)，有(you)(you)些現象(xiang)暗示該顱(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)與(yu)歐洲晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)智人(ren)(ren)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)基(ji)因(yin)交(jiao)流(liu)(如沒有(you)(you)印加(jia)骨(gu)(gu)，枕骨(gu)(gu)上有(you)(you)發(fa)髻狀結構(gou)等)。穿(chuan)洞智人(ren)(ren)顱(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)甚(shen)至還反映出與(yu)非洲化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)有(you)(you)基(ji)因(yin)交(jiao)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)：中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)發(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，顱(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)寬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)位(wei)(wei)均在(zai)(zai)顱(lu)(lu)頂(ding)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)，而穿(chuan)洞標(biao)本該特(te)征卻(que)與(yu)非洲發(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)期(qi)(qi)(qi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一樣，是(shi)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)(bu)偏后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)置等。綜合考察，穿(chuan)洞人(ren)(ren)類(lei)顱(lu)(lu)骨(gu)(gu)這種復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)質形態鑲嵌現象(xiang)，是(shi)更新(xin)(xin)世期(qi)(qi)(qi)間地球上晚(wan)期(qi)(qi)(qi)智人(ren)(ren)廣(guang)泛擴散、基(ji)因(yin)交(jiao)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果(guo)。這種現象(xiang)符合中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)學界(jie)提出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)“連續(xu)(xu)進(jin)(jin)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)附帶雜交(jiao)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀點。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)和(he)西(xi)方(fang)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)因(yin)交(jiao)流(liu)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)更新(xin)(xin)世時(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)已(yi)經出現。晚(wan)更新(xin)(xin)世時(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)，由于(yu)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)生產(chan)能力進(jin)(jin)步和(he)控制性用火的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普及等，人(ren)(ren)類(lei)已(yi)經擴散到(dao)地球表面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)部(bu)(bu)分陸地，并(bing)且在(zai)(zai)遙遠陸地之間也存(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)著自身(shen)生物(wu)基(ji)因(yin)和(he)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)交(jiao)流(liu)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)以前發(fa)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藍田人(ren)(ren)、大(da)荔人(ren)(ren)、馬壩人(ren)(ren)等，都在(zai)(zai)不同(tong)(tong)程度上保存(cun)(cun)有(you)(you)歐洲某些人(ren)(ren)類(lei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點。但(dan)是(shi)、因(yin)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)遺(yi)物(wu)有(you)(you)限(xian)，雖(sui)然我們已(yi)從中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)上發(fa)現有(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、西(xi)方(fang)古(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)基(ji)因(yin)交(jiao)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)少(shao)許證(zheng)據，但(dan)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舊(jiu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)上，卻(que)沒有(you)(you)發(fa)現明顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、西(xi)方(fang)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)融(rong)合現象(xiang)。迄(qi)今為(wei)止，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)還沒有(you)(you)發(fa)現一個兼具(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、西(xi)方(fang)二元文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舊(jiu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)時(shi)代典型遺(yi)址(zhi)。

中華(hua)人(ren)(ren)民(min)共(gong)和(he)國成(cheng)立后，特(te)別是(shi)(shi)近20年(nian)(nian)來，貴(gui)州(zhou)考(kao)(kao)古發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)成(cheng)效顯著(zhu)。首(shou)先是(shi)(shi)舊石(shi)器(qi)考(kao)(kao)古。迄今為(wei)止已(yi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)早(zao)、中、晚三個時期(qi)的(de)(de)舊石(shi)器(qi)時代遺址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)50處(chu)(chu)，已(yi)正式發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)20多處(chu)(chu)，主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)黔西(xi)(xi)觀音洞(dong)(dong)遺址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、桐(tong)梓巖灰(hui)洞(dong)(dong)遺址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)硝灰(hui)洞(dong)(dong)遺址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、興(xing)義(yi)貓(mao)貓(mao)洞(dong)(dong)遺址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、普(pu)定(ding)穿洞(dong)(dong)遺址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、六枝桃花(hua)洞(dong)(dong)遺址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。在(zai)(zai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)的(de)(de)遺址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中，不僅出土了打(da)制石(shi)器(qi)、骨器(qi)、哺(bu)乳動(dong)物(wu)化(hua)石(shi)，而且還發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)了一(yi)批(pi)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)牙齒、頜骨、股骨、頭骨等化(hua)石(shi)，分別被(bei)命(ming)名為(wei)“桐(tong)梓猿(yuan)人(ren)(ren)”、“水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)”、“興(xing)義(yi)人(ren)(ren)”、“穿洞(dong)(dong)人(ren)(ren)”。1982年(nian)(nian)至(zhi)(zhi)1992年(nian)(nian)考(kao)(kao)古工作者在(zai)(zai)桐(tong)梓縣九壩鄉巖灰(hui)洞(dong)(dong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)猿(yuan)人(ren)(ren)化(hua)石(shi)，是(shi)(shi)繼云南(nan)(nan)元謀猿(yuan)人(ren)(ren)之后西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)地區再次(ci)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)猿(yuan)人(ren)(ren)化(hua)石(shi)。盤縣大洞(dong)(dong)舊石(shi)器(qi)文化(hua)遺址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)中國南(nan)(nan)方(fang)新發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)古人(ren)(ren)類(lei)遺址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，被(bei)列為(wei)1993年(nian)(nian)全(quan)國十大考(kao)(kao)古成(cheng)果之首(shou)。其次(ci)是(shi)(shi)商周至(zhi)(zhi)秦(qin)漢(han)(han)(han)時期(qi)的(de)(de)考(kao)(kao)古。主(zhu)要(yao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘(jue)(jue)的(de)(de)有(you)普(pu)定(ding)銅鼓山遺址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、赫章可樂(le)墓群(qun)、安(an)順寧谷墓群(qun)、興(xing)義(yi)萬屯漢(han)(han)(han)墓群(qun)、興(xing)義(yi)交樂(le)漢(han)(han)(han)墓群(qun)、仁(ren)懷(huai)合馬(ma)東漢(han)(han)(han)墓群(qun)。普(pu)定(ding)銅鼓山遺址(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出土的(de)(de)冶銅坩鍋和(he)一(yi)批(pi)石(shi)范石(shi)模，為(wei)研究貴(gui)州(zhou)冶鑄(zhu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展史提供了戰(zhan)國至(zhi)(zhi)秦(qin)漢(han)(han)(han)之際的(de)(de)實物(wu)依據。此外(wai)，在(zai)(zai)貴(gui)州(zhou)還發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)了許多墓葬(zang)方(fang)式不同的(de)(de)少(shao)數(shu)民(min)族墓葬(zang)。

人(ren)(ren)類(lei)化(hua)石上出現(xian)有中兩方基因交(jiao)流(liu)現(xian)象，石器(qi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)上卻缺(que)少中西方文(wen)(wen)化(hua)碰撞和(he)兼容，這種(zhong)復雜(za)的(de)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)演化(hua)和(he)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)傳播(bo)(bo)過程顯然需(xu)要不斷補(bu)充新證據并加強(qiang)研究(jiu)。重慶(qing)穿洞古(gu)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)化(hua)石和(he)石器(qi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)發現(xian)，是(shi)揭示三峽地區人(ren)(ren)類(lei)和(he)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)演進的(de)珍貴材料，而且對研究(jiu)中國乃至(zhi)世界(jie)范圍內的(de)人(ren)(ren)類(lei)基因交(jiao)流(liu)和(he)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)傳播(bo)(bo)將產生積極影響。