東(dong)山古建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun)全(quan)國重點文物(wu)保護(hu)單位(wei),明(ming)(ming)至(zhi)清(qing)代樓(lou)閣寺觀古建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun)。位(wei)于貴州(zhou)省銅仁(ren)市(shi)城東(dong)隅(yu),南臨(lin)錦江。占地約(yue)3萬平方米。銅仁(ren)東(dong)山古木參(can)天,風(feng)景(jing)秀麗(li)。明(ming)(ming)清(qing)古建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun)有明(ming)(ming)正德十(shi)(shi)一年(nian)(1516年(nian))在山巔建(jian)(jian)(jian)的“澄江樓(lou)”、“川(chuan)上亭(ting)”,嘉靖二十(shi)(shi)二年(nian)(1543年(nian))增(zeng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)的“大觀樓(lou)”,清(qing)道光二年(nian)(1822年(nian))建(jian)(jian)(jian)的“奎星閣”,以及其(qi)他清(qing)代古建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)崇(chong)真(zhen)觀、崇(chong)仙宮、真(zhen)武(wu)觀、文昌宮、大雄殿、武(wu)侯祠、魁星樓(lou)、護(hu)國樓(lou)、二吳亭(ting)等(deng)。大致分山頂、西側山坡(po)、南側崖頂三組(zu)。山頂僅存的雷神殿和真(zhen)武(wu)殿,一前一后,面(mian)闊各三間、五(wu)間,山墻(qiang)均為屏風(feng)墻(qiang)。真(zhen)武(wu)殿后還有大雄寶殿及吊腳樓(lou)形式的左右(you)配(pei)殿。現辟為貴州(zhou)銅仁(ren)文化博物(wu)館。館旁有建(jian)(jian)(jian)于1912年(nian)的光復紀(ji)念碑。
銅(tong)仁(ren)東(dong)山(shan)古(gu)建筑群位于銅(tong)仁(ren)市中(zhong)山(shan)路(lu)兩側及大江(jiang)北路(lu)東(dong)側,始建于明初,清代續修(xiu),現(xian)存(cun)建筑大部(bu)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)清代遺構(gou)。銅(tong)仁(ren)東(dong)山(shan)古(gu)建筑群集(ji)廟宇、會館、民居(ju)、店(dian)鋪、古(gu)城墻、碼頭及自然 山(shan)水于一隅,類別豐富、規模宏(hong)大。占地(di)面積11 萬平方米,建筑面積27555 平方米,分(fen)東(dong)、西 兩個部(bu)分(fen)。東(dong)部(bu)為(wei)(wei)廟宇、城墻、碼頭、民居(ju)。廟宇依山(shan)而建,民居(ju)以江(jiang)為(wei)(wei)屏(ping),多為(wei)(wei)前店(dian)后宅, 周以高(gao)墻圍護,內辟若(ruo)干天井。多為(wei)(wei)四合院(yuan),亦有三合院(yuan),雖然中(zhong)軸對稱,但大門隨(sui)地(di)勢多朝(chao) 巷(xiang)口而不向(xiang)大街。而西部(bu)的川主宮則(ze)為(wei)(wei)會館建筑,系(xi)巴蜀客商(shang)集(ji)會地(di)。
銅(tong)仁(ren)(ren)原為(wei)土(tu)司地區(qu),元置銅(tong)人大小江等處蠻(man)夷長官司,明初改(gai)銅(tong)仁(ren)(ren)長官司,屬思南(nan)宣(xuan)(xuan)慰(wei)司。明永樂十一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1413年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))廢除(chu)思州(zhou)、思南(nan)二宣(xuan)(xuan)慰(wei)司,改(gai)設(she)黔東八(ba)府,合貴(gui)州(zhou)宣(xuan)(xuan)慰(wei)司建立貴(gui)州(zhou)省(sheng)。銅(tong)仁(ren)(ren)府與貴(gui)州(zhou)建省(sheng)同齡,在往后的(de)歲月中,文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)教(jiao)興起(qi),商業繁盛,留(liu)下許多文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)古(gu)跡。從(cong)上(shang)世紀(ji)80年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代起(qi),銅(tong)仁(ren)(ren)留(liu)下的(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)越來(lai)越受到(dao)重視,先是1982年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)貴(gui)州(zhou)省(sheng)人民政(zheng)府批準周(zhou)逸群(qun)故居為(wei)省(sheng)級文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)保(bao)護單(dan)位,繼后是1985年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)銅(tong)仁(ren)(ren)東山古(gu)建筑群(qun)列(lie)為(wei)省(sheng)級文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)保(bao)護單(dan)位,1997年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)銅(tong)仁(ren)(ren)川主宮列(lie)為(wei)省(sheng)保(bao)。2006年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),將(jiang)銅(tong)仁(ren)(ren)城(cheng)區(qu)內(nei)的(de)這些文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)聯合申報,統稱為(wei)銅(tong)仁(ren)(ren)東山古(gu)建筑群(qun),經(jing)(jing)國務(wu)院批準,公布為(wei)全(quan)國重點文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)保(bao)護單(dan)位。這組古(gu)建筑反映(ying)(ying)了(le)歷史的(de)滄桑(sang),反映(ying)(ying)了(le)銅(tong)仁(ren)(ren)六百年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)歷史進程(cheng),也反映(ying)(ying)了(le)邊遠地區(qu)政(zheng)治、經(jing)(jing)濟、文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化的(de)演進。
錦(jin)江(jiang)(jiang)繞銅仁城(cheng)而過(guo),江(jiang)(jiang)邊突(tu)兀聳起一(yi)座(zuo)山(shan)(shan)峰,因在(zai)城(cheng)東(dong)而稱東(dong)山(shan)(shan)。明朝(chao)正德(de)十一(yi)年(nian)(1516年(nian)),參議蔡湖在(zai)東(dong)山(shan)(shan)臨江(jiang)(jiang)壁立的(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)巔(dian)修建(jian)澄江(jiang)(jiang)亭(ting)和(he)(he)川上亭(ting),題(ti)為“舞雯遐(xia)思”。嘉靖(jing)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)十二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)年(nian)(1543年(nian)),知府(fu)李資坤增(zeng)建(jian)大(da)觀樓(lou),順治十八年(nian)(1661年(nian))知府(fu)梁(liang)懋宸復修雙峰閣(ge)及(ji)兼隱庵。此后(hou)郡(jun)人及(ji)官紳先后(hou)修建(jian)真武觀、文(wen)(wen)(wen)昌閣(ge)、奎(kui)星閣(ge)、武侯祠、大(da)雄寶殿(dian)(dian)、護國(guo)(guo)樓(lou)、二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)吳亭(ting)等,綿延數百年(nian)而形成(cheng)東(dong)山(shan)(shan)古建(jian)筑群。山(shan)(shan)頂的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)組建(jian)筑佛(fo)道(dao)相間,雷(lei)神殿(dian)(dian)后(hou)為真武殿(dian)(dian),真武殿(dian)(dian)后(hou)為大(da)雄寶殿(dian)(dian),大(da)殿(dian)(dian)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)師(shi)殿(dian)(dian)為三(san)(san)層(ceng)(ceng)三(san)(san)檐(yan)六(liu)角(jiao)攢尖頂閣(ge)樓(lou),底層(ceng)(ceng)供(gong)(gong)張天(tian)師(shi),二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)層(ceng)(ceng)供(gong)(gong)白衣觀音,三(san)(san)層(ceng)(ceng)供(gong)(gong)送子觀音,各路神仙、菩薩在(zai)這里和(he)(he)平(ping)共處。半山(shan)(shan)腰(yao)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)組建(jian)筑,以二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)圣(sheng)殿(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)文(wen)(wen)(wen)昌閣(ge)為中心,二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)圣(sheng)殿(dian)(dian)面闊三(san)(san)間,樓(lou)高三(san)(san)層(ceng)(ceng),底層(ceng)(ceng)左供(gong)(gong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)昌君(jun),右供(gong)(gong)關(guan)圣(sheng),二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)層(ceng)(ceng)供(gong)(gong)諸葛武侯,三(san)(san)層(ceng)(ceng)供(gong)(gong)魁星;文(wen)(wen)(wen)昌閣(ge)為二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)層(ceng)(ceng)四(si)角(jiao)攢尖頂閣(ge)樓(lou),底層(ceng)(ceng)供(gong)(gong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)昌君(jun),二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)層(ceng)(ceng)供(gong)(gong)玉皇大(da)帝(di)。看來宗教世(shi)俗化日(ri)益明顯,強(qiang)調文(wen)(wen)(wen)治武功,人們崇尚玉皇大(da)帝(di)、文(wen)(wen)(wen)昌君(jun)、關(guan)圣(sheng)和(he)(he)諸葛武侯,二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)圣(sheng)殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)立有(you)文(wen)(wen)(wen)昌騎鹿、關(guan)公騎馬的(de)(de)(de)(de)泥塑。近江(jiang)(jiang)懸崖上的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)組建(jian)筑,有(you)紀(ji)念(nian)辛(xin)亥(hai)革(ge)命的(de)(de)(de)(de)“光復紀(ji)念(nian)碑(bei)”,有(you)紀(ji)念(nian)護國(guo)(guo)戰爭勝利的(de)(de)(de)(de)護國(guo)(guo)樓(lou)和(he)(he)二(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)(er)吳亭(ting),有(you)“抗日(ri)陣亡(wang)將士紀(ji)念(nian)碑(bei)”,1976年(nian)又建(jian)“唐山(shan)(shan)地震(zhen)不幸殉職同(tong)志紀(ji)念(nian)碑(bei)”。1990年(nian),在(zai)東(dong)山(shan)(shan)麓建(jian)立全國(guo)(guo)一(yi)個(ge)“儺文(wen)(wen)(wen)化博(bo)物館”。
東(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)廟宇建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)分布于(yu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)頂、山(shan)(shan)(shan)腰及山(shan)(shan)(shan)麓(lu)。明清以(yi)來(lai),先(xian)后(hou)建(jian)過幾十(shi)座廟宇,現仍存川(chuan)上亭(ting)、雷神殿、真武殿、大雄寶殿、東(dong)西廂房,此外還有(you)觀音閣(ge)、鎮遠樓、雙峰(feng)閣(ge)、藏書室、洗墨池、云彩江(jiang)聲等古建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)或遺跡。建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)依山(shan)(shan)(shan)就勢,由南而(er)北,由西而(er)東(dong),逐漸升高(gao),體現出(chu)傳(chuan)統建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)與(yu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)地形的結合。
川上亭建(jian)于(yu)東(dong)山(shan)(shan)臨江絕壁上,為(wei)兩(liang)重檐六角攢(zan)尖頂(ding)。大雄寶殿面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)闊五間(jian)(jian),進深(shen)三間(jian)(jian),穿(chuan)斗、抬梁混合結構,硬山(shan)(shan)青瓦頂(ding)。真武殿面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)闊五間(jian)(jian),進深(shen)五間(jian)(jian),穿(chuan)斗式硬山(shan)(shan)頂(ding)。雷神殿,面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)闊三間(jian)(jian),進深(shen)三間(jian)(jian),穿(chuan)斗式硬山(shan)(shan)頂(ding)。飛(fei)山(shan)(shan)廟(miao)位于(yu)山(shan)(shan)麓(lu),為(wei)清康熙年間(jian)(jian)續修邊墻、鎮壓“紅苗”的副將(jiang)賀國(guo)賢建(jian),現(xian)存戲樓、兩(liang)廂、正殿,建(jian)筑面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積1145.10平方米。
銅仁先后(hou)建(jian)(jian)有川(chuan)主(zhu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)、萬壽宮(gong)(gong)(gong)、禹王宮(gong)(gong)(gong)、天后(hou)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)等會館建(jian)(jian)筑。川(chuan)主(zhu)宮(gong)(gong)(gong)又(you)稱(cheng)(cheng)川(chuan)主(zhu)廟,始建(jian)(jian)于明洪(hong)武(wu)八年(nian)(nian)(1375年(nian)(nian)),其后(hou)屢(lv)有修葺。清光緒四年(nian)(nian)(1878年(nian)(nian))增建(jian)(jian)完善。坐西北向東南。中軸對稱(cheng)(cheng)。自(zi)東南而西北依(yi)次為碼(ma)頭(tou)、牌樓大(da)門(men)、戲樓、正(zheng)殿(dian)、兩廂、觀音殿(dian)等。現存牌樓大(da)門(men)、戲樓、正(zheng)殿(dian)、兩廂等。建(jian)(jian)筑群(qun)背山面(mian)(mian)水,占地面(mian)(mian)積5000平(ping)方米(mi)(mi),建(jian)(jian)筑面(mian)(mian)積1200平(ping)方米(mi)(mi)。正(zheng)殿(dian)面(mian)(mian)闊(kuo)五間(jian)(jian)(jian),通面(mian)(mian)闊(kuo)21.7米(mi)(mi),進深三間(jian)(jian)(jian),通進深8.9米(mi)(mi)。前帶(dai)抱廈(sha),面(mian)(mian)闊(kuo)三間(jian)(jian)(jian),通面(mian)(mian)闊(kuo)13.5米(mi)(mi),進深一間(jian)(jian)(jian)3.6米(mi)(mi),穿斗式封火山墻(qiang)青瓦頂。梁(liang)(liang)架上(shang)用(yong)駝峰及象頭(tou)形穿插枋。脊瓜柱兩側用(yong)云紋飾叉手支撐(cheng)。格扇門(men)窗。大(da)梁(liang)(liang)題(ti)記隱約可見(jian)。左廂維護墻(qiang)上(shang)嵌清咸(xian)豐(feng)、同治(zhi)年(nian)(nian)間(jian)(jian)(jian)記事及告示碑5通。
銅(tong)仁現存(cun)城(cheng)門(men)兩座,碼頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)4處,東山—江(jiang)宗門(men)—后水(shui)門(men)段城(cheng)墻1800余米(mi)。城(cheng)墻多臨水(shui)而建,皆以料石(shi)砌筑(zhu)。碼頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)有嚴格(ge)分工,除下(xia)南門(men)碼頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)為(wei)關(guan)卡(ka)外,其余均為(wei)貨運(yun)碼頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)。便水(shui)門(men)碼頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)、江(jiang)宗門(men)碼頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)專門(men)停靠錦江(jiang)上游(you)(you)、梵(fan)凈山下(xia)來的(de)桐油、花(hua)生、木材、煙草、藥材、豬鬃、朱(zhu)砂、水(shui)銀等土特產。中南門(men)碼頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)、西門(men)碼頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)為(wei)運(yun)往湖南常(chang)德等地的(de)土特產和下(xia)游(you)(you)運(yun)來的(de)棉花(hua)、布匹、糖果、瓷器等物(wu)資裝卸用。川主宮碼頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)為(wei)四川人專用,川鹽由此上岸并轉運(yun)黔(qian)中各(ge)地。明清時代,中南門(men)碼頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)位(wei)居銅(tong)仁各(ge)大碼頭(tou)(tou)(tou)(tou)之(zhi)首,現仍在使用中。
明清(qing)以來,隨著“五(wu)溪”之一(yi)的錦江(又稱辰(chen)水(shui)、麻(ma)陽江)水(shui)運日趨發達(da),外省(sheng)客商(shang)逆江深入(ru)武陵腹(fu)地(di)(di),使苗鄉古城、武陵明珠銅仁迅速崛起,大批具有(you)徽派(pai)建筑特(te)點的民居(ju)相繼落成,終形成具有(you)11條街巷、135棟(dong)商(shang)住合一(yi)的中南門(men)民居(ju)建筑群。湘鄂西革命根(gen)據(ju)地(di)(di)創建人(ren)之一(yi)、賀(he)龍同志(zhi)入(ru)黨介紹人(ren)周逸群烈士的故居(ju)也(ye)位(wei)居(ju)其中。
中(zhong)山路兩側及雙(shuang)江路。其建(jian)筑(zhu)布局多(duo)為前店(dian)(dian)后宅或(huo)前店(dian)(dian)后坊,店(dian)(dian)鋪后為多(duo)進院(yuan)、帶天井的(de)四合大(da)院(yuan)。平面上(shang)多(duo)為小面闊、大(da)進深(shen)的(de)格局,滿足(zu)了在(zai)臨街方向爭得一(yi)席經營的(de)需求。店(dian)(dian)鋪多(duo)為兩層,為避(bi)雨和(he)遮陽(yang),常做(zuo)(zuo)成兩重檐(當地叫眉毛廈),采用產自梵凈(jing)山的(de)粗大(da)椿木(mu)或(huo)柏木(mu)做(zuo)(zuo)抬梁,其直徑(jing)均在(zai)35厘(li)米以上(shang)。
東山(shan)古建筑群具有重要(yao)文物價值,堪稱武陵(ling)山(shan)區、錦(jin)江河畔的一顆(ke)明(ming)珠。
“銅(tong)仁”早稱“銅(tong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)”,曾(ceng)置銅(tong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)大(da)小(xiao)江(jiang)等處(chu)長官司。相(xiang)傳元(yuan)代有(you)漁民在大(da)江(jiang)、小(xiao)江(jiang)交匯處(chu)的巨崖(ya)下揀到(dao)三尊小(xiao)銅(tong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren),巨崖(ya)因此稱“銅(tong)崖(ya)”,其(qi)地(di)因此稱“銅(tong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)”。不論傳說是(shi)(shi)否可信(xin),發源于武陵山主峰梵(fan)凈山的大(da)江(jiang)、小(xiao)江(jiang)在銅(tong)仁相(xiang)匯則是(shi)(shi)不爭的事實。如(ru)果沒(mei)有(you)梵(fan)凈山,如(ru)果沒(mei)有(you)大(da)小(xiao)江(jiang),恐怕不會有(you)銅(tong)仁。
憑借(jie)從梵凈山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)流(liu)下的(de)(de)錦(jin)江,可達百里(li)洞庭,銅仁因此(ci)成(cheng)為武(wu)陵(ling)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)大商埠(bu),僅碼(ma)(ma)頭就(jiu)多達六七座。銅仁碼(ma)(ma)頭是(shi)武(wu)陵(ling)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)面向中州(zhou)大地的(de)(de)重要窗口。銅仁東(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)建(jian)筑(zhu)群的(de)(de)形成(cheng),得益于(yu)武(wu)陵(ling)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)自然和特(te)產。因此(ci),可以說,銅仁東(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)古(gu)建(jian)筑(zhu)群是(shi)觀察(cha)武(wu)陵(ling)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)區(qu)(qu)豐富資源(yuan)的(de)(de)窗口。
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)秦漢(han)時為(wei)“武陵(ling)(ling)蠻(man)”居(ju)住(zhu)地(di)(di),唐(tang)宋(song)時為(wei)“五(wu)溪蠻(man)”居(ju)住(zhu)地(di)(di)。“武陵(ling)(ling)蠻(man)”、“五(wu)溪蠻(man)”是(shi)(shi)以苗族(zu)(zu)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)體的(de)(de)眾(zhong)多少數民(min)族(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)祖先。元代銅(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)置“銅(tong)(tong)(tong)人(ren)大小江(jiang)等處蠻(man)夷長官司”。明(ming)永樂十一(yi)年(nian)(1413年(nian))“改土歸流(liu)”,建(jian)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)府(fu)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)是(shi)(shi)開(kai)發(fa)較早的(de)(de)民(min)族(zu)(zu)地(di)(di)區(qu)之一(yi)。自(zi)明(ming)清以來(lai),錦江(jiang)水(shui)運日(ri)趨發(fa)達(da),大批湖南、江(jiang)西客(ke)商逆江(jiang)來(lai)到銅(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren),與(yu)當地(di)(di)少數民(min)族(zu)(zu)共同開(kai)發(fa)武陵(ling)(ling)山(shan)區(qu),再加上川(chuan)鹽入黔,促進(jin)了銅(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)府(fu)的(de)(de)發(fa)展與(yu)繁榮。與(yu)此同時,銅(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)還是(shi)(shi)歷代封建(jian)王朝(chao)“開(kai)辟(pi)苗疆”的(de)(de)前沿陣地(di)(di),民(min)族(zu)(zu)沖突(tu)時有發(fa)生。反(fan)映在古(gu)建(jian)筑(zhu)方(fang)面(mian),即有“經兵火,樓盡(jin)毀”、“郡(jun)署毀于苗”等記載。但從(cong)另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)看,“前沿陣地(di)(di)”利(li)于加速文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)與(yu)融合,從(cong)而使銅(tong)(tong)(tong)仁(ren)(ren)成(cheng)為(wei)少數民(min)族(zu)(zu)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)與(yu)中原傳統(tong)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)水(shui)乳交(jiao)融之地(di)(di)。譬如(ru)石庫(ku)(ku)門上浮雕(diao)八(ba)(ba)卦、八(ba)(ba)仙(xian)、古(gu)錢、萬字、魚形(xing)水(shui)草、水(shui)牛(niu)(niu)望月(yue)、山(shan)羊(yang)銜芝、牛(niu)(niu)角守門等圖案。將葉子刻成(cheng)鯉魚形(xing),將犀牛(niu)(niu)望月(yue)刻成(cheng)水(shui)牛(niu)(niu)望月(yue),將野鹿含芝刻成(cheng)山(shan)羊(yang)含芝,特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)將水(shui)牛(niu)(niu)角鐫刻于石庫(ku)(ku)門上以示水(shui)牛(niu)(niu)把門,都是(shi)(shi)苗族(zu)(zu)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)典(dian)型標志。在武陵(ling)(ling)山(shan)區(qu),魚不僅是(shi)(shi)富裕的(de)(de)象征,還是(shi)(shi)繁榮的(de)(de)標志,而水(shui)牛(niu)(niu)則為(wei)苗族(zu)(zu)村民(min)的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要崇拜對象。東(dong)山(shan)古(gu)建(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun)是(shi)(shi)研究(jiu)武陵(ling)(ling)地(di)(di)區(qu)民(min)族(zu)(zu)關系的(de)(de)實物資料。
與東(dong)山(shan)遙相對應,在(zai)(zai)大、小兩(liang)江(jiang)(jiang)匯流處有一(yi)(yi)座聳立于江(jiang)(jiang)心的銅(tong)巖,正(zheng)德十一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)參議蔡湖(hu)在(zai)(zai)巖上(shang)(shang)(shang)建(jian)跨鰲(ao)亭(ting)(ting),期盼銅(tong)仁(ren)(ren)生員科舉考試能獨(du)占(zhan)鰲(ao)頭。康熙四十九年(nian)(nian)(1710年(nian)(nian))知(zhi)府蘇稷改銅(tong)巖為小金山(shan),增建(jian)上(shang)(shang)(shang)下兩(liang)亭(ting)(ting),后人撰楹聯一(yi)(yi)副(fu):“雙亭(ting)(ting)蕩云(yun)海,一(yi)(yi)柱砥(di)風(feng)濤”,又在(zai)(zai)巖壁上(shang)(shang)(shang)題“中流砥(di)柱”四個(ge)大字。1993年(nian)(nian),銅(tong)仁(ren)(ren)市人民(min)(min)政府重修跨鰲(ao)亭(ting)(ting),為三(san)檐六(liu)角攢尖頂(ding),高(gao)18米(mi)。沿江(jiang)(jiang)而下有水(shui)(shui)(shui)星(xing)閣(ge),它建(jian)在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)面(mian)傍山(shan)、三(san)面(mian)環水(shui)(shui)(shui)的地方(fang),上(shang)(shang)(shang)方(fang)有漁(yu)梁灘(tan),每當(dang)皓月(yue)當(dang)空,江(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)潺潺,碧波點(dian)點(dian),構成“漁(yu)梁夜月(yue)”勝(sheng)景。明嘉靖十四年(nian)(nian)(1535年(nian)(nian))知(zhi)府魏文相在(zai)(zai)火星(xing)巖上(shang)(shang)(shang)開鑿一(yi)(yi)池,大書一(yi)(yi)個(ge)“水(shui)(shui)(shui)”字,據說(shuo)是(shi)以水(shui)(shui)(shui)克(ke)水(shui)(shui)(shui),又建(jian)一(yi)(yi)閣(ge)為民(min)(min)禳災祈(qi)福,康熙九年(nian)(nian)(1670年(nian)(nian))知(zhi)縣趙景福在(zai)(zai)原址建(jian)閣(ge),易名水(shui)(shui)(shui)星(xing)閣(ge)。