原寺坐(zuo)北向南,包(bao)括(kuo)山門、前殿、門樓、后殿、東、西配殿等(deng)建筑(zhu)。寺拆毀于1952年,現僅存(cun)佛塔一座(zuo)。
此塔(ta)(ta)為(wei)八角(jiao)密(mi)檐(yan)式(shi)實心磚(zhuan)塔(ta)(ta),由塔(ta)(ta)基(ji)、塔(ta)(ta)身及(ji)7層(ceng)密(mi)檐(yan)三部分組成,高19.1米(mi)(mi)(mi)。塔(ta)(ta)基(ji)呈(cheng)須彌座(zuo)式(shi),高3.5米(mi)(mi)(mi),圍(wei)長24.8米(mi)(mi)(mi)。其(qi)束腰部分磚(zhuan)雕(diao)幾何圖案及(ji)花紋(wen),現已(yi)殘損(sun);上(shang)層(ceng)須彌座(zuo)有斗拱及(ji)勾(gou)欄(lan)平座(zuo),座(zuo)上(shang)磚(zhuan)雕(diao)三層(ceng)碩大的(de)仰蓮蓮瓣以(yi)承托塔(ta)(ta)身。塔(ta)(ta)身層(ceng)高3.6米(mi)(mi)(mi),正南面(mian)辟券(quan)(quan)門佛龕,高2米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬(kuan)1米(mi)(mi)(mi),壁厚0.72米(mi)(mi)(mi),龕壁正面(mian)墨書“界納須彌”四字。其(qi)它各面(mian)間作磚(zhuan)雕(diao)隔扇券(quan)(quan)門及(ji)破棱(leng)盲窗,每窗上(shang)方嵌梵文石刻(ke)。塔(ta)(ta)第一層(ceng)檐(yan)置磚(zhuan)雕(diao)斗栱(gong),每面(mian)三攢挑出塔(ta)(ta)檐(yan),以(yi)上(shang)諸層(ceng)為(wei)疊(die)澀出檐(yan),塔(ta)(ta)檐(yan)自上(shang)而下逐層(ceng)遞減。各層(ceng)木質角(jiao)梁上(shang)原系風鐸(duo),今已(yi)無存。因塔(ta)(ta)頂層(ceng)破損(sun)缺失(shi),塔(ta)(ta)剎形制不(bu)詳。
此塔(ta)雖未(wei)見(jian)各種文獻記載,但其建(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)工藝和藝術風格均與涿州古城(cheng)區內的智度(du)寺塔(ta)、云居寺塔(ta)相同,尤(you)其是磚制斗栱形制做法一致(zhi),為遼(liao)代建(jian)(jian)筑無疑。其雕工精細、構(gou)飾華(hua)美、造(zao)(zao)型(xing)(xing)優雅(ya)、比例協調,不(bu)失為遼(liao)代密檐式塔(ta)的典型(xing)(xing)建(jian)(jian)筑。
保定(ding)市文物局透露,國(guo)務院日前核定(ding)公布了第七批(pi)全國(guo)重點文物保護單位,涿州永(yong)安寺塔包括在內。
佛(fo)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),密(mi)檐式磚塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta),南向,八角形,面(mian)積42.54平(ping)方米(mi),殘高約18.82米(mi),整(zheng)體由塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)座、塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)身、塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)檐、塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)剎四部分組(zu)成。此(ci)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)因年久修(xiu)殘損嚴重,塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)座的雕刻裝(zhuang)飾已無存,塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)身磚仿木構(gou)件嚴重破損,塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)檐頂(ding)層(ceng)塌毀,塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)剎無存式樣不詳(xiang)。
塔(ta)(ta)基座(zuo),為(wei)(wei)(wei)須彌座(zuo)式,包括蓮(lian)臺(tai)總高4.68米,按(an)殘(can)存(cun)外皮(pi)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)砌(qi)法束腰(yao)處有“壸門(men)(men)”裝飾,現(xian)已全部無(wu)存(cun)。座(zuo)上(shang)(shang)枋置仿(fang)木構斗栱,每(mei)(mei)面(mian)(mian)(mian)三(san)朵挑出平臺(tai),上(shang)(shang)置仿(fang)木制(zhi)鉤欄,現(xian)僅(jin)存(cun)局部。平臺(tai)上(shang)(shang)再置蓮(lian)臺(tai),蓮(lian)臺(tai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)三(san)層(ceng)(ceng)仰蓮(lian),其蓮(lian)瓣亦(yi)部分殘(can)缺。塔(ta)(ta)身,八面(mian)(mian)(mian)八角(jiao)(jiao)形,高2.92米,每(mei)(mei)面(mian)(mian)(mian)寬2.42米,皆飾以(yi)仿(fang)木磚(zhuan)(zhuan)制(zhi)構件。塔(ta)(ta)身每(mei)(mei)面(mian)(mian)(mian)每(mei)(mei)角(jiao)(jiao)置磚(zhuan)(zhuan)雕幢(chuang)形壁(bi)柱。東(dong)、南(nan)、西、北四面(mian)(mian)(mian)辟券(quan)門(men)(men),券(quan)眉飾磚(zhuan)(zhuan)雕卷葉(xie)紋(wen)。除正(zheng)南(nan)面(mian)(mian)(mian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)券(quan)洞(dong),其它(ta)三(san)面(mian)(mian)(mian)皆為(wei)(wei)(wei)裝飾假門(men)(men)。假門(men)(men)為(wei)(wei)(wei)仿(fang)木制(zhi)槅扇門(men)(men)。四隅面(mian)(mian)(mian)辟直楞盲窗,每(mei)(mei)窗眉上(shang)(shang)鑲方(fang)石刻梵(fan)文裝飾,現(xian)西北面(mian)(mian)(mian)方(fang)石丟失。塔(ta)(ta)檐(yan)(yan)(yan),因(yin)五(wu)層(ceng)(ceng)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)塔(ta)(ta)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)及塔(ta)(ta)剎殘(can)損缺失,按(an)現(xian)存(cun)狀況測定應為(wei)(wei)(wei)七(qi)層(ceng)(ceng)。由塔(ta)(ta)身往上(shang)(shang)第(di)一(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)仿(fang)木式構架,以(yi)上(shang)(shang)六(liu)層(ceng)(ceng)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)制(zhi)疊澀(se)出檐(yan)(yan)(yan),現(xian)存(cun)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)部總高10.2米。第(di)一(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)普柏枋下置磚(zhuan)(zhuan)雕如(ru)意云紋(wen)掛(gua)落,每(mei)(mei)面(mian)(mian)(mian)四幅。普柏枋上(shang)(shang)置磚(zhuan)(zhuan)雕斗栱,每(mei)(mei)面(mian)(mian)(mian)三(san)朵,檐(yan)(yan)(yan)枋上(shang)(shang)排列木制(zhi)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)椽(chuan),木椽(chuan)頭及角(jiao)(jiao)梁頭均(jun)有吊掛(gua)風(feng)鐸穿孔。七(qi)層(ceng)(ceng)塔(ta)(ta)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)的角(jiao)(jiao)梁均(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)木制(zhi)。
塔(ta),源(yuan)于梵語“窣堵坡”,為葬奉(feng)(feng)佛(fo)(fo)祖釋(shi)迦牟尼遺骨的(de)(de)佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)建(jian)(jian)筑。東漢(han)時佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)傳(chuan)入中(zhong)國(guo),開(kai)(kai)始出(chu)(chu)現了佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)僧人修行的(de)(de)寺院(yuan)建(jian)(jian)筑,后供(gong)奉(feng)(feng)佛(fo)(fo)骨的(de)(de)佛(fo)(fo)塔(ta)建(jian)(jian)筑也開(kai)(kai)始出(chu)(chu)現。隨著外來佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)中(zhong)國(guo)化(hua)的(de)(de)演變,其建(jian)(jian)筑也顯(xian)示(shi)出(chu)(chu)了中(zhong)國(guo)化(hua)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)造風格(ge),塔(ta)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑變化(hua)為突出(chu)(chu)。塔(ta)在中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑形(xing)成中(zhong)主(zhu)要有三類:一(yi)是樓閣(ge)式(shi),二(er)是密檐(yan)式(shi),三是藏式(shi)。樓閣(ge)式(shi)塔(ta)是中(zhong)國(guo)傳(chuan)統樓閣(ge)建(jian)(jian)筑的(de)(de)延續,密檐(yan)式(shi)塔(ta)是按佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)教(jiao)(jiao)義與樓閣(ge)式(shi)塔(ta)建(jian)(jian)筑造形(xing)相結(jie)合變化(hua)而來;藏式(shi)塔(ta)是藏傳(chuan)佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)塔(ta)的(de)(de)造形(xing),也是接近原始“窣堵坡”造形(xing)的(de)(de)塔(ta)。
在我國塔的建造興于(yu)漢末,盛于(yu)唐宋。
涿州(zhou)地處河(he)北(bei)省北(bei)部(bu),與北(bei)京市接壤,宋(song)時曾(ceng)為遼屬(shu)地。遼統治北(bei)方兩百多年,因契丹人崇尚佛教,故佛教文化在此(ci)局部(bu)地區得有一個發展的高峰(feng)期。
據《涿州(zhou)志(zhi)》載(zai),當時(shi)(shi)涿州(zhou)幾乎村(cun)村(cun)有(you)廟(miao),信眾云云,永安寺佛(fo)(fo)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)亦為(wei)(wei)(wei)此時(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)。塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)體造(zao)(zao)形(xing)循(xun)規儀(yi)矩,不(bu)(bu)越法度。其(qi)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)座、身、檐(yan)三(san)段比例適宜,塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)檐(yan)卷殺明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)輪廓(kuo)和(he)緩,形(xing)制(zhi)優美而莊嚴。尤其(qi)是(shi)(shi)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)構(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)用,充分(fen)顯(xian)示了(le)(le)密檐(yan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)佛(fo)(fo)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)特點。整(zheng)座塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)均(jun)(jun)置于舉目可視的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)層檐(yan)以(yi)下,即塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)座、塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)身兩部分(fen),與塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)身以(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)諸層塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)檐(yan)無(wu)任何(he)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作法形(xing)成了(le)(le)鮮明(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對比,表(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)出了(le)(le)繁而襯簡、紋而補(bu)素、華而不(bu)(bu)奢、形(xing)而見意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)理念(nian)。塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)性構(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian),主要分(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)兩大類(lei)。一(yi)類(lei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)磚(zhuan)仿木(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)構(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian);一(yi)類(lei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)表(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)文(wen)化特征的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)磚(zhuan)、石雕(diao)(diao)刻(ke)(ke)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)物。其(qi)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)構(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)雕(diao)(diao)刻(ke)(ke)制(zhi)作精細(xi),且式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)具有(you)明(ming)(ming)顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)代(dai)特征與地方(fang)特色(se)。磚(zhuan)仿木(mu)(mu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)構(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi),包括基座平臺(tai)和(he)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)身及一(yi)層檐(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構(gou)(gou)(gou)架及門(men)窗(chuang)。基座上枋為(wei)(wei)(wei)斗(dou)栱挑出平臺(tai),上置鉤(gou)欄,其(qi)斗(dou)栱因殘(can)(can)損不(bu)(bu)全,亦能推測為(wei)(wei)(wei)單(dan)(dan)挑四(si)(si)鋪式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。鉤(gou)欄部分(fen)現(xian)(xian)(xian)已殘(can)(can)缺(que),只保留了(le)(le)一(yi)塊華板的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局部。塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)身為(wei)(wei)(wei)磚(zhuan)仿木(mu)(mu)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)構(gou)(gou)(gou)架,檐(yan)部斗(dou)栱為(wei)(wei)(wei)單(dan)(dan)杪四(si)(si)鋪作帶斜栱,這(zhe)種(zhong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)斗(dou)栱是(shi)(shi)遼代(dai)大式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)中常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作法,也(ye)是(shi)(shi)遼代(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)中具代(dai)表(biao)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)構(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)。門(men)窗(chuang)造(zao)(zao)形(xing)逼真,且表(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)出同時(shi)(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)。窗(chuang)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)較簡單(dan)(dan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)當時(shi)(shi)通(tong)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)破子欞(ling)(ling)(ling)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)盲(mang)窗(chuang)。門(men)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)卻(que)多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)富于變(bian)化,正南面(mian)辟券(quan)(quan)洞門(men),其(qi)東、西、北(bei)三(san)面(mian)均(jun)(jun)為(wei)(wei)(wei)磚(zhuan)仿木(mu)(mu)槅扇(shan)門(men)。現(xian)(xian)(xian)北(bei)面(mian)殘(can)(can)缺(que)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)不(bu)(bu)明(ming)(ming),東面(mian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)槅扇(shan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)花(hua)欞(ling)(ling)(ling)門(men),格(ge)心欞(ling)(ling)(ling)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)四(si)(si)交(jiao)花(hua)欞(ling)(ling)(ling)。現(xian)(xian)(xian)存(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)木(mu)(mu)制(zhi)實物有(you)山西朔縣(xian)崇(chong)福(fu)寺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彌陀(tuo)殿,存(cun)(cun)有(you)這(zhe)種(zhong)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)格(ge)窗(chuang)(彌陀(tuo)殿建(jian)(jian)(jian)于金代(dai))。西門(men)亦為(wei)(wei)(wei)槅扇(shan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)花(hua)欞(ling)(ling)(ling)門(men),格(ge)心欞(ling)(ling)(ling)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)正雙(shuang)交(jiao)花(hua)欞(ling)(ling)(ling),這(zhe)種(zhong)欞(ling)(ling)(ling)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)又(you)是(shi)(shi)較多(duo)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),由唐至清(qing)均(jun)(jun)有(you)存(cun)(cun)在。壁柱在磚(zhuan)仿木(mu)(mu)佛(fo)(fo)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)中常見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)圓柱或八(ba)棱柱,此塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壁柱確采用了(le)(le)佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)特有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石經幢形(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),即表(biao)明(ming)(ming)佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內涵,又(you)憑添了(le)(le)許(xu)多(duo)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)性,這(zhe)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)地方(fang)特色(se)突出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部位。佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)文(wen)化特征的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)主要是(shi)(shi)蓮臺(tai),位于塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)基座的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頂部,以(yi)磚(zhuan)雕(diao)(diao)三(san)層碩大蓮瓣承托塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)身,這(zhe)種(zhong)結構(gou)(gou)(gou)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)使塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)形(xing)華美秀麗,并使整(zheng)座建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)有(you)脫塵(chen)出俗(su)之感。再有(you)四(si)(si)隅(yu)面(mian)盲(mang)窗(chuang)上鑲嵌的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)四(si)(si)塊梵文(wen)刻(ke)(ke)石、凸顯(xian)著唐代(dai)遺風(feng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)券(quan)(quan)楣卷草雕(diao)(diao)刻(ke)(ke)、以(yi)及闌額外(wai)如意(yi)云頭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雕(diao)(diao)刻(ke)(ke)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)等,無(wu)不(bu)(bu)表(biao)現(xian)(xian)(xian)出佛(fo)(fo)教(jiao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)中佛(fo)(fo)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)(ta)特有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)造(zao)(zao)風(feng)格(ge)和(he)文(wen)化屬性。
永安寺(si)佛塔(ta)距今已近千年的歷史(shi),它是時代(dai)建筑(zhu)特(te)色(se)的見證(zheng),具有很(hen)高的歷史(shi)價值(zhi)、科(ke)學價值(zhi)和藝術價值(zhi),是遼(liao)代(dai)密檐(yan)式佛塔(ta)的代(dai)表作之一。