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基本介紹

北戴河近代建筑建設可追溯到，1917年在此修建了中國第一條旅游鐵路支線后就進入繁榮時期，七年間共增建別墅273幢。北(bei)(bei)戴河(he)近代建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群。加上以前三十(shi)多年(nian)建(jian)(jian)的253幢，到1924年(nian)北(bei)(bei)戴河(he)海(hai)(hai)濱(bin)有(you)中外(wai)別(bie)墅(shu)(shu)樓526幢，其中中國人的別(bie)墅(shu)(shu)占四分之一(yi)；以后的二(er)十(shi)四年(nian)間，又建(jian)(jian)新別(bie)墅(shu)(shu)193幢，中國人的占了(le)一(yi)半。這(zhe)些建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)分布在(zai)北(bei)(bei)戴河(he)海(hai)(hai)濱(bin)自西聯峰山到鴿子窩沿海(hai)(hai)，總面(mian)積(ji)18平方公里。如喬和別(bie)墅(shu)(shu)，又名瑞士小姐樓，位(wei)于北(bei)(bei)戴河(he)安二(er)路5號，今水利部(bu)北(bei)(bei)戴河(he)療養(yang)院(yuan)內。建(jian)(jian)于20世紀20年(nian)代，坐北(bei)(bei)向南，為地(di)下一(yi)層(ceng)，地(di)上兩層(ceng)，毛石(shi)基礎，墻體(ti)為磚砌(qi)(qi)水刷(shua)石(shi)貼面(mian)，局部(bu)為毛石(shi)壘(lei)砌(qi)(qi)，歐式堡壘(lei)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。該(gai)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)型獨特(te)，風格優雅，占地(di)面(mian)積(ji)較大，有(you)附屬花(hua)園(yuan)，園(yuan)內種(zhong)有(you)珍奇(qi)花(hua)木(mu)，環(huan)境(jing)優美，是目前北(bei)(bei)戴河(he)優秀(xiu)近代建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。

北(bei)戴河(he)近(jin)(jin)代(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)群的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)，最早(zao)可以(yi)追溯到19世紀末，自(zi)1917年(nian)北(bei)戴河(he)海濱(bin)(bin)修建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)了(le)(le)中(zhong)(zhong)國第一(yi)(yi)條(tiao)旅游鐵路支線后(hou)就進(jin)入繁榮時期。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)1917年(nian)增加13幢(chuang)(chuang)，1918年(nian)增加39幢(chuang)(chuang)，1919年(nian)增加32幢(chuang)(chuang)，1920年(nian)增加16幢(chuang)(chuang)，1921年(nian)增加57幢(chuang)(chuang)，1922年(nian)增加80幢(chuang)(chuang)，1923年(nian)增加36幢(chuang)(chuang)，7年(nian)間共(gong)增建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)別(bie)(bie)墅273幢(chuang)(chuang)，加上以(yi)前30多(duo)年(nian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)253幢(chuang)(chuang)，到1924年(nian)北(bei)戴河(he)海濱(bin)(bin)有(you)(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)外(wai)別(bie)(bie)墅樓(lou)526幢(chuang)(chuang)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)國人別(bie)(bie)墅占(zhan)(zhan)四(si)分(fen)之一(yi)(yi)，以(yi)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)24年(nian)間，又建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)新別(bie)(bie)墅193幢(chuang)(chuang)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)國人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)(zhan)了(le)(le)一(yi)(yi)半。但(dan)從總數看(kan)，中(zhong)(zhong)國人建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)別(bie)(bie)墅還是大(da)大(da)少于外(wai)國人建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)別(bie)(bie)墅。別(bie)(bie)墅樓(lou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數字變化，也反映了(le)(le)北(bei)戴河(he)海濱(bin)(bin)自(zi)1898年(nian)被(bei)清政府(fu)辟為(wei)(wei)(wei)"允中(zhong)(zhong)外(wai)人士雜居(ju)"的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)避暑(shu)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展過程(cheng)。這(zhe)些(xie)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)各(ge)異且(qie)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)某些(xie)共(gong)同(tong)特點的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)別(bie)(bie)墅樓(lou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)者，多(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)外(wai)國人，而建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造者則都是中(zhong)(zhong)國人。北(bei)戴河(he)當地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)包(bao)工頭以(yi)草(cao)廠村的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)闞向(xiang)舞(wu)最為(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)名，他因與德國建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)設(she)計(ji)師(shi)魏迪錫及蓋林合(he)作承包(bao)了(le)(le)不(bu)少工程(cheng)而發(fa)了(le)(le)大(da)財。這(zhe)些(xie)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)分(fen)布(bu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)北(bei)戴河(he)海濱(bin)(bin)自(zi)西(xi)聯峰山至鴿(ge)子窩沿海三里范圍內，總面(mian)(mian)(mian)積18平(ping)方公(gong)里。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)風格(ge)(ge)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)西(xi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)別(bie)(bie)墅，北(bei)戴河(he)近(jin)(jin)代(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)稍有(you)(you)(you)(you)變化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)矩(ju)形(xing)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)(mian)，也有(you)(you)(you)(you)變化多(duo)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)面(mian)(mian)(mian)；多(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)單(dan)層建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，部(bu)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)二、三層建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)；簡(jian)單(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)四(si)坡屋頂；一(yi)(yi)面(mian)(mian)(mian)、二面(mian)(mian)(mian)、三面(mian)(mian)(mian)或者四(si)面(mian)(mian)(mian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)外(wai)廊，外(wai)廊進(jin)深很大(da)。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)占(zhan)(zhan)地(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積大(da)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物居(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)，周(zhou)圍空地(di)多(duo)，院內廣植(zhi)花(hua)草(cao)樹(shu)木(mu)，環(huan)境良好，非常適(shi)宜(yi)休閑避暑(shu)。這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)風格(ge)(ge)是西(xi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)殖(zhi)民(min)地(di)尤其(qi)是熱(re)帶地(di)區根據當地(di)氣候、居(ju)住(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需要，結合(he)當地(di)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)形(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)風格(ge)(ge)，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點是通風良好，適(shi)宜(yi)室外(wai)長廊活動，這(zhe)在(zai)(zai)(zai)有(you)(you)(you)(you)關北(bei)戴河(he)近(jin)(jin)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文獻(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)屢(lv)屢(lv)提(ti)到，北(bei)戴河(he)大(da)部(bu)分(fen)近(jin)(jin)代(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)殖(zhi)民(min)式(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。北(bei)戴河(he)還有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)近(jin)(jin)代(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體量較大(da)，設(she)計(ji)優美，現狀保存良好，這(zhe)些(xie)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)風格(ge)(ge)是將(jiang)西(xi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)風格(ge)(ge)相融合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)折衷主義建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)風格(ge)(ge)。已經(jing)申報為(wei)(wei)(wei)全國重點文物保護單(dan)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)近(jin)(jin)代(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。