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基本介紹

北戴河近代建筑建設可追溯到，1917年在此修建了中國第一條旅游鐵路支線后就進入繁榮時期，七年間共增建別墅273幢。北(bei)(bei)戴(dai)河(he)(he)近代(dai)(dai)建(jian)筑群。加上(shang)以前(qian)三十多(duo)年(nian)建(jian)的253幢(chuang)，到1924年(nian)北(bei)(bei)戴(dai)河(he)(he)海(hai)濱有(you)中外別墅(shu)樓526幢(chuang)，其中中國人的別墅(shu)占四分之一；以后(hou)的二十四年(nian)間，又(you)建(jian)新別墅(shu)193幢(chuang)，中國人的占了一半(ban)。這些建(jian)筑分布在北(bei)(bei)戴(dai)河(he)(he)海(hai)濱自西聯峰(feng)山到鴿(ge)子窩沿海(hai)，總面積18平(ping)方公(gong)里。如喬和別墅(shu)，又(you)名瑞士小姐樓，位(wei)于北(bei)(bei)戴(dai)河(he)(he)安二路5號，今水利部北(bei)(bei)戴(dai)河(he)(he)療養院內(nei)(nei)。建(jian)于20世紀(ji)20年(nian)代(dai)(dai)，坐(zuo)北(bei)(bei)向南，為地(di)下一層，地(di)上(shang)兩層，毛石(shi)基(ji)礎(chu)，墻體為磚砌水刷石(shi)貼面，局部為毛石(shi)壘(lei)(lei)砌，歐式堡(bao)壘(lei)(lei)建(jian)筑。該(gai)建(jian)筑造(zao)型獨特，風(feng)格優(you)雅，占地(di)面積較大，有(you)附屬花園(yuan)，園(yuan)內(nei)(nei)種有(you)珍奇花木(mu)，環(huan)境優(you)美(mei)，是目前(qian)北(bei)(bei)戴(dai)河(he)(he)優(you)秀近代(dai)(dai)建(jian)筑。

北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)戴(dai)河(he)(he)近(jin)代(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)群的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)，最(zui)早可以(yi)追(zhui)溯到19世紀末，自1917年(nian)(nian)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)戴(dai)河(he)(he)海(hai)濱(bin)修建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)條旅游(you)鐵路支線后就(jiu)進入(ru)繁榮(rong)時期。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)1917年(nian)(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)13幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，1918年(nian)(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)39幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，1919年(nian)(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)32幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，1920年(nian)(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)16幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，1921年(nian)(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)57幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，1922年(nian)(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)80幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，1923年(nian)(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)(jia)36幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，7年(nian)(nian)間共增(zeng)(zeng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)別墅(shu)(shu)273幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，加(jia)(jia)上以(yi)前30多(duo)(duo)年(nian)(nian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)253幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，到1924年(nian)(nian)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)戴(dai)河(he)(he)海(hai)濱(bin)有(you)(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外(wai)別墅(shu)(shu)樓526幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)人(ren)別墅(shu)(shu)占四分(fen)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)，以(yi)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)24年(nian)(nian)間，又(you)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)新別墅(shu)(shu)193幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)占了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)半。但從總(zong)(zong)數看，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)人(ren)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)別墅(shu)(shu)還是大(da)大(da)少(shao)于外(wai)國(guo)人(ren)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)別墅(shu)(shu)。別墅(shu)(shu)樓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數字(zi)變化(hua)(hua)，也反(fan)映了(le)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)戴(dai)河(he)(he)海(hai)濱(bin)自1898年(nian)(nian)被(bei)清(qing)政府(fu)辟為"允中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外(wai)人(ren)士(shi)雜居"的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)避暑(shu)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展過程(cheng)。這(zhe)些形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)各異且(qie)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)某些共同特點的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)別墅(shu)(shu)樓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計者(zhe)，多(duo)(duo)為外(wai)國(guo)人(ren)，而建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造者(zhe)則(ze)都(dou)是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)人(ren)。北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)戴(dai)河(he)(he)當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)包工頭以(yi)草廠村的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)闞向舞最(zui)為有(you)(you)(you)(you)名，他因與德國(guo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)設(she)計師魏迪錫(xi)及蓋林合作承(cheng)包了(le)不少(shao)工程(cheng)而發了(le)大(da)財。這(zhe)些建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)分(fen)布在北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)戴(dai)河(he)(he)海(hai)濱(bin)自西聯峰山至鴿子(zi)窩沿海(hai)三(san)(san)里(li)范圍內，總(zong)(zong)面(mian)積18平(ping)方公里(li)。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)風格多(duo)(duo)為西式(shi)(shi)(shi)別墅(shu)(shu)，北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)戴(dai)河(he)(he)近(jin)代(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)為稍有(you)(you)(you)(you)變化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)矩形(xing)(xing)平(ping)面(mian)，也有(you)(you)(you)(you)變化(hua)(hua)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)面(mian)；多(duo)(duo)為單層建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，部分(fen)為二、三(san)(san)層建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)；簡單的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西式(shi)(shi)(shi)四坡屋(wu)頂；一(yi)(yi)(yi)面(mian)、二面(mian)、三(san)(san)面(mian)或者(zhe)四面(mian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)外(wai)廊，外(wai)廊進深很大(da)。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)占地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)積大(da)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)居中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，周圍空地(di)(di)(di)多(duo)(duo)，院(yuan)內廣植花草樹木(mu)，環境良(liang)好(hao)，非(fei)常適(shi)宜休閑(xian)避暑(shu)。這(zhe)種建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)風格是西式(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)在殖(zhi)民地(di)(di)(di)尤其是熱帶地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)根據當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)氣候、居住的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)，結(jie)合當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)形(xing)(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)風格，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點是通(tong)風良(liang)好(hao)，適(shi)宜室外(wai)長廊活動，這(zhe)在有(you)(you)(you)(you)關北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)戴(dai)河(he)(he)近(jin)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)獻中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屢屢提(ti)到，北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)戴(dai)河(he)(he)大(da)部分(fen)近(jin)代(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)為這(zhe)種殖(zhi)民式(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)。北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)戴(dai)河(he)(he)還有(you)(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)些近(jin)代(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體量較大(da)，設(she)計優美(mei)，現(xian)狀(zhuang)保存良(liang)好(hao)，這(zhe)些建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)風格是將西式(shi)(shi)(shi)各種建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)風格相融合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)折衷主(zhu)義建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)風格。已經申(shen)報為全國(guo)重點文(wen)物(wu)保護單位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)近(jin)代(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。