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基本介紹

北戴河近代建筑建設可追溯到，1917年在此修建了中國第一條旅游鐵路支線后就進入繁榮時期，七年間共增建別墅273幢。北(bei)(bei)戴(dai)河(he)近(jin)代建(jian)筑群。加(jia)上以前(qian)三十多年建(jian)的253幢，到(dao)1924年北(bei)(bei)戴(dai)河(he)海(hai)濱(bin)有中外(wai)別(bie)墅(shu)(shu)樓526幢，其(qi)中中國人(ren)的別(bie)墅(shu)(shu)占四(si)分之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)；以后的二十四(si)年間，又(you)建(jian)新(xin)別(bie)墅(shu)(shu)193幢，中國人(ren)的占了一(yi)(yi)(yi)半。這些建(jian)筑分布在北(bei)(bei)戴(dai)河(he)海(hai)濱(bin)自西聯(lian)峰山到(dao)鴿子窩沿(yan)海(hai)，總面積18平方公里。如喬和(he)別(bie)墅(shu)(shu)，又(you)名瑞士小姐樓，位于北(bei)(bei)戴(dai)河(he)安二路5號，今水利(li)部北(bei)(bei)戴(dai)河(he)療(liao)養院內。建(jian)于20世紀20年代，坐(zuo)北(bei)(bei)向南(nan)，為地(di)(di)下一(yi)(yi)(yi)層，地(di)(di)上兩層，毛(mao)石基(ji)礎，墻(qiang)體為磚(zhuan)砌(qi)水刷石貼面，局部為毛(mao)石壘砌(qi)，歐式堡壘建(jian)筑。該建(jian)筑造型獨特，風格(ge)優雅，占地(di)(di)面積較(jiao)大，有附屬花園(yuan)，園(yuan)內種有珍奇(qi)花木，環境優美，是目前(qian)北(bei)(bei)戴(dai)河(he)優秀近(jin)代建(jian)筑。

北(bei)(bei)(bei)戴(dai)(dai)河(he)近(jin)(jin)代(dai)(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)群的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設，最早可以追溯到(dao)(dao)19世紀末，自1917年(nian)北(bei)(bei)(bei)戴(dai)(dai)河(he)海濱(bin)修建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)了中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國第一條旅游鐵(tie)路支線后就進入繁(fan)榮時期。其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)1917年(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)13幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，1918年(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)39幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，1919年(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)32幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，1920年(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)16幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，1921年(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)57幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，1922年(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)80幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，1923年(nian)增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)36幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，7年(nian)間(jian)共增(zeng)(zeng)(zeng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)別(bie)(bie)(bie)墅273幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，加(jia)上以前30多(duo)年(nian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)253幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，到(dao)(dao)1924年(nian)北(bei)(bei)(bei)戴(dai)(dai)河(he)海濱(bin)有中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外(wai)(wai)別(bie)(bie)(bie)墅樓526幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國人別(bie)(bie)(bie)墅占(zhan)四(si)分(fen)(fen)之一，以后的(de)(de)(de)(de)24年(nian)間(jian)，又(you)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)新(xin)別(bie)(bie)(bie)墅193幢(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國人的(de)(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)了一半。但從總(zong)數看，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國人建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)別(bie)(bie)(bie)墅還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)少(shao)于外(wai)(wai)國人建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)別(bie)(bie)(bie)墅。別(bie)(bie)(bie)墅樓的(de)(de)(de)(de)數字(zi)變化(hua)，也(ye)反映了北(bei)(bei)(bei)戴(dai)(dai)河(he)海濱(bin)自1898年(nian)被清政(zheng)府(fu)辟為(wei)(wei)(wei)"允中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外(wai)(wai)人士(shi)雜(za)居(ju)"的(de)(de)(de)(de)避(bi)暑地的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展過程(cheng)。這些(xie)(xie)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)各異且(qie)具有某些(xie)(xie)共同特(te)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)別(bie)(bie)(bie)墅樓的(de)(de)(de)(de)設計(ji)者，多(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)外(wai)(wai)國人，而(er)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造者則(ze)都是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國人。北(bei)(bei)(bei)戴(dai)(dai)河(he)當地的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)包(bao)工(gong)頭以草廠村的(de)(de)(de)(de)闞向舞最為(wei)(wei)(wei)有名(ming)，他因與(yu)德(de)國建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)設計(ji)師魏迪錫及(ji)蓋林合作承(cheng)包(bao)了不(bu)少(shao)工(gong)程(cheng)而(er)發(fa)了大(da)(da)財。這些(xie)(xie)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)分(fen)(fen)布在北(bei)(bei)(bei)戴(dai)(dai)河(he)海濱(bin)自西(xi)(xi)聯峰山至鴿子窩沿(yan)海三(san)(san)里范(fan)圍內，總(zong)面積18平(ping)(ping)方公里。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)風(feng)格(ge)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)西(xi)(xi)式(shi)別(bie)(bie)(bie)墅，北(bei)(bei)(bei)戴(dai)(dai)河(he)近(jin)(jin)代(dai)(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)稍有變化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)矩(ju)形(xing)(xing)平(ping)(ping)面，也(ye)有變化(hua)多(duo)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)面；多(duo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)單層建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)，部分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)二(er)、三(san)(san)層建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)；簡單的(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)式(shi)四(si)坡屋頂；一面、二(er)面、三(san)(san)面或者四(si)面建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)有外(wai)(wai)廊(lang)，外(wai)(wai)廊(lang)進深很大(da)(da)。建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)占(zhan)地面積大(da)(da)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)居(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，周圍空地多(duo)，院內廣植花草樹木，環(huan)境良好，非常適宜休(xiu)閑(xian)避(bi)暑。這種建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)風(feng)格(ge)是(shi)(shi)(shi)西(xi)(xi)式(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)在殖民地尤其(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)熱帶地區根據當地氣候、居(ju)住的(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要，結(jie)合當地建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)形(xing)(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)風(feng)格(ge)，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)風(feng)良好，適宜室(shi)外(wai)(wai)長廊(lang)活動，這在有關北(bei)(bei)(bei)戴(dai)(dai)河(he)近(jin)(jin)代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)文(wen)獻中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屢屢提到(dao)(dao)，北(bei)(bei)(bei)戴(dai)(dai)河(he)大(da)(da)部分(fen)(fen)近(jin)(jin)代(dai)(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)這種殖民式(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)形(xing)(xing)式(shi)。北(bei)(bei)(bei)戴(dai)(dai)河(he)還(huan)有一些(xie)(xie)近(jin)(jin)代(dai)(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體量較大(da)(da)，設計(ji)優美，現(xian)狀保存良好，這些(xie)(xie)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)風(feng)格(ge)是(shi)(shi)(shi)將西(xi)(xi)式(shi)各種建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)風(feng)格(ge)相融(rong)合的(de)(de)(de)(de)折衷主義建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)風(feng)格(ge)。已經申報為(wei)(wei)(wei)全國重點(dian)文(wen)物(wu)保護單位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)近(jin)(jin)代(dai)(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。