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考古發掘

2010年9月，為配合鄭州南(nan)出(chu)口暨(ji)鄭新通道基本(ben)建設，經國家(jia)文(wen)物局(ju)批(pi)準(zhun)，河南(nan)省文(wen)物局(ju)、鄭州市文(wen)物局(ju)組織鄭州市文(wen)物考(kao)古研究院正式(shi)對(dui)望京樓遺址遺址進行考(kao)古發掘。

2010年9月(yue)至(zhi)12月(yue)，該院在(zai)對河(he)南新鄭望京樓遺(yi)址考古發(fa)掘(jue)中，發(fa)現了夏代(dai)和商代(dai)兩(liang)座(zuo)城址，并發(fa)現了外廓城，城址總面(mian)積(ji)達168萬平方(fang)米。

2011年1月12日，鄭州市文物考古研究院對外公布了一項考古發(fa)現，這(zhe)是中(zhong)原地區繼鄭州商(shang)(shang)城(cheng)、偃師二(er)里頭、偃師商(shang)(shang)城(cheng)和(he)滎(ying)陽大師姑等之后，在夏商(shang)(shang)大型城(cheng)址方(fang)面的(de)又(you)一重大發(fa)現，對我們研究中(zhong)原地區早期城(cheng)市群的(de)發(fa)展演(yan)變和(he)國(guo)家起源意(yi)義重大。

遺址結構

望京樓商代(dai)城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)保存較為完整。城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)平面近方(fang)形，方(fang)向為北偏(pian)東15°。東城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)長約590米(mi)、北城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)長約602米(mi)、南城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)長約630米(mi)、西城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)長約560米(mi)，城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)寬度(du)為10～20米(mi)，整個城(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)面積約為37萬平方(fang)米(mi)。 城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)外側(ce)為寬約15米(mi)的(de)護城(cheng)(cheng)河。

東(dong)(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻偏南發現(xian)(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)和道(dao)路(lu)，整(zheng)座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)占地2000平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)，是(shi)目(mu)前我國(guo)發現(xian)(xian)早期城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)規模大(da)、形(xing)制(zhi)完備的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)寬4.5米(mi)，呈(cheng)凹字形(xing)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)兩側有立柱柱洞及(ji)附屬(shu)建筑設施(shi)，從整(zheng)個(ge)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)的(de)結構來看，可謂是(shi)后期甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)雛(chu)形(xing)，這將中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)出現(xian)(xian)向(xiang)前推到(dao)了商代前期。道(dao)路(lu)為(wei)(wei)東(dong)(dong)西(xi)走向(xiang)，目(mu)前發掘長(chang)度為(wei)(wei)40米(mi)，寬4～6米(mi)。在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)南部(bu)發現(xian)(xian)大(da)型(xing)夯土建筑基址(zhi)一處，目(mu)前發掘面積為(wei)(wei)900平(ping)方(fang)米(mi)，為(wei)(wei)大(da)型(xing)回廊式建筑，北部(bu)為(wei)(wei)主體建筑，西(xi)、南、東(dong)(dong)為(wei)(wei)配房(fang)，中(zhong)(zhong)部(bu)為(wei)(wei)庭(ting)院。

夏代城(cheng)址位于(yu)商代城(cheng)址外側，緊鄰(lin)商城(cheng)外護(hu)城(cheng)河。

目前已確定該城址(zhi)的東(dong)城墻(qiang)及東(dong)南、東(dong)北城墻(qiang)轉(zhuan)角，其中(zhong)東(dong)城墻(qiang)長(chang)625米(mi)(mi)。城址(zhi)平面亦為方形，其護城河緊貼城墻(qiang)，寬約11米(mi)(mi)。

在距夏商(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻東(dong)北角約(yue)300米(mi)處的(de)(de)(de)馬垌村東(dong)北部(bu)及(ji)南部(bu)鉆探時(shi)發現有(you)夯土城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻外(wai)為一條人工(gong)開鑿的(de)(de)(de)壕溝(gou)，為外(wai)廓(kuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻和護(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河(he)。護(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河(he)長約(yue)1100米(mi)，寬6～25米(mi)，深3～4米(mi)，經重點勘探，其東(dong)接黃溝(gou)水，西(xi)連黃水河(he)。總體來看，望(wang)京(jing)樓(lou)遺址(zhi)西(xi)、南有(you)黃水河(he)，東(dong)有(you)黃溝(gou)水，惟北邊與陸地相通，這樣，外(wai)廓(kuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻、護(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河(he)與黃水河(he)、黃溝(gou)水一起形成一個封閉(bi)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)圈，望(wang)京(jing)樓(lou)遺址(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)夏、商(shang)二城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)均在這個大城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)圈之內。

學術意義

望(wang)(wang)京(jing)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)夏(xia)商(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)之(zhi)后，我國(guo)(guo)考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)界(jie)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)嚴文明先生和(he)李伯謙先生聞訊(xun)即(ji)親臨現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)進行(xing)實地(di)考(kao)(kao)(kao)察(cha)，指出望(wang)(wang)京(jing)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)夏(xia)商(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)為十分重(zhong)大(da)的(de)考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)。鑒(jian)于(yu)望(wang)(wang)京(jing)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)夏(xia)商(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)的(de)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)意義重(zhong)大(da)，2011年1月5日，河(he)(he)南省文物局邀請(qing)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)文物局、北京(jing)大(da)學、中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)社(she)會(hui)科學院考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)研究(jiu)所、首都(dou)師(shi)范大(da)學、南京(jing)大(da)學、山東大(da)學等(deng)單位的(de)夏(xia)商(shang)考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)在新(xin)(xin)鄭召(zhao)開“河(he)(he)南新(xin)(xin)鄭望(wang)(wang)京(jing)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)論(lun)證會(hui)”。與會(hui)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)聽取了(le)鄭州市文物考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)研究(jiu)院對(dui)(dui)新(xin)(xin)鄭望(wang)(wang)京(jing)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)遺(yi)(yi)址(zhi)(zhi)發(fa)(fa)掘情況的(de)匯報，實地(di)考(kao)(kao)(kao)察(cha)了(le)發(fa)(fa)掘現(xian)(xian)(xian)場(chang)和(he)出土文物標本，并進行(xing)了(le)科學的(de)研討和(he)論(lun)證。專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)們(men)指出：望(wang)(wang)京(jing)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)夏(xia)代(dai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)面(mian)積僅次于(yu)夏(xia)代(dai)都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)偃(yan)師(shi)二里頭(tou)，其(qi)(qi)面(mian)積之(zhi)大(da)在夏(xia)代(dai)聚落中(zhong)是極為罕(han)見的(de)，初步推(tui)測其(qi)(qi)性質可(ke)能為夏(xia)之(zhi)某一(yi)方國(guo)(guo)都(dou)邑；望(wang)(wang)京(jing)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)商(shang)代(dai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)是繼(ji)鄭州商(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、偃(yan)師(shi)商(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)后河(he)(he)南境內新(xin)(xin)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)又一(yi)座商(shang)代(dai)前期(qi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)，其(qi)(qi)規模雖遜于(yu)都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，但遠(yuan)大(da)于(yu)其(qi)(qi)他建于(yu)同時期(qi)的(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)，此可(ke)彰顯出其(qi)(qi)高(gao)等(deng)級的(de)聚落地(di)位。望(wang)(wang)京(jing)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)商(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門設施(shi)突(tu)出體現(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)濃厚的(de)軍(jun)事防御(yu)色彩，為我國(guo)(guo)較(jiao)早形制較(jiao)為完備的(de)甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。望(wang)(wang)京(jing)樓(lou)(lou)(lou)夏(xia)代(dai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)和(he)商(shang)代(dai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)位于(yu)同一(yi)地(di)點，對(dui)(dui)于(yu)探討夏(xia)商(shang)歷史、夏(xia)代(dai)晚期(qi)文化(hua)與商(shang)代(dai)早期(qi)文化(hua)更替及中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)早期(qi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池建設等(deng)問題都(dou)具有(you)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)意義，是極為重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)考(kao)(kao)(kao)古(gu)(gu)新(xin)(xin)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)(xian)。