簡介
輝(hui)發(fa)河(he)上(shang)游石棚墓(mu)位于輝(hui)發(fa)河(he)上(shang)游的(de)(de)(de)梅河(he)口市(shi)、柳河(he)縣(xian)境內。輝(hui)發(fa)河(he)是第二松花江流(liu)域中(zhong)上(shang)游的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)支(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi),其(qi)主要(yao)(yao)流(liu)經吉林省南部(bu)(bu)(bu)和遼寧(ning)省東(dong)部(bu)(bu)(bu)。在輝(hui)發(fa)河(he)上(shang)游的(de)(de)(de)兩條(tiao)主要(yao)(yao)支(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)——一(yi)統河(he)、三(san)統河(he)流(liu)域分(fen)布眾多的(de)(de)(de)石棚墓(mu)葬,現行政歸屬(shu)分(fen)屬(shu)于通化地區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)梅河(he)口市(shi)和柳河(he)縣(xian)。據1983年以來文物普(pu)查結果,目前,這(zhe)一(yi)區(qu)(qu)域共集中(zhong)發(fa)現石棚墓(mu)80余座。這(zhe)些墓(mu)葬大(da)多分(fen)布于哈達嶺山(shan)(shan)脈,海(hai)拔500—600米高的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)崗頂部(bu)(bu)(bu)或(huo)山(shan)(shan)脊上(shang),其(qi)范圍東(dong)起新(xin)開嶺堿水北溝,西至(zhi)雞冠砬(la)子。輝(hui)發(fa)河(he)上(shang)游的(de)(de)(de)石棚墓(mu)葬群是我國乃至(zhi)東(dong)北亞地區(qu)(qu)此類墓(mu)葬分(fen)布最為密集的(de)(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)域之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)。同時,也是東(dong)北亞地區(qu)(qu)石棚墓(mu)分(fen)布的(de)(de)(de)最北界(jie)線,對(dui)研究(jiu)東(dong)北亞地區(qu)(qu)這(zhe)一(yi)具(ju)有廣(guang)泛分(fen)布的(de)(de)(de)墓(mu)葬具(ju)有極(ji)為重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)意義(yi),也是反映東(dong)北亞民族(zu)關系與文化相融最佳(jia)例證(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)。
特點
在吉(ji)林(lin)省(sheng)的輝(hui)發河上游地(di)區,目(mu)前(qian)(qian)已發現石(shi)(shi)棚(peng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)80余座。這些墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)大(da)多(duo)分布于(yu)哈達嶺山(shan)脈(mo)海拔500至(zhi)600米(mi)的山(shan)崗頂(ding)部或(huo)山(shan)脊上。構(gou)筑石(shi)(shi)棚(peng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的石(shi)(shi)材多(duo)為砂(sha)礫巖(yan)、泥質員巖(yan)、片麻巖(yan),并被加工成(cheng)較規(gui)整的長方(fang)(fang)形(xing)或(huo)方(fang)(fang)形(xing)石(shi)(shi)板(ban)。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)多(duo)呈長方(fang)(fang)形(xing),以石(shi)(shi)板(ban)半(ban)埋半(ban)裸立砌(qi),圍(wei)成(cheng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)室四壙。兩(liang)側壁石(shi)(shi)多(duo)是一(yi)(yi)塊(kuai)長石(shi)(shi)板(ban),有(you)(you)的為兩(liang)塊(kuai)石(shi)(shi)板(ban)相接,個(ge)別的還(huan)有(you)(you)兩(liang)層(ceng)壁石(shi)(shi)。上面用大(da)石(shi)(shi)板(ban)封頂(ding),四周露出寬大(da)的棚(peng)檐,下面鋪(pu)有(you)(you)底(di)石(shi)(shi)。為了(le)使(shi)石(shi)(shi)棚(peng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)更堅固,有(you)(you)的兩(liang)側壁石(shi)(shi)的下部或(huo)一(yi)(yi)端鑿有(you)(you)對稱的凹槽,以便嵌入(ru)底(di)石(shi)(shi)或(huo)端石(shi)(shi),個(ge)別石(shi)(shi)棚(peng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)周圍(wei)砌(qi)有(you)(you)護坡石(shi)(shi)。有(you)(you)的石(shi)(shi)棚(peng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)門前(qian)(qian)兩(liang)邊還(huan)立有(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)板(ban)成(cheng)為通道(dao),整座墓(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)(zang)形(xing)體結構(gou)顯得更加嚴謹、穩定。石(shi)(shi)棚(peng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)的大(da)小有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)定的差(cha)異,一(yi)(yi)般砌(qi)石(shi)(shi)高(gao)于(yu)地(di)面1至(zhi)1.3米(mi),最高(gao)可達2米(mi)左右。部分石(shi)(shi)棚(peng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)內發現有(you)(you)人骨,有(you)(you)些經火焚燒。隨(sui)葬(zang)(zang)物有(you)(you)陶罐、陶紡輪(lun)等(deng)陶器。
這些石(shi)(shi)(shi)棚墓(mu)大多在(zai)梅河(he)口(kou)市和柳(liu)河(he)縣境(jing)內(nei),其中(zhong)大部分(fen)在(zai)柳(liu)河(he)縣。除一部分(fen)單獨聳立在(zai)山頂(ding)外,其余多數集中(zhong)分(fen)布(bu)在(zai)山脊上,有(you)些墓(mu)地(di)往往是石(shi)(shi)(shi)棚墓(mu)與大蓋石(shi)(shi)(shi)墓(mu)和少(shao)量石(shi)(shi)(shi)棺墓(mu)共存。在(zai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棚墓(mu)的附(fu)近發現(xian)有(you)青銅(tong)時(shi)期遺(yi)址,出(chu)土遺(yi)物(wu)(wu)與石(shi)(shi)(shi)棚墓(mu)出(chu)土遺(yi)物(wu)(wu)較為接(jie)近,說明(ming)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棚墓(mu)年(nian)代大體屬于春(chun)秋戰國時(shi)期。
結構
在吉林省的(de)輝發(fa)(fa)河(he)上(shang)游地區,目前(qian)已發(fa)(fa)現石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棚(peng)(peng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)80余(yu)座。這(zhe)些墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)大(da)(da)多分(fen)布于哈達嶺山脈海拔500至(zhi)600米(mi)的(de)山崗頂(ding)部(bu)或山脊上(shang)。構筑石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棚(peng)(peng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)材多為砂礫巖、泥質員巖、片麻巖,并被加(jia)工成(cheng)較規整(zheng)的(de)長方形或方形石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)板。墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)多呈(cheng)長方形,以石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)板半埋半裸立(li)砌(qi),圍成(cheng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)室四壙。兩(liang)側(ce)壁(bi)(bi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)多是(shi)一(yi)(yi)塊(kuai)長石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)板,有(you)(you)的(de)為兩(liang)塊(kuai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)板相接,個別(bie)的(de)還有(you)(you)兩(liang)層壁(bi)(bi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。上(shang)面(mian)用大(da)(da)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)板封頂(ding),四周(zhou)露出寬(kuan)大(da)(da)的(de)棚(peng)(peng)檐,下面(mian)鋪(pu)有(you)(you)底(di)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。為了(le)使(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棚(peng)(peng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)更堅固,有(you)(you)的(de)兩(liang)側(ce)壁(bi)(bi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)下部(bu)或一(yi)(yi)端鑿有(you)(you)對稱的(de)凹槽,以便嵌(qian)入(ru)底(di)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)或端石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),個別(bie)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棚(peng)(peng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)周(zhou)圍砌(qi)有(you)(you)護坡石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。有(you)(you)的(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棚(peng)(peng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)門前(qian)兩(liang)邊還立(li)有(you)(you)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)板成(cheng)為通(tong)道,整(zheng)座墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)葬(zang)形體(ti)結構顯得更加(jia)嚴謹(jin)、穩定(ding)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棚(peng)(peng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)大(da)(da)小(xiao)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)差(cha)異,一(yi)(yi)般(ban)砌(qi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)高于地面(mian)1至(zhi)1.3米(mi),最高可(ke)達2米(mi)左右。部(bu)分(fen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棚(peng)(peng)墓(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)內發(fa)(fa)現有(you)(you)人骨,有(you)(you)些經火(huo)焚(fen)燒。隨(sui)葬(zang)物(wu)有(you)(you)陶(tao)罐、陶(tao)紡輪等(deng)陶(tao)器。
這些石(shi)棚(peng)(peng)墓(mu)(mu)大多在(zai)(zai)梅河口市(shi)和柳河縣境(jing)內,其中大部分(fen)(fen)在(zai)(zai)柳河縣。除(chu)一(yi)部分(fen)(fen)單獨聳(song)立在(zai)(zai)山(shan)頂外,其余多數(shu)集中分(fen)(fen)布在(zai)(zai)山(shan)脊上,有些墓(mu)(mu)地往往是石(shi)棚(peng)(peng)墓(mu)(mu)與大蓋石(shi)墓(mu)(mu)和少量石(shi)棺墓(mu)(mu)共(gong)存。在(zai)(zai)石(shi)棚(peng)(peng)墓(mu)(mu)的附近發(fa)現有青(qing)銅時期遺址,出(chu)土遺物(wu)與石(shi)棚(peng)(peng)墓(mu)(mu)出(chu)土遺物(wu)較為接近,說明(ming)石(shi)棚(peng)(peng)墓(mu)(mu)年代大體屬(shu)于春秋戰國時期。