白鷺(lu)洲書(shu)院創建于(yu)南(nan)宋淳祐元(yuan)年(公元(yuan)1241年),它就是著名(ming)的江南(nan)四大書(shu)院。
白(bai)鷺洲書院(yuan)(yuan)自宋(song)代(dai)(dai)創建(jian)以來,一直(zhi)延續到清代(dai)(dai)末年(nian),其間累經修(xiu)建(jian)。據《廬(lu)陵縣志》記載:“白(bai)鷺洲書院(yuan)(yuan),在郡城東(dong)白(bai)鷺洲上。宋(song)淳祐(you)元年(nian)辛丑,知(zhi)吉州軍江(jiang)萬里建(jian)。奏(zou)于朝,置山長;理宗御書白(bai)鷺洲書院(yuan)(yuan),以賜。院(yuan)(yuan)內立文宣王廟、欞星門、云章閣、道心堂、萬竹堂、風月樓、浴(yu)沂(yi)亭、齋舍。”后增(zeng)建(jian)“六君子(zi)祠”,祀程(cheng)頤、程(cheng)顥(hao)、周敦頤、張(zhang)載、邵雍、朱熹等六人。
元(yuan)代至元(yuan)十九年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1282年(nian)(nian)),書(shu)院被洪水沖毀,吉安(an)(an)路(lu)總管李玨修復。至正(zheng)十二年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1352年(nian)(nian)),紅巾起義軍與元(yuan)兵(bing)戰于(yu)吉安(an)(an),書(shu)院大部被燒毀;時過二年(nian)(nian),又遭(zao)大水,書(shu)院毀壞殆(dai)盡。至正(zheng)十五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)重(zhong)(zhong)建(jian),恢復舊觀。明(ming)代嘉靖五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1526年(nian)(nian)),吉安(an)(an)知府黃宗明(ming)又重(zhong)(zhong)修。到嘉靖二一年(nian)(nian),曾(ceng)將(jiang)書(shu)院從白鷺洲遷離,在城(cheng)南仁壽寺址另建(jian)新院舍。
隆慶(qing)六(liu)年(公(gong)元(yuan)1572年),城南仁壽寺新(xin)建的(de)白(bai)鷺(lu)洲(zhou)書院改為廬陵縣(xian)學(xue),又將書院遷建于城北郊。至萬歷二十年(公(gong)元(yuan)1592年),吉安知府(fu)汪可(ke)受將書院重(zhong)新(xin)遷回白(bai)鷺(lu)洲(zhou)上(shang),并(bing)增(zeng)筑吉臺,開(kai)鷺(lu)池,立橋池上(shang),擴(kuo)建齋舍百問,其余堂、閣、樓、亭均重(zhong)修(xiu)。
至(zhi)(zhi)清(qing)(qing)代,書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)又多次毀于(yu)水災(zai)和戰爭,曾先后(hou)于(yu)順治三(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1646年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))、十(shi)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1655年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),康熙(xi)三(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1664年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),雍正二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1724年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),乾隆三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1774年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),嘉慶十(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1813年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),道光三(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1823年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))、八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1828年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))、二(er)十(shi)三(san)(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1843年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))等(deng)九次重修(xiu)(xiu)或重建(jian)。至(zhi)(zhi)咸豐六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1856年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),太平軍與清(qing)(qing)兵激戰于(yu)吉安,書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)又被焚毀,至(zhi)(zhi)同(tong)治二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1863年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),經(jing)知府曾省(sheng)三(san)(san)(san)倡修(xiu)(xiu)恢復。洲頭現存(cun)的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)月樓(lou)、云章(zhang)閣以及一(yi)排(pai)(pai)排(pai)(pai)的(de)(de)齋(zhai)舍,就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)同(tong)治二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)最后(hou)一(yi)次修(xiu)(xiu)建(jian)時所(suo)(suo)遺留下來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)建(jian)筑。而洲中(zhong)心現存(cun)的(de)(de)鷺池,則(ze)(ze)是(shi)(shi)(shi)明代萬歷二(er)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)重修(xiu)(xiu)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)所(suo)(suo)開辟。而洲中(zhong)心現存(cun)的(de)(de)鷺池,則(ze)(ze)是(shi)(shi)(shi)明代萬歷二(er)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)重修(xiu)(xiu)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)所(suo)(suo)開辟。白鷺書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)自宋代創建(jian),迄于(yu)清(qing)(qing)代,數百(bai)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)來(lai)(lai),造(zao)就(jiu)了大批人才,尤其(qi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)培養了像文(wen)天祥(xiang)這樣出類拔萃的(de)(de)世代楷模,的(de)(de)確是(shi)(shi)(shi)這所(suo)(suo)書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)驕(jiao)傲。清(qing)(qing)代曾在白鷺洲書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)主(zhu)持(chi)講席的(de)(de)著(zhu)名學者施閏章(zhang)有詩贊道:“鵝(e)湖鹿(lu)洞尋常事,不信風(feng)(feng)流限古今。”760多年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)來(lai)(lai),這塊對廬陵(ling)文(wen)化發揮過重要作用的(de)(de)教育圣地一(yi)直文(wen)風(feng)(feng)鼎盛,桃李滿天下。
吉安古(gu)為廬(lu)陵郡(jun)地,自宋代以來,這里名(ming)(ming)(ming)人(ren)輩出,成為人(ren)文(wen)薈萃之區,素來享有(you)“文(wen)章節義之邦”的盛譽。白鷺洲(zhou)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)名(ming)(ming)(ming)列江(jiang)(jiang)西四大書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)之一,是古(gu)代吉安的著名(ming)(ming)(ming)學府。白鷺洲(zhou)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)的創始人(ren)江(jiang)(jiang)萬(wan)里,為江(jiang)(jiang)西都(dou)昌縣人(ren),官(guan)至(zhi)宰相。元(yuan)兵南下進(jin)(jin)占江(jiang)(jiang)西,他在鄱陽(yang)家居,堅貞(zhen)不屈(qu),投水(shui)自盡,是歷(li)史上有(you)名(ming)(ming)(ming)的忠貞(zhen)節烈之士。書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)的第一任(ren)山長(chang)(即校長(chang))歐陽(yang)守(shou)道,是江(jiang)(jiang)西宋代知名(ming)(ming)(ming)的學者。《白鷺洲(zhou)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)志》上有(you)“劉辰(chen)翁、文(wen)天祥(xiang)、鄧(deng)光薦皆出其門”的記載。文(wen)天祥(xiang)《祭(ji)歐陽(yang)撰齋(守(shou)道)先生》一文(wen)中也寫道:“某(mou)弱(ruo)冠(guan)登(deng)先生之門……蓋(gai)有(you)年于茲。”即是說,文(wen)天祥(xiang)于寶祐三年(公元(yuan)1255年)在白鷺洲(zhou)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)讀了一年書(shu)(shu)(shu);至(zhi)寶祐四年丙辰(chen),登(deng)進(jin)(jin)士第一名(ming)(ming)(ming),被理宗(zong)(zong)皇帝親(qin)自提為狀元(yuan)。從此白鷺洲(zhou)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)揚名(ming)(ming)(ming)天下。理宗(zong)(zong)皇帝親(qin)書(shu)(shu)(shu)“白鷺洲(zhou)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)”匾額,作為對白鷺洲(zhou)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)的嘉獎。
原白鷺洲書院的兩座主(zhu)體建筑風月(yue)摟(lou)和云章(zhang)閣(ge)已整修一新。洲上設有白鷺洲中學,正(zheng)為祖(zu)國的社會(hui)主(zhu)義四化建設造就人才。
白(bai)鷺洲既(ji)以(yi)白(bai)鷺為(wei)名,所(suo)以(yi)宋代在洲上創建書(shu)院時,也就依洲名而稱之為(wei)“白(bai)鷺洲書(shu)院”。
相傳古時有(you)一白鷺仙(xian)子(zi),因羨慕人間(jian)男女情(qing)愛,飛到這里,變作(zuo)一位美貌的村姑(gu),與江邊一位年青漁人結成情(qing)侶。后遭(zao)天神迫害(hai),水(shui)淹洲渚,為救生靈,夫妻化(hua)作(zuo)白鷺;白鷺仙(xian)子(zi)潛入水(shui)中洲底,奮力以(yi)身托陸(lu)洲,使洲永浮水(shui)面;漁夫則化(hua)作(zuo)白鷺,日夕在洲上(shang)哀鳴(ming),情(qing)纏(chan)意(yi)綿(mian)。后來(lai),人們就把這座美麗的綠洲稱作(zuo)白鷺洲。
但是,據文(wen)獻記載,白(bai)鷺(lu)洲(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)的(de)得名(ming)(ming),淵源(yuan)于唐代(dai)著名(ming)(ming)詩(shi)(shi)人李(li)白(bai)詩(shi)(shi)中的(de)“三山(shan)半落青天外,二水(shui)中分白(bai)鷺(lu)洲(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)”之(zhi)(zhi)名(ming)(ming)句。由于白(bai)鷺(lu)洲(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)屹立(li)于浩闊的(de)贛江(jiang)之(zhi)(zhi)中,雙水(shui)夾流,情(qing)景正與(yu)李(li)白(bai)之(zhi)(zhi)詩(shi)(shi)句相合(he),所以(yi)被用(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)洲(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)名(ming)(ming)。在(zai)北宋(song)宣和年間(jian),吉(ji)州通判(pan)徐(xu)俯的(de)詩(shi)(shi)中已(yi)有“空看白(bai)鷺(lu)洲(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)”之(zhi)(zhi)句。至(zhi)南宋(song)初年,尹(yin)直(zhi)卿送周必大詩(shi)(shi)中又有“我(wo)公不(bu)向廬陵住,羞殺青原白(bai)鴛洲(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)”。元代(dai)買思永為重修自鷺(lu)洲(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)作(zuo)(zuo)記時也寫(xie)道:“謂(wei)洲(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)在(zai)二水(shui)間(jian),取(qu)唐人詩(shi)(shi)句以(yi)白(bai)鷺(lu)名(ming)(ming)其洲(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou),因以(yi)名(ming)(ming)書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。”清代(dai)吉(ji)安知府林逄春(chun)寫(xie)了如下詩(shi)(shi)句:“廬陵文(wen)物照江(jiang)天,院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)寺欽(qin)崇(chong)自昔年。水(shui)占芳名(ming)(ming)分白(bai)鷺(lu),詩(shi)(shi)題古壁效青蓮。”因此,白(bai)鷺(lu)洲(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)名(ming)(ming)來(lai)源(yuan)于青蓮居士李(li)白(bai)的(de)詩(shi)(shi)句,而書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)則依(yi)洲(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)而定名(ming)(ming),這就是白(bai)鷺(lu)洲(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)書(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)得名(ming)(ming)的(de)由來(lai)。
在江(jiang)(jiang)西古郡(jun)吉安(an)市(shi)區東部(bu),于贛(gan)江(jiang)(jiang)中雙水(shui)夾(jia)流之處(chu),有一座如中流砥石(shi)的綠洲(zhou)(zhou),這(zhe)就是著名的鷺(lu)洲(zhou)(zhou)。白鷺(lu)洲(zhou)(zhou)位于吉安(an)市(shi)區城東的贛(gan)江(jiang)(jiang)之中,長(chang)一點(dian)五公里(li),寬零點(dian)五公里(li),為(wei)一梭形(xing)綠洲(zhou)(zhou),由江(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)挾帶泥沙沉積而(er)成,形(xing)似白鷺(lu),洲(zhou)(zhou)上茂林修竹綠蔭如蓋,成為(wei)百鳥棲息(xi)之所。
據史料記載,白(bai)鷺(lu)(lu)洲(zhou)(zhou)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)辦(ban)學宗旨(zhi)是敦(dun)教(jiao)(jiao)化(hua),興理(li)(li)學,明節義,育(yu)(yu)人(ren)才(cai);辦(ban)學特色(se)突出,教(jiao)(jiao)學質量、學術水平(ping)都(dou)(dou)(dou)很(hen)高。宋(song)代白(bai)鷺(lu)(lu)洲(zhou)(zhou)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)有(you)(you)何特點呢?首先是傳習(xi)(xi)理(li)(li)學的(de)(de)(de)陣地(di)。江萬里是朱熹的(de)(de)(de)再傳弟子,所(suo)辦(ban)的(de)(de)(de)白(bai)鷺(lu)(lu)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),自(zi)然以(yi)傳習(xi)(xi)朱理(li)(li)學為(wei)(wei)主。劉辰(chen)翁在(zai)江文(wen)忠公祠(ci)堂記中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)說:“自(zi)鷺(lu)(lu)洲(zhou)(zhou)興,而(er)后斯人(ren)宿于(yu)義理(li)(li);白(bai)鷺(lu)(lu)洲(zhou)(zhou)興,而(er)后言義理(li)(li)者(zhe)暢。”第二是崇(chong)祀先賢。白(bai)鷺(lu)(lu)洲(zhou)(zhou)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)一(yi)(yi)建立,就(jiu)上祀至(zhi)至(zhi),次及君(jun)子,文(wen)廟(miao)額(e)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)“正誼明道(dao)”,又摹唐代畫圣吳道(dao)子手繪圣像于(yu)堂中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),塑望率(lv)諸(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)習(xi)(xi)儀祭,春、秋郡(jun)(jun)縣有(you)(you)祭,后改為(wei)(wei)年(nian)祭。通過祭祀以(yi)樹儀型,鼓勵生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)徒(tu)見賢思齊,奮發圖強(qiang)。這種教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)形式(shi),有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)感(gan)染(ran)力,文(wen)天祥(xiang)就(jiu)是其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)例。第三(san)擇師選(xuan)(xuan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。白(bai)鷺(lu)(lu)洲(zhou)(zhou)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)創辦(ban)后,作為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)郡(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)高等文(wen)化(hua)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)學府(fu),能否使之(zhi)成為(wei)(wei)吉州(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心和學術研究(jiu)重地(di),關(guan)鍵(jian)是對(dui)教(jiao)(jiao)師的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)擇。江萬里對(dui)擇師這點十分(fen)重視。書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)初(chu)建時(shi)沒有(you)(you)選(xuan)(xuan)到合適(shi)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)任(ren)山(shan)長(chang),就(jiu)寧缺不派,親(qin)自(zi)為(wei)(wei)諸(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)講學。后離任(ren)時(shi)又延聘(pin)名(ming)(ming)(ming)儒歐陽守道(dao)為(wei)(wei)白(bai)鷺(lu)(lu)洲(zhou)(zhou)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)諸(zhu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)師。此(ci)(ci)后。接任(ren)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)山(shan)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de),也都(dou)(dou)(dou)是品(pin)德高尚(shang)的(de)(de)(de)名(ming)(ming)(ming)碩醇儒,不只山(shan)長(chang),邀請(qing)到書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)講學的(de)(de)(de)也都(dou)(dou)(dou)是各界大儒名(ming)(ming)(ming)家。由于(yu)有(you)(you)名(ming)(ming)(ming)儒講學,白(bai)鷺(lu)(lu)洲(zhou)(zhou)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)在(zai)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)界產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)了(le)很(hen)大影響(xiang),吉州(zhou)文(wen)風(feng)盛極一(yi)(yi)時(shi)。選(xuan)(xuan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)即“集郡(jun)(jun)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)九邑(yi)俊秀,受業其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)”。第四是培育(yu)(yu)人(ren)才(cai)多。自(zi)白(bai)鷺(lu)(lu)洲(zhou)(zhou)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)興,廬陵“制科飆舉,名(ming)(ming)(ming)碩云蒸,幾當宇內之(zhi)半”。(《白(bai)鷺(lu)(lu)洲(zhou)(zhou)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)志》)春秋闈,科甲(jia)捷報震四鄉。寶(bao)祐四年(nian)(1256年(nian)),金榜601名(ming)(ming)(ming)進士,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)吉州(zhou)占(zhan)44名(ming)(ming)(ming),且大多數為(wei)(wei)白(bai)鷺(lu)(lu)洲(zhou)(zhou)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)學生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),幾乎占(zhan)全國錄取人(ren)數的(de)(de)(de)群(qun)體十分(fen)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。21歲的(de)(de)(de)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)學生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)文(wen)天祥(xiang)獨占(zhan)鰲頭,理(li)(li)宗高興地(di)說:“此(ci)(ci)天之(zhi)祥(xiang),及宋(song)之(zhi)瑞也”,親(qin)筆(bi)題寫(xie)了(le)“白(bai)鷺(lu)(lu)洲(zhou)(zhou)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”匾額(e),懸掛(gua)在(zai)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)大門(men)上。從此(ci)(ci),白(bai)鷺(lu)(lu)洲(zhou)(zhou)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)名(ming)(ming)(ming)揚全國,與廬山(shan)白(bai)鹿洞書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),鉛山(shan)鵝(e)湖書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)并(bing)稱江西三(san)大書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。
東南洲(zhou)頭的(de)綠樹叢中(zhong),有兩座重檐(yan)杰(jie)閣、巋然聳(song)立的(de)古樓(lou),這便(bian)是聞名遐(xia)邇的(de)白(bai)鷺洲(zhou)書院(yuan)主體建筑之一的(de)風月樓(lou)和云(yun)章(zhang)閣。
古(gu)木蔥蘢的(de)(de)白(bai)鷺(lu)(lu)洲(zhou)地近市區(qu)。洲(zhou)上四(si)面環水,波光(guang)粼粼。隔(ge)岸的(de)(de)青原山,連綿起伏(fu),蒼茫疊翠。這如畫的(de)(de)景色,美麗(li)的(de)(de)風光(guang),古(gu)往今(jin)來(lai),凡親臨(lin)吉安(an)的(de)(de)人(ren)們,無不在白(bai)鷺(lu)(lu)洲(zhou)上留下尋幽覽勝的(de)(de)足跡。由于(yu)白(bai)鷺(lu)(lu)洲(zhou)離岸較遠,所以盡管洲(zhou)心地勢比江岸高,但(dan)因視差關(guan)系,站在岸上望之(zhi),總覺得(de)白(bai)鷺(lu)(lu)洲(zhou)遠比江岸低,然而每遇(yu)洪(hong)水,江岸水淹,而洲(zhou)心不歿,故有“水漲白(bai)鷺(lu)(lu)浮”之(zhi)說。
白鷺(lu)洲(zhou)書(shu)(shu)院在當(dang)(dang)時的規(gui)模(mo)也相當(dang)(dang)可觀(guan),該書(shu)(shu)院記中(zhong)(zhong)說:“在宋則(ze)前(qian)有(you)(you)(you)泮池(chi),中(zhong)(zhong)秋石(shi)為橋,升階為書(shu)(shu)院,大(da)門懸理宗(zong)卸匾,進(jin)前(qian)則(ze)有(you)(you)(you)欞星門,有(you)(you)(you)文宣王殿(dian),有(you)(you)(you)道心堂(tang),堂(tang)上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)樓日風月,后有(you)(you)(you)山長廳,廳上(shang)有(you)(you)(you)閣日云章(zhang)(zhang),日峻極,閣之上(shang)書(shu)(shu)籍備藏,環縱欄(lan)桿。閣旁道舍(she)森(sen)立,皆諸生肆(si)上(shang)所,最(zui)后有(you)(you)(you)浴(yu)沂(yi)亭(ting)。”又在《建置》條中(zhong)(zhong)說,書(shu)(shu)院立有(you)(you)(you)“文宣王廟,欞星門,云章(zhang)(zhang)閣,道心堂(tang),石(shi)竹堂(tang),風月樓,浴(yu)沂(yi)亭(ting),齋舍(she),庖福具(ju)備。置田租八百石(shi)有(you)(you)(you)奇,繞十成濠池(chi)歲入租銀五十兩贍學。又建祠祀二程夫子(zi),益以周、張(zhang)、邵、朱為六君子(zi)祠”,“此洲(zhou)之書(shu)(shu)院,可容諸生數百。”又征集(ji)了許多圖書(shu)(shu)資料,還抄錄(lu)《白鹿洞書(shu)(shu)院揭示》于道心堂(tang)側。
歷(li)(li)史(shi)悠悠,白鷺洲書(shu)院幾度沉(chen)浮,造就(jiu)了(le)江萬里(li)、文天祥、劉(liu)辰翁等歷(li)(li)史(shi)眾星。后(hou)人訪謁白鷺洲書(shu)院,詩(shi)文多(duo)感(gan)慨(kai)系之:“自昔廬陵地,名賢史(shi)冊香,文章(zhang)宗(zong)永敘,節義重天祥,滟滟清波漾,振振白鷺翔,江公風(feng)范(fan)在,千古仰遺芳”。
1965年(nian)夏,郭沫若同志路經吉安(an)時,也曾立(li)于贛江(jiang)西岸,縱覽這個美麗(li)的(de)綠(lv)洲,并欣然(ran)命筆,寫下了“面對白鷺(lu)洲,蔥蘢林木(mu)稠。無心(xin)尋古跡(ji),有意浴中流”的(de)詩(shi)句。
白(bai)鷺洲書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)自(zi)創建以來,因其(qi)特殊的(de)(de)地(di)理位置和歷史變遷,曾被(bei)洪水戰禍圯毀數次(ci),有過(guo)興衰變化,所幸的(de)(de)是歷代(dai)吉州有識之(zhi)(zhi)士,鄉宦名賢倡學業,崇(chong)詩書(shu)(shu),屢毀屢復,學術活動久盛不衰。今天的(de)(de)白(bai)鷺洲書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)被(bei)定(ding)為(wei)江西省文物保護(hu)單位,各級(ji)政府(fu)多(duo)次(ci)撥款(kuan)維修。至今,白(bai)鷺洲書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)現存古(gu)建筑(zhu)除風月樓(lou)、云章(zhang)閣(ge)外,尚(shang)有中山(shan)院(yuan)、文山(shan)院(yuan)、紅(hong)樓(lou),均系民國三年重建。此外,還有泮月池、復古(gu)亭等。云章(zhang)閣(ge)高8.7米,占(zhan)(zhan)地(di)274平(ping)方米,是原書(shu)(shu)院(yuan)藏書(shu)(shu)、山(shan)長講學和就寢(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)處,現仍完好如初。風月樓(lou)以其(qi)獨特的(de)(de)建筑(zhu)風格(ge)博得眾人(ren)贊嘆,它雄踞洲的(de)(de)北(bei)端,三層方形建筑(zhu),樓(lou)高14.7米,占(zhan)(zhan)地(di)面(mian)積(ji)115平(ping)方米。底(di)(di)層稱為(wei)“浴(yu)沂亭”,二層名“風月樓(lou)”,三層曰“魁星(xing)閣(ge)”。樓(lou)頂(ding)雕龍畫鳳,層樓(lou)飛檐(yan),雄偉壯觀。登上風月樓(lou)頂(ding),極(ji)目四(si)望,無限(xian)風光(guang)盡收眼(yan)底(di)(di)。北(bei)面(mian)遠眺井岡山(shan)大(da)橋橫(heng)臥江上,西面(mian)與(yu)鐘鼓(gu)樓(lou)遙遙相望,南面(mian)可見嶄新(xin)的(de)(de)吉安大(da)橋飛架贛(gan)江東西,真是水闊(kuo)天高,令人(ren)心曠神怡。
自江萬里(li)創辦(ban)白鷺洲書院(yuan)后,白鷺洲書院(yuan)起(qi)了(le)榜樣領(ling)頭作用,使郡州內外書院(yuan)仿(fang)效之(zhi),遍及吉州縣城鄉的(de)千百書院(yuan)相(xiang)繼建立繁榮起(qi)來。在千百書院(yuan)培(pei)育下,廬(lu)陵(ling)士子科(ke)舉成(cheng)(cheng)名,學者成(cheng)(cheng)林,作家成(cheng)(cheng)派(pai),仕(shi)宦(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)群,著述成(cheng)(cheng)山,志士成(cheng)(cheng)仁,使廬(lu)陵(ling)文(wen)化千年昌盛,成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)江西(xi)文(wen)化的(de)重心所在。因而世人稱(cheng)吉安為(wei)“文(wen)章節(jie)義之(zhi)邦(bang)”。