羊舞嶺古窯址位于湖南資水流域下游的丘陵地區,是宋元至明、清時期(qi)南方燒造瓷器頗具規模的一處民間(jian)窯場,燒制(zhi)的產品(pin)主要分(fen)為青白(bai)瓷、青瓷、黑釉瓷、褐釉瓷和青花瓷,制(zhi)瓷工(gong)藝主要受景德鎮影(ying)響,著名古陶瓷學家(jia)馮先銘所(suo)著《中(zhong)國陶瓷》把益(yi)陽窯劃分(fen)在景德鎮窯青白(bai)瓷系(xi)范疇。
羊舞嶺古(gu)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)址分布在益陽市赫山(shan)區(qu)龍光橋與(yu)石筍鄉交(jiao)界的(de)早禾、楊(yang)泗、牌樓、高(gao)嶺和(he)(he)水井坳等幾個村,因為(wei)主窯(yao)(yao)(yao)場(chang)過(guo)去所在的(de)地(di)名叫羊舞嶺,故文物(wu)學名稱為(wei)"羊舞嶺窯(yao)(yao)(yao)"。此窯(yao)(yao)(yao)發(fa)現(xian)于上(shang)世紀70年代(dai),窯(yao)(yao)(yao)場(chang)考察(cha)范圍的(de)面積達5平(ping)(ping)方公里,顯(xian)露(lu)出(chu)的(de)古(gu)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)場(chang)面積近20000平(ping)(ping)方米,大量的(de)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)具與(yu)殘瓷堆積如(ru)山(shan),主窯(yao)(yao)(yao)場(chang)早禾村碗盆山(shan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)址和(he)(he)蜈蚣(gong)塘村窯(yao)(yao)(yao)址于1996年被省人民政府公布為(wei)湖南省重點文物(wu)保護單位。
羊舞嶺(ling)古(gu)窯出品(pin)的(de)(de)宋(song)(song)、元、明(ming)(ming)時期青(qing)(qing)(qing)瓷(ci)(ci),源于景(jing)德鎮湖田窯青(qing)(qing)(qing)白釉瓷(ci)(ci)和(he)浙江龍(long)(long)泉窯青(qing)(qing)(qing)瓷(ci)(ci),從形(xing)(xing)(xing)制與(yu)裝(zhuang)飾工藝(yi)(yi)上(shang)鑒(jian)別同益陽出土(tu)的(de)(de)宋(song)(song)元、明(ming)(ming)青(qing)(qing)(qing)白釉瓷(ci)(ci)和(he)龍(long)(long)泉窯青(qing)(qing)(qing)瓷(ci)(ci)有(you)(you)一些相似(si)之處(chu)。羊舞嶺(ling)古(gu)窯瓷(ci)(ci)胎(tai)采用(yong)本地(di)高(gao)嶺(ling)土(tu)燒制,胎(tai)質堅硬(ying)緊密呈灰白色。宋(song)(song)末元初所燒器(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)較小(xiao),胎(tai)體輕薄,元代(dai)至明(ming)(ming)代(dai)中期胎(tai)體厚重而器(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)變(bian)大,進入明(ming)(ming)代(dai)晚(wan)期碗(wan)(wan)、盤、杯(bei)(bei)等器(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)趨向小(xiao)巧而胎(tai)體變(bian)薄,與(yu)景(jing)德鎮晚(wan)明(ming)(ming)民窯生產的(de)(de)小(xiao)盤小(xiao)碗(wan)(wan)等器(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)的(de)(de)工藝(yi)(yi)相接近。宋(song)(song)元時期釉面厚薄均勻,較為滋潤(run),釉色主要有(you)(you)青(qing)(qing)(qing)白釉、天(tian)青(qing)(qing)(qing)釉、粉青(qing)(qing)(qing)釉等,明(ming)(ming)代(dai)中前期釉汁有(you)(you)厚有(you)(you)薄,厚者晶(jing)瑩透(tou)亮,有(you)(you)玻璃質感和(he)開冰裂紋其類似(si)龍(long)(long)泉窯,晚(wan)明(ming)(ming)至清(qing)代(dai)釉面多(duo)不純凈,施釉多(duo)不均勻。青(qing)(qing)(qing)瓷(ci)(ci)在裝(zhuang)飾手法(fa)上(shang)多(duo)模仿(fang)青(qing)(qing)(qing)白釉與(yu)龍(long)(long)泉青(qing)(qing)(qing)瓷(ci)(ci),有(you)(you)篦(bi)劃、刻花(hua)、模印、貼塑和(he)鏤空等工藝(yi)(yi)較為常見,元代(dai)褐(he)釉點(dian)彩朵花(hua)紋上(shang)承(cheng)長(chang)沙窯的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)飾特點(dian)。器(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)用(yong)途以(yi)(yi)生活(huo)實器(qi)(qi)(qi)為主,陳設(she)器(qi)(qi)(qi)與(yu)冥器(qi)(qi)(qi)較少見,器(qi)(qi)(qi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)有(you)(you)瓶、罐、壺、香(xiang)爐、盞、油燈、硯臺(tai)、水注以(yi)(yi)及盤和(he)杯(bei)(bei),碗(wan)(wan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)多(duo)變(bian)有(you)(you)斗笠碗(wan)(wan)、折腰碗(wan)(wan)、墩式碗(wan)(wan)、高(gao)足碗(wan)(wan)、臥足碗(wan)(wan)和(he)斂口(kou)碗(wan)(wan)等。在裝(zhuang)燒技術上(shang)繼承(cheng)了景(jing)德鎮北宋(song)(song)青(qing)(qing)(qing)白釉瓷(ci)(ci)匣缽覆燒工藝(yi)(yi),大量的(de)(de)碗(wan)(wan)、杯(bei)(bei)、碟器(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)口(kou)沿(yan)(yan)無釉形(xing)(xing)(xing)成芒口(kou),質量稍好(hao)的(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)物(wu)在口(kou)沿(yan)(yan)上(shang)涂(tu)了一層(ceng)褐(he)釉彩,另外(wai)使(shi)用(yong)疊式燒法(fa)而造(zao)成一些盤、碗(wan)(wan)與(yu)蓋缽內底無釉或造(zao)成澀圈以(yi)(yi)至失去美觀(guan)。
羊(yang)舞嶺(ling)古(gu)(gu)(gu)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)至今尚無可查閱的(de)歷史記載和科學(xue)的(de)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)址考古(gu)(gu)(gu)發掘(jue)資料,上世紀(ji)八九十年代除省內專家多次進(jin)行(xing)過考察(cha),南京博(bo)物院著名古(gu)(gu)(gu)陶瓷(ci)學(xue)者張(zhang)浦生(sheng)先生(sheng)以(yi)及(ji)日本名城大學(xue)教授加騰瑛二曾經專程(cheng)來益陽考察(cha)過羊(yang)舞嶺(ling)古(gu)(gu)(gu)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)。益陽市(shi)博(bo)物館(guan)通過多年不懈的(de)努力,陸續從考古(gu)(gu)(gu)發掘(jue)與流散文物征集以(yi)及(ji)益陽藏(zang)家的(de)捐(juan)獻(xian)中(zhong)獲取了(le)一些(xie)完整的(de)實物,在(zai)豐(feng)富了(le)館(guan)藏(zang)羊(yang)舞嶺(ling)古(gu)(gu)(gu)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)標(biao)本與標(biao)準器的(de)基礎上,逐步提高了(le)對羊(yang)舞嶺(ling)古(gu)(gu)(gu)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)陶瓷(ci)的(de)歷史研(yan)究(jiu)與年代認定。在(zai)益陽民間(jian)收藏(zang)中(zhong)不斷(duan)出現的(de)羊(yang)舞嶺(ling)古(gu)(gu)(gu)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)古(gu)(gu)(gu)陶瓷(ci)精品已得到藏(zang)家的(de)厚愛與典藏(zang)。