瀏(liu)陽文(wen)廟始建于宋,1843年(nian)(清道光二十(shi)三年(nian))改建成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)現格局。中(zhong)軸線上依次為泮(pan)池、石橋、欞星門(men)、石階(jie)、大成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)、御道、祁陽石雕(diao)“臥龍抱(bao)(bao)珠”、月(yue)臺(tai)、大成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)、御碑(bei)亭(ting)。兩側(ce)為轅門(men)、回(hui)廊(lang)、鐘鼓(gu)亭(ting)和偏(pian)殿(dian)。大成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)居高臨下,重(zhong)檐歇山頂(ding),琉璃筒(tong)瓦(wa)鋪(pu)面(mian),青花瓷(ci)磚作(zuo)(zuo)脊,中(zhong)置(zhi)葫蘆寶頂(ding)。大殿(dian)由32根花崗(gang)巖(yan)(yan)石柱支撐(cheng),分(fen)3層排列(lie)。正面(mian)以雕(diao)花鏤(lou)空(kong)的中(zhong)堂門(men)作(zuo)(zuo)屏,周圍置(zhi)石欄圍廊(lang)。殿(dian)后御碑(bei)亭(ting)昔(xi)有康(kang)熙(xi)乾隆(long)所題“斯文(wen)在茲”、“萬世師表”等匾額。殿(dian)前(qian)月(yue)臺(tai)高1.67米,花崗(gang)巖(yan)(yan)鋪(pu)地,周護(hu)石欄。月(yue)臺(tai)之東南(nan)、西南(nan)兩隅聳立著四角(jiao)重(zhong)檐攢尖頂(ding)舞亭(ting)、樂(le)亭(ting),為舊時春、秋祭孔舞樂(le)場所。縱觀文(wen)廟,金碧輝(hui)煌,東西對稱,回(hui)廊(lang)貫通,朱墻環抱(bao)(bao),具有典型(xing)的清代江南(nan)建筑風格。
瀏(liu)陽(yang)文(wen)廟(miao)始建于(yu)宋,清(qing)嘉(jia)慶二(er)十(shi)(shi)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(公元1818年(nian)(nian))遷建于(yu)今址(zhi)。道光二(er)十(shi)(shi)三(san)年(nian)(nian)(公元1843年(nian)(nian))續修,遷崇(chong)圣祠于(yu)右,改建了大成殿(dian),增建了奎文(wen)閣。自(zi)此,瀏(liu)陽(yang)文(wen)廟(miao)更加(jia)富麗(li)堂皇,宏偉壯(zhuang)觀。
瀏陽(yang)文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)座北(bei)向(xiang)(xiang)南(nan),占地面積(ji)6000多(duo)平方(fang)米。中(zhong)軸線上由南(nan)向(xiang)(xiang)北(bei)依次為(wei)萬仞宮墻(現(xian)開(kai)拱型門(men))、泮池(現(xian)為(wei)花壇)、狀元橋(已毀(hui))、欞星門(men)(已毀(hui))、大成(cheng)門(men)、甬道、露(lu)臺、大成(cheng)殿、御碑亭。奎(kui)文(wen)(wen)閣位于文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)后山。
大(da)(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)文(wen)廟主體建筑,建在(zai)一個1.67米(mi)高的麻石鋪(pu)墊的露(lu)臺(tai)上,屬(shu)木結構,重檐歇山(shan)項,蓋黃琉璃瓦,屋角飛翹,屋脊(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)青花(hua)空心方(fang)瓷磚,中(zhong)豎五色(se)葫蘆寶頂。殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)(nei)設(she)八卦澡井,朱漆雕花(hua)格扇門(men)。整個大(da)(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)由(you)(you)32根大(da)(da)(da)(da)石柱支(zhi)撐(cheng)。殿(dian)(dian)前露(lu)臺(tai)上東西各置(zhi)舞(wu)亭一個,舞(wu)亭為(wei)(wei)(wei)木結構,重檐四角攢尖頂,蓋綠瓷瓦,下托(tuo)黃琉璃瓦當。整個舞(wu)亭由(you)(you)內(nei)(nei)外各四根石柱支(zhi)撐(cheng),內(nei)(nei)頂為(wei)(wei)(wei)蓮盤(pan)人物澡井。舞(wu)亭是祀孔(kong)時舞(wu)生演舞(wu)的地方(fang)。露(lu)臺(tai)下為(wei)(wei)(wei)踏步臺(tai)階(jie),中(zhong)間有祁陽石雕盤(pan)龍。大(da)(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)露(lu)臺(tai)下為(wei)(wei)(wei)寬(kuan)6.21米(mi),長42米(mi)的甬道(dao)(dao),直通大(da)(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)。甬道(dao)(dao)兩旁為(wei)(wei)(wei)庭(ting)院,古松翠柏,映襯得(de)郁郁蔥蔥。庭(ting)院左右側即為(wei)(wei)(wei)東西兩廡,舊(jiu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)放(fang)孔(kong)門(men)七十二賢牌位之室,兩廡下首(shou)左右分置(zhi)鐘、鼓兩亭。大(da)(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)高9米(mi),寬(kuan)12.6米(mi),單檐硬山(shan)屋頂,蓋有黃琉璃瓦,下臺(tai)階(jie)即欞星門(men)、泮池狀元橋自(zi)南向北橫跨(kua)在(zai)泮池之上。文(wen)廟周(zhou)圍宮墻高5.7米(mi),長9米(mi)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)(dian)后為(wei)(wei)(wei)御碑亭,梁(liang)上懸有康熙、乾隆(long)等的題匾“斯文(wen)在(zai)約”、“萬世(shi)師表”多塊(kuai),現已(yi)無(wu)存。
瀏(liu)(liu)陽(yang)(yang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟歷(li)(li)史(shi)悠久、規模宏(hong)大、建筑精(jing)巧、布局完美(mei)、保存完整,在(zai)江南(nan)享有(you)盛名(ming)(ming),加上后山和奎(kui)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)閣(ge)(歷(li)(li)史(shi)上這都是(shi)(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟的附屬(shu)部分),其規模更是(shi)(shi)國(guo)內少見。 瀏(liu)(liu)陽(yang)(yang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟的祭孔古樂(le)(le)(le)(le)曾獨步海內,聞名(ming)(ming)天下(xia)。瀏(liu)(liu)陽(yang)(yang)古樂(le)(le)(le)(le)是(shi)(shi)清代道(dao)光年(nian)間瀏(liu)(liu)陽(yang)(yang)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)律學家邱之稑大膽沖破(po)幾千年(nian)來“非天子不議(yi)禮、不作樂(le)(le)(le)(le)”的禁忌、修正康熙皇帝所作《律呂正義》的樂(le)(le)(le)(le)律缺陷,在(zai)發掘(jue)整理古代“韶樂(le)(le)(le)(le)”的基礎上創制(zhi)而成(cheng),是(shi)(shi)古代“韶樂(le)(le)(le)(le)”的完美(mei)再現(xian),被我國(guo)著名(ming)(ming)音樂(le)(le)(le)(le)家楊蔭(yin)瀏(liu)(liu)教授(shou)稱(cheng)為“中國(guo)古代音樂(le)(le)(le)(le)的活(huo)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)”。它樂(le)(le)(le)(le)律動(dong)聽、舞姿優美(mei)、氣(qi)勢非凡,是(shi)(shi)中國(guo)幾千年(nian)儒家文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的體現(xian),文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)底蘊深(shen)厚(hou),連曲阜(fu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟也(ye)曾前來學習。曾國(guo)藩曾贈(zeng)予瀏(liu)(liu)陽(yang)(yang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟“雅淡(dan)和平”、“精(jing)深(shen)正樂(le)(le)(le)(le)”兩塊(kuai)匾額(e),歷(li)(li)史(shi)上有(you)“國(guo)樂(le)(le)(le)(le)古禮在(zai)瀏(liu)(liu)陽(yang)(yang)”之盛譽(yu)。
瀏(liu)陽(yang)文(wen)廟亦是具(ju)有重要革命紀念意義(yi)的地方(fang)。近代資(zi)產階級啟蒙思(si)想家、改革家、愛(ai)國(guo)志(zhi)士譚嗣同(tong)曾在(zai)奎文(wen)閣創辦中(zhong)國(guo)近代一(yi)個(ge)民間科(ke)技(ji)團體(ti)“新算學(xue)館”。民國(guo)時,文(wen)廟辟為縣(xian)(xian)立初級中(zhong)學(xue),革命前(qian)輩胡耀邦、楊(yang)勇李志(zhi)民等同(tong)志(zhi)先后在(zai)該校就讀(du)。1926年,中(zhong)共瀏(liu)陽(yang)縣(xian)(xian)第(di)一(yi)次代表大會在(zai)大成(cheng)殿召(zhao)開成(cheng)立了以潘心(xin)源(yuan)為首(shou)的瀏(liu)陽(yang)縣(xian)(xian)首(shou)屆(jie)委員會。此外,瀏(liu)陽(yang)縣(xian)(xian)第(di)一(yi)屆(jie)農民協會、第(di)一(yi)屆(jie)婦女(nv)代表大會也(ye)都在(zai)此召(zhao)開。