人物生平
早年經歷
大統(tong)八年(nian)(nian)(542年(nian)(nian)),宇文(wen)覺出生于同州。其父是西(xi)魏(wei)權臣宇文(wen)泰,大統(tong)三年(nian)(nian)(537年(nian)(nian))由西(xi)魏(wei)文(wen)帝(di)元(yuan)寶(bao)炬任命為(wei)柱國大將軍(jun)、都督(du)中外(wai)諸軍(jun)事,為(wei)西(xi)魏(wei)軍(jun)隊的(de)實際統(tong)帥;其母為(wei)北魏(wei)孝武帝(di)元(yuan)修之妹馮翊公主(元(yuan)皇后)。
宇文(wen)覺七歲(《周書》記為(wei)(wei)九歲)時,被封為(wei)(wei)略(lve)陽郡公。當時有善(shan)面相者(zhe)史元華為(wei)(wei)其(qi)相面,私下告(gao)訴他(ta)的(de)父母:“這(zhe)位公子(zi)有至貴(gui)之相,但可悲的(de)是他(ta)不(bu)長命。” 宇文(wen)覺不(bu)到十五歲時,便娶了西魏文(wen)帝元寶炬的(de)第五女(nv)晉安(an)公主元胡摩為(wei)(wei)妻。
西魏恭帝(di)三年(nian)(556年(nian))三月,宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)覺(jue)(jue)以嫡子被宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)泰(tai)立為(wei)世(shi)子;四月,拜為(wei)大將軍(jun)。宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)泰(tai)原(yuan)想取代(dai)元(yuan)氏(shi)政(zheng)權(quan)自(zi)立為(wei)帝(di),不(bu)料(liao)十一月在北巡途(tu)中病死(si)。宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)泰(tai)侄子宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)護(宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)泰(tai)長兄(xiong)宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)顥第(di)三子)因從小(xiao)追隨宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)泰(tai),既為(wei)之管理家族,又(you)隨軍(jun)轉(zhuan)戰,東征(zheng)西討,功績不(bu)小(xiao),得(de)到宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)泰(tai)的信任和器重(zhong)。宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)泰(tai)臨死(si)前,因為(wei)宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)覺(jue)(jue)還(huan)小(xiao),于(yu)是他委托宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)護輔政(zheng)宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)覺(jue)(jue)執掌政(zheng)權(quan)。宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)泰(tai)死(si)后,拓跋(ba)廓封(feng)宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)覺(jue)(jue)為(wei)太師、大冢(zhong)宰、襲封(feng)安定(ding)公;不(bu)久,又(you)封(feng)宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)覺(jue)(jue)為(wei)周(zhou)公。
受禪稱帝
西(xi)(xi)魏(wei)(wei)恭(gong)帝(di)四年(nian)(557年(nian)),掌握(wo)西(xi)(xi)魏(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)權的宇(yu)文護(hu)陰謀(mou)進(jin)行(xing)禪代(dai),逼西(xi)(xi)魏(wei)(wei)恭(gong)帝(di)拓跋廓把皇位禪讓(rang)給宇(yu)文覺(jue)。西(xi)(xi)魏(wei)(wei)恭(gong)帝(di)親(qin)自臨朝,派遣民部中大(da)(da)(da)夫、濟(ji)北(bei)公元迪將皇帝(di)的印璽奉上。宇(yu)文覺(jue)力辭不受。公卿百(bai)官前去進(jin)行(xing)勸(quan)進(jin),于(yu)是(shi)宇(yu)文覺(jue)同意即位。當(dang)日,西(xi)(xi)魏(wei)(wei)恭(gong)帝(di)于(yu)大(da)(da)(da)司(si)馬(ma)府遜位。
北(bei)周孝閔(min)帝(di)元年(nian)正月初一(yi)日(557年(nian)2月15日),在宇(yu)(yu)文護的扶持(chi)下,宇(yu)(yu)文覺受(shou)禪即位,自稱天王(wang),國(guo)號“周”,史稱“北(bei)周”,是為北(bei)周的開始。追尊宇(yu)(yu)文泰為文王(wang),母(mu)元氏為王(wang)后。立妃元胡摩為王(wang)后。
宇文(wen)覺登基后,以大(da)司(si)徒(tu)、趙(zhao)郡公(gong)李(li)弼為(wei)(wei)太(tai)(tai)(tai)師(shi),大(da)宗伯(bo)、南陽公(gong)趙(zhao)貴(gui)為(wei)(wei)太(tai)(tai)(tai)傅、大(da)冢宰,大(da)司(si)馬、河(he)內公(gong)獨孤(gu)信為(wei)(wei)太(tai)(tai)(tai)保、大(da)宗伯(bo),柱國(guo)、中山(shan)公(gong)護為(wei)(wei)大(da)司(si)馬。 不(bu)久,進封(feng)太(tai)(tai)(tai)師(shi)李(li)弼為(wei)(wei)趙(zhao)國(guo)公(gong),太(tai)(tai)(tai)傅趙(zhao)貴(gui)為(wei)(wei)楚國(guo)公(gong),太(tai)(tai)(tai)保獨孤(gu)信為(wei)(wei)衛國(guo)公(gong),大(da)司(si)寇于謹為(wei)(wei)燕(yan)國(guo)公(gong),大(da)司(si)空(kong)侯莫(mo)陳(chen)崇為(wei)(wei)梁(liang)國(guo)公(gong),大(da)司(si)馬、中山(shan)公(gong)宇文(wen)護為(wei)(wei)晉(jin)國(guo)公(gong)。
權臣秉政
宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)覺稱(cheng)帝后,宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)護(hu)就任(ren)大冢宰(大丞相),軍政(zheng)大權(quan)實際上全部(bu)掌(zhang)握在(zai)他手中。宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)護(hu)專(zhuan)橫跋(ba)扈,一部(bu)份(fen)元老大臣對他心生不服(fu)。太傅趙貴密謀刺殺宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)護(hu),找太保獨孤信商議,獨孤信阻(zu)止(zhi)了(le)他,但(dan)也沒有告發他。后來有人(ren)告發了(le)這(zhe)件事,宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)護(hu)以謀反罪名殺了(le)趙貴,獨孤信也被罷官(guan),不久又被賜死。
宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)覺(jue)雖然尚未成年,卻(que)也想親自(zi)執(zhi)政。對宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)護(hu)不(bu)滿的大臣司會李植、軍司馬孫(sun)(sun)恒和宮(gong)伯(bo)(bo)乙弗(fu)鳳、賀拔(ba)提等(deng)看(kan)出了(le)(le)宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)覺(jue)的心事,便(bian)密(mi)謀策劃,請求宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)覺(jue)除(chu)掉宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)護(hu)。宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)覺(jue)心中贊成,但不(bu)敢貿然行(xing)動。于(yu)是,招集了(le)(le)一(yi)批武士(shi)在皇(huang)家(jia)花園(yuan)講習武藝,演練擒拿捆(kun)縛之術。當(dang)年八月,這(zhe)一(yi)伙人(ren)怕勢單力薄,又由李植去拉宮(gong)伯(bo)(bo)張光(guang)洛入伙。張光(guang)洛偷偷向(xiang)宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)護(hu)告了(le)(le)密(mi),宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)護(hu)料(liao)知這(zhe)些(xie)人(ren)成不(bu)了(le)(le)氣(qi)候,沒有殺(sha)他們,只把為主的李植貶(bian)為梁州刺史(shi),孫(sun)(sun)恒貶(bian)為潼州刺史(shi)。
宇文覺(jue)并不(bu)肯罷休,總(zong)想(xiang)召回(hui)李植、孫(sun)恒二人。宇文護耐(nai)著性子向宇文覺(jue)“哭諫”,他說:“天下(xia)(xia)(xia)至親莫如(ru)兄(xiong)(xiong)弟,若是兄(xiong)(xiong)弟互相(xiang)猜疑(yi),那世間還有(you)可信之人嗎?叔(shu)父囑托我幫陛(bi)(bi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)治理(li)國家(jia),如(ru)果(guo)陛(bi)(bi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)能獨立料理(li)朝政,名揚天下(xia)(xia)(xia),為兄(xiong)(xiong)也就死而無憾(han)了。可是陛(bi)(bi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)現在年紀尚小,我擔心(xin)我被害(hai)后大權落到奸(jian)臣手中,那時候非(fei)旦對陛(bi)(bi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)不(bu)利(li),連國家(jia)也將滅亡,叫我有(you)何面目(mu)去見地下(xia)(xia)(xia)的叔(shu)父!我既是陛(bi)(bi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)的長(chang)兄(xiong)(xiong),又是朝中宰相(xiang),還能有(you)什么(me)想(xiang)法!望陛(bi)(bi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)三思,切(qie)勿聽信讒(chan)言,疏遠骨肉。”這一席話說得懇切(qie)感人,宇文覺(jue)便停止召回(hui)李、孫(sun)二人。
慘遭毒殺
宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)覺(jue)身邊的乙弗鳳(feng)害(hai)怕(pa)時(shi)日(ri)久了,除掉(diao)宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)的主張成為泡影,便加(jia)緊謀(mou)劃(hua),準備由宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)覺(jue)設(she)御宴招待群臣,乘機除掉(diao)宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)。此事又被(bei)張光(guang)洛告密。宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)便立(li)刻召集柱國賀蘭祥、領軍(jun)(jun)尉遲(chi)綱(gang)商(shang)討對策。賀蘭祥等(deng)(deng)勸宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)廢掉(diao)宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)覺(jue),殺其同黨。當時(shi)尉遲(chi)綱(gang)掌(zhang)管禁軍(jun)(jun),很容(rong)易辦到。宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)便派尉遲(chi)綱(gang)進宮,通(tong)知乙弗鳳(feng)等(deng)(deng)去商(shang)議國事,等(deng)(deng)他們一(yi)(yi)到,便一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)個(ge)(ge)被(bei)活捉生擒。接(jie)著下令撤(che)銷(xiao)了宮廷宿衛,宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)覺(jue)發現形勢不妙,忙(mang)命宮女太監操起(qi)兵器自衛,宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)派賀蘭祥逼宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)覺(jue)退位,廢為略(lve)陽公。先(xian)殺了乙弗鳳(feng)、孫恒等(deng)(deng),一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)月后宇(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)覺(jue)也被(bei)殺害(hai),年僅十六歲。
天和(he)七年(572年),北周武帝宇文邕誅(zhu)殺宇文護,下令為(wei)宇文覺(jue)上謚(shi)號。于是派遣蜀國公尉遲迥在南郊上謚(shi)其為(wei)孝閔皇帝,稱其陵墓為(wei)靜(jing)陵。
為政舉措
宇文覺即位后(hou),多次減賦(fu)減刑。北周孝(xiao)閔帝元年(nian)(nian)(557年(nian)(nian))三(san)(san)月(yue)(yue)十(shi)(shi)四(si)日,下(xia)詔說(shuo)(shuo):“淅州去年(nian)(nian)歉收(shou),百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)饑餓,我(wo)(wo)(wo)心(xin)中悲憫。該州賦(fu)稅(shui)未(wei)完成的(de),應(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)全(quan)部免除。另派使者(zhe)巡視,對窮餓者(zhe)予以(yi)(yi)賑濟。”三(san)(san)月(yue)(yue)二(er)十(shi)(shi)五日,裁(cai)減六(liu)府官(guan)員(yuan),三(san)(san)分裁(cai)減一(yi)分。四(si)月(yue)(yue)四(si)日,詔命死(si)罪(zui)以(yi)(yi)下(xia)的(de)囚(qiu)犯,各減刑一(yi)等。八(ba)月(yue)(yue)五日,下(xia)詔道:“我(wo)(wo)(wo)才(cai)登皇位,教(jiao)化(hua)未(wei)至,使我(wo)(wo)(wo)百(bai)姓(xing)(xing),多陷刑網。如(ru)今秋天已(yi)到(dao),將要(yao)執行死(si)刑,念及群生,責任在我(wo)(wo)(wo)。應(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)寬恕(shu)有(you)(you)罪(zui)之人(ren)(ren),給他(ta)們改過(guo)自新的(de)機會。凡犯死(si)罪(zui)者(zhe),應(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)降為流(liu)放;流(liu)放罪(zui)以(yi)(yi)下(xia)的(de),各減一(yi)等。不在赦免范圍以(yi)(yi)內者(zhe),不得(de)依此減罪(zui)。”八(ba)月(yue)(yue)二(er)十(shi)(shi)八(ba)日,又(you)下(xia)詔說(shuo)(shuo):“帝王治(zhi)(zhi)理天下(xia),無不廣泛訪求人(ren)(ren)才(cai),以(yi)(yi)治(zhi)(zhi)理百(bai)姓(xing)(xing)。如(ru)今二(er)十(shi)(shi)四(si)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)應(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)推薦(jian)(jian)賢(xian)良而(er)有(you)(you)治(zhi)(zhi)理才(cai)能的(de)人(ren)(ren),每軍(jun)(jun)(jun)舉薦(jian)(jian)九(jiu)人(ren)(ren)。被舉薦(jian)(jian)的(de)人(ren)(ren),以(yi)(yi)后(hou)如(ru)有(you)(you)不稱(cheng)職者(zhe),凡舉薦(jian)(jian)的(de)官(guan)府,都(dou)要(yao)治(zhi)(zhi)罪(zui)。”九(jiu)月(yue)(yue)二(er)十(shi)(shi)四(si)日,下(xia)詔道:“我(wo)(wo)(wo)聽說(shuo)(shuo)治(zhi)(zhi)理天下(xia)的(de),并不是只靠帝王一(yi)人(ren)(ren),而(er)是上下(xia)同(tong)心(xin)才(cai)能做到(dao)。如(ru)今文武官(guan)員(yuan)及軍(jun)(jun)(jun)人(ren)(ren)未(wei)得(de)封爵者(zhe),應(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)各升兩大級。”
宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)覺(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)生性剛(gang)毅果(guo)敢,對(dui)于其堂兄(xiong)宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)護(hu)(hu)(hu)專政感(gan)到相當不滿。而司(si)會李植(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)軍司(si)馬孫恒也對(dui)宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)護(hu)(hu)(hu)權(quan)高位(wei)重頗有微詞,便(bian)與(yu)乙弗(fu)鳳、賀(he)拔提(ti)等人(ren)一(yi)同(tong)(tong)私(si)下向宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)覺(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)請求(qiu)誅(zhu)(zhu)殺(sha)宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)護(hu)(hu)(hu),取得了(le)宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)覺(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)的同(tong)(tong)意。他們又找(zhao)了(le)張光洛(luo)一(yi)同(tong)(tong)行(xing)事(shi),不料張光洛(luo)卻將此事(shi)告訴宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)護(hu)(hu)(hu)。于是(shi)宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)護(hu)(hu)(hu)改封李植(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)梁州刺(ci)史(shi),孫恒為(wei)潼州刺(ci)史(shi),將他們外放。乙弗(fu)鳳因此表示他將把宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)護(hu)(hu)(hu)引進宮(gong)后誅(zhu)(zhu)殺(sha),但張光洛(luo)又將此事(shi)告訴宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)護(hu)(hu)(hu),宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)護(hu)(hu)(hu)反而與(yu)尉遲綱合謀(mou)廢(fei)立之事(shi),先(xian)設計誅(zhu)(zhu)殺(sha)乙弗(fu)鳳,并(bing)(bing)使(shi)宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)覺(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)身邊沒有侍(shi)衛;接(jie)著派(pai)賀(he)蘭祥逼迫宇(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)(wen)覺(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)遜(xun)位(wei),將他貶為(wei)略陽公并(bing)(bing)幽禁。
人物評價
宇文(wen)邕(yong):“至(zhi)德純粹,天姿秀(xiu)杰。”
盧思(si)道:“閔帝(di)以(yi)(yi)嫡嗣承基,應天(tian)納(na)禪。弱齡厭(yan)世(shi),未(wei)及稱皇。以(yi)(yi)庶長見立,纂我鴻緒(xu)。從(cong)容文雅,亦守(shou)文之良主焉(yan)。”
令(ling)狐德棻(fen)《周書》:“孝閔承既安(an)之(zhi)(zhi)業,應樂推之(zhi)(zhi)運,柴天(tian)竺物,正位君(jun)臨,邇無異言,遠無異望。雖黃初代德,太(tai)始受終,不之(zhi)(zhi)尚也。然政由寧氏,主懷芒刺之(zhi)(zhi)疑;祭則寡(gua)人,臣(chen)無復(fu)子之(zhi)(zhi)請。以之(zhi)(zhi)速禍,宜哉。”
李延壽(shou)《北(bei)史》:①帝性剛果。②孝閔承(cheng)既安(an)之業,膺(ying)樂(le)推(tui)之運;明皇處代邸(di)之尊,纂大宗(zong)之緒(xu)。始則權臣專命,終乃政出私門;俱懷芒(mang)刺之疑(yi),用(yong)致(zhi)幽弒之禍,惜哉。
徐鈞:“生長朱(zhu)門十(shi)五(wu)春,廢興(xing)無奈屬權臣。當時枉作開基主,翻被虛名(ming)誤卻(que)身。”
后世紀念
北周武帝(di)宇文邕(yong)登基十二年后,下令為(wei)宇文覺上謚號為(wei)孝(xiao)閔(min)皇帝(di),稱其陵墓為(wei)靜陵。
據《北史》記載(zai),北周五位(wei)皇帝(di)中,孝閔帝(di)宇文覺葬靜(jing)陵(ling)。但(dan)未記載(zai)葬地(di)。武帝(di)孝陵(ling)以西(xi)已知其為北周重臣(chen)葬地(di),北周諸陵(ling),包(bao)括靜(jing)陵(ling)亦當(dang)在今陜西(xi)省咸陽市渭(wei)城區底(di)張鎮一帶。
史書記載
令(ling)狐德棻(fen)《周書(shu)·卷三·帝紀第三》
李延壽《北史·卷九(jiu)·周本紀(ji)上第九(jiu)》
影視形象
2017年電視劇(ju)《獨孤天下》:李瑞超飾演宇文覺(jue)。