河北承(cheng)德丹(dan)(dan)霞地貌國(guo)家地質(zhi)公園(yuan)位于承(cheng)德市周邊,行(xing)政(zheng)區(qu)(qu)劃(hua)屬于雙(shuang)(shuang)橋(qiao)區(qu)(qu)、雙(shuang)(shuang)灤(luan)區(qu)(qu)及承(cheng)德縣。公園(yuan)分為(wei)磬錘峰、雙(shuang)(shuang)塔(ta)山(shan)、雞冠山(shan)三個園(yuan)區(qu)(qu),磬錘峰、夾墻溝(gou)、朝陽(yang)洞、唐(tang)家灣、雙(shuang)(shuang)塔(ta)山(shan)、雞冠山(shan)六個景區(qu)(qu),總面積48.76 km2,核心區(qu)(qu)面積24.03 km2。是一座以丹(dan)(dan)霞地貌為(wei)主,以清(qing)代(dai)皇家園(yuan)林景觀和熱河古生物群景觀為(wei)輔,集自然、生態、人文(wen)于一體的(de)綜合性(xing)地質(zhi)公園(yuan)。承(cheng)德丹(dan)(dan)霞地貌具有極好的(de)代(dai)表性(xing),反(fan)映了(le)丹(dan)(dan)霞地貌整個發育演化進程,是研(yan)究(jiu)華北丹(dan)(dan)霞地貌形成(cheng)、發展和演化的(de)最佳場(chang)所。
地(di)(di)質遺跡(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)保護和利用是地(di)(di)質公(gong)園(yuan)建設與發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)核心。河北省承德丹霞(xia)地(di)(di)貌(mao)國(guo)家地(di)(di)質公(gong)園(yuan)是以丹霞(xia)地(di)(di)貌(mao)景觀(guan)為(wei)主,集地(di)(di)質構(gou)(gou)造、古(gu)生物、河流、熱泉景觀(guan)為(wei)一體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)合性地(di)(di)質公(gong)園(yuan)。漫長的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)質演化(hua)(hua)及(ji)(ji)承德盆地(di)(di)特殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)構(gou)(gou)造和自(zi)然(ran)地(di)(di)理位置使(shi)公(gong)園(yuan)內(nei)地(di)(di)質遺跡(ji)類型(xing)多(duo)樣(yang)、發(fa)育(yu)典型(xing),多(duo)重要構(gou)(gou)造、地(di)(di)貌(mao)及(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)層記錄。丹霞(xia)地(di)(di)貌(mao)是由中國(guo)學者提出來的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種獨(du)立地(di)(di)貌(mao)類型(xing),公(gong)園(yuan)內(nei)以承德礫巖為(wei)主要構(gou)(gou)景層的(de)(de)(de)(de)丹霞(xia)地(di)(di)貌(mao)演化(hua)(hua)階段(duan)完整,露頭規模較大,形(xing)態多(duo)樣(yang)奇特,在我(wo)國(guo)北方(fang)罕見(jian)且(qie)較典型(xing),在地(di)(di)學研究、科普教育(yu)方(fang)面(mian)有著(zhu)重要科學內(nei)涵。公(gong)園(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建立及(ji)(ji)園(yuan)內(nei)丹霞(xia)地(di)(di)貌(mao)區特有小環境形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溝谷(gu)效應為(wei)生態研究與保護提供了條件。同時,研究區內(nei)眾多(duo)地(di)(di)質遺跡(ji)所形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然(ran)景觀(guan)極具觀(guan)賞與美學價值,對(dui)承德旅(lv)游開發(fa)與規劃獨(du)具意義。
丹(dan)霞地(di)(di)(di)貌發育始(shi)于第三紀晚期(qi)的(de)喜(xi)馬(ma)拉雅造山運動。這次運動使(shi)部(bu)分紅色(se)地(di)(di)(di)層(ceng)(ceng)發生傾斜和舒緩褶(zhe)曲(qu),并使(shi)紅色(se)盆地(di)(di)(di)抬升,形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)外流區(qu)。流水(shui)向盆地(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)部(bu)低洼處集中(zhong),沿巖(yan)(yan)層(ceng)(ceng)垂直節理(li)進(jin)行(xing)侵蝕,形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)兩壁直立的(de)深溝,稱為(wei)巷谷(gu)(gu)。巷谷(gu)(gu)崖麓的(de)崩積物(wu)在(zai)流水(shui)不能(neng)全部(bu)搬走時,形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)坡度較緩的(de)崩積錐(zhui)。隨著溝壁的(de)崩塌后退,崩積錐(zhui)不斷(duan)向上(shang)增長(chang),覆(fu)蓋基巖(yan)(yan)面的(de)范(fan)圍也不斷(duan)擴(kuo)大,崩積錐(zhui)下(xia)部(bu)基巖(yan)(yan)形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)一(yi)個和崩積錐(zhui)傾斜方向一(yi)致的(de)緩坡。崖面的(de)崩塌后退還使(shi)山頂面范(fan)圍逐漸(jian)縮(suo)小,形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)堡狀殘峰、石(shi)墻或石(shi)柱(zhu)等地(di)(di)(di)貌。隨著進(jin)一(yi)步的(de)侵蝕,殘峰、石(shi)墻和石(shi)柱(zhu)也將消失,形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)緩坡丘(qiu)陵。在(zai)紅色(se)砂礫巖(yan)(yan)層(ceng)(ceng)中(zhong)有不少(shao)石(shi)灰巖(yan)(yan)礫石(shi)和碳(tan)酸(suan)鈣膠結物(wu),碳(tan)酸(suan)鈣被水(shui)溶(rong)解后常(chang)形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)一(yi)些(xie)溶(rong)溝、石(shi)芽和溶(rong)洞,或者(zhe)形(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)薄層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)鈣化沉積,甚(shen)至發育有石(shi)鐘(zhong)乳。沿節理(li)交(jiao)匯處還發育漏斗。
在(zai)砂巖中,因(yin)有交錯層理(li)所(suo)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)錦繡(xiu)般(ban)的(de)地形(xing),稱為(wei)錦石(shi)(shi)。河流深切(qie)的(de)巖層,可形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)頂部平(ping)齊、四壁陡峭的(de)方(fang)山,或(huo)被(bei)切(qie)割成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)各(ge)種各(ge)樣的(de)奇峰:有直(zhi)立的(de)、堡壘狀的(de)、寶塔狀的(de)等。在(zai)巖層傾角(jiao)較大(da)的(de)地區,則侵蝕(shi)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)起伏如龍的(de)單(dan)斜山脊;多個單(dan)斜山脊相鄰,稱為(wei)單(dan)斜峰群。巖層沿垂直(zhi)節理(li)發生大(da)面積崩塌,則形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)高大(da)、壯(zhuang)觀的(de)陡崖(ya)坡;陡崖(ya)坡沿某組主要節理(li)的(de)走向發育(yu),形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)高大(da)的(de)石(shi)(shi)墻;石(shi)(shi)墻的(de)蝕(shi)穿(chuan)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)石(shi)(shi)窗(chuang);石(shi)(shi)窗(chuang)進(jin)一步擴大(da),變成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)石(shi)(shi)橋。各(ge)巖塊之(zhi)間常形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)狹陡的(de)巷谷,其巖壁因(yin)紅色而名(ming)為(wei)“赤壁”,壁上常發育(yu)有沿層面的(de)巖洞。