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基本介紹

湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)書院洲(zhou)國家濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園地(di)(di)(di)(di)處湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)省安(an)(an)(an)鄉縣境內(nei)，主要(yao)包括安(an)(an)(an)鄉縣境內(nei)的(de)松(song)滋河(he)(he)、虎(hu)渡河(he)(he)及其周邊(bian)一定(ding)范(fan)圍的(de)區域(yu)。濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園由北(bei)向南(nan)(nan)呈狹長型廊(lang)道走向，最南(nan)(nan)端至(zhi)楊家河(he)(he)洲(zhou)，北(bei)端至(zhi)松(song)滋河(he)(he)東支望槐處、松(song)滋河(he)(he)中支黃沙灣處和(he)虎(hu)渡河(he)(he)黃獅嘴處。地(di)(di)(di)(di)理坐標(biao)為(wei)：東經112°4′9″～112°13′34″，北(bei)緯29°16′19″～29°29′59″。書院洲(zhou)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園內(nei)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)面(mian)積(ji)3943.41公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃，占(zhan)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)92.42%。其中，河(he)(he)流濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)積(ji)為(wei)2077.91公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃，占(zhan)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)53.96%，占(zhan)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)48.7%；沼(zhao)澤濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)積(ji)為(wei)1787.94公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃，占(zhan)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)46.43%，占(zhan)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)41.90%；人工濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)積(ji)為(wei)25.47公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃，占(zhan)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)0.66%，占(zhan)土地(di)(di)(di)(di)總(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)面(mian)積(ji)的(de)0.60%。書院洲(zhou)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園處于洞(dong)(dong)庭(ting)(ting)湖(hu)平(ping)原(yuan)的(de)長江與(yu)洞(dong)(dong)庭(ting)(ting)湖(hu)之間(jian)的(de)河(he)(he)網(wang)水系地(di)(di)(di)(di)帶，是(shi)長江入洞(dong)(dong)庭(ting)(ting)湖(hu)三口（藕池口、太平(ping)口、松(song)滋口）河(he)(he)網(wang)水系的(de)重要(yao)組成部分(fen)，是(shi)長江-洞(dong)(dong)庭(ting)(ting)湖(hu)之間(jian)的(de)重要(yao)生態廊(lang)道，也是(shi)安(an)(an)(an)鄉縣的(de)生態、經濟和(he)文化廊(lang)道，對保障洞(dong)(dong)庭(ting)(ting)湖(hu)生態安(an)(an)(an)全和(he)促進安(an)(an)(an)鄉縣社會經濟可持續(xu)發展具有(you)重要(yao)作(zuo)用(yong)。

濕地公(gong)園生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)樣性豐富(fu)，動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)繁多(duo)。共有種(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)119科(ke)(ke)，344屬(shu)(shu)，520種(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)中有國(guo)家重(zhong)點保(bao)(bao)護(hu)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)蓮(lian)和野(ye)(ye)菱2種(zhong)(zhong)。發現野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)脊椎(zhui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)202種(zhong)(zhong)，隸(li)屬(shu)(shu)30目74科(ke)(ke)215屬(shu)(shu)，其(qi)中，魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)5目13科(ke)(ke)42屬(shu)(shu)50種(zhong)(zhong)，兩棲動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)2目5科(ke)(ke)7屬(shu)(shu)11種(zhong)(zhong)，爬(pa)行動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)3目8科(ke)(ke)15屬(shu)(shu)19種(zhong)(zhong)，鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)15目41科(ke)(ke)78屬(shu)(shu)111種(zhong)(zhong)，獸(shou)類(lei)(lei)(lei)5目7科(ke)(ke)9屬(shu)(shu)11種(zhong)(zhong)。在野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)中，國(guo)家Ⅰ級(ji)重(zhong)點保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)1種(zhong)(zhong)，國(guo)家Ⅱ級(ji)重(zhong)點保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)18種(zhong)(zhong)，省級(ji)重(zhong)點保(bao)(bao)護(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)98種(zhong)(zhong)。優越的(de)自然環境使書院洲濕地成(cheng)為水鄉天然的(de)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)園。

安鄉歷(li)史悠久、人(ren)杰地靈，俗稱“魚米之鄉”。早(zao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)新石器時代就有人(ren)類在(zai)(zai)(zai)此繁衍生息，境內發現的(de)(de)湯家崗新石器遺(yi)址已(yi)有7000多(duo)年(nian)(nian)歷(li)史，屬(shu)全國罕見，比城頭山的(de)(de)歷(li)史還早(zao)1000多(duo)年(nian)(nian)。書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)洲原(yuan)名(ming)(ming)鸛洲，曾經(jing)是(shi)一片(pian)肥沃的(de)(de)淤洲，現在(zai)(zai)(zai)早(zao)已(yi)圍堤成(cheng)垸(huan)，為書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)洲社區所在(zai)(zai)(zai)地。相(xiang)傳(chuan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)很早(zao)以前，這(zhe)(zhe)片(pian)淤洲名(ming)(ming)為鸛港。洲上修(xiu)了一座(zuo)道觀(guan)，叫興(xing)(xing)國觀(guan)。道觀(guan)飛閣重檐(yan)，雕梁畫棟；觀(guan)內三清神(shen)像金光閃(shan)閃(shan)，栩栩如生，是(shi)一個雅麗恬(tian)靜的(de)(de)好地方，名(ming)(ming)人(ren)學(xue)士常來到這(zhe)(zhe)里(li)聚徒講(jiang)學(xue)。相(xiang)傳(chuan)宋(song)范(fan)仲淹少年(nian)(nian)時曾在(zai)(zai)(zai)此地興(xing)(xing)國觀(guan)讀(du)(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)5年(nian)(nian)。后來，為了紀念范(fan)文正公(gong)，宋(song)慶(qing)元二年(nian)(nian)（1196年(nian)(nian)）在(zai)(zai)(zai)他(ta)讀(du)(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)地方，人(ren)們修(xiu)建了一座(zuo)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)，名(ming)(ming)為范(fan)文正公(gong)讀(du)(du)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)臺，至到清乾隆十年(nian)(nian)（1745年(nian)(nian)）重修(xiu)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)時，在(zai)(zai)(zai)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)周圍種柳數百株，書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)改(gai)名(ming)(ming)為“深柳書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)”，鸛港也改(gai)名(ming)(ming)叫了“書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)洲”。

湖南書(shu)院(yuan)洲國家濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)公(gong)園規劃(hua)遵(zun)循“保(bao)護(hu)優先(xian)、科(ke)學(xue)恢復、合理利(li)用、持續(xu)發展(zhan)(zhan)”的基本原則。縣委、縣政(zheng)府(fu)高度重視，以(yi)(yi)松滋(zi)河、虎渡河濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)生態系統為核心，以(yi)(yi)長江與(yu)洞(dong)庭(ting)湖之間(jian)獨具(ju)特色的河網水(shui)系復合生態系統為特色，以(yi)(yi)豐富(fu)的洞(dong)庭(ting)湖濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)文(wen)化、深厚的歷史文(wen)化為內(nei)涵，以(yi)(yi)長江-庭(ting)湖之間(jian)河網水(shui)系廊道生態系統保(bao)護(hu)保(bao)育、洞(dong)庭(ting)湖實(shi)體(ti)(ti)模型(xing)和(he)仿真試(shi)驗(yan)基地(di)(di)與(yu)洞(dong)庭(ting)湖濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)動(dong)態演變科(ke)研試(shi)驗(yan)基地(di)(di)建(jian)設為核心，以(yi)(yi)文(wen)化展(zhan)(zhan)示與(yu)體(ti)(ti)驗(yan)為突破，力爭把書(shu)院(yuan)洲濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)公(gong)園打造成(cheng)集濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)保(bao)護(hu)保(bao)育、濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)功(gong)能和(he)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)文(wen)化展(zhan)(zhan)示、濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)觀光休閑、濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)科(ke)研、監測和(he)宣(xuan)教于一體(ti)(ti)的國家級濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)公(gong)園。