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基本介紹

湖(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)書院洲(zhou)國家濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)園地(di)(di)(di)處(chu)(chu)湖(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)省安(an)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)縣境(jing)(jing)內(nei)(nei)(nei)，主(zhu)要(yao)包(bao)括安(an)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)縣境(jing)(jing)內(nei)(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)松滋(zi)河(he)(he)(he)、虎渡河(he)(he)(he)及其(qi)周邊一定范圍(wei)的(de)(de)區(qu)域。濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)園由北(bei)向(xiang)南(nan)(nan)呈狹長型(xing)廊(lang)道走向(xiang)，最(zui)南(nan)(nan)端至楊家河(he)(he)(he)洲(zhou)，北(bei)端至松滋(zi)河(he)(he)(he)東支望槐處(chu)(chu)、松滋(zi)河(he)(he)(he)中支黃沙灣處(chu)(chu)和虎渡河(he)(he)(he)黃獅嘴處(chu)(chu)。地(di)(di)(di)理(li)坐標(biao)為：東經112°4′9″～112°13′34″，北(bei)緯29°16′19″～29°29′59″。書院洲(zhou)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)園內(nei)(nei)(nei)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)總(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)3943.41公(gong)(gong)頃，占(zhan)土地(di)(di)(di)總(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)92.42%。其(qi)中，河(he)(he)(he)流濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)為2077.91公(gong)(gong)頃，占(zhan)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)總(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)53.96%，占(zhan)土地(di)(di)(di)總(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)48.7%；沼澤濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)為1787.94公(gong)(gong)頃，占(zhan)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)總(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)46.43%，占(zhan)土地(di)(di)(di)總(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)41.90%；人工(gong)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)為25.47公(gong)(gong)頃，占(zhan)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)總(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)0.66%，占(zhan)土地(di)(di)(di)總(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)0.60%。書院洲(zhou)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)園處(chu)(chu)于洞(dong)庭湖(hu)(hu)平(ping)原的(de)(de)長江與洞(dong)庭湖(hu)(hu)之間的(de)(de)河(he)(he)(he)網(wang)水系地(di)(di)(di)帶(dai)，是(shi)長江入洞(dong)庭湖(hu)(hu)三(san)口（藕池口、太平(ping)口、松滋(zi)口）河(he)(he)(he)網(wang)水系的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)組(zu)成(cheng)部分，是(shi)長江-洞(dong)庭湖(hu)(hu)之間的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)生(sheng)態(tai)廊(lang)道，也是(shi)安(an)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)縣的(de)(de)生(sheng)態(tai)、經濟和文化廊(lang)道，對保障洞(dong)庭湖(hu)(hu)生(sheng)態(tai)安(an)全和促進安(an)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)縣社(she)會經濟可持續發展具有重(zhong)要(yao)作用。

濕地公園(yuan)生物(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)樣性(xing)豐富，動(dong)(dong)(dong)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類繁(fan)多(duo)。共有種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植物(wu)(wu)(wu)119科(ke)(ke)(ke)，344屬，520種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)有國家重(zhong)點保護(hu)野(ye)(ye)生植物(wu)(wu)(wu)蓮和(he)野(ye)(ye)菱2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。發現野(ye)(ye)生脊(ji)椎動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)202種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬30目(mu)(mu)(mu)74科(ke)(ke)(ke)215屬，其中(zhong)，魚類5目(mu)(mu)(mu)13科(ke)(ke)(ke)42屬50種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，兩(liang)棲動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)2目(mu)(mu)(mu)5科(ke)(ke)(ke)7屬11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬(pa)行動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)3目(mu)(mu)(mu)8科(ke)(ke)(ke)15屬19種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鳥類15目(mu)(mu)(mu)41科(ke)(ke)(ke)78屬111種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，獸類5目(mu)(mu)(mu)7科(ke)(ke)(ke)9屬11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。在野(ye)(ye)生動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)中(zhong)，國家Ⅰ級(ji)重(zhong)點保護(hu)的野(ye)(ye)生動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，國家Ⅱ級(ji)重(zhong)點保護(hu)的野(ye)(ye)生動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，省級(ji)重(zhong)點保護(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)98種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。優越的自然環境(jing)使書院洲濕地成為水鄉天(tian)然的野(ye)(ye)生動(dong)(dong)(dong)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)園(yuan)。

安鄉(xiang)歷(li)(li)(li)史(shi)悠久、人杰地(di)靈，俗稱“魚米之鄉(xiang)”。早(zao)在新石器(qi)時(shi)代就有人類在此繁衍生息(xi)，境內發現的(de)湯家崗新石器(qi)遺址已有7000多年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)歷(li)(li)(li)史(shi)，屬全國罕見，比(bi)城(cheng)頭山(shan)的(de)歷(li)(li)(li)史(shi)還早(zao)1000多年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。書(shu)(shu)院洲原名(ming)鸛(guan)洲，曾經是一(yi)片肥(fei)沃的(de)淤洲，現在早(zao)已圍(wei)堤成垸，為(wei)(wei)書(shu)(shu)院洲社區所在地(di)。相傳在很早(zao)以前，這(zhe)片淤洲名(ming)為(wei)(wei)鸛(guan)港(gang)。洲上修了(le)一(yi)座道觀(guan)(guan)(guan)，叫興(xing)國觀(guan)(guan)(guan)。道觀(guan)(guan)(guan)飛(fei)閣重檐，雕(diao)梁畫棟(dong)；觀(guan)(guan)(guan)內三清(qing)神像(xiang)金(jin)光閃(shan)閃(shan)，栩栩如生，是一(yi)個雅麗恬靜(jing)的(de)好地(di)方，名(ming)人學(xue)士(shi)常(chang)來(lai)(lai)到(dao)這(zhe)里聚徒講學(xue)。相傳宋范仲(zhong)淹少年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)時(shi)曾在此地(di)興(xing)國觀(guan)(guan)(guan)讀書(shu)(shu)5年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。后來(lai)(lai)，為(wei)(wei)了(le)紀念范文正(zheng)公，宋慶(qing)元二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1196年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）在他讀書(shu)(shu)的(de)地(di)方，人們修建了(le)一(yi)座書(shu)(shu)院，名(ming)為(wei)(wei)范文正(zheng)公讀書(shu)(shu)臺，至到(dao)清(qing)乾隆(long)十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1745年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）重修書(shu)(shu)院時(shi)，在書(shu)(shu)院周(zhou)圍(wei)種柳數百株，書(shu)(shu)院改名(ming)為(wei)(wei)“深柳書(shu)(shu)院”，鸛(guan)港(gang)也(ye)改名(ming)叫了(le)“書(shu)(shu)院洲”。

湖南(nan)書院洲國家濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公園規劃遵循“保(bao)護(hu)優先、科(ke)學恢復、合理利用、持續發展(zhan)”的基(ji)(ji)本原則。縣委、縣政府高度重視，以(yi)松(song)滋河、虎(hu)渡河濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)生態系(xi)統為(wei)核心，以(yi)長江與(yu)(yu)洞庭(ting)湖之間獨具(ju)特色的河網(wang)水(shui)系(xi)復合生態系(xi)統為(wei)特色，以(yi)豐富的洞庭(ting)湖濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)文化(hua)、深厚(hou)的歷史(shi)文化(hua)為(wei)內(nei)涵，以(yi)長江-庭(ting)湖之間河網(wang)水(shui)系(xi)廊道生態系(xi)統保(bao)護(hu)保(bao)育、洞庭(ting)湖實體模型和(he)(he)仿真試驗基(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)(di)與(yu)(yu)洞庭(ting)湖濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)動(dong)態演變科(ke)研(yan)試驗基(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)(di)建設(she)為(wei)核心，以(yi)文化(hua)展(zhan)示與(yu)(yu)體驗為(wei)突破，力爭把書院洲濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公園打造成(cheng)集(ji)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)保(bao)護(hu)保(bao)育、濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)功能和(he)(he)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)文化(hua)展(zhan)示、濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)觀光休閑、濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)科(ke)研(yan)、監測和(he)(he)宣教于一體的國家級濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公園。