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基本介紹

湖(hu)(hu)南書(shu)院(yuan)洲(zhou)國家(jia)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園地(di)處(chu)(chu)(chu)湖(hu)(hu)南省(sheng)安(an)鄉(xiang)縣境內，主要包括安(an)鄉(xiang)縣境內的(de)(de)松(song)滋河(he)(he)、虎渡(du)河(he)(he)及(ji)其(qi)周邊一定范圍的(de)(de)區(qu)域。濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園由北向(xiang)南呈狹長(chang)型廊道(dao)(dao)走向(xiang)，最南端至楊家(jia)河(he)(he)洲(zhou)，北端至松(song)滋河(he)(he)東(dong)支望槐(huai)處(chu)(chu)(chu)、松(song)滋河(he)(he)中支黃沙灣(wan)處(chu)(chu)(chu)和虎渡(du)河(he)(he)黃獅嘴處(chu)(chu)(chu)。地(di)理坐標(biao)為(wei)(wei)：東(dong)經112°4′9″～112°13′34″，北緯29°16′19″～29°29′59″。書(shu)院(yuan)洲(zhou)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園內濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)總(zong)(zong)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)3943.41公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃，占(zhan)土(tu)地(di)總(zong)(zong)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)92.42%。其(qi)中，河(he)(he)流濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)2077.91公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃，占(zhan)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)總(zong)(zong)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)53.96%，占(zhan)土(tu)地(di)總(zong)(zong)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)48.7%；沼澤濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)1787.94公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃，占(zhan)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)總(zong)(zong)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)46.43%，占(zhan)土(tu)地(di)總(zong)(zong)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)41.90%；人工(gong)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)25.47公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃，占(zhan)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)總(zong)(zong)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)0.66%，占(zhan)土(tu)地(di)總(zong)(zong)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)0.60%。書(shu)院(yuan)洲(zhou)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園處(chu)(chu)(chu)于洞庭(ting)湖(hu)(hu)平原的(de)(de)長(chang)江與(yu)洞庭(ting)湖(hu)(hu)之間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)河(he)(he)網(wang)水(shui)系(xi)(xi)地(di)帶，是(shi)長(chang)江入洞庭(ting)湖(hu)(hu)三口（藕池口、太平口、松(song)滋口）河(he)(he)網(wang)水(shui)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要組成部(bu)分，是(shi)長(chang)江-洞庭(ting)湖(hu)(hu)之間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要生態廊道(dao)(dao)，也是(shi)安(an)鄉(xiang)縣的(de)(de)生態、經濟和文(wen)化廊道(dao)(dao)，對保(bao)障洞庭(ting)湖(hu)(hu)生態安(an)全和促進安(an)鄉(xiang)縣社會經濟可持(chi)續發展具(ju)有重(zhong)要作(zuo)用(yong)。

濕地(di)公(gong)園(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多樣性豐富，動(dong)植物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)繁多。共有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植物(wu)(wu)119科，344屬，520種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)國家(jia)重(zhong)點保(bao)護(hu)(hu)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)植物(wu)(wu)蓮和野(ye)(ye)菱(ling)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。發現野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)脊(ji)椎動(dong)物(wu)(wu)202種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬30目74科215屬，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，魚類(lei)(lei)5目13科42屬50種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，兩(liang)棲動(dong)物(wu)(wu)2目5科7屬11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬行動(dong)物(wu)(wu)3目8科15屬19種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鳥類(lei)(lei)15目41科78屬111種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，獸類(lei)(lei)5目7科9屬11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。在野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，國家(jia)Ⅰ級(ji)重(zhong)點保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，國家(jia)Ⅱ級(ji)重(zhong)點保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，省級(ji)重(zhong)點保(bao)護(hu)(hu)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)98種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。優越的(de)自然(ran)環境使書院洲濕地(di)成為水(shui)鄉天然(ran)的(de)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)植物(wu)(wu)園(yuan)。

安鄉歷史(shi)悠久(jiu)、人(ren)(ren)杰(jie)地(di)(di)靈，俗(su)稱“魚米之鄉”。早(zao)在新(xin)石器時(shi)(shi)代(dai)就有(you)人(ren)(ren)類在此(ci)繁衍生息(xi)，境(jing)內(nei)發(fa)現的湯家崗新(xin)石器遺址(zhi)已有(you)7000多年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)歷史(shi)，屬全(quan)國(guo)(guo)罕見，比城頭山的歷史(shi)還(huan)早(zao)1000多年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。書(shu)院(yuan)洲(zhou)原名(ming)鸛洲(zhou)，曾經是一片(pian)肥沃的淤(yu)(yu)洲(zhou)，現在早(zao)已圍堤成垸(huan)，為(wei)書(shu)院(yuan)洲(zhou)社區所在地(di)(di)。相傳在很(hen)早(zao)以前，這片(pian)淤(yu)(yu)洲(zhou)名(ming)為(wei)鸛港。洲(zhou)上修(xiu)了一座道(dao)觀(guan)，叫興(xing)國(guo)(guo)觀(guan)。道(dao)觀(guan)飛閣(ge)重檐，雕(diao)梁畫棟；觀(guan)內(nei)三清(qing)神像金光閃閃，栩(xu)(xu)栩(xu)(xu)如生，是一個雅麗(li)恬靜(jing)的好地(di)(di)方，名(ming)人(ren)(ren)學士(shi)常來到(dao)這里(li)聚徒講學。相傳宋范仲(zhong)淹少年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)時(shi)(shi)曾在此(ci)地(di)(di)興(xing)國(guo)(guo)觀(guan)讀(du)書(shu)5年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)。后來，為(wei)了紀念范文(wen)(wen)正(zheng)公，宋慶元二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1196年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）在他讀(du)書(shu)的地(di)(di)方，人(ren)(ren)們修(xiu)建(jian)了一座書(shu)院(yuan)，名(ming)為(wei)范文(wen)(wen)正(zheng)公讀(du)書(shu)臺(tai)，至到(dao)清(qing)乾隆十年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1745年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)）重修(xiu)書(shu)院(yuan)時(shi)(shi)，在書(shu)院(yuan)周圍種柳數(shu)百株，書(shu)院(yuan)改(gai)名(ming)為(wei)“深柳書(shu)院(yuan)”，鸛港也(ye)改(gai)名(ming)叫了“書(shu)院(yuan)洲(zhou)”。

湖南書院洲國家濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)公園規(gui)劃遵循“保(bao)(bao)護(hu)優先、科學恢復(fu)、合理利用(yong)、持續發展”的(de)(de)基(ji)本(ben)原則(ze)。縣(xian)委、縣(xian)政府高度重視，以(yi)(yi)松滋河、虎(hu)渡河濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)為(wei)(wei)核(he)心(xin)，以(yi)(yi)長(chang)江與(yu)洞(dong)庭湖之間獨(du)具特(te)色的(de)(de)河網水系(xi)復(fu)合生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)為(wei)(wei)特(te)色，以(yi)(yi)豐(feng)富的(de)(de)洞(dong)庭湖濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)文(wen)化(hua)、深厚的(de)(de)歷(li)史文(wen)化(hua)為(wei)(wei)內涵，以(yi)(yi)長(chang)江-庭湖之間河網水系(xi)廊道生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系(xi)統(tong)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)保(bao)(bao)育、洞(dong)庭湖實體模型和仿真試驗基(ji)地(di)(di)與(yu)洞(dong)庭湖濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)動態(tai)(tai)演變科研試驗基(ji)地(di)(di)建設為(wei)(wei)核(he)心(xin)，以(yi)(yi)文(wen)化(hua)展示(shi)與(yu)體驗為(wei)(wei)突破(po)，力爭把書院洲濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)公園打造成集(ji)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)保(bao)(bao)育、濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)功能和濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)文(wen)化(hua)展示(shi)、濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)觀光休閑、濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)科研、監測和宣教于一體的(de)(de)國家級濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)公園。