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基本介紹

湖南綏寧花園閣國家濕地公園地處"三湘林業第一縣"的綏寧，有"神奇生態綠洲"之稱，屬湖南省重點生態功能區。濕地(di)公(gong)園主(zhu)要以(yi)流(liu)(liu)經綏寧縣關峽苗(miao)族(zu)鄉(xiang)至長鋪苗(miao)族(zu)鄉(xiang)溶巖苗(miao)寨的巫水為(wei)主(zhu)體(ti)，包括石脈河、蘭溪等支流(liu)(liu)河段和沿岸部分(fen)林地(di)。地(di)理(li)坐標為(wei)：東經110°12′1″～110°17′15″，北緯26°29′51″～26°35′31″。規劃總(zong)面積780.1公(gong)頃(qing)。

濕地公園集(ji)永久性河流、庫塘濕地、洪泛平原濕地、水產養殖(zhi)場等多(duo)個濕地型，形態(tai)自(zi)然婉轉，是沅江(jiang)水系(xi)上重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)生態(tai)廊道(dao)，是我國(guo)候鳥遷徙路線中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要節點，其表現出來的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然水生態(tai)過(guo)程、優良的(de)(de)(de)水質(zhi)、豐(feng)富(fu)的(de)(de)(de)水量和多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)生境以及沿岸(an)完善的(de)(de)(de)森林生態(tai)系(xi)統在我國(guo)南方低山(shan)丘陵(ling)地區亦(yi)不多(duo)見。同(tong)時受地質(zhi)構造(zao)與巖性的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，溝谷深(shen)切(qie)、變化多(duo)姿(zi)，形成(cheng)高峽-平湖-河谷為一(yi)體的(de)(de)(de)獨(du)特的(de)(de)(de)濕地景(jing)觀，營造(zao)并組合(he)而成(cheng)具有不同(tong)景(jing)觀風貌及豐(feng)富(fu)多(duo)樣(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)復合(he)生態(tai)系(xi)統。

濕(shi)地(di)公(gong)園內(nei)濕(shi)地(di)面(mian)積(ji)為513.8公(gong)頃，占土地(di)總面(mian)積(ji)的(de)65.87%，廣闊的(de)濕(shi)地(di)面(mian)積(ji)和復合的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態系統，孕(yun)育了濕(shi)地(di)公(gong)園豐(feng)(feng)富(fu)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)樣性(xing)；有(you)(you)維(wei)管(guan)束野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)158科(ke)，324屬，804種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占湖(hu)(hu)(hu)南(nan)省(sheng)已知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)的(de)18.61%，其中(zhong)蕨類(lei)(lei)植(zhi)物(wu)35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；裸(luo)子植(zhi)物(wu)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；被(bei)子植(zhi)物(wu)762種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。有(you)(you)國家(jia)二級(ji)重點(dian)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)植(zhi)物(wu)野(ye)(ye)大豆Glycinesoja、金(jin)蕎麥(mai)Fagopyrumdibotrys、中(zhong)華結縷草(cao)Zoysiasinica等6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；同時還有(you)(you)絞股藍Fiveleaf Gynostemma Herb、七葉一枝(zhi)花Paris polyphylla Sm、虎耳草(cao)Saxifraga stolonifera Curt等稀有(you)(you)植(zhi)物(wu)。有(you)(you)脊(ji)椎動物(wu)5綱26目(mu)67科(ke)196種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占湖(hu)(hu)(hu)南(nan)省(sheng)已知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)的(de)22.82％；其中(zhong)魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)46種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占湖(hu)(hu)(hu)南(nan)省(sheng)已知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)的(de)25.27%；兩(liang)棲類(lei)(lei)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占湖(hu)(hu)(hu)南(nan)省(sheng)已知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)兩(liang)棲類(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)的(de)17.74%；爬(pa)行類(lei)(lei)23種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占湖(hu)(hu)(hu)南(nan)省(sheng)已知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)爬(pa)行類(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)的(de)25.84%；鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)103種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占湖(hu)(hu)(hu)南(nan)省(sheng)已知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)的(de)23.57%；哺(bu)乳類(lei)(lei)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占湖(hu)(hu)(hu)南(nan)省(sheng)已知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)哺(bu)乳類(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)的(de)14.61%；有(you)(you)列為國家(jia)二級(ji)重點(dian)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)動物(wu)虎紋蛙Rana tigrina、紅隼Falco tinnunculus 、草(cao)鸮(xiao)Tyto capensis 等11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，被(bei)IUCN評級(ji)收錄的(de)共(gong)20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；有(you)(you)中(zhong)日候(hou)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)32種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；有(you)(you)中(zhong)澳候(hou)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)10種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；湖(hu)(hu)(hu)南(nan)省(sheng)重點(dian)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)動物(wu)99種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；有(you)(you)世界貿易(yi)公(gong)約收錄物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；有(you)(you)國家(jia)林業局相關文(wen)件規定的(de)有(you)(you)益的(de)或者有(you)(you)重要經濟、科(ke)學(xue)研究價(jia)值(zhi)的(de)國家(jia)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)117種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。彰顯(xian)了濕(shi)地(di)公(gong)園內(nei)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)的(de)豐(feng)(feng)富(fu)性(xing)、多(duo)樣性(xing)和重要的(de)珍稀保(bao)護(hu)(hu)價(jia)值(zhi)，在湖(hu)(hu)(hu)南(nan)省(sheng)內(nei)具有(you)(you)的(de)典型性(xing)與代表性(xing)。

巫水作為(wei)(wei)綏寧縣的(de)母親河、是苗(miao)家圣(sheng)河，民(min)族(zu)文(wen)(wen)化風(feng)情(qing)濃郁，形(xing)成了(le)以庫(ku)塘濕(shi)(shi)地、自然河流濕(shi)(shi)地景觀(guan)為(wei)(wei)主體，森林景觀(guan)為(wei)(wei)補(bu)充，聚落和古建(jian)筑為(wei)(wei)點綴，以非物質(zhi)文(wen)(wen)化遺產(chan)"四八"姑娘(niang)節、"逗春牛(niu)"等民(min)俗文(wen)(wen)化為(wei)(wei)特(te)色的(de)景觀(guan)風(feng)貌(mao)，彰(zhang)顯(xian)了(le)巫水作為(wei)(wei)苗(miao)家圣(sheng)河的(de)人文(wen)(wen)元素和民(min)族(zu)符號，體現(xian)了(le)濕(shi)(shi)地公園(yuan)深(shen)厚的(de)歷史文(wen)(wen)化價值，賦予了(le)濕(shi)(shi)地公園(yuan)深(shen)厚的(de)歷史文(wen)(wen)化底(di)蘊(yun)，拓展了(le)濕(shi)(shi)地生態旅游的(de)文(wen)(wen)化內涵。

濕地公(gong)園秉(bing)承"保(bao)護優先、科學恢(hui)復(fu)(fu)、合理(li)利用(yong)、持續發展"的指導思想(xiang)，被區(qu)劃為保(bao)護保(bao)育區(qu)、恢(hui)復(fu)(fu)重建區(qu)、宣教展示(shi)區(qu)、合理(li)利用(yong)區(qu)和管理(li)服(fu)務(wu)區(qu)5個(ge)功能區(qu)。

保(bao)護(hu)保(bao)育區包括溶巖苗寨至小灣(wan)、李家(jia)團(tuan)經江口(kou)塘電(dian)站大壩至梅口(kou)，以及石(shi)脈河、蘭溪(xi)和(he)沿岸的(de)部分林地(di)。規劃(hua)面(mian)積為517.5公頃，占濕(shi)地(di)公園總面(mian)積的(de)66.34%。規劃(hua)對現有水體、動植物(wu)及其生(sheng)(sheng)境(jing)進(jin)行(xing)嚴(yan)格(ge)保(bao)護(hu)的(de)基(ji)礎上，加強外源污染(ran)防治，控制內源污染(ran)，開(kai)展適(shi)度的(de)水禽(qin)棲(qi)(qi)息地(di)恢復(fu)和(he)營(ying)(ying)建(jian)項目(mu)，建(jian)立(li)結構完(wan)善、功能(neng)完(wan)備的(de)濕(shi)地(di)-森林復(fu)合生(sheng)(sheng)態系統，營(ying)(ying)造良好的(de)水禽(qin)棲(qi)(qi)息地(di)，打造水禽(qin)自然樂園。

恢(hui)復重建區(qu)指(zhi)田心苗寨(zhai)區(qu)域(yu)的(de)(de)巫水(shui)河段，規劃面(mian)積(ji)73.3公(gong)頃(qing)。為維(wei)護區(qu)域(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)統的(de)(de)穩(wen)定，保證人與自然的(de)(de)和諧發(fa)展，規劃通過(guo)濕地生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)濾場(chang)的(de)(de)建設，解決沿岸村寨(zhai)、農(nong)耕(geng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)等(deng)造(zao)成的(de)(de)局(ju)部水(shui)質富(fu)營養化問題；并(bing)在水(shui)域(yu)與農(nong)田之間合理營造(zao)水(shui)禽棲(qi)息(xi)地，形成水(shui)域(yu)-水(shui)禽棲(qi)息(xi)地-農(nong)田-苗寨(zhai)的(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)布局(ju)，打造(zao)優美的(de)(de)水(shui)岸植被景觀(guan)、擴大野生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動物棲(qi)息(xi)環境，豐富(fu)濕地公(gong)園生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物多樣性(xing)，并(bing)保證區(qu)域(yu)居民的(de)(de)正常生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活，維(wei)護區(qu)域(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)統的(de)(de)穩(wen)定。

宣教(jiao)(jiao)展示區(qu)指(zhi)以現有水(shui)岸(an)公(gong)路(lu)為軸線的(de)區(qu)域，規(gui)劃(hua)面積16.8公(gong)頃。規(gui)劃(hua)依托濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)公(gong)園沿(yan)岸(an)道路(lu)系統(tong)進行濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)文(wen)(wen)化載(zai)體的(de)建(jian)設，形成良(liang)好(hao)的(de)河(he)流(liu)-森林(lin)-文(wen)(wen)化復合系統(tong)，讓(rang)文(wen)(wen)化在(zai)傳承中促進河(he)流(liu)的(de)保(bao)護(hu)。主要通過合理布設宣教(jiao)(jiao)館、宣教(jiao)(jiao)點、宣傳牌，將(jiang)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)文(wen)(wen)化、民俗文(wen)(wen)化、人文(wen)(wen)山(shan)(shan)水(shui)景觀、濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)生態(tai)產業、濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)生態(tai)服務功能等內(nei)容(rong)，通過室內(nei)、室外等多樣(yang)化的(de)場(chang)景和(he)設施(shi)營造濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)宣教(jiao)(jiao)展示的(de)空間，調節(jie)游客情感，使其成為大(da)眾了(le)解(jie)綏(sui)寧、認識(shi)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)、欣賞濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)公(gong)園人文(wen)(wen)山(shan)(shan)水(shui)的(de)窗(chuang)口、濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)文(wen)(wen)化展示的(de)平臺(tai)和(he)生態(tai)文(wen)(wen)明教(jiao)(jiao)育的(de)基地(di)(di)。

合(he)理(li)利用(yong)區(qu)(qu)指(zhi)梅口至(zhi)石脈河區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)，規劃面積170.2公頃。規劃合(he)理(li)利用(yong)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)內現有(you)的(de)(de)(de)濕地(di)產業、民俗(su)文化等資源，通(tong)過開展生(sheng)態養殖、設(she)置(zhi)游(you)憩休閑、水(shui)上娛樂等項目，以及(ji)提升水(shui)岸植被景觀(guan)，建(jian)立(li)比較完善的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎設(she)施體系(xi)，構建(jian)合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)濕地(di)資源可(ke)持續利用(yong)產業鏈(lian)，提高濕地(di)公園的(de)(de)(de)自養能(neng)力，并(bing)帶動周邊社(she)區(qu)(qu)相關產業的(de)(de)(de)發展，使社(she)區(qu)(qu)群眾受益并(bing)提高他們(men)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活水(shui)平。

管理(li)服務(wu)(wu)區主要指濕地(di)公園(yuan)管理(li)局、濕地(di)管理(li)站、游客服務(wu)(wu)中心(xin)等。根據保(bao)護和管理(li)的需要，合理(li)布局，建立完善(shan)的保(bao)護、管理(li)及游客服務(wu)(wu)體系，為游客提供優(you)質高效的服務(wu)(wu)，實現良好的管理(li)、保(bao)護和服務(wu)(wu)功(gong)能。

通過"一軸(zhou)"、"兩帶"、"一廊"、"兩區"、"多點"的(de)(de)總體(ti)規劃布局建設，濕地公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)將被打造成為(wei)"高峽-平湖-河(he)谷"為(wei)一體(ti)的(de)(de)濕地生(sheng)態系統(tong)(tong)保護、恢復與合理利用的(de)(de)典范；沅江(jiang)流域重要的(de)(de)綠色(se)生(sheng)態廊道；苗家文化(hua)的(de)(de)保護、復興和傳(chuan)承的(de)(de)文化(hua)河(he)流；"神(shen)奇生(sheng)態綠洲(zhou)"上濕地生(sheng)態系統(tong)(tong)健康、景觀(guan)資源豐富、自然環境優(you)美、科普(pu)宣教設施完善、休(xiu)閑娛樂條件優(you)越(yue)、文化(hua)底蘊深厚的(de)(de)國家濕地公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)。