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基本介紹

湖南綏寧花園閣國家濕地公園地處"三湘林業第一縣"的綏寧，有"神奇生態綠洲"之稱，屬湖南省重點生態功能區。濕地(di)公園主要以流(liu)經綏寧縣(xian)關峽(xia)苗族鄉至長(chang)鋪苗族鄉溶巖(yan)苗寨的(de)巫水為(wei)主體，包括石脈河、蘭(lan)溪等(deng)支流(liu)河段和(he)沿岸部分林(lin)地(di)。地(di)理坐(zuo)標為(wei)：東經110°12′1″～110°17′15″，北緯26°29′51″～26°35′31″。規劃總(zong)面(mian)積780.1公頃。

濕地(di)公(gong)園(yuan)集永久性河流(liu)、庫塘(tang)濕地(di)、洪泛平原濕地(di)、水(shui)(shui)產養殖場等多(duo)個濕地(di)型，形態(tai)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)婉轉，是沅江水(shui)(shui)系上重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)態(tai)廊道，是我國候(hou)鳥遷徙路(lu)線中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要節點，其表現出(chu)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)水(shui)(shui)生(sheng)態(tai)過程、優良的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)、豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)量和(he)多(duo)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)境以及沿(yan)岸(an)完善的(de)(de)(de)(de)森林生(sheng)態(tai)系統在我國南方低山(shan)丘陵地(di)區亦不多(duo)見。同時(shi)受地(di)質(zhi)構造與(yu)巖性的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響，溝谷深切、變化多(duo)姿(zi)，形成高峽-平湖-河谷為一體的(de)(de)(de)(de)獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)濕地(di)景(jing)觀，營(ying)造并組(zu)合(he)(he)而成具(ju)有不同景(jing)觀風貌及豐富多(duo)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)合(he)(he)生(sheng)態(tai)系統。

濕地公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)內濕地面(mian)積為513.8公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃，占土地總面(mian)積的(de)(de)65.87%，廣(guang)闊的(de)(de)濕地面(mian)積和復合的(de)(de)生(sheng)態系統(tong)，孕(yun)育了濕地公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)豐富的(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多樣性(xing)；有(you)(you)(you)維(wei)管束(shu)野(ye)生(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)158科，324屬，804種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)已(yi)知(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數的(de)(de)18.61%，其中(zhong)蕨類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；裸(luo)子植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；被(bei)子植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)762種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。有(you)(you)(you)國(guo)(guo)家二級(ji)重點(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)野(ye)大豆(dou)Glycinesoja、金蕎麥Fagopyrumdibotrys、中(zhong)華結縷草Zoysiasinica等(deng)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；同時還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)絞(jiao)股藍Fiveleaf Gynostemma Herb、七葉一(yi)枝花(hua)Paris polyphylla Sm、虎(hu)耳(er)草Saxifraga stolonifera Curt等(deng)稀(xi)有(you)(you)(you)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)。有(you)(you)(you)脊椎動(dong)物(wu)(wu)5綱26目67科196種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)已(yi)知(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)22.82％；其中(zhong)魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)46種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)已(yi)知(zhi)魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)25.27%；兩棲類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)已(yi)知(zhi)兩棲類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)17.74%；爬行類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)23種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)已(yi)知(zhi)爬行類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)25.84%；鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)103種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)已(yi)知(zhi)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)23.57%；哺乳類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)已(yi)知(zhi)哺乳類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)14.61%；有(you)(you)(you)列為國(guo)(guo)家二級(ji)重點(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)野(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)虎(hu)紋蛙Rana tigrina、紅隼Falco tinnunculus 、草鸮(xiao)Tyto capensis 等(deng)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，被(bei)IUCN評級(ji)收(shou)錄的(de)(de)共20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；有(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)日候鳥(niao)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)32種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；有(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)澳候鳥(niao)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)10種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)重點(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)99種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；有(you)(you)(you)世界貿易公(gong)(gong)(gong)約收(shou)錄物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；有(you)(you)(you)國(guo)(guo)家林業局相關文件規定的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)益的(de)(de)或者有(you)(you)(you)重要(yao)經濟、科學研究價(jia)值的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家保(bao)(bao)護(hu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)117種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。彰(zhang)顯了濕地公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)內生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)豐富性(xing)、多樣性(xing)和重要(yao)的(de)(de)珍稀(xi)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)價(jia)值，在(zai)湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)內具有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)典型性(xing)與代表性(xing)。

巫水作(zuo)為(wei)綏寧縣的(de)母親(qin)河、是苗家(jia)圣(sheng)河，民(min)族(zu)文(wen)化(hua)風情濃郁，形成了(le)(le)(le)以庫(ku)塘濕(shi)(shi)地(di)、自(zi)然河流(liu)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)景(jing)(jing)觀(guan)(guan)為(wei)主體，森林景(jing)(jing)觀(guan)(guan)為(wei)補充，聚落和古建筑為(wei)點綴，以非(fei)物質文(wen)化(hua)遺產"四八"姑(gu)娘(niang)節、"逗(dou)春牛"等(deng)民(min)俗文(wen)化(hua)為(wei)特色的(de)景(jing)(jing)觀(guan)(guan)風貌，彰顯(xian)了(le)(le)(le)巫水作(zuo)為(wei)苗家(jia)圣(sheng)河的(de)人文(wen)元(yuan)素和民(min)族(zu)符號，體現了(le)(le)(le)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)公園深厚(hou)的(de)歷(li)史文(wen)化(hua)價(jia)值，賦予了(le)(le)(le)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)公園深厚(hou)的(de)歷(li)史文(wen)化(hua)底(di)蘊，拓展了(le)(le)(le)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)生態旅游的(de)文(wen)化(hua)內涵。

濕(shi)地公園秉承"保護優先、科學恢復(fu)(fu)、合理利用、持續發(fa)展"的(de)指導思想(xiang)，被區劃為保護保育區、恢復(fu)(fu)重建區、宣教展示(shi)區、合理利用區和管(guan)理服務區5個功(gong)能(neng)區。

保護保育區包括溶(rong)巖苗寨至小灣、李家(jia)團經(jing)江口塘電(dian)站(zhan)大壩(ba)至梅口，以及石脈河(he)、蘭溪和(he)沿(yan)岸(an)的(de)(de)部分林(lin)地。規劃面積為517.5公頃，占濕地公園總面積的(de)(de)66.34%。規劃對現有水體(ti)、動植物及其(qi)生境(jing)進行嚴格保護的(de)(de)基礎(chu)上，加強外源污染(ran)防治，控制內源污染(ran)，開(kai)展適度的(de)(de)水禽(qin)棲(qi)息地恢(hui)復和(he)營建項目，建立結(jie)構完善(shan)、功能完備的(de)(de)濕地-森(sen)林(lin)復合(he)生態系(xi)統(tong)，營造(zao)良好(hao)的(de)(de)水禽(qin)棲(qi)息地，打造(zao)水禽(qin)自然樂(le)園。

恢復重建(jian)區指(zhi)田心苗寨區域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)巫水(shui)(shui)河段，規(gui)劃面積73.3公(gong)頃。為(wei)維護區域(yu)生態系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)，保證人與(yu)自然的(de)(de)(de)(de)和諧發展，規(gui)劃通(tong)過濕地生態濾場的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設，解決(jue)沿(yan)岸(an)村(cun)寨、農耕生產(chan)等造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)局部水(shui)(shui)質富營(ying)養(yang)化(hua)問題；并在水(shui)(shui)域(yu)與(yu)農田之間合理(li)營(ying)造水(shui)(shui)禽棲息(xi)(xi)地，形成水(shui)(shui)域(yu)-水(shui)(shui)禽棲息(xi)(xi)地-農田-苗寨的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構布(bu)局，打造優美的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)岸(an)植被景觀、擴大野(ye)生動物棲息(xi)(xi)環(huan)境(jing)，豐富濕地公(gong)園生物多樣(yang)性，并保證區域(yu)居民的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)常(chang)生產(chan)生活，維護區域(yu)生態系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)。

宣(xuan)教(jiao)展示區(qu)指(zhi)以現有水岸公路為軸線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)區(qu)域，規(gui)劃面(mian)積16.8公頃。規(gui)劃依托濕(shi)地(di)公園沿岸道路系統(tong)進(jin)行濕(shi)地(di)文(wen)化載體的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)，形成(cheng)良好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)河流(liu)-森(sen)林-文(wen)化復合(he)系統(tong)，讓文(wen)化在傳(chuan)承中(zhong)促進(jin)河流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)保護。主要通(tong)過(guo)合(he)理(li)布設(she)宣(xuan)教(jiao)館、宣(xuan)教(jiao)點、宣(xuan)傳(chuan)牌，將濕(shi)地(di)文(wen)化、民(min)俗(su)文(wen)化、人(ren)文(wen)山水景(jing)觀、濕(shi)地(di)生態產業、濕(shi)地(di)生態服(fu)務功能等內(nei)容，通(tong)過(guo)室內(nei)、室外等多(duo)樣化的(de)(de)(de)場景(jing)和設(she)施營造(zao)濕(shi)地(di)宣(xuan)教(jiao)展示的(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間，調節游客情感，使其成(cheng)為大眾了解綏寧、認識濕(shi)地(di)、欣(xin)賞濕(shi)地(di)公園人(ren)文(wen)山水的(de)(de)(de)窗(chuang)口、濕(shi)地(di)文(wen)化展示的(de)(de)(de)平臺(tai)和生態文(wen)明教(jiao)育的(de)(de)(de)基地(di)。

合理(li)(li)利用區(qu)(qu)指(zhi)梅口至石脈河區(qu)(qu)域(yu)，規劃(hua)面積170.2公頃。規劃(hua)合理(li)(li)利用區(qu)(qu)域(yu)內現有的濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)產業、民(min)俗文化等(deng)資(zi)源，通過開展生態養(yang)殖、設置游憩休閑、水上(shang)娛樂(le)等(deng)項目，以及提(ti)升水岸(an)植被景觀，建(jian)立比較完(wan)善的基礎設施體系，構建(jian)合理(li)(li)的濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)資(zi)源可(ke)持(chi)續利用產業鏈，提(ti)高濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)公園的自養(yang)能力，并(bing)帶(dai)動(dong)周邊社區(qu)(qu)相關產業的發展，使社區(qu)(qu)群眾受益并(bing)提(ti)高他們的生活(huo)水平。

管理(li)(li)(li)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)區(qu)主要指濕地公園管理(li)(li)(li)局、濕地管理(li)(li)(li)站(zhan)、游客(ke)(ke)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)中心(xin)等。根據(ju)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)和(he)管理(li)(li)(li)的需要，合理(li)(li)(li)布局，建立完善的保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)、管理(li)(li)(li)及游客(ke)(ke)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)體系，為游客(ke)(ke)提(ti)供優質(zhi)高效(xiao)的服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)，實現良好的管理(li)(li)(li)、保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)和(he)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)(wu)功能。

通過"一(yi)軸"、"兩(liang)帶"、"一(yi)廊(lang)"、"兩(liang)區"、"多點"的總體規劃布局(ju)建設，濕地公(gong)園將被打造成為"高峽-平湖-河谷"為一(yi)體的濕地生(sheng)態(tai)系統保護、恢復(fu)與合理利用的典(dian)范；沅(yuan)江流(liu)域重要的綠(lv)色(se)生(sheng)態(tai)廊(lang)道；苗家文(wen)化的保護、復(fu)興和(he)傳承的文(wen)化河流(liu)；"神奇(qi)生(sheng)態(tai)綠(lv)洲"上濕地生(sheng)態(tai)系統健(jian)康、景(jing)觀資(zi)源豐富、自然(ran)環(huan)境優美、科普(pu)宣教設施完(wan)善(shan)、休(xiu)閑(xian)娛樂條件優越、文(wen)化底蘊深(shen)厚的國家濕地公(gong)園。