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基本介紹

湖南綏寧花園閣國家濕地公園地處"三湘林業第一縣"的綏寧，有"神奇生態綠洲"之稱，屬湖南省重點生態功能區。濕地(di)公(gong)園主要以流經綏寧(ning)縣關(guan)峽苗(miao)族鄉(xiang)至長(chang)鋪苗(miao)族鄉(xiang)溶巖苗(miao)寨的(de)巫水為主體(ti)，包括石脈河(he)、蘭溪等支流河(he)段和沿(yan)岸部分林(lin)地(di)。地(di)理坐(zuo)標(biao)為：東經110°12′1″～110°17′15″，北(bei)緯26°29′51″～26°35′31″。規劃總(zong)面(mian)積780.1公(gong)頃(qing)。

濕地(di)公(gong)園(yuan)集(ji)永久性河(he)流、庫(ku)塘濕地(di)、洪泛平原(yuan)濕地(di)、水(shui)產養殖場等多個(ge)濕地(di)型，形態(tai)自然婉轉(zhuan)，是(shi)沅江(jiang)水(shui)系上(shang)重要(yao)(yao)的(de)生(sheng)態(tai)廊(lang)道，是(shi)我(wo)國(guo)候鳥遷徙路線中的(de)重要(yao)(yao)節點，其表(biao)現(xian)出(chu)來的(de)自然水(shui)生(sheng)態(tai)過程、優良的(de)水(shui)質、豐富的(de)水(shui)量和多樣的(de)生(sheng)境以(yi)及沿岸(an)完善的(de)森林生(sheng)態(tai)系統(tong)在我(wo)國(guo)南方低山丘陵(ling)地(di)區亦不多見。同時(shi)受地(di)質構(gou)造與巖性的(de)影(ying)響，溝谷(gu)深切、變化(hua)多姿，形成(cheng)高峽(xia)-平湖-河(he)谷(gu)為(wei)一體的(de)獨(du)特(te)的(de)濕地(di)景觀，營(ying)造并(bing)組合而成(cheng)具有不同景觀風貌及豐富多樣的(de)復合生(sheng)態(tai)系統(tong)。

濕(shi)地(di)公(gong)園(yuan)內濕(shi)地(di)面積(ji)為513.8公(gong)頃，占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)土(tu)地(di)總面積(ji)的(de)(de)65.87%，廣(guang)闊的(de)(de)濕(shi)地(di)面積(ji)和復合的(de)(de)生(sheng)態系統(tong)，孕育了濕(shi)地(di)公(gong)園(yuan)豐富的(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)樣性；有(you)維管束野生(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)158科(ke)，324屬(shu)，804種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)湖(hu)南(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)已知種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數的(de)(de)18.61%，其(qi)中(zhong)蕨類(lei)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；裸子(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；被子(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)762種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。有(you)國家(jia)二級重點(dian)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)野大豆Glycinesoja、金蕎麥(mai)Fagopyrumdibotrys、中(zhong)華結縷草Zoysiasinica等(deng)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；同時還有(you)絞股藍Fiveleaf Gynostemma Herb、七(qi)葉一枝花Paris polyphylla Sm、虎耳草Saxifraga stolonifera Curt等(deng)稀有(you)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)。有(you)脊椎動物(wu)(wu)(wu)5綱26目67科(ke)196種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)湖(hu)南(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)已知種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)的(de)(de)22.82％；其(qi)中(zhong)魚(yu)類(lei)46種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)湖(hu)南(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)已知魚(yu)類(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)的(de)(de)25.27%；兩(liang)棲類(lei)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)湖(hu)南(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)已知兩(liang)棲類(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)的(de)(de)17.74%；爬(pa)行(xing)類(lei)23種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)湖(hu)南(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)已知爬(pa)行(xing)類(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)的(de)(de)25.84%；鳥(niao)類(lei)103種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)湖(hu)南(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)已知鳥(niao)類(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)的(de)(de)23.57%；哺乳(ru)類(lei)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)湖(hu)南(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)已知哺乳(ru)類(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)的(de)(de)14.61%；有(you)列為國家(jia)二級重點(dian)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)野生(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)虎紋(wen)蛙Rana tigrina、紅(hong)隼(sun)Falco tinnunculus 、草鸮(xiao)Tyto capensis 等(deng)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，被IUCN評級收(shou)錄(lu)的(de)(de)共20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；有(you)中(zhong)日候(hou)鳥(niao)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)32種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；有(you)中(zhong)澳(ao)候(hou)鳥(niao)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)10種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；湖(hu)南(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)重點(dian)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)99種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；有(you)世界貿易公(gong)約收(shou)錄(lu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；有(you)國家(jia)林業局相(xiang)關文件規定的(de)(de)有(you)益(yi)的(de)(de)或(huo)者有(you)重要經濟、科(ke)學(xue)研究價值(zhi)的(de)(de)國家(jia)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)117種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。彰顯了濕(shi)地(di)公(gong)園(yuan)內生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)豐富性、多(duo)樣性和重要的(de)(de)珍稀保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)價值(zhi)，在湖(hu)南(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)內具有(you)的(de)(de)典型性與代表性。

巫(wu)(wu)水作(zuo)為(wei)綏寧縣的(de)母親河、是苗家圣河，民(min)族(zu)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)風(feng)情濃郁，形(xing)成了(le)(le)以(yi)庫塘濕(shi)地、自然河流濕(shi)地景(jing)觀為(wei)主體，森林景(jing)觀為(wei)補充，聚落和古建筑為(wei)點綴(zhui)，以(yi)非物(wu)質(zhi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺產(chan)"四八"姑娘節、"逗春(chun)牛"等(deng)民(min)俗(su)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)為(wei)特色的(de)景(jing)觀風(feng)貌(mao)，彰顯了(le)(le)巫(wu)(wu)水作(zuo)為(wei)苗家圣河的(de)人文(wen)(wen)元素和民(min)族(zu)符(fu)號(hao)，體現(xian)了(le)(le)濕(shi)地公園(yuan)(yuan)深厚的(de)歷史文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)價(jia)值，賦(fu)予了(le)(le)濕(shi)地公園(yuan)(yuan)深厚的(de)歷史文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)底蘊，拓展(zhan)了(le)(le)濕(shi)地生態旅游(you)的(de)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)內涵。

濕地公園秉承"保護優先(xian)、科(ke)學恢復、合(he)(he)理利(li)用、持(chi)續(xu)發展"的指導思想，被區劃為保護保育區、恢復重建區、宣教展示區、合(he)(he)理利(li)用區和管(guan)理服務(wu)區5個功能區。

保護保育(yu)區(qu)包括溶巖苗寨至小(xiao)灣、李家團經江(jiang)口(kou)塘(tang)電站(zhan)大(da)壩(ba)至梅口(kou)，以及石(shi)脈河、蘭溪和沿岸的(de)部分林地(di)。規劃(hua)面積為517.5公(gong)頃(qing)，占濕(shi)(shi)地(di)公(gong)園總面積的(de)66.34%。規劃(hua)對現有(you)水體、動植物及其生境進行嚴格保護的(de)基礎上，加強外源污(wu)染(ran)防治(zhi)，控制內(nei)源污(wu)染(ran)，開(kai)展適度的(de)水禽棲息地(di)恢復和營建(jian)項目，建(jian)立結(jie)構完善、功能(neng)完備的(de)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)-森林復合生態系統，營造(zao)良好的(de)水禽棲息地(di)，打(da)造(zao)水禽自然(ran)樂園。

恢復重建(jian)區指田心苗寨區域(yu)的巫(wu)水河段(duan)，規劃面積73.3公頃。為維(wei)護(hu)區域(yu)生態系(xi)統的穩(wen)定(ding)，保證人與自然的和(he)諧發展，規劃通過濕地(di)生態濾場的建(jian)設，解決沿岸村寨、農(nong)耕生產等造成的局部水質富營養化問題；并(bing)在水域(yu)與農(nong)田之間合(he)理(li)營造水禽棲(qi)息(xi)地(di)，形成水域(yu)-水禽棲(qi)息(xi)地(di)-農(nong)田-苗寨的結構布局，打(da)造優(you)美(mei)的水岸植被景(jing)觀、擴大野生動物棲(qi)息(xi)環境(jing)，豐富濕地(di)公園(yuan)生物多樣性，并(bing)保證區域(yu)居民的正(zheng)常生產生活，維(wei)護(hu)區域(yu)生態系(xi)統的穩(wen)定(ding)。

宣教展(zhan)示(shi)區指以現(xian)有(you)水岸(an)公路(lu)為軸(zhou)線的(de)區域，規(gui)劃(hua)面(mian)積16.8公頃。規(gui)劃(hua)依托濕(shi)地(di)公園沿(yan)岸(an)道路(lu)系(xi)統(tong)進行濕(shi)地(di)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)載體的(de)建設(she)(she)，形成(cheng)(cheng)良好(hao)的(de)河流-森林-文化(hua)(hua)(hua)復合系(xi)統(tong)，讓(rang)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)在傳承中促進河流的(de)保(bao)護(hu)。主要通(tong)過(guo)合理布(bu)設(she)(she)宣教館、宣教點、宣傳牌，將(jiang)濕(shi)地(di)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)、民俗文化(hua)(hua)(hua)、人(ren)文山水景觀(guan)、濕(shi)地(di)生態(tai)(tai)產業、濕(shi)地(di)生態(tai)(tai)服務功能(neng)等內容(rong)，通(tong)過(guo)室(shi)內、室(shi)外等多樣(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)場景和(he)設(she)(she)施營造濕(shi)地(di)宣教展(zhan)示(shi)的(de)空間(jian)，調節游客情感，使其成(cheng)(cheng)為大(da)眾了解綏寧、認識濕(shi)地(di)、欣賞濕(shi)地(di)公園人(ren)文山水的(de)窗口、濕(shi)地(di)文化(hua)(hua)(hua)展(zhan)示(shi)的(de)平臺和(he)生態(tai)(tai)文明教育的(de)基地(di)。

合(he)理利用(yong)(yong)區指梅口至石脈河區域(yu)，規劃(hua)面(mian)積170.2公(gong)頃(qing)。規劃(hua)合(he)理利用(yong)(yong)區域(yu)內現有的(de)(de)濕地產業(ye)、民(min)俗文化(hua)等資源，通(tong)過開展生(sheng)態養殖、設(she)置游憩休閑(xian)、水(shui)上娛樂等項(xiang)目(mu)，以(yi)及提(ti)升水(shui)岸植(zhi)被景觀，建(jian)立比較完(wan)善的(de)(de)基礎設(she)施體系，構建(jian)合(he)理的(de)(de)濕地資源可持(chi)續(xu)利用(yong)(yong)產業(ye)鏈，提(ti)高濕地公(gong)園的(de)(de)自養能(neng)力，并帶動周邊社(she)區相(xiang)關產業(ye)的(de)(de)發展，使社(she)區群眾受益并提(ti)高他(ta)們的(de)(de)生(sheng)活水(shui)平(ping)。

管理服(fu)務區主要指濕(shi)地(di)公園管理局、濕(shi)地(di)管理站(zhan)、游(you)客服(fu)務中(zhong)心(xin)等。根據保(bao)護和管理的(de)(de)需要，合理布局，建立完善的(de)(de)保(bao)護、管理及游(you)客服(fu)務體系，為游(you)客提供優質高效(xiao)的(de)(de)服(fu)務，實(shi)現(xian)良好的(de)(de)管理、保(bao)護和服(fu)務功(gong)能。

通過"一(yi)軸"、"兩帶"、"一(yi)廊"、"兩區"、"多點"的總體(ti)規劃布局建設，濕地公園將被(bei)打(da)造(zao)成為(wei)"高峽-平湖-河谷"為(wei)一(yi)體(ti)的濕地生態系統保護、恢復與合理利用(yong)的典范；沅(yuan)江(jiang)流域重要(yao)的綠(lv)色(se)生態廊道；苗家文化(hua)的保護、復興和傳承的文化(hua)河流；"神奇(qi)生態綠(lv)洲"上濕地生態系統健(jian)康、景(jing)觀資源豐(feng)富、自然環境優美、科普宣(xuan)教設施完善、休閑娛樂條件優越、文化(hua)底蘊深(shen)厚(hou)的國(guo)家濕地公園。