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基本介紹

湖南綏寧花園閣國家濕地公園地處"三湘林業第一縣"的綏寧，有"神奇生態綠洲"之稱，屬湖南省重點生態功能區。濕地(di)(di)公(gong)園主(zhu)要(yao)以流(liu)經綏寧縣(xian)關峽(xia)苗(miao)族(zu)鄉至(zhi)長鋪(pu)苗(miao)族(zu)鄉溶巖苗(miao)寨的巫水(shui)為主(zhu)體(ti)，包括石脈河、蘭溪(xi)等支(zhi)流(liu)河段和沿岸(an)部分林地(di)(di)。地(di)(di)理坐標(biao)為：東(dong)經110°12′1″～110°17′15″，北緯26°29′51″～26°35′31″。規劃總面(mian)積780.1公(gong)頃。

濕地(di)(di)公園(yuan)集永(yong)久性河流、庫(ku)塘濕地(di)(di)、洪(hong)泛平原濕地(di)(di)、水產(chan)養殖場等多(duo)個濕地(di)(di)型，形態自然婉(wan)轉，是沅江(jiang)水系(xi)(xi)上重要的(de)生(sheng)態廊道，是我(wo)國候鳥遷徙(xi)路線(xian)中的(de)重要節點(dian)，其表(biao)現出(chu)來(lai)的(de)自然水生(sheng)態過程、優(you)良的(de)水質、豐富的(de)水量和多(duo)樣的(de)生(sheng)境以及(ji)沿岸完善的(de)森林生(sheng)態系(xi)(xi)統(tong)在我(wo)國南方低山丘陵地(di)(di)區亦不多(duo)見。同時(shi)受(shou)地(di)(di)質構造與巖性的(de)影響，溝(gou)谷深切、變化(hua)多(duo)姿，形成(cheng)高峽-平湖-河谷為一體的(de)獨特的(de)濕地(di)(di)景觀(guan)，營造并(bing)組合而成(cheng)具有不同景觀(guan)風貌及(ji)豐富多(duo)樣的(de)復合生(sheng)態系(xi)(xi)統(tong)。

濕地(di)公(gong)園(yuan)內濕地(di)面積(ji)為513.8公(gong)頃，占(zhan)土地(di)總面積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)65.87%，廣(guang)闊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)濕地(di)面積(ji)和復合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生態系統，孕育(yu)了濕地(di)公(gong)園(yuan)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生物(wu)(wu)多樣性(xing)；有(you)(you)(you)維管束野(ye)生植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)158科(ke)，324屬，804種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)已(yi)(yi)知(zhi)(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)18.61%，其(qi)中(zhong)蕨類(lei)(lei)(lei)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；裸子植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；被子植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)762種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。有(you)(you)(you)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)二(er)級(ji)重點(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)野(ye)大(da)豆Glycinesoja、金蕎麥(mai)Fagopyrumdibotrys、中(zhong)華(hua)結縷草Zoysiasinica等(deng)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；同(tong)時還有(you)(you)(you)絞股藍Fiveleaf Gynostemma Herb、七葉(xie)一枝(zhi)花Paris polyphylla Sm、虎耳(er)草Saxifraga stolonifera Curt等(deng)稀有(you)(you)(you)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)。有(you)(you)(you)脊椎動物(wu)(wu)5綱26目67科(ke)196種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)已(yi)(yi)知(zhi)(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)22.82％；其(qi)中(zhong)魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)46種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)已(yi)(yi)知(zhi)(zhi)魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)25.27%；兩棲類(lei)(lei)(lei)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)已(yi)(yi)知(zhi)(zhi)兩棲類(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)17.74%；爬行(xing)類(lei)(lei)(lei)23種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)已(yi)(yi)知(zhi)(zhi)爬行(xing)類(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)25.84%；鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)103種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)已(yi)(yi)知(zhi)(zhi)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)23.57%；哺乳類(lei)(lei)(lei)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)已(yi)(yi)知(zhi)(zhi)哺乳類(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)14.61%；有(you)(you)(you)列(lie)為國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)二(er)級(ji)重點(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)野(ye)生動物(wu)(wu)虎紋蛙Rana tigrina、紅隼Falco tinnunculus 、草鸮Tyto capensis 等(deng)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，被IUCN評級(ji)收(shou)錄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)共20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；有(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)日候鳥(niao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)32種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；有(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)澳候鳥(niao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)10種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)重點(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)動物(wu)(wu)99種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；有(you)(you)(you)世界貿易公(gong)約收(shou)錄物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；有(you)(you)(you)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)林業局相關(guan)文件規(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)益的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)或者(zhe)有(you)(you)(you)重要(yao)經濟、科(ke)學研(yan)究價值的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)117種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。彰顯了濕地(di)公(gong)園(yuan)內生物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)豐富性(xing)、多樣性(xing)和重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)珍稀保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)價值，在湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)(sheng)內具有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典型性(xing)與(yu)代表(biao)性(xing)。

巫水(shui)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)綏寧縣的(de)母親河(he)、是苗家圣(sheng)河(he)，民(min)族文(wen)化(hua)風(feng)(feng)情濃郁，形成了(le)(le)以(yi)庫塘濕(shi)(shi)地(di)、自然河(he)流(liu)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)景(jing)觀為(wei)(wei)主體(ti)，森林景(jing)觀為(wei)(wei)補充，聚落和古建筑為(wei)(wei)點(dian)綴，以(yi)非物(wu)質(zhi)文(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)產"四八"姑(gu)娘節、"逗春牛"等民(min)俗文(wen)化(hua)為(wei)(wei)特色的(de)景(jing)觀風(feng)(feng)貌，彰顯了(le)(le)巫水(shui)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)苗家圣(sheng)河(he)的(de)人文(wen)元素和民(min)族符(fu)號(hao)，體(ti)現了(le)(le)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)公園(yuan)(yuan)深(shen)厚的(de)歷史(shi)文(wen)化(hua)價值，賦予了(le)(le)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)公園(yuan)(yuan)深(shen)厚的(de)歷史(shi)文(wen)化(hua)底蘊，拓(tuo)展了(le)(le)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)生態旅游的(de)文(wen)化(hua)內涵。

濕地公(gong)園(yuan)秉承"保(bao)護(hu)優先、科學恢復、合理利用、持續發展"的指導(dao)思想(xiang)，被區(qu)劃為保(bao)護(hu)保(bao)育區(qu)、恢復重建區(qu)、宣(xuan)教(jiao)展示區(qu)、合理利用區(qu)和管理服務區(qu)5個功能區(qu)。

保護保育區包括溶巖(yan)苗(miao)寨至小灣、李家團經(jing)江口塘電(dian)站大壩至梅口，以及(ji)石脈(mo)河、蘭溪和沿(yan)岸的(de)(de)部(bu)分林地(di)(di)。規(gui)劃(hua)面積(ji)(ji)為517.5公(gong)頃，占濕地(di)(di)公(gong)園(yuan)總面積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)66.34%。規(gui)劃(hua)對現有水體、動植(zhi)物及(ji)其生境進行嚴格保護的(de)(de)基礎上，加(jia)強外源(yuan)污染(ran)防(fang)治，控(kong)制內源(yuan)污染(ran)，開展(zhan)適度的(de)(de)水禽棲(qi)(qi)息地(di)(di)恢復(fu)和營建(jian)項目，建(jian)立結構完善(shan)、功能完備的(de)(de)濕地(di)(di)-森林復(fu)合生態系統，營造(zao)良好(hao)的(de)(de)水禽棲(qi)(qi)息地(di)(di)，打造(zao)水禽自然(ran)樂園(yuan)。

恢(hui)復(fu)重建區(qu)指田心(xin)苗(miao)寨區(qu)域的(de)(de)(de)巫水(shui)(shui)(shui)河段，規(gui)劃(hua)面積73.3公頃。為(wei)維護區(qu)域生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態系統的(de)(de)(de)穩定，保證(zheng)人與自然的(de)(de)(de)和諧發(fa)展(zhan)，規(gui)劃(hua)通過濕(shi)地生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態濾場的(de)(de)(de)建設，解(jie)決(jue)沿岸(an)(an)村寨、農耕生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產等造成的(de)(de)(de)局部(bu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質富營(ying)養化問題；并(bing)在水(shui)(shui)(shui)域與農田之間合理營(ying)造水(shui)(shui)(shui)禽棲息(xi)地，形成水(shui)(shui)(shui)域-水(shui)(shui)(shui)禽棲息(xi)地-農田-苗(miao)寨的(de)(de)(de)結構(gou)布局，打造優美的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)岸(an)(an)植被景觀、擴(kuo)大野生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動物棲息(xi)環境(jing)，豐富濕(shi)地公園生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物多樣性，并(bing)保證(zheng)區(qu)域居(ju)民的(de)(de)(de)正常生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活，維護區(qu)域生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態系統的(de)(de)(de)穩定。

宣教(jiao)展示(shi)區(qu)指以現有水(shui)(shui)岸(an)公(gong)(gong)路(lu)為(wei)軸線(xian)的區(qu)域(yu)，規劃面積16.8公(gong)(gong)頃。規劃依托濕地(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)園沿(yan)岸(an)道路(lu)系統進行濕地(di)(di)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)載體的建設(she)，形成(cheng)(cheng)良好(hao)的河流(liu)-森林(lin)-文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)復合系統，讓文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)在(zai)傳承(cheng)中促進河流(liu)的保護(hu)。主要通(tong)過合理布設(she)宣教(jiao)館、宣教(jiao)點、宣傳牌，將(jiang)濕地(di)(di)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、民俗文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、人文(wen)山水(shui)(shui)景觀、濕地(di)(di)生(sheng)態(tai)產業、濕地(di)(di)生(sheng)態(tai)服(fu)務功能等內(nei)(nei)容，通(tong)過室(shi)內(nei)(nei)、室(shi)外等多樣化(hua)(hua)(hua)的場景和(he)設(she)施營(ying)造濕地(di)(di)宣教(jiao)展示(shi)的空間，調(diao)節游客情感，使其成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)大(da)眾(zhong)了解綏寧、認識濕地(di)(di)、欣賞濕地(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)園人文(wen)山水(shui)(shui)的窗口、濕地(di)(di)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)展示(shi)的平臺和(he)生(sheng)態(tai)文(wen)明教(jiao)育的基地(di)(di)。

合(he)理(li)(li)利(li)用(yong)區指(zhi)梅口至石脈河區域，規劃(hua)面積170.2公(gong)頃。規劃(hua)合(he)理(li)(li)利(li)用(yong)區域內現有的(de)(de)(de)濕地(di)產(chan)業、民俗文(wen)化(hua)等資源，通過開(kai)展(zhan)生(sheng)態養(yang)殖(zhi)、設置游憩休閑(xian)、水上(shang)娛樂(le)等項(xiang)目(mu)，以(yi)及提升水岸植被(bei)景觀(guan)，建立比較完(wan)善(shan)的(de)(de)(de)基礎設施(shi)體系(xi)，構建合(he)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)濕地(di)資源可持續(xu)利(li)用(yong)產(chan)業鏈，提高濕地(di)公(gong)園的(de)(de)(de)自養(yang)能(neng)力(li)，并帶(dai)動周邊(bian)社區相關(guan)產(chan)業的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)，使社區群眾受益并提高他們(men)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活水平(ping)。

管(guan)理(li)(li)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)區主要指濕地公園管(guan)理(li)(li)局(ju)、濕地管(guan)理(li)(li)站、游客服(fu)(fu)務(wu)中心等。根據(ju)保(bao)護(hu)和管(guan)理(li)(li)的需(xu)要，合理(li)(li)布局(ju)，建立完(wan)善(shan)的保(bao)護(hu)、管(guan)理(li)(li)及游客服(fu)(fu)務(wu)體系，為游客提供優質(zhi)高效的服(fu)(fu)務(wu)，實(shi)現良好的管(guan)理(li)(li)、保(bao)護(hu)和服(fu)(fu)務(wu)功能。

通過"一(yi)軸(zhou)"、"兩帶"、"一(yi)廊"、"兩區"、"多點(dian)"的總體(ti)規劃布局(ju)建設，濕地(di)公園(yuan)(yuan)將(jiang)被打造(zao)成為"高峽-平(ping)湖-河(he)谷"為一(yi)體(ti)的濕地(di)生態系統(tong)保護(hu)、恢復與合理利(li)用的典范；沅江流(liu)(liu)域重要(yao)的綠色生態廊道；苗家文(wen)化的保護(hu)、復興和傳(chuan)承的文(wen)化河(he)流(liu)(liu)；"神奇生態綠洲"上濕地(di)生態系統(tong)健康、景觀(guan)資源豐富(fu)、自然環境(jing)優美、科(ke)普宣(xuan)教(jiao)設施完善、休閑娛樂條件優越、文(wen)化底(di)蘊深厚的國家濕地(di)公園(yuan)(yuan)。