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基本情況

廣西桂(gui)林會仙(xian)喀(ka)斯特(te)國家濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)，位于廣西桂(gui)林市臨桂(gui)區會仙(xian)鎮境內，主要分布于睦洞(dong)村委。公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)規劃總面積(ji)586.75公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃，涉及(ji)睦洞(dong)、新民、山尾、四益、文全(quan)5個行政村26個周邊村屯。其中(zhong)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)面積(ji)為493.59公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃，主要包(bao)括以睦洞(dong)湖為中(zhong)心的(de)湖泊沼澤濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)及(ji)龍頭山、分水塘(tang)、獅(shi)子(zi)山及(ji)馮家魚(yu)塘(tang)與(yu)分水塘(tang)至相(xiang)思(si)江之間的(de)開(kai)鑿于唐朝武(wu)則(ze)天時期的(de)古桂(gui)柳運(yun)河等濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)。整個濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)東(dong)西長約(yue)6公(gong)(gong)(gong)里，南(nan)北寬約(yue)為2.8公(gong)(gong)(gong)里，東(dong)抵分水塘(tang)東(dong)渠，西接相(xiang)思(si)江，南(nan)至七(qi)星(xing)村，北至獅(shi)子(zi)山后山漁場(chang)。

歷史沿革

據史(shi)料記載，在宋朝以(yi)(yi)前，會仙(xian)濕(shi)地(di)(di)的范(fan)圍(wei)包括現臨桂區四塘(tang)鎮大(da)(da)灣村(cun)(cun)、會仙(xian)鎮睦洞、四益、新民、山(shan)尾、文(wen)全(quan)、馬面(mian)(mian)村(cun)(cun)及雁山(shan)區雁山(shan)鎮竹園村(cun)(cun)等(deng)(deng)大(da)(da)部分(fen)地(di)(di)區，面(mian)(mian)積(ji)約(yue)65平(ping)方公(gong)里。上世(shi)紀50年代，會仙(xian)濕(shi)地(di)(di)范(fan)圍(wei)內尚(shang)有20余個(ge)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)塘(tang)，面(mian)(mian)積(ji)約(yue)25平(ping)方公(gong)里。至(zhi)(zhi)近代半個(ge)世(shi)紀以(yi)(yi)來(lai)，隨(sui)著周邊人(ren)口的急劇(ju)增(zeng)加(jia)，人(ren)類(lei)活(huo)動加(jia)劇(ju)，人(ren)們逐漸對濕(shi)地(di)(di)蠶食(shi)圍(wei)墾、開荒造田、圍(wei)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)造塘(tang)、擠占(zhan)河(he)道(dao)，且缺乏有效的管(guan)理和(he)保護，使原有濕(shi)地(di)(di)不(bu)斷(duan)受(shou)到(dao)破(po)壞與(yu)蠶食(shi)，水(shui)面(mian)(mian)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)逐漸萎(wei)縮，地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)逐漸疏(shu)干，沼(zhao)澤和(he)濕(shi)地(di)(di)生態(tai)系(xi)統遭(zao)到(dao)嚴重破(po)壞，至(zhi)(zhi)今，僅留下較大(da)(da)的湖(hu)(hu)(hu)塘(tang)如睦洞湖(hu)(hu)(hu)、馮家(jia)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)以(yi)(yi)及分(fen)水(shui)塘(tang)等(deng)(deng)，主(zhu)要分(fen)布在古桂柳(liu)運河(he)以(yi)(yi)北的九頭山(shan)、鳳(feng)凰(huang)山(shan)、龍山(shan)、獅子巖(yan)、鐘鼓(gu)山(shan)之(zhi)間(jian)，濕(shi)地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)不(bu)足6平(ping)方公(gong)里。

地類現狀

濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)規劃(hua)總(zong)面積(ji)586.75公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)，其(qi)中，耕地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面積(ji)為(wei)107.81公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)（水田100.67公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)，旱地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)7.14公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)），林(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)總(zong)面積(ji)為(wei)82.22公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)，草地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)3.9公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)，水域面積(ji)為(wei)333.86公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)（河(he)流(liu)31.03公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)，湖泊25.85公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)，坑塘(tang)276.98公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)），交通用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面積(ji)為(wei)0.15公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)，科(ke)教用(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面積(ji)為(wei)0.16公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)，沼(zhao)澤(ze)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面積(ji)58.65公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)。分湖泊濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、河(he)流(liu)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、沼(zhao)澤(ze)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、人(ren)工濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)4大類(lei)。其(qi)中，湖泊濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面積(ji)為(wei)25.85公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)，河(he)流(liu)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面積(ji)為(wei)16.98公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)，草本沼(zhao)澤(ze)面積(ji)為(wei)58.65公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)；人(ren)工濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面積(ji)為(wei)392.11公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)。

生物資源

目前已知會仙喀斯特濕地有(you)(you)維管束(shu)植(zhi)物(wu)108科241屬316種(zhong)，陸生脊椎動物(wu)共(gong)有(you)(you)234種(zhong)，有(you)(you)國(guo)家二級重點保(bao)護植(zhi)物(wu)1種(zhong)，即廣西分(fen)布(bu)最北的(de)“植(zhi)物(wu)大(da)熊(xiong)貓”---野生稻原生種(zhong)，主(zhu)要分(fen)布(bu)在睦(mu)洞湖(hu)周邊的(de)沼澤(ze)濕地中，呈零星狀分(fen)布(bu)。

陸(lu)生脊(ji)椎(zhui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物共(gong)有234種(zhong)，其(qi)中(zhong)，兩棲類(lei)(lei)14種(zhong)；爬行類(lei)(lei)29種(zhong)；鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)166種(zhong)；哺乳動(dong)(dong)(dong)物25種(zhong)。在這些(xie)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物中(zhong)，有國(guo)家重(zhong)點保護動(dong)(dong)(dong)物19種(zhong)。

會仙濕地共有46種魚(yu)類(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)活，會仙濕地底(di)棲動(dong)物(wu)(wu)有30種，分(fen)屬3門6綱。在30種底(di)棲動(dong)物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)以(yi)水生(sheng)(sheng)昆蟲居多(duo)，有16種；腹(fu)足類(lei)次之，有4種；甲殼類(lei)3種，寡(gua)毛(mao)類(lei)3種，瓣鰓類(lei)和蛭類(lei)最少，各(ge)有2種。

會仙濕(shi)地浮(fu)游(you)動物共有26科(ke)(ke)(ke)59屬(shu)95種(zhong)，其中原(yuan)生(sheng)動物8科(ke)(ke)(ke)16屬(shu)21種(zhong)，輪蟲8科(ke)(ke)(ke)24屬(shu)51種(zhong)，枝角類6科(ke)(ke)(ke)11屬(shu)15種(zhong)，橈(rao)足類4科(ke)(ke)(ke)8屬(shu)8種(zhong)。

會仙濕(shi)地浮(fu)游植物有6門79屬。

景觀資源

(一)復合型濕地(di)景觀

濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)公園集“山景(jing)”、“水景(jing)”、“濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)生物(wu)”、“濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)文(wen)化”為一(yi)體，具(ju)有(you)多樣化的(de)復合型濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)景(jing)觀。睦洞湖碧(bi)波粼(lin)粼(lin)，分水塘(tang)草(cao)本(ben)沼澤茂密、古桂柳運河(he)歷(li)史(shi)悠遠、巖溶(rong)地(di)(di)貌惟(wei)妙(miao)惟(wei)肖、農耕文(wen)化深厚(hou)、名人輩出，集“山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雄、水之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)秀、物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)豐、人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)杰”于一(yi)身，文(wen)化內涵深厚(hou)。濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)以其(qi)分布之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)廣大、巖溶(rong)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)典型、山水景(jing)觀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)秀美(mei)、歷(li)史(shi)文(wen)化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)深厚(hou)，在(zai)全(quan)國乃至全(quan)球峰林(lin)巖溶(rong)地(di)(di)區也是罕(han)見的(de)，廣西則是獨一(yi)無二，這也是桂林(lin)山水最為稀缺(que)的(de)資(zi)源。

(二)湖泊景觀

濕(shi)地(di)公園有(you)大面(mian)積的湖泊濕(shi)地(di)及庫塘，洲灘眾(zhong)多，水(shui)(shui)道交錯縱橫(heng)，曲徑通幽，水(shui)(shui)質良好。睦洞湖，又叫相(xiang)思湖，位于古桂柳(liu)運(yun)河的中段，與(yu)古桂柳(liu)運(yun)河融為(wei)一體，素有(you)“聚仙(xian)澤”和“水(shui)(shui)泊梁(liang)山”之稱(cheng)，是(shi)運(yun)河最為(wei)平(ping)坦(tan)的一段，是(shi)會仙(xian)喀斯(si)特濕(shi)地(di)的核(he)心區域。湖中景色(se)優美，波光蕩漾(yang)，在(zai)藍天白云的襯托下(xia)，綠樹、紅船、碧水(shui)(shui)、銀波，百鳥爭翔，景致極佳。

(三)古桂柳運河(he)景觀

古(gu)(gu)桂(gui)柳運(yun)河是古(gu)(gu)人利用淺埋(mai)巖溶地下水(shui)豐富的(de)有利條件開(kai)鑿而(er)成，長15公里(li)，共修建(jian)陡門24座(zuo)、架橋11座(zuo)，歷代均(jun)有整(zheng)修。運(yun)河將(jiang)漓江(jiang)與洛清江(jiang)連接，使中(zhong)原(yuan)與廣(guang)西(xi)乃至云(yun)貴高原(yuan)通過水(shui)運(yun)溝通。由于近(jin)代以來(lai)陸路交通取代了古(gu)(gu)桂(gui)柳運(yun)河的(de)溝通功能(neng)，古(gu)(gu)桂(gui)柳運(yun)河逐漸被(bei)廢棄。現在運(yun)河上下草木蔥蘢之處(chu)或(huo)還殘(can)留有碑刻、陡門等遺(yi)址。

(四)生物景觀

濕地(di)公園生態(tai)環境優越，生物資源豐富。公園內碧(bi)幽絕(jue)塵(chen)、清雅絕(jue)俗、灘涂蘆(lu)葦、沉浮植物、濕地(di)水禽(qin)、鷺鳥(niao)飛翔、蛙(wa)聲(sheng)鳥(niao)鳴、景觀奇絕(jue)。充滿自然、古樸(pu)、野趣、原生態(tai)，猶(you)如人(ren)間仙境。睦(mu)洞湖(hu)是候鳥(niao)理想的棲息地(di)，每(mei)年春秋(qiu)兩季，都有大量白(bai)鷺在此停留、覓食，水鴨甕聲(sheng)甕氣的求偶(ou)聲(sheng)常(chang)常(chang)蕩漾(yang)在湖(hu)面上。夏日坐(zuo)在船上，涼風(feng)習習，夏日睦(mu)洞湖(hu)里荷(he)花競相開放，美不(bu)勝收，吸引了大量游人(ren)前來，移舟(zhou)入荷(he)塘，與蓮花作(zuo)零(ling)距離(li)接觸，感受“蓮動下(xia)漁舟(zhou)”的意境。

(五)天象景觀

濕(shi)地公(gong)園氣候(hou)宜人，風景絕(jue)美，四季(ji)(ji)競秀，妙趣(qu)天(tian)(tian)成(cheng)。廣袤的(de)(de)湖面(mian)、孤(gu)峰(feng)突兀(wu)、山水結(jie)合的(de)(de)自(zi)然條件使這(zhe)里成(cheng)為觀(guan)(guan)日(ri)出日(ri)落、雨(yu)后彩虹(hong)、神灣夕照、雨(yu)后霧(wu)靄的(de)(de)絕(jue)好去處，天(tian)(tian)象(xiang)景觀(guan)(guan)隨季(ji)(ji)節(jie)、時間(jian)、觀(guan)(guan)測(ce)點的(de)(de)不同而呈現出千(qian)變萬化(hua)的(de)(de)景觀(guan)(guan)效果(guo)。

文化資源

(一)著名的“運(yun)河(he)”文化

古(gu)桂柳運(yun)(yun)河(he)，又叫相(xiang)思埭、南(nan)陡河(he)、臨(lin)桂陡河(he)、南(nan)渠，舊《臨(lin)桂縣志(zhi)》把(ba)桂柳運(yun)(yun)河(he)與興安(an)靈渠相(xiang)提并論，謂“北有(you)靈渠，南(nan)有(you)陡河(he)”。它與興安(an)靈渠同為我國嶺南(nan)地區的兩大漕運(yun)(yun)奇觀。

古桂柳(liu)(liu)運河(he)開鑿于1300多年(nian)前的唐長壽元(yuan)年(nian)，是(shi)(shi)按(an)武(wu)則天所(suo)信(xin)奉的“三星(xing)吉祥”格局而(er)修筑。運河(he)的中心起點(dian)是(shi)(shi)滾子嶺東南的分(fen)水塘，該塘是(shi)(shi)筑相思(si)棣，堵相思(si)水而(er)成，塘水面積30畝(mu)，地勢高(gao)聳，分(fen)水東西(xi)流，有福星(xing)高(gao)照(zhao)之意。東西(xi)兩端，各有“祿、壽”二星(xing)呼應，運河(he)頗有經(jing)天緯地之勢。運河(he)全(quan)長15公里(li)，最(zui)寬處30米，最(zui)窄處6米，沿河(he)建泥湖陡、磨盤(pan)陡等24座，架(jia)橋11座，均用料石砌(qi)就(jiu)，運河(he)溝通了(le)漓江和(he)柳(liu)(liu)江水系。

桂柳(liu)(liu)運(yun)(yun)河(he)開(kai)(kai)鑿(zao)后，在(zai)歷史上曾經發(fa)揮過(guo)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的作用(yong)。首先是(shi)用(yong)于“糧食戈甲(jia)”的運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)。其次是(shi)惠賈通商。桂柳(liu)(liu)運(yun)(yun)河(he)與靈渠的連(lian)接對(dui)湘黔桂三省的經濟聯(lian)系和文化交流具有(you)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的價(jia)值。運(yun)(yun)河(he)開(kai)(kai)鑿(zao)前，桂林(lin)到柳(liu)(liu)州的水(shui)路(lu)航(hang)線迂回曲(qu)折，長達500多公(gong)里。運(yun)(yun)河(he)開(kai)(kai)鑿(zao)后，航(hang)程(cheng)縮短到150多公(gong)里。再次，具有(you)灌溉(gai)功能(neng)。桂柳(liu)(liu)運(yun)(yun)河(he)有(you)調節(jie)洪水(shui)的作用(yong)，不(bu)僅可(ke)航(hang)，還可(ke)排，可(ke)灌。運(yun)(yun)河(he)“能(neng)航(hang)、能(neng)排、能(neng)灌、農商俱賴(lai)”，是(shi)古代中原通往嶺(ling)南(nan)經略兩粵的重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)航(hang)道，對(dui)祖國南(nan)疆(jiang)的開(kai)(kai)發(fa)和建設，曾起(qi)了重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)作用(yong)。

現存陡門、石(shi)橋及(ji)碑刻文(wen)物(wu)20余(yu)處(chu)。在(zai)(zai)運河(he)分(fen)水(shui)(shui)塘分(fen)水(shui)(shui)閘(zha)遺址處(chu)曾留有明代著名旅(lv)行(xing)家徐霞(xia)客在(zai)(zai)獅(shi)子(zi)(zi)巖上(shang)盛贊桂(gui)柳河(he)的(de)名句(ju)：“獅(shi)子(zi)(zi)巖前(qian)水(shui)(shui)長流，南臨山(shan)景逍遙(yao)游(you)。龍王(wang)廟內(nei)鐘(zhong)鼓(gu)響，虎(hu)仔(zi)橋上(shang)望(wang)客舟。”這里還有美國陳納(na)德將(jiang)軍(jun)指(zhi)揮的(de)援華抗日飛虎(hu)隊(dui)遺址，林(lin)彪指(zhi)揮作戰(zhan)的(de)雷(lei)達(da)臺，太平天國翼(yi)王(wang)石(shi)達(da)開及(ji)將(jiang)領馮云(yun)山(shan)在(zai)(zai)攻打桂(gui)林(lin)城演(yan)兵(bing)的(de)軍(jun)營、糧(liang)庫(ku)和(he)水(shui)(shui)軍(jun)操練(lian)場。此外，還有民(min)間(jian)(jian)傳說的(de)八仙(xian)(xian)飄(piao)海成仙(xian)(xian)后(hou)到桂(gui)林(lin)定居的(de)八仙(xian)(xian)洲，道教勝地八仙(xian)(xian)宮以及(ji)八仙(xian)(xian)飲用的(de)“靈泉”等等，可謂歷(li)史文(wen)化底(di)蘊深厚(hou)，自然和(he)人(ren)文(wen)旅(lv)游(you)資源極(ji)(ji)其豐富，具有較大的(de)旅(lv)游(you)發展空間(jian)(jian)。1987年5月(yue)列為桂(gui)林(lin)市重(zhong)點文(wen)物(wu)保護(hu)單位，其文(wen)化保護(hu)價值極(ji)(ji)高。

(二)水稻農作文化

臨桂(gui)(gui)水(shui)稻(dao)種(zhong)植(zhi)歷史悠久,是臨桂(gui)(gui)的糧食主產作物。1999年(nian)，考古(gu)學家在距今15000-45000年(nian)間的臨桂(gui)(gui)大巖(yan)文化遺址中(zhong)發現(xian)了水(shui)稻(dao)硅化石(shi)，在會仙喀斯(si)特濕地發現(xian)了植(zhi)物大熊貓----原生野(ye)生稻(dao)，對我國稻(dao)作栽培、農業起源的研(yan)究具有十分(fen)重要的意義(yi)。

(三)石橋文化

沿古桂柳運河(he)就設有橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)11座(zuo)，目前保(bao)存的(de)有新橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、會(hui)仙高橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、龍門橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、興(xing)隆橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)、銅橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)等，均(jun)由石頭堆砌而(er)成，各(ge)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)造(zao)型各(ge)異，展現出(chu)會(hui)仙喀斯(si)特濕(shi)地良好的(de)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)文化與高超的(de)建筑水平。新橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)為單拱，由遠而(er)視，形如彎月。相傳，清乾隆皇帝(di)下(xia)江南時，曾(ceng)歷覽相思埭運河(he)，游歷臨桂的(de)睦洞湖，又路過(guo)此橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)，故有人(ren)稱此橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)為“乾隆橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)”。會(hui)仙高橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)結構合理，設計美觀，做工精細，展現出(chu)強勁的(de)力感和動感美韻(yun)。