尕(ga)海國(guo)家濕地(di)(di)公(gong)園所在地(di)(di)德令哈(ha)市尕(ga)海鎮(zhen)位于(yu)柴達(da)(da)木盆(pen)地(di)(di)東北 邊緣,深居內(nei)陸(lu)(lu),具有明顯的高原大陸(lu)(lu)性特征,日照時間長,太陽(yang)輻(fu)(fu) 射(she)強,晝夜溫差大,雨熱同(tong)(tong)季,降(jiang)雨量少(shao),空氣(qi)(qi)干燥,無(wu)霜(shuang)期短。園 區多年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)降(jiang)雨量 181.1 毫米,降(jiang)雨主(zhu)要集中在 6-9 月,占全(quan)年(nian)(nian)降(jiang)雨 量的 65.6%全(quan)年(nian)(nian)蒸發量達(da)(da) 2439.4 毫米,為降(jiang)雨量的 16.4 倍。年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun) 氣(qi)(qi)溫 3.6℃,7 月平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫 16.2℃,1 月平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫-11.1℃,氣(qi)(qi)溫日 較差 16.4℃,年(nian)(nian)較差 27.3℃,由于(yu)太陽(yang)輻(fu)(fu)射(she)率大,地(di)(di)面溫度高于(yu)同(tong)(tong) 期氣(qi)(qi)溫。年(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)地(di)(di)溫 6.1℃,年(nian)(nian)均(jun)無(wu)霜(shuang)期 99 天。
尕(ga)海(hai)國家濕地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)公(gong)園所在(zai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di), 在(zai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌單元上分屬祁(qi)連山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)和(he)柴達木 盆(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。 柴達木盆(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)在(zai)大(da)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)構(gou)造上屬秦嶺昆侖祁(qi)連地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)槽褶皺(zhou)系(xi)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)部(bu)(bu)分, 為(wei)中新(xin)(xin)代(dai)凹陷盆(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。 盆(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)中心(xin)大(da)致(zhi)沿(yan) 37°20′ (即宗務隆(long)山(shan)(shan)前地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶) 的(de)(de)緯(wei)向基底斷裂控制了盆(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)新(xin)(xin)生構(gou)造運動的(de)(de)性質, 該斷裂線以北(bei)的(de)(de)盆(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen) 地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)和(he)盆(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)東(dong)北(bei)部(bu)(bu),自第(di)三(san)(san)紀(ji)來,一(yi)(yi)直(zhi)緩慢上升,形(xing)成主要(yao)有(you)(you)第(di)三(san)(san) 系(xi)和(he)中下更新(xin)(xin)統砂巖組(zu)成的(de)(de)丘陵(ling)帶。盆(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)南(nan)部(bu)(bu)劇烈下沉,是(shi)第(di)四系(xi)的(de)(de) 主要(yao)堆(dui)積(ji)(ji)場(chang)所,厚達 1200 米,形(xing)成由(you)上更新(xin)(xin)統的(de)(de)近(jin)代(dai)洪積(ji)(ji)、沖積(ji)(ji)及 湖積(ji)(ji)層組(zu)成的(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)前傾斜平原。 尕(ga)海(hai)國家濕地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)公(gong)園所在(zai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)德令哈市地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)復雜,形(xing)成山(shan)(shan)、川、盆(pen)(pen)(pen)(pen)、 湖兼(jian)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)貌特征, 獨特的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)環(huan)境(jing)吸引(yin)了多種類型的(de)(de)動植物在(zai)此棲 息繁衍。
園(yuan)區(qu)內植(zhi)物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類有(you)(you)(you) 86 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),分屬(shu) 24 科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke) 54 屬(shu)。其(qi)(qi)中(zhong),具有(you)(you)(you) 代表性(xing)的濕地植(zhi)物主要(yao)有(you)(you)(you)蘆葦、狹葉(xie)香(xiang)蒲、藨草(cao)、水蔥、扁桿藨草(cao)、 黑褐苔草(cao)、堿蓬、鹽(yan)爪(zhua)(zhua)(zhua)爪(zhua)(zhua)(zhua)、黑海(hai)(hai)鹽(yan)爪(zhua)(zhua)(zhua)爪(zhua)(zhua)(zhua)、細枝(zhi)鹽(yan)爪(zhua)(zhua)(zhua)爪(zhua)(zhua)(zhua)等;其(qi)(qi)它(ta)還有(you)(you)(you)檉 柳(liu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、蒺藜科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、毛茛科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、蒿草(cao)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、貍藻科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、鳶尾科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)等種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類較少的植(zhi)物 群落。 野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)脊椎動(dong)(dong)物 105 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),獸類 6 目(mu) 10 科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke) 22 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);鳥(niao)類 63 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong), 隸屬(shu) 13 目(mu) 25 科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke);爬(pa)行類 4 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),隸屬(shu)于 3 目(mu) 3 科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke);兩(liang)棲類 5 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),隸屬(shu) 于 1 目(mu) 3 科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke);魚類 1 目(mu) 2 科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke) 11 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)國家(jia)、省級保護(hu)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物共(gong) 有(you)(you)(you) 26 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),屬(shu)國家(jia)Ⅰ級保護(hu)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物有(you)(you)(you)黑頸(jing)鶴 1 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);Ⅱ級保護(hu)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong) 物有(you)(you)(you)大天(tian)鵝、疣(you)鼻天(tian)鵝、灰鶴、蓑羽鶴、草(cao)原雕、燕隼、鵝喉羚、荒(huang) 漠貓(mao)、兔猻、猞(she)猁、石貂共(gong) 11 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);省級保護(hu)的有(you)(you)(you)灰雁、斑(ban)頭雁、赤 麻(ma)鴨、翹鼻麻(ma)鴨、戴勝(sheng)、環頸(jing)雉(zhi)、短趾(zhi)沙百靈、小云雀、毛腿沙雞、 赤狐、沙狐、香(xiang)鼬、艾(ai)虎、麝鼠共(gong) 14 種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 巴音河流域尕海(hai)(hai)國家(jia)濕地公園(yuan)河段河川秀美,景色宜人,尕海(hai)(hai)湖 濕地更是煙波浩(hao)淼,萬鳥(niao)聚(ju)會,可謂高原上的一顆明珠。
巴(ba)(ba)音(yin)河(he)(he)發源于祁連山的(de)哈爾科山南(nan)坡,上(shang)游稱阿讓(rang)郭勒,下(xia)游稱 巴(ba)(ba)音(yin)郭勒。 當其在哈爾科山與宗務隆山間流(liu)動時, 左岸(an)接納大(da)(da)量(liang)支流(liu), 形成典型(xing)的(de)梳狀(zhuang)水(shui)(shui)系。河(he)(he)流(liu)切穿宗務隆山,流(liu)經(jing)(jing)克(ke)利爾齊、澤令(ling)(ling)溝(gou)、 德(de)令(ling)(ling)哈、尕海、戈壁(bi),最后(hou)(hou)注(zhu)入可魯克(ke)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)。全部流(liu)程呈現斷續流(liu)狀(zhuang)。 德(de)令(ling)(ling)哈以(yi)上(shang)集(ji)水(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji) 72.78 萬公頃,落差 1750 米,年(nian)平均徑流(liu)量(liang)為 3.21 億立(li)方米,澤令(ling)(ling)溝(gou)水(shui)(shui)文站以(yi)上(shang)河(he)(he)段(duan)(duan),屬于雪水(shui)(shui)補給(gei)型(xing),汛期 4 月-9 月。河(he)(he)口出(chu)山口后(hou)(hou)不(bu)遠即基本潛(qian)入地(di)(di)(di)下(xia),形成潛(qian)流(liu)段(duan)(duan),然(ran)后(hou)(hou)溢 出(chu)地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)流(liu)經(jing)(jing)德(de)令(ling)(ling)哈水(shui)(shui)文站,屬地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)補給(gei)型(xing),徑流(liu)經(jing)(jing)地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)天(tian)然(ran)水(shui)(shui)庫調 節(jie)后(hou)(hou)顯得比較穩定。巴(ba)(ba)音(yin)河(he)(he)流(liu)經(jing)(jing)德(de)令(ling)(ling)哈市區后(hou)(hou),在戈壁(bi)上(shang)大(da)(da)量(liang)滲漏, 潛(qian)入地(di)(di)(di)下(xia)東(dong)西(xi)分(fen)流(liu),向(xiang)東(dong)注(zhu)入尕海湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),向(xiang)西(xi)在郭里木再次溢出(chu),匯流(liu) 成河(he)(he),流(liu)至戈壁(bi)水(shui)(shui)文站。由(you)(you)戈壁(bi)至可魯克(ke)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de) 20 余千(qian)米的(de)河(he)(he)段(duan)(duan),河(he)(he) 床坡度減緩,河(he)(he)叉發育。地(di)(di)(di)表蘆葦叢生,水(shui)(shui)流(liu)排泄(xie)不(bu)暢(chang),形成寬闊(kuo)的(de) 沼澤地(di)(di)(di)帶。巴(ba)(ba)音(yin)河(he)(he)經(jing)(jing)可魯克(ke)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)天(tian)然(ran)調節(jie)后(hou)(hou),由(you)(you)連通河(he)(he)排泄(xie)到托素(su)(su)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)。 巴(ba)(ba)音(yin)河(he)(he)全長(chang) 326 千(qian)米,集(ji)水(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji) 140 萬公頃。 尕海湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)為距(ju)(ju)德(de)令(ling)(ling)哈市約(yue) 20 公里的(de)一處(chu)咸水(shui)(shui)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),是柴達(da)木盆地(di)(di)(di)的(de) 重要(yao)濕地(di)(di)(di),地(di)(di)(di)處(chu)柴達(da)木盆地(di)(di)(di)東(dong)北緣,宗務隆山南(nan)坡,西(xi)距(ju)(ju)托素(su)(su)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)和可 魯克(ke)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu) 43 千(qian)米,湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)海拔(ba) 2849 米,湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)泊(bo)長(chang)約(yue) 7 公里,寬約(yue) 5 公里, 最大(da)(da)深度 15 米,面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji) 32 平方公里,面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji) 1925 平方千(qian)米。
尕(ga)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)湖(hu)是巴音(yin)河(he)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)水(shui)源地(di)(di)(di)之一(yi)。 尕(ga)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)湖(hu)通過兩種方式(shi)向(xiang)巴音(yin) 河(he)補水(shui): 洪水(shui)季節, 尕(ga)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)以湖(hu)面(mian)外溢的(de)(de)方式(shi)向(xiang)巴音(yin)河(he)補水(shui); 豐(feng)(feng)水(shui)季節, 尕(ga)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)湖(hu)沿河(he)道經(jing)過部(bu)分潛流地(di)(di)(di)段變(bian)為地(di)(di)(di)面(mian)河(he)流向(xiang)巴音(yin)河(he)補水(shui), 二者(zhe)共 同組成了巴音(yin)河(he)流域的(de)(de)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)體(ti)系。 尕(ga)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)國(guo)家(jia)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan),有效保護德(de)令(ling)哈(ha)市濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di),發揮(hui)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)重生(sheng) 態(tai)(tai)功能,改(gai)善德(de)令(ling)哈(ha)市生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環境,恢復濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)景觀及其(qi)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)服務功能, 促(cu)進西部(bu)地(di)(di)(di)區生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)建設(she)。2014 年,德(de)令(ling)哈(ha)市人(ren)民(min)政府(fu)根據《國(guo)家(jia)濕(shi) 地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)管理辦法(試行)》,結合尕(ga)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)、巴音(yin)河(he)的(de)(de)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)資源狀況,最 終決定申請建設(she)德(de)令(ling)哈(ha)尕(ga)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)國(guo)家(jia)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)。 巴音(yin)河(he)及其(qi)支流和(he)尕(ga)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)廣(guang)闊的(de)(de)水(shui)面(mian),悠久(jiu)的(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi),多(duo)(duo)樣類型的(de)(de)濕(shi) 地(di)(di)(di),孕育了尕(ga)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)國(guo)家(jia)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)豐(feng)(feng)富多(duo)(duo)樣的(de)(de)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)文化(hua)。因此(ci),尕(ga)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)國(guo)家(jia) 濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)集自然風光、名(ming)勝古跡(ji)和(he)多(duo)(duo)民(min)族(zu)文化(hua)于一(yi)體(ti),具有顯著的(de)(de)生(sheng) 態(tai)(tai)、文化(hua)和(he)美學價值。