地理位置
天馬(ma)(ma)山(shan)(shan)位于(yu)(yu)上(shang)海(hai)(hai)市松江(jiang)區境內,距佘山(shan)(shan)西(xi)南10公里,松江(jiang)區11公里。原名(ming)(ming)干(gan)山(shan)(shan),相(xiang)傳春秋(qiu)吳(wu)干(gan)將鑄(zhu)劍(jian)于(yu)(yu)此(ci)而得名(ming)(ming)。據(ju)元代楊維楨(zhen)《干(gan)山(shan)(shan)志》中(zhong)(zhong)記:“世傳夫差冢干(gan)將其山(shan)(shan)”。又據(ju)舊《圖經》記,有(you)干(gan)姓(xing)者居此(ci);《圓(yuan)智寺記》中(zhong)(zhong)也謂山(shan)(shan)后(hou)皆干(gan)姓(xing)所(suo)有(you),故名(ming)(ming)干(gan)山(shan)(shan)。天馬(ma)(ma)山(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)勢(shi)陡(dou)峭(qiao),山(shan)(shan)體脊(ji)線(xian)近東西(xi)方向,山(shan)(shan)有(you)兩(liang)峰(feng),狀(zhuang)如(ru)行空天馬(ma)(ma),首昂(ang)脊(ji)弓(gong),故名(ming)(ming)。 天馬(ma)(ma)山(shan)(shan)是(shi)佘山(shan)(shan)九(jiu)峰(feng)十二山(shan)(shan)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)林面(mian)積最大、海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)最高(gao)的一(yi)座山(shan)(shan)(上(shang)海(hai)(hai)陸上(shang)海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)最高(gao)點(dian)),周圍2.5公里,山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)面(mian)積1800畝。 天馬(ma)(ma)山(shan)(shan)歷史悠久,人文薈萃(cui),舊時為道教勝(sheng)地(di)(di),山(shan)(shan)上(shang)多琳宮梵(fan)宇。每逢陽春三月(yue),松郡鄉(xiang)民,詣(yi)山(shan)(shan)禮于(yu)(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)峰(feng)東岳祠,香火特盛,故俗稱“燒香山(shan)(shan)”。
天馬山現如(ru)今也是上海越野跑步者(zhe)的(de)鐘(zhong)愛之地(di),在海拔普(pu)遍(bian)偏低的(de)上海地(di)區(qu),天馬山給越野訓練提供了良好(hao)的(de)場(chang)地(di)。2014年12月6號(hao),松江的(de)跑步愛好(hao)者(zhe)和玩么野俱樂部(bu)一起組(zu)織了第一屆(jie) 天馬山爬坡(po)大(da)賽,非常成功。
歷史文化
在(zai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)東(dong)麓有(you)三高士(shi)墓,山(shan)(shan)(shan)南麓有(you)二陸(lu)草堂、上(shang)峰寺(si)、圓(yuan)智教(jiao)寺(si)、八仙坡、萬松(song)園、南園,山(shan)(shan)(shan)中峰有(you)上(shang)清泉(quan)、朝真(zhen)道院(yuan)、東(dong)岳(yue)行(xing)宮、護珠(zhu)(zhu)塔、中峰寺(si)、玉皇(huang)殿、餐霞(xia)館、來鶴軒、留(liu)云壁,山(shan)(shan)(shan)西麓有(you)半珠(zhu)(zhu)庵、濂池、竹溪(xi)精(jing)舍、小孤山(shan)(shan)(shan)園等。天馬山(shan)(shan)(shan)歷代(dai)(dai)名(ming)(ming)(ming)人輩出,這(zhe)里既是宋代(dai)(dai)望(wang)族周(zhou)氏(shi)祖地,周(zhou)氏(shi)兄(xiong)(xiong)弟周(zhou)鏞(yong)、周(zhou)鎬藏書之(zhi)所,元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)宣撫使周(zhou)顯故(gu)居(ju)(ju),也是晉代(dai)(dai)文學巨子陸(lu)機、陸(lu)云兄(xiong)(xiong)弟讀書處,元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)著名(ming)(ming)(ming)文人楊維楨、錢惟善、陸(lu)居(ju)(ju)仁隱居(ju)(ju)之(zhi)地。在(zai)古(gu)時(shi),天馬山(shan)(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)還(huan)是聞(wen)名(ming)(ming)(ming)江南的名(ming)(ming)(ming)山(shan)(shan)(shan)之(zhi)一,僅(jin)山(shan)(shan)(shan)上(shang)百年以(yi)上(shang)古(gu)樹名(ming)(ming)(ming)木就多(duo)達(da)數百棵(ke),四周(zhou)分布著眾多(duo)道觀寺(si)廟,如(ru)朝真(zhen)道院(yuan)、東(dong)岳(yue)行(xing)宮、圓(yuan)智教(jiao)寺(si)等,是宗教(jiao)活動盛(sheng)行(xing)的地區。明清之(zhi)際(ji),天馬山(shan)(shan)(shan)林木翳然。
道教文化
道教醫藥
天馬(ma)山(shan)(shan)(即松(song)(song)(song)郡(jun)(jun)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)峰)的道(dao)(dao)教醫藥學的理(li)論(lun)(lun)核心是以(yi)“精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)”為(wei)本(ben),保(bao)(bao)(bao)“精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)”為(wei)先(xian)。天馬(ma)山(shan)(shan)道(dao)(dao)教醫藥(松(song)(song)(song)郡(jun)(jun)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)峰實(shi)為(wei)一體(ti),九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)山(shan)(shan)相(xiang)連)受吳越文(wen)化(hua)的影響,吸(xi)收了(le)吳越文(wen)化(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)“養(yang)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)”、海納(na)百(bai)川理(li)論(lun)(lun),在(zai)醫藥理(li)論(lun)(lun)上是以(yi)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)惟本(ben),保(bao)(bao)(bao)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)為(wei)先(xian)。《景岳全書·脾胃》中(zhong)(zhong)說(shuo):“人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始生(sheng),本(ben)乎(hu)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)血(xue)(xue)(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)原;人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)既生(sheng),由乎(hu)水(shui)谷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)養(yang)。非精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)血(xue)(xue)(xue),無以(yi)充形體(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基(ji);非水(shui)谷,無以(yi)成形體(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)壯。”黃(huang)帝《素問·金匱(kui)真(zhen)言(yan)論(lun)(lun)》中(zhong)(zhong)說(shuo)“夫精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)者,身(shen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)也”,清周學海《讀醫隨筆·氣血(xue)(xue)(xue)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)神(shen)論(lun)(lun)》中(zhong)(zhong)說(shuo):“精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)有四:曰(yue)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)也,曰(yue)血(xue)(xue)(xue)也,曰(yue)津也,曰(yue)液也”。從以(yi)上這些文(wen)獻上可以(yi)看出,”精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)“是人(ren)(ren)生(sheng)命之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)來(lai)源,人(ren)(ren)有邪氣盛則實(shi),精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)氣奪則虛。因此,天馬(ma)山(shan)(shan)道(dao)(dao)教醫藥中(zhong)(zhong)特別注重“精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)”的保(bao)(bao)(bao)養(yang)。自(zi)從天馬(ma)山(shan)(shan)(松(song)(song)(song)郡(jun)(jun)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)峰)道(dao)(dao)教創建以(yi)來(lai),松(song)(song)(song)郡(jun)(jun)九(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)峰的道(dao)(dao)醫們(men)(如(ru)薛道(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren)、彭真(zhen)人(ren)(ren))就源源不斷地從民間吸(xi)取營養(yang),引進技術,將流行(xing)在(zai)民間的各種健身(shen)養(yang)氣法(fa)收入(ru)道(dao)(dao)教,加以(yi)宗教化(hua)地改造,納(na)入(ru)道(dao)(dao)教醫藥體(ti)系中(zhong)(zhong),成為(wei)松(song)(song)(song)郡(jun)(jun)道(dao)(dao)教醫藥體(ti)系中(zhong)(zhong)“養(yang)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)”方法(fa)的準則。在(zai)用藥治(zhi)病療傷方面,道(dao)(dao)醫們(men)也是以(yi)養(yang)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、潤精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、藏(zang)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)、補精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)為(wei)主(zhu)要治(zhi)療方法(fa)。
道教繪畫
改琦松江府城隍廟神像圖軸清代道教繪畫。所繪天尊、太上老君、雷(lei)天君、東陽觀主等神(shen)像,都不雷(lei)同(tong),姿(zi)態各異,極為(wei)傳神(shen)。
九峰三泖圖
九峰(feng)三泖指松郡九及松江、青浦、金山(shan)(shan)至浙江相連的(de)(de)小湖蕩。“九峰(feng)三泖”是(shi)一處(chu)山(shan)(shan)水勝地,也(ye)是(shi)道教勝地。此幅畫也(ye)是(shi)中國南宗(zong)山(shan)(shan)水畫與海(hai)派書畫的(de)(de)主要(yao)源頭。
地理環境
位置
天馬山(shan)位(wei)于上(shang)海(hai)松江西(xi)北(bei)境內(nei),是海(hai)上(shang)名(ming)山(shan)“松郡九峰”之一,方(fang)圓萬頃。天馬山(shan)東(dong)接辰山(shan),西(xi)靠(kao)小昆山(shan)和(he)青浦(pu)練塘(tang)古鎮,南依歷史(shi)名(ming)城浙江省(sheng)嘉興市(shi),北(bei)臨崧澤古文(wen)化(hua)遺址。
地質地貌
天馬(ma)山(shan)(shan)地處長江三角洲前緣(yuan)河口濱海平原(yuan),周邊高峰(feng)林立。天馬(ma)山(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)勢陡(dou)峻,山(shan)(shan)體(ti)脊線(xian)近(jin)東西方向,長約0.8公(gong)里,南北山(shan)(shan)體(ti)寬(kuan)約1公(gong)里。南坡(po)陡(dou),常出現峭壁;北坡(po)緩而長,山(shan)(shan)形(xing)不(bu)對稱(cheng)。由中生代熔(rong)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)與火山(shan)(shan)碎屑(xie)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)構成(cheng),局部有粗(cu)面(mian)流(liu)紋(wen)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)、英安流(liu)紋(wen)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)、粗(cu)面(mian)流(liu)紋(wen)質熔(rong)結凝(ning)灰(hui)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)、流(liu)紋(wen)質(巖(yan)(yan)(yan)屑(xie))晶屑(xie)凝(ning)灰(hui)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)、流(liu)紋(wen)質玻(bo)屑(xie)凝(ning)灰(hui)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)。明清之(zhi)際,天馬(ma)山(shan)(shan)林木翳然(ran),黑松、油桐、毛竹、廣竹、等蔚(yu)然(ran)成(cheng)林,長勢旺盛。
氣候
天(tian)馬(ma)山(shan)屬北亞(ya)熱(re)帶季(ji)風(feng)(feng)區域,受(shou)冷暖空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)影響,四季(ji)分明(ming),氣(qi)(qi)候溫和(he),雨(yu)水充沛,日(ri)照充足,無霜期長(chang),冬季(ji)盛行(xing)西(xi)北風(feng)(feng),受(shou)大陸(lu)風(feng)(feng)侵襲,以少雨(yu)寒冷天(tian)氣(qi)(qi)為(wei)主;夏(xia)季(ji)盛行(xing)東(dong)南(nan)風(feng)(feng),受(shou)來自海洋風(feng)(feng)控制,天(tian)氣(qi)(qi)炎熱(re)多(duo)雨(yu);春秋季(ji)為(wei)冬夏(xia)季(ji)風(feng)(feng)交替時期,常形成冷暖干濕(shi)多(duo)變(bian)等不(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)天(tian)氣(qi)(qi),又由于冬夏(xia)季(ji)風(feng)(feng)強(qiang)弱和(he)進退遲早不(bu)一,造(zao)成年際變(bian)化上的(de)差(cha)異。
植被
天馬山原生植被屬北(bei)亞熱帶常綠闊(kuo)葉、落葉闊(kuo)葉混(hun)合(he)林(lin),次生林(lin)為針(zhen)闊(kuo)混(hun)交林(lin)和(he)針(zhen)葉林(lin),主要有水(shui)杉、柳(liu)杉、黑松、香樟(zhang)、白榆、櫸、槭、懸鈴(ling)木、青楓、梧桐、女貞、毛竹、蔑竹、棕櫚等(deng)。
宋代銀杏樹
緊(jin)挨護(hu)珠寶光(guang)塔20米處(chu),有一古銀杏(xing)樹(shu)(shu)(shu),相傳為宋銀甲將軍周(zhou)文達親手種植,樹(shu)(shu)(shu)齡距今已有700多年。古樹(shu)(shu)(shu)分枝(zhi)呈爪狀(zhuang),互為呼(hu)應。當地人傳說(shuo)古銀杏(xing)乃(nai)神之手,支撐著護(hu)珠塔斜而不倒;又傳說(shuo)在樹(shu)(shu)(shu)干上釘(ding)(ding)上一只鐵釘(ding)(ding),就會得(de)子,故后(hou)人在樹(shu)(shu)(shu)身(shen)上釘(ding)(ding)有大(da)量鐵釘(ding)(ding),致使樹(shu)(shu)(shu)干大(da)部分枯萎。值得(de)慶(qing)幸(xing)的(de)是,還有一主枝(zhi)長得(de)生意盎(ang)然。
自然資源
天馬山的藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用植物(wu)豐(feng)富,在(zai)《本草綱目(mu)》記載(zai)的1800多種中(zhong)草藥(yao)(yao)(yao)中(zhong),天馬山就(jiu)有167多種。據1990年藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用植物(wu)普查結果,已知(zhi)全山有藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材217種。因此,天馬山(松郡九峰(feng))有“天然藥(yao)(yao)(yao)庫”之稱。藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用植物(wu)有曼陀羅、靈芝、玉簪、龍葵、何首(shou)烏、龍須(xu)草、丹參(can)等名貴藥(yao)(yao)(yao)材。舊時在(zai)山中(zhong)還能常見(jian)梅花鹿、虎(hu)、獐、豺、金錢(qian)豹(bao)、麂子、野豬等。