景觀地址
四川(chuan)(chuan)江(jiang)(jiang)油(you)國家(jia)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)公(gong)園地(di)處龍門山(shan)北段,位于四川(chuan)(chuan)省(sheng)江(jiang)(jiang)油(you)市,緊鄰北川(chuan)(chuan)縣(xian)、平武縣(xian),面積(ji)116.0km2,由竇圌山(shan)、佛爺洞、觀(guan)(guan)霧山(shan)、吳家(jia)后山(shan)四個主(zhu)要(yao)景(jing)區組成。公(gong)園內是以丹霞地(di)貌、泥盆系標(biao)準紀地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)剖面和巖溶景(jing)觀(guan)(guan)為(wei)主(zhu)要(yao)特(te)色(se),并有優美的(de)生態環境(jing)和豐富的(de)歷史(shi)人(ren)文景(jing)觀(guan)(guan)相配套的(de)綜(zong)合性(xing)大型(xing)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)公(gong)園。
地貌景觀
園內(nei)竇(dou)圌山是(shi)國(guo)內(nei)罕見的典(dian)型(xing)的巖溶化礫巖丹霞(xia)地貌,以飛仙峰(feng)(feng)、問月峰(feng)(feng)、神(shen)斧峰(feng)(feng)三(san)峰(feng)(feng)為典(dian)型(xing)景觀(guan),是(shi)由(you)鈣質膠結的巨厚(hou)層礫巖經喜馬拉雅運動抬(tai)升后,沿構造裂(lie)隙不斷(duan)剝蝕、溶蝕和崩塌而形成的石柱、石門、石墻、孤峰(feng)(feng)、駝峰(feng)(feng)、一(yi)線(xian)天等丹霞(xia)地貌景觀(guan),又稱為類巖溶景觀(guan)。主峰(feng)(feng)由(you)神(shen)斧峰(feng)(feng)、飛仙峰(feng)(feng)、問月峰(feng)(feng)三(san)峰(feng)(feng)相(xiang)伴而立,峰(feng)(feng)峰(feng)(feng)之間(jian)以鐵索相(xiang)連,“鐵索飛渡(du)”乃(nai)中(zhong)華一(yi)絕。
四川江(jiang)油國(guo)(guo)家(jia)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)公園(yuan)(yuan)內泥(ni)盆(pen)(pen)系地(di)(di)(di)(di)層(ceng)標準(zhun)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)剖(pou)(pou)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)以其出露完整(zheng)、地(di)(di)(di)(di)層(ceng)層(ceng)序清楚、沉積環境(jing)標志(zhi)明顯、古生物化(hua)石群落豐富(fu)而著(zhu)(zhu)稱。自1931年(nian)以來,先(xian)后吸引了黃(huang)汲清、趙亞(ya)增、朱森等(deng)多位(wei)國(guo)(guo)內著(zhu)(zhu)名地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)學(xue)家(jia)和成都地(di)(di)(di)(di)礦所等(deng)專業科(ke)研(yan)單(dan)位(wei)前來調查、研(yan)究。地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)公園(yuan)(yuan)剖(pou)(pou)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)屬于典型的(de)(de)(de)濱海和淺海沉積剖(pou)(pou)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),剖(pou)(pou)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)上泥(ni)盆(pen)(pen)系地(di)(di)(di)(di)層(ceng)累計厚(hou)度達4720m,分為(wei)16個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)組級(ji)和14個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)段級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)石地(di)(di)(di)(di)層(ceng)單(dan)位(wei)。剖(pou)(pou)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)上碳酸鹽巖(yan)和碎屑巖(yan)層(ceng)中含(han)有內容(rong)豐富(fu)、種類(lei)齊(qi)全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)珊(shan)瑚類(lei)、腕(wan)足類(lei)、介形類(lei)、層(ceng)孔蟲、牙形石等(deng)古生物化(hua)石,實體化(hua)石有12個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)類(lei)、92個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)科(ke)、382個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)屬、945個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)種,遺跡化(hua)石有15個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)屬、18個(ge)(ge)(ge)(ge)種。著(zhu)(zhu)名地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)學(xue)家(jia)樂(le)森璕(xun)在公園(yuan)(yuan)內的(de)(de)(de)觀霧山一帶發現了3億年(nian)前的(de)(de)(de)魚類(lei)化(hua)石——樂(le)氏江(jiang)油魚。地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)公園(yuan)(yuan)剖(pou)(pou)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)是我(wo)國(guo)(guo)泥(ni)盆(pen)(pen)紀地(di)(di)(di)(di)層(ceng)累計厚(hou)度最大、最完整(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)剖(pou)(pou)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),對研(yan)究我(wo)國(guo)(guo)西南地(di)(di)(di)(di)區泥(ni)盆(pen)(pen)紀的(de)(de)(de)古地(di)(di)(di)(di)理、古氣候和古環境(jing)等(deng)有著(zhu)(zhu)非常重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)意義,目(mu)前已成為(wei)我(wo)國(guo)(guo)乃至全(quan)球泥(ni)盆(pen)(pen)系重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)對比剖(pou)(pou)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),是國(guo)(guo)內外重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究和教學(xue)剖(pou)(pou)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),具有極高的(de)(de)(de)科(ke)研(yan)價值(zhi)和觀賞價值(zhi)。
四川(chuan)江油國(guo)家地質公園(yuan)內(nei)峰(feng)叢洼(wa)地、天坑、溶(rong)(rong)(rong)溝(gou)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)芽、石(shi)(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)、溶(rong)(rong)(rong)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)及其洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)穴堆積物等(deng)巖溶(rong)(rong)(rong)景(jing)觀(guan)(guan)和(he)流(liu)水(shui)(shui)景(jing)觀(guan)(guan)極為壯觀(guan)(guan),巖溶(rong)(rong)(rong)漏斗(dou)(dou)(dou)發(fa)(fa)育最為密集(ji),發(fa)(fa)育有巖溶(rong)(rong)(rong)漏斗(dou)(dou)(dou)250余個(ge),平均(jun)密度3~4個(ge)/km2,為四川(chuan)省巖溶(rong)(rong)(rong)漏斗(dou)(dou)(dou)最密集(ji)的景(jing)區之一。漏斗(dou)(dou)(dou)類型多樣,形態各異,漏斗(dou)(dou)(dou)間多有溶(rong)(rong)(rong)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)或落水(shui)(shui)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)相連,構成了觀(guan)(guan)霧山和(he)吳(wu)家后山頂巖溶(rong)(rong)(rong)漏斗(dou)(dou)(dou)群和(he)“地下迷宮”。園(yuan)區內(nei)發(fa)(fa)育溶(rong)(rong)(rong)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)近100處(chu),以(yi)佛爺洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、白龍宮、金光(guang)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、銀(yin)光(guang)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、猿王洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、靈泉洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、大水(shui)(shui)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、風(feng)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)子等(deng)最為典型、壯觀(guan)(guan)。溶(rong)(rong)(rong)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)一般分布在高程1800m、1400m、600m左右的三個(ge)帶(dai)上(shang),最大洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)長15km,水(shui)(shui)平巖溶(rong)(rong)(rong)和(he)垂直巖溶(rong)(rong)(rong)交替(ti)發(fa)(fa)育,反映了地殼(ke)的上(shang)升與(yu)停歇期,具有很高的科考(kao)探險和(he)旅游價值(zhi)。溶(rong)(rong)(rong)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)內(nei)化學堆積物千姿百(bai)態,石(shi)(shi)(shi)鐘乳、石(shi)(shi)(shi)筍(sun)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)幔、石(shi)(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)花等(deng)妙(miao)趣橫(heng)生,落差(cha)達百(bai)米的白鶴(he)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)內(nei)瀑布氣勢磅礴(bo),在國(guo)內(nei)十分罕見。
位于唐(tang)王寨(zhai)向(xiang)斜軸部的青合天坑,平面形(xing)狀近于圓形(xing),形(xing)態保存完整(zheng),口部直徑(jing)150m,深近100m,四(si)周直立,尤如(ru)刀劈(pi)斧砍,坑壁懸(xuan)掛(gua)成(cheng)串成(cheng)枝絢麗多彩的野花(hua),與藤蔓植物(wu)交織,形(xing)似多彩的掛(gua)毯。園內石芽(ya)或出露(lu)在地(di)表(biao)或埋藏(zang)于土(tu)中,形(xing)成(cheng)許多似人(ren)、似獸以及其它類型的象形(xing)石景,點綴(zhui)于茫茫峰林、石海之中,使原始的自然景觀(guan)更增幾分姿色(se)。
四川江(jiang)油國家地質公園內峽(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)谷(gu)、溝壑縱(zong)橫,奇(qi)峰(feng)林立,景(jing)色(se)蔚(yu)為壯(zhuang)觀(guan)。二郎峽(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)是園區內最為壯(zhuang)觀(guan)的(de)(de)(de)峽(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)谷(gu),峽(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)長(chang)20多km,深1800m,兩岸(an)尤(you)若(ruo)刀(dao)切斧(fu)砍,陡(dou)峭(qiao)險峻,是典型的(de)(de)(de)裂隙溶蝕、侵蝕和沿“X”型裂隙追蹤而成的(de)(de)(de)峽(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)谷(gu)。峽(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)谷(gu)壁上樹根藤枝纏繞,谷(gu)底滾石(shi)遍(bian)布,時(shi)有猴群等動物出(chu)沒其間,獸吼(hou)鳥鳴,增添(tian)了(le)峽(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)谷(gu)神秘氣氛。形態各異(yi)的(de)(de)(de)白(bai)鶴峽(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)尾部形成一猶如甕形的(de)(de)(de)神奇(qi)地貌景(jing)觀(guan),瀑潭相(xiang)伴,忽明忽滅,疊次出(chu)現,引人入勝。
園(yuan)區(qu)內(nei)龍門山(shan)體(ti)推覆構(gou)造遺跡保存完(wan)整,褶(zhe)皺和(he)斷(duan)裂發育,是研究龍門山(shan)推覆構(gou)造的(de)理想地區(qu)。唐王寨向(xiang)斜是園(yuan)區(qu)內(nei)最(zui)(zui)大最(zui)(zui)完(wan)整的(de)褶(zhe)曲(qu),為一典(dian)型的(de)箱狀褶(zhe)曲(qu),褶(zhe)曲(qu)西起北川通(tong)口,東止江(jiang)油白洋洞,長約60km,寬5~13km,軸(zhou)(zhou)面直(zhi)立,兩翼不對稱,在白石(shi)溝(gou)處,由涪(fu)江(jiang)切蝕所露出的(de)唐王寨向(xiang)斜軸(zhou)(zhou)部巖層與(yu)綠色的(de)植(zhi)被,構(gou)成了一幅幅秀(xiu)麗的(de)山(shan)水(shui)畫卷(juan)。
地質公園所在地江油(you)市是我國唐(tang)代大(da)詩人(ren)李白的(de)故里(li),地處(chu)九寨(zhai)溝、黃龍國際(ji)旅游(you)環線(xian)(xian)和(he)劍門(men)蜀道旅游(you)線(xian)(xian)上(shang),生態環境優美(mei),歷史人(ren)文(wen)景觀(guan)豐富,江油(you)市在2004年獲得了(le)“中國優秀旅游(you)城市”的(de)稱號(hao)。目前公園景區已經建成國家劍門(men)蜀道和(he)九寨(zhai)、黃龍旅游(you)環線(xian)(xian)上(shang)的(de)重要風景名勝區,以奇、險、幽、秀的(de)特色(se)吸引著中外(wai)游(you)客。
人文景觀
四川江油(you)國(guo)(guo)家地質公園內人文(wen)景(jing)觀(guan)資源(yuan)有(you)(you)李(li)白故里、道(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)文(wen)化(hua)、佛教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)文(wen)化(hua)、古(gu)寺廟(miao)(miao)(miao)建筑和火(huo)藥制造等(deng)。李(li)白故里包括青(qing)蓮場(chang)李(li)白故里、市(shi)區李(li)白紀念(nian)館(guan)、太白公園、海燈武館(guan)、匡山(shan)書院及太白洞(dong)(dong)(dong)等(deng)景(jing)點(dian)。江油(you)市(shi)是(shi)道(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)文(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)源(yuan)地之(zhi)一,金光洞(dong)(dong)(dong)為著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)家洞(dong)(dong)(dong)府,元末明初的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)士張三豐曾隱于洞(dong)(dong)(dong)中(zhong)修煉(lian),明清以來,翠(cui)屏(ping)山(shan)哪吒(zha)廟(miao)(miao)(miao)出現(xian)(xian)興盛(sheng)一時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)著名道(dao)觀(guan)。佛教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)傳(chuan)入江油(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)(li)史十分悠(you)(you)久,早在(zai)佛教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)剛從(cong)印度傳(chuan)入中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年代,觀(guan)霧山(shan)普(pu)賢頂便(bian)建有(you)(you)寺廟(miao)(miao)(miao)。園區內古(gu)建筑很多(duo),有(you)(you)云(yun)巖寺、普(pu)賢寺、玄中(zhong)寺、極樂堂、李(li)白讀書臺等(deng)。竇圌山(shan)云(yun)巖寺是(shi)全國(guo)(guo)重(zhong)點(dian)文(wen)物保護單位(wei),已有(you)(you)近(jin)千年歷(li)(li)史,被稱(cheng)為鎮山(shan)之(zhi)寶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“飛天(tian)藏(zang)”是(shi)國(guo)(guo)家一級保護文(wen)物,該文(wen)物是(shi)全國(guo)(guo)僅有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、保護完好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宋代道(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)純木質轉輪經(jing)藏(zang)。普(pu)賢寺位(wei)于觀(guan)霧山(shan)普(pu)顯頂,主要由(you)普(pu)賢殿,觀(guan)音(yin)殿、大(da)雄金殿等(deng)組成,寺廟(miao)(miao)(miao)清悠(you)(you)。玄中(zhong)寺位(wei)于吳家后(hou)山(shan),寺廟(miao)(miao)(miao)修建在(zai)500m高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)壁之(zhi)上,鑲嵌在(zai)由(you)軟弱泥巖形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巖腔之(zhi)中(zhong),是(shi)人間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)仙境。江油(you)市(shi)還(huan)是(shi)火(huo)藥發(fa)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故鄉,公園內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)白鶴(he)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)、硝(xiao)(xiao)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)子等(deng)溶洞(dong)(dong)(dong)內均發(fa)現(xian)(xian)有(you)(you)煉(lian)硝(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)遺(yi)跡(ji),公園東(dong)北側(ce)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)老君山(shan)已探明古(gu)人制硝(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溶洞(dong)(dong)(dong)25個(ge),是(shi)目前國(guo)(guo)內發(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年代最久遠(yuan)、規模最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)煉(lian)硝(xiao)(xiao)和火(huo)藥制造遺(yi)址。
江油國(guo)家(jia)地質(zhi)公園內(nei)生(sheng)態環(huan)境優(you)越,動(dong)植物(wu)資源較為豐(feng)富,已發現的(de)有420多種,有大熊(xiong)貓、扭(niu)角羚、獼(mi)猴、金雕(diao)、珙桐、紅(hong)豆(dou)杉等大量的(de)野生(sheng)動(dong)植物(wu)及珍(zhen)稀物(wu)種。其中國(guo)家(jia)一(yi)級(ji)重點保(bao)護動(dong)物(wu)7種,國(guo)家(jia)二(er)級(ji)重點保(bao)護動(dong)物(wu)25種,國(guo)家(jia)一(yi)級(ji)重點保(bao)護植物(wu)5種,國(guo)家(jia)二(er)級(ji)重點保(bao)護植物(wu)14種,國(guo)家(jia)環(huan)保(bao)局(ju)公布的(de)珍(zhen)稀瀕危(wei)保(bao)護植物(wu)6種。
四川(chuan)江油國(guo)家地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)公園在漫(man)長(chang)的(de)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)歷史演化中,形成了奇(qi)特(te)(te)的(de)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)遺跡和地(di)貌(mao)景(jing)觀(guan),公園融(rong)合(he)了國(guo)內罕見的(de)以(yi)(yi)礫巖(yan)丹霞(xia)地(di)貌(mao)為核(he)心,以(yi)(yi)巖(yan)溶地(di)貌(mao)為導向性(xing)景(jing)觀(guan),主要是巖(yan)溶漏斗、巖(yan)溶洼地(di)、落水洞(dong)和多層溶洞(dong)的(de)有(you)(you)機結合(he),以(yi)(yi)泥盆系標準地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)剖面、豐(feng)富的(de)古(gu)生物化石(shi)群落為特(te)(te)色(se),并有(you)(you)川(chuan)西北民俗風(feng)情、優美生態和古(gu)老文(wen)化等配套資源為一體的(de)大型綜合(he)性(xing)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)公園。園區內還有(you)(you)以(yi)(yi)李白文(wen)化、三(san)國(guo)文(wen)化、宗教文(wen)化為代表的(de)豐(feng)富的(de)歷史和人文(wen)景(jing)觀(guan),有(you)(you)良好(hao)的(de)生態環境(jing)和社(she)會環境(jing)。
開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)四川江油國家級地(di)(di)質公園(yuan),是功在當代、造福子孫的(de)事業,也是地(di)(di)質環境工(gong)作服務社會和經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展的(de)重要(yao)方面。可以有(you)效(xiao)地(di)(di)保護(hu)區內地(di)(di)質遺跡,把(ba)地(di)(di)質遺跡作為旅游(you)資源進行有(you)效(xiao)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)利用,發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮其經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)價(jia)值,并且做(zuo)到“在開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)中(zhong)保護(hu),在保護(hu)中(zhong)開(kai)發(fa)(fa)(fa)”,這樣對江油市經(jing)濟(ji)(ji),促進綿(mian)陽及周邊地(di)(di)區經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)的(de)可持續發(fa)(fa)(fa)展都具有(you)重要(yao)意義(yi)。