景區特點
永安天(tian)寶巖(yan)自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)位于(yu)永安市西洋(yang)、上坪、青(qing)水3個鄉(鎮)交界處的(de)(de)石羅山,距市區(qu)25公里。保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)內(nei)面積1.1萬(wan)公頃。該區(qu)為(wei)(wei)戴云山余脈,屬于(yu)中低山地貌,最(zui)高(gao)處為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)峰天(tian)寶巖(yan),海拔1604.8米(mi);最(zui)低處海拔580米(mi),海拔1000米(mi)以上的(de)(de)山峰有(you)(you)22座。區(qu)內(nei)露(lu)出地層的(de)(de)有(you)(you)泥盆紀和(he)侏羅紀的(de)(de) 沉積巖(yan),以及深層侵入(ru)的(de)(de)花崗巖(yan)。森林覆蓋率(lv)達(da)96.8%,為(wei)(wei)閩(min)江上游的(de)(de)重要水源(yuan)涵(han)(han)養(yang)林區(qu)。閩(min)江干流(liu)——沙溪的(de)(de)支流(liu)蘇坑溪、桂溪、薯(shu)沙溪3條溪流(liu)的(de)(de)源(yuan)頭均在保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)內(nei),呈樹(shu)枝狀水系(xi)。 2003年6月,天(tian)寶巖(yan)被國(guo)務(wu)院列入(ru)國(guo)家(jia)級自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)。天(tian)寶巖(yan)不僅(jin)是閩(min)江的(de)(de)重要水源(yuan)涵(han)(han)養(yang)林區(qu),也是中國(guo)國(guo)內(nei)少有(you)(you)的(de)(de)物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)基(ji)因庫之一。據(ju)統計,保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)內(nei)有(you)(you)各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)動植(zhi)物640余科3200余種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中有(you)(you)國(guo)家(jia)一級保(bao)護(hu)動植(zhi)物南方紅豆杉(shan)、鐘萼木、金錢豹和(he)黃腹角雉等12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。
天寶(bao)巖最具特色的當(dang)屬(shu)大面積天然(ran)分布(bu)的長苞鐵杉(shan)林(lin)、猴頭杜鵑樹和我國東(dong)南地(di)區首(shou)次發現的泥炭蘚沼澤。這(zhe)些原(yuan)始森林(lin)的地(di)貌特征、植(zhi)被特征國內(nei)罕(han)見(jian),對(dui)研(yan)究生態系(xi)統和全球氣候的變化具有很高的科(ke)研(yan)價(jia)值。
對天寶巖植被(bei)的保(bao)(bao)(bao)護可追溯到200年前。早在(zai)清(qing)乾(qian)隆(long)四十七(qi)年和清(qing)嘉(jia)慶十一(yi)年,在(zai)天寶巖區(qu)內(nei)的本畬、溝(gou)墩(dun)坪、香木林和林后四處就(jiu)立有四塊禁伐碑,以(yi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護當地的森(sen)林資源(yuan),這(zhe)在(zai)中國自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護史上極為少見。如今,天寶巖被(bei)確立為國家級自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護區(qu),更有利于這(zhe)一(yi)天然(ran)物種基因(yin)庫(ku)和自然(ran)景觀的永續保(bao)(bao)(bao)存。
自然條件
地理位置
福建天寶巖國家級自然保(bao)護區(qu)位(wei)于福建省永安市東部(bu)的西洋(yang)、上(shang)坪(ping)、青水三(san)個鄉(鎮)交界處(chu),距離永安市區(qu)36公(gong)(gong)(gong)里,其(qi)地理坐標為(wei):東經(jing)117?28?3?~117?35?28?,北(bei)緯25?50?51?~26?1?20?。全區(qu)總面積為(wei)11015.38公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃,其(qi)中:核心區(qu)3401.56公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃、緩(huan)沖區(qu)2678.92公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃、實驗區(qu)4934.9公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃。
地形
福建天寶巖國家(jia)級自(zi)然保護區(qu)為戴云山余脈,屬中(zhong)、低山地(di)貌,最高處海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)1604.8米(mi),最低處海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)580米(mi),相對高差達1024.8米(mi)。海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)1000米(mi)以上山峰有22座。保護區(qu)露出地(di)層的有泥盆紀和侏(zhu)羅紀的沉積巖,以及深層侵入的花(hua)崗(gang)巖。區(qu)內(nei)南溪谷底為細粒石英砂巖,石英含量較(jiao)高。表面(mian)為鐵質染成紫紅色,新鮮面(mian)則為灰白色。
氣候
福(fu)建天(tian)寶巖國家級自然保護(hu)區屬中亞熱帶海洋(yang)性(xing)季風氣候(hou)區,四(si)季分明(ming),氣候(hou)溫(wen)暖濕(shi)潤,光、熱、水(shui)條件優越。據永安市氣象局資料(liao)記錄,保護(hu)區年平均氣溫(wen)15℃,1月(yue)(yue)均溫(wen)5℃,極(ji)端低溫(wen)-11℃,7月(yue)(yue)均溫(wen)23℃,極(ji)端高溫(wen)40℃;大于(yu)或等(deng)于(yu)10℃的活動積溫(wen)4500~5800℃,無霜期(qi)290天(tian);年平均降(jiang)水(shui)量2039毫米,多(duo)集中于(yu)5~9月(yue)(yue),年平均相對(dui)濕(shi)度80%以上。
土壤
地(di)(di)帶性土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)為(wei)(wei)花崗巖(yan)和砂巖(yan)風化發育成的紅壤(rang),分(fen)布于海拔(ba)800米以下,隨海拔(ba)上升表(biao)(biao)現(xian)出一(yi)定的垂直(zhi)變(bian)化,海拔(ba)800~1350米為(wei)(wei)山地(di)(di)黃紅壤(rang),海拔(ba)1350米以上為(wei)(wei)山地(di)(di)黃壤(rang)。大(da)部(bu)分(fen)地(di)(di)區土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)較薄(bo),但生長長苞鐵杉林與猴頭杜鵑林分(fen)布地(di)(di)段土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)較厚(hou),土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)厚(hou)達(da)1米以上,其(qi)腐(fu)殖質(zhi)層(ceng)厚(hou)約20厘米,地(di)(di)表(biao)(biao)枯枝(zhi)落葉層(ceng)厚(hou)5~20厘米,表(biao)(biao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)地(di)(di)為(wei)(wei)壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu),土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)呈酸性反應。
森林資源
天寶巖國(guo)家級自(zi)然保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)自(zi)然資源十分(fen)豐富,森林覆蓋率達96.8%,是中(zhong)國(guo)少有(you)(you)的(de)物種基因庫(ku)和小區(qu)(qu)域(yu)生物多(duo)樣性(xing)(xing)(xing)較為(wei)豐富的(de)地(di)區(qu)(qu)之一,也(ye)是閩江的(de)重要水源涵(han)養林區(qu)(qu)。區(qu)(qu)內(nei)生態系統多(duo)樣性(xing)(xing)(xing)十分(fen)豐富,主(zhu)要植(zhi)被(bei)(bei)類型(xing)(xing)可以分(fen)為(wei)8個植(zhi)被(bei)(bei)型(xing)(xing)39個群(qun)系52個群(qun)叢。包含(han)了(le)中(zhong)國(guo)中(zhong)亞熱(re)(re)帶地(di)區(qu)(qu)許多(duo)典型(xing)(xing)的(de)植(zhi)被(bei)(bei)類型(xing)(xing),具有(you)(you)中(zhong)亞熱(re)(re)帶地(di)區(qu)(qu)植(zhi)被(bei)(bei)類型(xing)(xing)的(de)典型(xing)(xing)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、多(duo)樣性(xing)(xing)(xing)和系統性(xing)(xing)(xing)。
植物資源
福建天寶巖(yan)國家(jia)級自然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)在植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)地理上屬于(yu)泛北極(ji)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)區(qu)與(yu)古熱帶植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)區(qu)兩個(ge)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)區(qu)系的過渡地帶,是中國—日本森林植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)亞區(qu)的一個(ge)核心部(bu)分。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)繁多(duo),區(qu)內已定(ding)名的維管束植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)有(you)185科688屬1512種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其中蕨類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)37科71屬169種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);裸子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)8科20屬27種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);被子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)140科597屬1316種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)具有(you)一定(ding)特(te)(te)有(you)成分物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),珍(zhen)稀特(te)(te)有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)。
據(ju)統計,自然(ran)保(bao)護區(qu)內屬于國(guo)家重點保(bao)護野(ye)生植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)有21種(zhong),其中Ⅰ級保(bao)護植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)有蘇(su)鐵、四川蘇(su)鐵、銀杏、南方(fang)紅豆杉和鐘萼木5種(zhong),Ⅱ級保(bao)護植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)有金毛狗、閩楠、黑桫欏、金錢松、香榧等16種(zhong),38種(zhong)省重點保(bao)護植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu),蘭(lan)科植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)18種(zhong),“永安素”蘭(lan)花名(ming)品最早來源地。
保(bao)護區的(de)(de)地帶(dai)(dai)性(xing)植被為常綠闊(kuo)葉林(lin)。植被垂(chui)直帶(dai)(dai)譜(pu)較為明顯,隨著海拔的(de)(de)遞增、氣溫(wen)的(de)(de)遞減和降水量(liang)的(de)(de)增多,依次(ci)分(fen)(fen)布有(you)常綠針葉林(lin)、常綠針闊(kuo)葉混交林(lin)、中山(shan)苔蘚矮(ai)曲林(lin)(1100~1250米(mi))四個垂(chui)直帶(dai)(dai)譜(pu),這種(zhong)分(fen)(fen)布規律在中國東南大(da)陸乃至中亞熱帶(dai)(dai)具有(you)典型性(xing)和代表(biao)性(xing)。
最(zui)具典型保(bao)(bao)護對(dui)象(xiang)有: 原始的(de)(de)長(chang)苞鐵杉(shan)(shan)(shan)林。長(chang)苞鐵杉(shan)(shan)(shan)為中國(guo)特(te)有的(de)(de)漸危種,也是第四(si)紀冰川期遺留下來的(de)(de)古老(lao)樹種。區內長(chang)苞鐵杉(shan)(shan)(shan)林分布面(mian)積(ji)達186.7公頃(qing),純林20公頃(qing),為全國(guo)第一。現(xian)已(yi)列(lie)為福建省(sheng)重點(dian)保(bao)(bao)護植物。
原始的(de)(de)猴頭杜鵑林(lin)。猴頭杜鵑林(lin)分(fen)布于(yu)冷濕(shi)、多(duo)風的(de)(de)孤(gu)立山頂與(yu)山脊,是亞(ya)熱帶(dai)東部(bu)常綠闊葉林(lin)亞(ya)區域(yu)的(de)(de)最具代表性(xing)的(de)(de)山地苔蘚矮曲林(lin)和地形(xing)頂極(ji)群(qun)落。區內陡(dou)峭的(de)(de)山體上分(fen)布面積達106.7公頃,純林(lin)40公頃,每到五月便將天寶(bao)巖及天斗山變(bian)成花的(de)(de)海洋(yang),為全(quan)國(guo)罕見(jian)。
泥炭蘚沼(zhao)澤。泥炭蘚沼(zhao)澤主(zhu)要(yao)分布在(zai)東(dong)北,華中(zhong)、云貴高(gao)原有小(xiao)面積分布。區(qu)內(nei)2處山間(jian)盆地(di)(di)泥炭蘚沼(zhao)澤在(zai)中(zhong)國東(dong)南地(di)(di)區(qu)屬(shu)首次發(fa)現(xian),總面積達30.7公頃(qing)。該淡水濕(shi)地(di)(di)的發(fa)現(xian),對研(yan)究(jiu)植(zhi)物區(qu)系組成、植(zhi)被(bei)類型、地(di)(di)質變化等有著十分重要(yao)意義。
動物資源
保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)動物(wu)(wu)區系在地(di)理區劃上主要(yao)屬于東洋界和(he)(he)(he)(he)古北(bei)界的(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)分。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區內已(yi) 知的(de)(de)(de)(de)陸生脊椎(zhui)動物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)405種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)(zhong),哺乳綱(gang)(gang)8目21科68種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);鳥綱(gang)(gang)18目46科232種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),是世界上鳥類(lei)(lei)資源(yuan)較為豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)區之一(yi);爬行綱(gang)(gang)3目12科74種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);兩棲(qi)動物(wu)(wu)2目7科31種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);淡水魚類(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)5目14科68種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);昆蟲種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)繁多,初步調查表明,有(you)(you)(you)(you)32目230科1154種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區405種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)陸生脊椎(zhui)動物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)(zhong),包(bao)括國(guo)(guo)際自(zi)然(ran)和(he)(he)(he)(he)自(zi)然(ran)資源(yuan)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)聯盟(meng)(IUCN)(1996)名單(dan)(dan)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瀕危(wei)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華南虎和(he)(he)(he)(he)金錢(qian)(qian)豹,9個易危(wei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。列入(ru)瀕危(wei)野(ye)(ye)生動植物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)際貿易公約(CITES)(2003)附錄(lu)I的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)黑熊(xiong)、水獺等13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);屬于附錄(lu)II的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)穿(chuan)(chuan)山(shan)甲、虎紋蛙等34種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);屬國(guo)(guo)家(jia)重點保(bao)(bao)護(hu)野(ye)(ye)生動物(wu)(wu)(1988)有(you)(you)(you)(you)48種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 其中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)Ⅰ級保(bao)(bao)護(hu)動物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)金錢(qian)(qian)豹、云豹、華南虎、黑麂、黃腹角雉、金斑喙鳳蝶、白(bai)頸長尾雉和(he)(he)(he)(he)蟒蛇8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);國(guo)(guo)家(jia)Ⅱ級保(bao)(bao)護(hu)動物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)穿(chuan)(chuan)山(shan)甲、黑熊(xiong)、蘇(su)門羚、陽(yang)彩臂金龜(gui)等42種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);列入(ru)《國(guo)(guo)家(jia)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)或(huo)者有(you)(you)(you)(you)重要(yao)經濟、科學研(yan)究價(jia)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陸生野(ye)(ye)生動物(wu)(wu)名錄(lu)》有(you)(you)(you)(you)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);雙邊國(guo)(guo)際性協(xie)定保(bao)(bao)護(hu)候鳥中(zhong)(zhong),中(zhong)(zhong)日、中(zhong)(zhong)澳保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)各為75種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。區內棲(qi)息有(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)量珍(zhen)貴稀有(you)(you)(you)(you)野(ye)(ye)生動物(wu)(wu),這是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)小區域(yu)單(dan)(dan)位面積上野(ye)(ye)生動物(wu)(wu)資源(yuan)較為豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)區域(yu)之一(yi)。
旅游資源
福建天(tian)寶巖(yan)國家級自然(ran)保護區(qu)(qu)內生態環(huan)境優美(mei),旅游資(zi)源非常豐富且整體(ti)質量較高(gao)。保護區(qu)(qu)不僅(jin)擁(yong)有十分獨特(te)的自然(ran)景(jing)觀與景(jing)觀組合,如(ru)在華東地區(qu)(qu)較為罕見的絕壁、深谷、飛瀑、激(ji)流(liu)、密林(lin)等高(gao)質量景(jing)觀資(zi)源組合,同時,保護區(qu)(qu)及其周邊社區(qu)(qu)頗具本地特(te)色的傳統文化、傳統村落建筑和民俗風(feng)情也得以保留(liu)。
自然資源
地文資源
天寶巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)國家(jia)級自然(ran)保護(hu)區內(nei)山(shan)脈縱橫,海拔1000米(mi)以上(shang)的(de)山(shan)峰(feng)有22座(zuo),山(shan)體雄(xiong)渾;地(di)勢(shi)起伏較(jiao)大,相對高(gao)(gao)(gao)差達1024.8米(mi),整個保護(hu)區的(de)地(di)勢(shi)呈北高(gao)(gao)(gao)南低的(de)簸箕形;山(shan)高(gao)(gao)(gao)谷深(shen)(shen),切割(ge)深(shen)(shen)度可達500~600米(mi),河谷皆呈“V”字形峽谷,多處地(di)段(duan)地(di)形陡峭(qiao),平均坡度在30°~40°之(zhi)間;保護(hu)區露(lu)出(chu)地(di)層(ceng)的(de)有泥盆紀和侏羅紀的(de)沉積巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),以及深(shen)(shen)層(ceng)侵入的(de)花崗巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),其中,南溪(xi)谷底為石(shi)(shi)英含量較(jiao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)細(xi)粒石(shi)(shi)英砂巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),天寶巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)頂由(you)淡(dan)肉紅(hong)色的(de)堅硬礫巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)組成,區內(nei)沉積巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)地(di)層(ceng)基本上(shang)都向(xiang)(xiang)西或向(xiang)(xiang)西南方向(xiang)(xiang)傾(qing)斜(xie)。九龍壁(bi)壯觀(guan)的(de)絕壁(bi)峭(qiao)崖幽(you)谷,南溪(xi)一線蜿蜒多變的(de)幽(you)深(shen)(shen)峽谷,雙虹(hong)橋-鐵(tie)釘石(shi)(shi)一帶(dai)綿延數里的(de)危崖險峰(feng),將天寶巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)國家(jia)級自然(ran)保護(hu)區群山(shan)的(de)雄(xiong)、險、奇、變表現(xian)得(de)淋(lin)漓盡致。
龍(long)頭生(sheng)態休(xiu)閑(xian)旅(lv)游區以(yi)幽婉狹長、地(di)勢跌(die)宕多變的溪谷為主要地(di)文特色。
九龍(long)壁觀(guan)光休閑旅(lv)游區內的山體和巖壁險(xian)峻、壯觀(guan)。論其險(xian),無論上(shang)攀懸(xuan)崖,下探深谷(gu),游人無不頭暈目(mu)眩,嘆其險(xian)峻。論其壯,高度超(chao)過300米的九龍(long)絕壁,登上(shang)高處(chu),眼前豁(huo)然開朗(lang),極目(mu)遠眺,群山逶(wei)迤,林海壯闊,令人心曠(kuang)神怡(yi)。
水文資源
保護區水系呈樹枝狀分布,河流(liu)(liu)(liu)面窄,河床中(zhong)多(duo)礫石,為典(dian)型山地(di)性(xing)河流(liu)(liu)(liu),坡降(jiang)大,水流(liu)(liu)(liu)湍急。由(you)于保護區地(di)勢起伏大,河谷(gu)皆呈“V”字形(xing)峽(xia)谷(gu),故在(zai)九龍壁(bi)、上山洋、桂(gui)溪(xi)和南(nan)溪(xi)等處都可見(jian)到多(duo)級瀑(pu)布跌水現(xian)象,瀑(pu)布姿(zi)態(tai)萬千,急流(liu)(liu)(liu)飛瀑(pu)、絕壁(bi)巨(ju)瀑(pu),與峽(xia)谷(gu)、險峰(feng)、絕壁(bi)、深(shen)潭、溪(xi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)、怪石、密林等多(duo)種(zhong)景觀相呼應,景色絕佳。龍頭生態(tai)休閑旅游區內(nei)南(nan)溪(xi)一線蜿蜒(yan)多(duo)變的(de)幽(you)深(shen)峽(xia)谷(gu),沿(yan)溪(xi)景致宛如仙境(jing),谷(gu)中(zhong)溪(xi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)隨(sui)地(di)勢高差跌宕起伏,沿(yan)溪(xi)可見(jian)近(jin)十條瀑(pu)布姿(zi)態(tai)各異,窮盡云間飛瀑(pu)之美。此(ci)外,由(you)于坡降(jiang)大,跌水與深(shen)潭層層相連。溪(xi)畔(pan)古木(mu)參天,綠蔭濃密。激流(liu)(liu)(liu)千回百(bai)轉,在(zai)綠海中(zhong)穿行。
九龍壁觀(guan)光休閑旅游區:區內山澗、溪流清澈見底(di),飛(fei)瀑沿石隙下瀉,谷(gu)底(di)花木清幽(you),古樹參天,清流掩于枝葉藤蔓之下,只聞溪瀑水(shui)聲上下呼應(ying),抬頭難見青天白云。
森林景觀
福建天(tian)寶(bao)巖(yan)國家(jia)級保護區(qu)內群(qun)峰(feng)疊(die)嶂,包含了中國中亞熱(re)帶地區(qu)許(xu)多典型(xing)(xing)的(de)植(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)(bei)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing),其森林(lin)主要植(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)(bei)可以分為(wei)以常綠(lv)闊葉(xie)林(lin)為(wei)等(deng)(deng)地帶性植(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)(bei)的(de)39個群(qun)系,以及長苞鐵杉(shan)-猴(hou)頭(tou)杜(du)鵑-延羽卵果蕨(jue)群(qun)叢等(deng)(deng)52個群(qun)叢,具有中亞熱(re)帶地區(qu)植(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)(bei)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)的(de)典型(xing)(xing)性、多樣性和(he)系統性。保存良好(hao)的(de)森林(lin)生態系統,優(you)質且豐(feng)富的(de)森林(lin)景(jing)觀(guan),為(wei)保護區(qu)的(de)自然景(jing)觀(guan)奠定了綠(lv)色(se)的(de)主基調(diao)。 春季(ji),眾多春花(hua)(hua)植(zhi)(zhi)物如(ru)(ru)(ru)杜(du)鵑類(lei)(lei)、木蘭類(lei)(lei)、石楠類(lei)(lei)、櫻花(hua)(hua)類(lei)(lei)、金鐘花(hua)(hua)、春蘭等(deng)(deng)競相盛開(kai),百草含芬(fen);秋(qiu)(qiu)季(ji),各類(lei)(lei)色(se)葉(xie)樹(shu)(shu)種如(ru)(ru)(ru)楓香、槭樹(shu)(shu)類(lei)(lei)、烏桕(jiu)類(lei)(lei)、柿樹(shu)(shu)、藍果樹(shu)(shu)、鹽膚木等(deng)(deng)令(ling)層林(lin)盡染,如(ru)(ru)(ru)七彩珍(zhen)珠落翡翠玉(yu)盤。所謂(wei)“春看竹(zhu)筍花(hua)(hua)滿山,夏看樹(shu)(shu)綠(lv)云(yun)霧霽;秋(qiu)(qiu)看紅(hong)葉(xie)相思(si)豆,冬看霜雪裹(guo)銀裝”,正是天(tian)寶(bao)巖(yan)國家(jia)級自然保護區(qu)四季(ji)風光的(de)寫照(zhao)。
保存了大面積的原(yuan)始猴頭杜鵑純林(lin),且高大粗壯(zhuang)、林(lin)冠(guan)斜展、枝干(gan)彎曲,常(chang)順風(feng)傾斜,生長繁茂,較為罕見。每(mei)到四、五月份,繁花似錦,異常(chang)美麗,為全國(guo)罕見。
有(you)大(da)面積的(de)毛竹林(lin),連川連嶺,四季蔥蘢,秀色醉人。竹根雕、竹編手工藝(yi)品頗(po)具雅趣,竹筍(sun)、筍(sun)干(gan)、竹蓀(sun)、全竹宴又可吸引八(ba)方來(lai)客。此(ci)外,保護區內常見(jian)形態(tai)各異的(de)古樹名木,分布于山(shan)間、溪畔、村落、古道,它們(men)記(ji)載了人類歷(li)史文化(hua)的(de)滄(cang)桑(sang),也是人們(men)探索大(da)自然奧秘(mi)的(de)活化(hua)石,具有(you)很大(da)的(de)保護價(jia)(jia)值、科研價(jia)(jia)值和景(jing)觀價(jia)(jia)值。在龍頭生態(tai)休(xiu)閑旅游區內,有(you)一千多種植物(wu)、數百種動物(wu),以及豐富的(de)植被類型,森林(lin)生態(tai)系統(tong)相對完整而富有(you)多樣(yang)性(xing)。
天象資源
天寶(bao)巖國(guo)家級自然保護區山(shan)(shan)高(gao)谷深,群峰聳立,峰頂(ding)常(chang)有云霧繚繞。尤其在(zai)春夏時節,于九(jiu)龍壁觀光(guang)休閑旅(lv)游(you)區,登高(gao)遠眺,只見逶迤群山(shan)(shan)在(zai)云霧間(jian)忽隱(yin)忽現,如同置身云海(hai),令人(ren)心曠神怡。待(dai)陽光(guang)從云間(jian)透射(she),金光(guang)萬縷,山(shan)(shan)水林木均籠罩(zhao)在(zai)金色(se)的(de)霞光(guang)里,可謂“仙霞披(pi)彩(cai)”。待(dai)至冬季,寒山(shan)(shan)凝重,泉聲幽咽(yan),瓊枝玉樹,滿山(shan)(shan)銀妝素裹。此(ci)外(wai),天斗山(shan)(shan)“四怪”奇(qi)景(jing)(jing)之中,“東面放晴西面霧”也稱得上一種奇(qi)特的(de)天象景(jing)(jing)觀。
人文風景
村(cun)落結構和民居(ju)建筑的(de)傳(chuan)統風格很(hen)有特(te)色(se),村(cun)內(nei)古(gu)橋、古(gu)樹、老祠堂,乃至舊(jiu)式制筍干的(de)木屋等諸多景(jing)觀(guan)令人既具歷史沉淀之(zhi)感,又(you)覺(jue)新鮮有趣;梯田(tian)風光和山野民居(ju)等景(jing)觀(guan)也頗具吸引力,經改(gai)造后可被旅游區(qu)很(hen)好地利用。慶(qing)云洞(dong)古(gu)寺舊(jiu)址、古(gu)石(shi)門(men)等
質量評價
參照中(zhong)華人民共和國國家標準GB/T18005-1999《中(zhong)國森(sen)林公園風景(jing)資源(yuan)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)等級(ji)評(ping)定》對福(fu)建天寶(bao)巖國家級(ji)自然保護區的風景(jing)資源(yuan)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)、區域環境質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)、旅游開發(fa)利用條件(jian)等進行(xing)綜合評(ping)定。旅游資源(yuan)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)一級(ji)。
科研價值
天(tian)寶(bao)巖(yan)自然保(bao)(bao)護區不僅是閩江(jiang)的(de)重要(yao)水源涵養林(lin)區,也是國(guo)(guo)內少(shao)(shao)有(you)(you)的(de)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)基因庫之一。該(gai)區 屬森(sen)林(lin)生態型保(bao)(bao)護區,地理條(tiao)件優越,植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)類繁(fan)多。據統(tong)計,保(bao)(bao)護區內有(you)(you)各種(zhong)(zhong)動植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)640余(yu)科3200余(yu)種(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中有(you)(you)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)一級保(bao)(bao)護動植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)南方紅豆杉(shan)、鐘萼(e)木、金錢豹和黃腹(fu)角雉(zhi)等(deng)12種(zhong)(zhong)。保(bao)(bao)護區內植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)垂直帶譜較明顯(xian),隨著海拔(ba)的(de)遞增(zeng),依次分(fen)布(bu)有(you)(you)常(chang)綠(lv)針林(lin)、常(chang)綠(lv)針闊葉混(hun)交林(lin)、中山苔(tai)蘚(xian)矮曲(qu)林(lin)。其(qi)中,屬國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)重點(dian)保(bao)(bao)護的(de)樹(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)南方紅豆杉(shan)、鐘萼(e)木、香果樹(shu)等(deng)15種(zhong)(zhong);屬省內數量稀少(shao)(shao)的(de)樹(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)百日青、穗花杉(shan)等(deng)20種(zhong)(zhong);最(zui)具特(te)色(se)的(de)當屬大(da)面積天(tian)然分(fen)布(bu)的(de)長苞鐵杉(shan)林(lin)、猴頭杜鵑樹(shu)和我國(guo)(guo)東南地區首次發現(xian)的(de)泥(ni)炭蘚(xian)沼(zhao)澤(ze)。這些原始森(sen)林(lin)的(de)地貌(mao)特(te)征、植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)特(te)征均為國(guo)(guo)內罕見,它對研究生態系統(tong)和全球(qiu)氣(qi)候的(de)變化具有(you)(you)很高(gao)的(de)科研價值。
保護史
天(tian)(tian)寶巖植被的(de)保護(hu)可追(zhui)溯到200多年(nian)(nian)(nian)前。早(zao)在清乾(qian)隆四(si)十七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1782年(nian)(nian)(nian)),當(dang)地群(qun)眾(zhong)就自發在本(ben)畬(yu)立(li)下了一塊禁伐碑(bei),保護(hu)森林。清嘉慶(qing)十一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1806年(nian)(nian)(nian)),當(dang)地群(qun)眾(zhong)又分(fen)別在本(ben)畬(yu)、溝墩坪、香木嶺、林后四(si)處立(li)下了四(si)塊禁伐碑(bei),嚴加保護(hu)森林資(zi)源,保護(hu)措施(shi)相當(dang)嚴密,并經過當(dang)時(shi)的(de)縣(xian)衙批(pi)準,這些歷史文物在中國(guo)自然保護(hu)史上極為罕見。1988年(nian)(nian)(nian),天(tian)(tian)寶巖被省政(zheng)府批(pi)準列為省級自然保護(hu)區;2003年(nian)(nian)(nian),天(tian)(tian)寶巖晉(jin)升為國(guo)家(jia)級自然保護(hu)區。
景區榮譽
建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)區(qu)以來,曾獲得國家(jia)林業局“2002年(nian)(nian)(nian)全(quan)國自然保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)先(xian)(xian)進集(ji)體”,福(fu)(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)省林業廳 “1996~1999年(nian)(nian)(nian)度先(xian)(xian)進單(dan)位(wei)”和“2000~2001年(nian)(nian)(nian)度福(fu)(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)省自然保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)先(xian)(xian)進單(dan)位(wei)”、多次獲當地(di)政府(fu)和部門(men)“先(xian)(xian)進單(dan)位(wei)”和“無火(huo)災先(xian)(xian)進單(dan)位(wei)”等(deng)光(guang)榮(rong)稱號。 同時,充分利用保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)得天獨厚的(de)地(di)理(li)、自然優(you)勢,開展生(sheng)動(dong)有趣的(de)夏令營(ying)、科普(pu)營(ying)、野(ye)外考察、科普(pu)游戲、展館演示(shi)等(deng)科普(pu)教育工作,將其作為(wei)(wei)提高保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)能力建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設來抓。熱心(xin)支持和全(quan)力實踐中(zhong)(zhong)國生(sheng)物(wu)多樣性(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工程,先(xian)(xian)后多次在(zai)(zai)《中(zhong)(zhong)國綠色時報》、《福(fu)(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)日(ri)報》以及(ji)福(fu)(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)電視(shi)臺(tai)、三(san)明(ming)(ming)電視(shi)臺(tai)、永(yong)安電視(shi)臺(tai)等(deng)做生(sheng)物(wu)多樣性(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)宣傳(chuan),2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)在(zai)(zai)福(fu)(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)信息港網(wang)站做了專題網(wang)頁,并(bing)積極(ji)組(zu)織(zhi)“愛鳥周”、“世界(jie)濕地(di)日(ri)”、“野(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)宣傳(chuan)月”等(deng)活(huo)動(dong)。2001年(nian)(nian)(nian)11月被列為(wei)(wei)永(yong)安市科普(pu)教育基地(di),2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)被列為(wei)(wei)三(san)明(ming)(ming)市科普(pu)教育基地(di)。現是福(fu)(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)省野(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)協(xie)會和福(fu)(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)省生(sheng)態(tai)學會理(li)事單(dan)位(wei)。
經營管理
在(zai)清乾隆47年(nian)(1782年(nian)),當地(di)百姓(xing)就把天(tian)寶(bao)(bao)巖(yan)(yan)一帶(dai)的(de)山水視為(wei)風水寶(bao)(bao)地(di),多次立下禁伐碑,自發采(cai)取措施嚴(yan)格保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)森林(lin),形成了自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)雛形,這在(zai)我國自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)史上極為(wei)罕(han)見。1988年(nian)12月(yue),福(fu)建(jian)省人(ren)民政(zheng)府批(pi)準建(jian)立天(tian)寶(bao)(bao)巖(yan)(yan)省級自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。2003年(nian)6月(yue)經國務院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)批(pi)準晉升為(wei)國家(jia)級自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。 現(xian)有(you)辦公(gong)綜合(he)(he)樓、哨所(suo)、食(shi)堂、招(zhao)待(dai)所(suo)和(he)模型室、標本(ben)室、科普宣傳室等(deng)建(jian)筑(zhu)總面積(ji)773m2,森林(lin)防(fang)火無線網絡已建(jian)成。職(zhi)工有(you)28人(ren),其中科研(yan)(yan)人(ren)員20人(ren)(其中中高級職(zhi)稱9人(ren)),有(you)一定接待(dai)前(qian)來(lai)(lai)參觀、考(kao)察(cha)、學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)的(de)能(neng)力。多年(nian)來(lai)(lai),積(ji)極與復旦大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、廈(sha)門大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、福(fu)建(jian)農林(lin)大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)等(deng)高校(xiao)及(ji)相(xiang)關科研(yan)(yan)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)所(suo)合(he)(he)作,邀請(qing)專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)、學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者前(qian)來(lai)(lai)考(kao)察(cha)、研(yan)(yan)究。先后有(you)廈(sha)門大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生命科學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)鵬院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)士、復旦大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)陳家(jia)寬教授(shou)、東北師(shi)范大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)郎(lang)惠卿教授(shou)、世界野生動(dong)(dong)物基金會科勒教授(shou)、國際野生動(dong)(dong)物保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)協會專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)德米特里.τ.皮(pi)庫諾夫(fu)、伊爾(er)戈.尼古拉耶夫(fu)教授(shou)、田村(cun)維新博(bo)士和(he)日本(ben)環境專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)佐竹(zhu)研(yan)(yan)一教授(shou)、日本(ben)群馬大學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)角田欣(xin)一教授(shou)等(deng)國內外專(zhuan)(zhuan)家(jia)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)者到保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)考(kao)察(cha)指(zhi)導,開展科學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)研(yan)(yan)究,取得了豐碩(shuo)的(de)科研(yan)(yan)成果。主要科研(yan)(yan)成果有(you):福(fu)建(jian)天(tian)寶(bao)(bao)巖(yan)(yan)國家(jia)級自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)總體規(gui)劃(2003年(nian))、福(fu)建(jian)天(tian)寶(bao)(bao)巖(yan)(yan)自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)綜合(he)(he)科學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)考(kao)察(cha)報告(2001年(nian))、竹(zhu)闊混交林(lin)經營(ying)模式(2000年(nian))、天(tian)寶(bao)(bao)巖(yan)(yan)自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)生態旅游規(gui)劃(1998年(nian))、天(tian)寶(bao)(bao)巖(yan)(yan)自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)植物資源調(diao)查報告及(ji)維管束植物名錄(lu)(1990年(nian))和(he)天(tian)寶(bao)(bao)巖(yan)(yan)自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)昆蟲資源與病害調(diao)查報告(1990年(nian))等(deng)等(deng)。
2008年以后,永安(an)交(jiao)通將得到顯著改善(shan),連接高速(su)公路、國(guo)道(dao)和(he)省道(dao)以及周邊機(ji)場,地理區位優勢愈加明顯。特別項目區內(nei)青上縣道(dao)硬化的完(wan)工,景(jing)區交(jiao)通更為(wei)(wei)完(wan)善(shan),為(wei)(wei)生態旅游開發(fa)創造了良好環境。