戴云山是一座天然的綠色寶庫,孕育有維管束植物145科393屬580種。戴云山自然保護區于1985年建立,是福建省較早建立的幾個自然保護區之一。戴云山東至(zhi)蟠龍,西至(zhi)黃山,北至(zhi)陳溪,南(nan)至(zhi)東里,總面(mian)積為(wei)13472.4公頃。2005年7月23日,經國務院(yuan)批準,升(sheng)格為(wei)國家級自然(ran)保(bao)護區(qu),屬(shu)于森林(lin)生(sheng)態系統類型(xing)自然(ran)保(bao)護區(qu),區內森(sen)林覆蓋率達93.4%,其主(zhu)要保護(hu)對(dui)象是東(dong)南沿海典型的山地森林(lin)生態系(xi)統,重(zhong)點保護(hu)對象是(shi)中國(guo)大陸東南沿海南端、面積最大保存(cun)最完好的黃山松林(lin);重(zhong)要(yao)的昆蟲和植(zhi)物(wu)模式標本產地(di);蘭科植物(wu)資源以(yi)及(ji)豐(feng)富的生物(wu)多樣性和瀕危動植物(wu)物(wu)種。
戴云(yun)山保護區內古木(mu)參天(tian)(tian),保持(chi)著(zhu)原(yuan)始森林的(de)(de)(de)風貌。春天(tian)(tian),百花(hua)姹(cha)紫嫣(yan)紅,五彩繽紛(fen);夏天(tian)(tian),翠綠的(de)(de)(de)闊葉樹伴著(zhu)輕柔的(de)(de)(de)枝條,舞(wu)影婆娑(suo),清涼的(de)(de)(de)風使人心曠神怡;秋天(tian)(tian),林木(mu)盛裝迎賓,紅樹黃花(hua),漫天(tian)(tian)輕揚(yang),多情的(de)(de)(de)風,使人樂而忘返;冬天(tian)(tian),雪花(hua)飛舞(wu),銀裝素裹,成了冰(bing)雪的(de)(de)(de)世(shi)界。
(一)中國大陸東南沿海分布最南端、面積最大、保護最完好的原生性黃山松群落
黃(huang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)松(song)(song)林是(shi)中(zhong)國東(dong)部(bu)(bu)亞(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地區的(de)(de)(de)(de)代表性(xing)群(qun)(qun)(qun)系(xi)之一,為溫性(xing)針葉林。主要分布(bu)于(yu)臺(tai)灣、福建、安徽、浙江(jiang)等(deng)省氣(qi)候溫涼、雨量充沛、相對濕度(du)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)亞(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地,在戴云山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)中(zhong)上(shang)部(bu)(bu)分布(bu)著6400公頃的(de)(de)(de)(de)天(tian)然的(de)(de)(de)(de)保護完好的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)生性(xing)黃(huang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)松(song)(song)群(qun)(qun)(qun)落,其(qi)群(qun)(qun)(qun)落外貌整齊,種群(qun)(qun)(qun)年齡結構(gou)合理,群(qun)(qun)(qun)落內部(bu)(bu)層次分明,郁閉度(du)較大(da),層次較多(duo):喬木層樹(shu)木粗(cu)大(da),以黃(huang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)松(song)(song)為主,局部(bu)(bu)林下分布(bu)有羅浮(fu)栲、甜櫧(zhu)、木荷、樹(shu)參等(deng)小樹(shu)或幼樹(shu),灌木層有馬銀(yin)花、映山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)紅、小果(guo)南燭(zhu)、腫(zhong)節少(shao)穗竹、大(da)萼紅淡等(deng),草本層以芒(mang)萁(ji)、狗(gou)脊為主,更新狀態良好。種群(qun)(qun)(qun)數量不斷擴大(da),建區以來(lai),海(hai)拔1600米以上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)草灌叢(cong)逐年被黃(huang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)松(song)(song)演替,各種黃(huang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)松(song)(song)群(qun)(qun)(qun)落演替階段(duan)均(jun)完整保留,黃(huang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)松(song)(song)面積由原(yuan)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)6.9萬(wan)畝增加到(dao)9.5萬(wan)畝,它對研究(jiu)亞(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地區植(zhi)被演替具有重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)科學意義。
(二)中國東南沿海典型的山地森林生態系統
福(fu)建(jian)戴云山(shan)(shan)(shan)自然保護區(qu)地(di)(di)處福(fu)建(jian)東(dong)南(nan)沿(yan)海(hai)(hai),位于福(fu)建(jian)兩大山(shan)(shan)(shan)脈之(zhi)一——戴云山(shan)(shan)(shan)脈主(zhu)峰周(zhou)邊(bian),同時跨越(yue)了南(nan)亞熱(re)帶(dai)和(he)中亞熱(re)帶(dai)的(de)過渡帶(dai),是典(dian)型(xing)(xing)的(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)森林(lin)(lin)生態系統。其地(di)(di)帶(dai)性(xing)(xing)植(zhi)(zhi)被類(lei)型(xing)(xing)為南(nan)亞熱(re)帶(dai)季(ji)風(feng)常(chang)(chang)綠闊(kuo)葉(xie)(xie)林(lin)(lin),代(dai)表性(xing)(xing)植(zhi)(zhi)被類(lei)型(xing)(xing)有烏來栲(kao)林(lin)(lin)、厚殼桂林(lin)(lin)和(he)米(mi)櫧林(lin)(lin),分布(bu)于海(hai)(hai)拔較低的(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)體東(dong)部(bu)溝谷,物種組成以南(nan)亞熱(re)帶(dai)季(ji)風(feng)常(chang)(chang)綠闊(kuo)葉(xie)(xie)林(lin)(lin)的(de)成分為主(zhu),林(lin)(lin)內(nei)結構復雜,藤本(ben)植(zhi)(zhi)物發(fa)(fa)達,草本(ben)植(zhi)(zhi)物高(gao)大。隨著(zhu)海(hai)(hai)拔的(de)上升,依(yi)次出現典(dian)型(xing)(xing)的(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)常(chang)(chang)綠闊(kuo)葉(xie)(xie)林(lin)(lin)、暖性(xing)(xing)針(zhen)(zhen)葉(xie)(xie)林(lin)(lin)、針(zhen)(zhen)闊(kuo)葉(xie)(xie)混交林(lin)(lin)、溫性(xing)(xing)針(zhen)(zhen)葉(xie)(xie)林(lin)(lin)、苔蘚矮曲林(lin)(lin)等。在海(hai)(hai)拔1100m的(de)永安巖(yan)分布(bu)著(zhu)羅浮栲(kao)林(lin)(lin)、鉤(gou)栲(kao)林(lin)(lin)等原生性(xing)(xing)的(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)常(chang)(chang)綠闊(kuo)葉(xie)(xie)林(lin)(lin),林(lin)(lin)內(nei)蔭濕,物種豐富,地(di)(di)被層發(fa)(fa)達,隨處可見蘭科植(zhi)(zhi)物與野(ye)含(han)笑。在山(shan)(shan)(shan)體頂(ding)部(bu)分布(bu)著(zhu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)灌叢,生長著(zhu)耐寒(han)的(de)長耳玉山(shan)(shan)(shan)竹,與武夷(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)、臺(tai)灣玉山(shan)(shan)(shan)遙相呼應(ying)。
(三)東南地區重要的模式標本產地
福建戴(dai)云(yun)(yun)山(shan)(shan)自然保(bao)護區長期(qi)以(yi)來(lai)為(wei)許多(duo)動植物(wu)學家所關注,這(zhe)里獨特的地(di)質地(di)貌與氣候孕育(yu)了眾多(duo)的物(wu)種,這(zhe)里是(shi)著名(ming)的模式標本產地(di)之一。據不完(wan)全統計,以(yi)保(bao)護區內的生(sheng)物(wu)發表了福建毛蛣(ji)蛉、戴(dai)云(yun)(yun)樹白(bai)蟻、中國狹個(ge)(ge)木虱、中華長葉(xie)曲嚙、趙氏觸(chu)嚙、八閩鱗蛉和(he)戴(dai)云(yun)(yun)姬蜂虻等(deng)(deng)52個(ge)(ge)昆蟲新(xin)種。劉承釗和(he)胡淑琴(1975)發表了小棘蛙(wa)(wa)、戴(dai)云(yun)(yun)湍蛙(wa)(wa)2個(ge)(ge)蛙(wa)(wa)類(lei)(lei)新(xin)種。秦仁昌(chang)和(he)邢公(gong)俠(1981)根據1974年福建蕨(jue)類(lei)(lei)植物(wu)調查(cha)隊采(cai)集的蕨(jue)類(lei)(lei)植物(wu)標本發表了德化毛蕨(jue)等(deng)(deng)6個(ge)(ge)蕨(jue)類(lei)(lei)植物(wu)新(xin)種。鄭清芳和(he)黃克福(1984)、曾滄江(1987)、林來(lai)官(1991)、林來(lai)官和(he)黃以(yi)鐘(1995)、張(zhang)永田(1995)等(deng)(deng)發表了九仙莓、戴(dai)云(yun)(yun)山(shan)(shan)苔(tai)草(cao)、長耳玉山(shan)(shan)竹(zhu)等(deng)(deng)6個(ge)(ge)新(xin)種。
(四)蘭科植物資源
戴云山自然(ran)保(bao)護區地(di)形復雜,且(qie)地(di)處中亞熱帶(dai)與南亞熱帶(dai)的(de)過渡帶(dai),氣候變化大(da)(da),雨(yu)量充(chong)沛,相(xiang)對濕度大(da)(da),孕育了豐富的(de)野生蘭科植物(wu),種類(lei)有花(hua)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)開唇(chun)(chun)蘭(金線蓮)、無葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)蘭、竹葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)蘭、日本卷瓣蘭、廣(guang)東(dong)石豆蘭、傘花(hua)石豆蘭、大(da)(da)序隔(ge)距蘭、廣(guang)東(dong)隔(ge)距蘭、建蘭、多花(hua)蘭、春蘭、墨(mo)蘭、細莖石斛、石斛蘭、半柱毛蘭、小斑葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)蘭、絨葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)斑葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)蘭、鵝毛玉鳳(feng)花(hua)、十(shi)字蘭、鐮翅羊耳蒜、見血清(qing)、長(chang)莖羊耳蒜、纖葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)釵子股、闊葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)沼蘭、心(xin)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)球柄(bing)蘭、鵝毛白蝶花(hua)、撕裂闊蕊蘭、鶴頂蘭、細葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)石仙桃、石仙桃、小舌唇(chun)(chun)蘭、小葉(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)寄樹(shu)蘭、綬草、帶(dai)唇(chun)(chun)蘭等47種,是蘭科植物(wu)的(de)重要保(bao)存地(di)。
(五)生物多樣性和瀕危動植物物種
大(da)面積的森林(lin)孕(yun)育了豐富(fu)的生物(wu)(wu)多樣性,區內有(you)(you)(you)高等(deng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)284科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)928屬(shu)2066種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)苔(tai)蘚植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)55科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)101屬(shu)149種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),蕨類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)41科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)84屬(shu)183種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);裸子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)8科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)14屬(shu)20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);被子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)180科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)729屬(shu)1714種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(雙子(zi)(zi)葉植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)150科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)571屬(shu)1366種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),單子(zi)(zi)葉植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)30科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)158屬(shu)348種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)珍稀瀕(bin)危(wei)或特有(you)(you)(you)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共115種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);有(you)(you)(you)脊椎動物(wu)(wu)34目99科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)420種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)魚(yu)類(lei)4目14科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)68種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);兩棲(qi)類(lei)2目7科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)30種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);爬行類(lei)3目12科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)70種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);鳥類(lei)17目45科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)194種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);獸類(lei)8目21科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)58種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);昆蟲綱(gang)(含蛛形綱(gang)蜱螨(man)亞綱(gang))30目260科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)1645種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);大(da)型真(zhen)菌有(you)(you)(you)39科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)136種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);土壤微生物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)12目18科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)35屬(shu)56種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。這里天然分布(bu)的國(guo)家(jia)(jia)I級(ji)保護植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)水(shui)松、南方(fang)紅(hong)(hong)豆杉、銀杏3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),國(guo)家(jia)(jia)II級(ji)保護植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)粗齒桫(suo)欏、針毛(mao)桫(suo)欏、金毛(mao)狗、福(fu)(fu)建柏、樟樹、閩楠、花櫚木(mu)、紅(hong)(hong)豆樹、半(ban)楓荷、傘(san)花木(mu)、喜樹、香(xiang)果樹17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);蘭科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)多達47種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);福(fu)(fu)建省重(zhong)點保護植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)27種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。國(guo)家(jia)(jia)一(yi)級(ji)保護動物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)云豹(bao)(bao)、黃腹(fu)(fu)角雉、蟒(mang)蛇(she)、豹(bao)(bao)等(deng)4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),國(guo)家(jia)(jia)二級(ji)保護動物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)穿山(shan)甲、大(da)靈貓(mao)、小靈貓(mao)、蘇門羚、豺、水(shui)獺、黑(hei)熊、金貓(mao)、豹(bao)(bao)貓(mao)、獼(mi)猴(hou)、鴛鴦、白(bai)鷴、烏雕(diao)、雕(diao)鸮(xiao)、褐林(lin)鸮(xiao)、草(cao)鸮(xiao)、斑頭鵂鹠(liu)、蛇(she)雕(diao)、松雀鷹、虎紋(wen)蛙(wa)、鳳頭鵑隼、白(bai)腹(fu)(fu)山(shan)雕(diao)等(deng)36種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),具有(you)(you)(you)豐富(fu)的野生瀕(bin)危(wei)動植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和生物(wu)(wu)多樣性。
福建戴(dai)云山國(guo)家級(ji)自然保護區(qu)行政區(qu)劃屬泉州市德化縣,保護區(qu)總(zong)面(mian)積為(wei)13472.4公(gong)頃(qing),其中(zhong)核心區(qu)面(mian)積5514.1公(gong)頃(qing),緩沖區(qu)面(mian)積3515.4公(gong)頃(qing),實驗區(qu)面(mian)積4442.9公(gong)頃(qing)。涉及赤水、雷峰、南埕、桂陽、上涌(yong)、大銘6個鄉鎮22個行政村(cun),東(dong)(dong)至蟠龍,西至黃山,北(bei)至陳溪,南至東(dong)(dong)里(li)。地理坐標范(fan)圍在(zai)東(dong)(dong)經(jing)118°05′22″~118°20′15″,北(bei)緯25°38′07″~25°43′40″之間。
戴(dai)云(yun)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)脈(mo)平均海(hai)拔(ba)700~1500m,主峰戴(dai)云(yun)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)在德化(hua)縣境內(nei),海(hai)拔(ba)1856m,是閩中(zhong)(zhong)高山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)峰,素有“閩中(zhong)(zhong)屋脊”之稱。戴(dai)云(yun)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)質(zhi)構造屬(shu)浙閩活化(hua)古陸臺,受地(di)質(zhi)構造運動影響,多次(ci)間歇(xie)性大幅(fu)度(du)隆起形(xing)成雄偉(wei)龐大山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)脈(mo)。與武夷山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)脈(mo)相比,戴(dai)云(yun)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)脈(mo)的(de)特點是基帶寬度(du)大,一(yi)般可達數十公里(li),寬的(de)一(yi)段在中(zhong)(zhong)部德化(hua)—大田(tian)一(yi)線,可達100km。戴(dai)云(yun)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)自然保護區包括了戴(dai)云(yun)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)主峰,以(yi)主峰向(xiang)四周傾斜,呈層(ceng)狀逐級下降,高海(hai)拔(ba)1856m,低海(hai)拔(ba)650m,相對高差達1206m,相當懸殊,氣候與植被垂(chui)直變化(hua)明(ming)顯(xian)。區內(nei)地(di)形(xing)復雜,屬(shu)于中(zhong)(zhong)、低山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)貌。區內(nei)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)脈(mo)連綿,河谷劇(ju)烈下切,峽谷十分(fen)發育。
戴(dai)云山位于(yu)中亞(ya)熱帶(dai)和南亞(ya)熱帶(dai)的交(jiao)界線,體(ti)現出(chu)(chu)中亞(ya)熱帶(dai)與(yu)南亞(ya)熱帶(dai)氣(qi)(qi)候、土壤、植被(bei)、動物(wu)、植物(wu)等的過(guo)渡特征,為(wei)海洋(yang)性季(ji)風(feng)(feng)氣(qi)(qi)候區(qu),氣(qi)(qi)候溫(wen)涼適中,四(si)季(ji)分明,氣(qi)(qi)候垂直變化大(da),小氣(qi)(qi)候突出(chu)(chu)。根(gen)據區(qu)內(nei)九仙山氣(qi)(qi)象(xiang)站資料(liao)記錄,保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)年平(ping)(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)15.6~19.5℃,1月(yue)均溫(wen)6.5~10.5℃,7月(yue)均溫(wen)23~27.5℃,極(ji)(ji)端高溫(wen)36.6℃,極(ji)(ji)端低(di)溫(wen)-16.8℃,年平(ping)(ping)均日照時數1875.4小時,無霜(shuang)期260天(tian),年平(ping)(ping)均降雨量1700~2000mm,霧日年平(ping)(ping)均達(da)220天(tian),最高年份達(da)260天(tian),僅次于(yu)四(si)川峨眉(mei)山,年平(ping)(ping)均相對濕度在(zai)80﹪以上,該(gai)區(qu)風(feng)(feng)速較大(da),八級風(feng)(feng)以上達(da)203天(tian),僅次于(yu)吉林天(tian)池。
地帶性土壤為(wei)花崗巖風化發育而(er)成的紅(hong)壤,分布(bu)于海拔500m以下,隨著海拔的上升,表(biao)(biao)現(xian)出一(yi)定的垂(chui)直變化,依次(ci)為(wei)山(shan)地紅(hong)壤、山(shan)地黃(huang)紅(hong)壤和山(shan)地黃(huang)壤,局(ju)部分布(bu)著沼澤土。林地土壤較(jiao)厚,腐(fu)殖質層(ceng)厚約(yue)20cm,地表(biao)(biao)枯枝落葉層(ceng)厚5~20cm,表(biao)(biao)土質地為(wei)壤土,土壤呈酸性反應。
區(qu)內水(shui)系(xi)發達,大(da)小溪流23條(tiao),集(ji)雨面積在50km2長(chang)度在10km以上的有9條(tiao),全(quan)年可為下(xia)游(you)提供(gong)25億m3淡水(shui),是閩江大(da)樟溪重要(yao)(yao)發源(yuan)地,且部分通過引水(shui)匯(hui)入晉(jin)江,溪流坡降大(da),水(shui)力資源(yuan)豐富,是閩中重要(yao)(yao)水(shui)源(yuan)涵養區(qu)及重點生態功能(neng)區(qu)。
1985年5月,經福建(jian)省人民政府(fu)批準建(jian)立,面(mian)積9730公頃。
1985年8月,德化(hua)縣人(ren)民(min)政(zheng)府成立(li)“德化(hua)縣戴云山(shan)自然(ran)保護(hu)區(qu)管理處”,機構規格為縣局級建制(正科級)事業單位,隸屬德化(hua)縣人(ren)民(min)政(zheng)府領(ling)導。
2002年5月,德(de)化縣(xian)人民(min)政(zheng)府提(ti)出“關于申(shen)(shen)報戴云山國家級自然保護區的(de)議案”,并經德(de)化縣(xian)人大常委會表(biao)決通過,交由(you)縣(xian)人民(min)政(zheng)府組織申(shen)(shen)報。
2003年3月,經福建省人民政府同意(yi),正式申報國家(jia)級(ji)自然保(bao)護區,并相繼通過了(le)國家(jia)林(lin)業局、國家(jia)環保(bao)總局組織的專(zhuan)家(jia)評(ping)審。
2005年(nian)7月23日(ri),經國務院(國辦發[2005]40號)批準,升格為國家級(ji)自然保護區,成為福建省第8個森林和(he)野生動物類型(xing)國家級(ji)自然保護區。