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太(tai)子山國(guo)家級自(zi)然(ran)保護(hu)區前(qian)身為臨(lin)夏州(zhou)太(tai)子山總場，建場于1957年(nian)；1991年(nian)更名(ming)為“臨(lin)夏回族自(zi)治州(zhou)太(tai)子山水源涵養林(lin)建設總場”。
2001年12月，甘肅省政府決定將太子山(shan)林(lin)(lin)區移(yi)交省林(lin)(lin)業廳直(zhi)屬管理(li)。
2002年(nian)7月，甘肅省政府頒發(fa)了林(lin)權證；2003年(nian)9月，太子(zi)山自然保護區管理局掛(gua)牌成立。
2005年12月，批準為(wei)甘肅省(sheng)級自然保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)。
2012年1月(yue)由國務院辦公(gong)廳確定(ding)為國家級(ji)自然保護區(qu)。
太子山國家(jia)級自(zi)(zi)然保(bao)護區位于臨(lin)(lin)夏(xia)回族自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)州與(yu)甘(gan)(gan)南藏族自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)州之(zhi)間，東南起洮河下游地區，西南與(yu)甘(gan)(gan)南州臨(lin)(lin)潭、夏(xia)河、合作、卓尼四縣(xian)（市）及青海省循化縣(xian)毗(pi)鄰，東北和(he)臨(lin)(lin)夏(xia)州康樂、和(he)政、臨(lin)(lin)夏(xia)、積石(shi)四縣(xian)相接(jie)。地理位置介于東經102°43′～103°42′，北緯35°02′～35°36′之(zhi)間。
太子山(shan)(shan)國(guo)家級自(zi)然保(bao)護區海拔(ba)在2200—4636米(mi)(mi)之間，主要由太子山(shan)(shan)脈(mo)發源而來的一系列山(shan)(shan)峰(feng)和溝(gou)谷(gu)組成，其中海拔(ba)超過4000米(mi)(mi)以(yi)上(shang)的山(shan)(shan)峰(feng)有：巴楞山(shan)(shan)（4080米(mi)(mi)）、公太子山(shan)(shan)（4162米(mi)(mi)）、母太子山(shan)(shan)（4332米(mi)(mi)）等。
太子山國家(jia)級自(zi)然保護(hu)區屬溫(wen)帶大陸性氣(qi)候，年平均氣(qi)溫(wen)5.1℃，無(wu)霜(shuang)期110天左右，年平均降雨量660毫米。
太子山(shan)國家級自然保(bao)護區從東(dong)向西縱布著近(jin)30條(tiao)峽谷(gu)(gu)，每條(tiao)山(shan)谷(gu)(gu)間都(dou)有河(he)（溪）流流淌(tang):據統計(ji)，發源于保(bao)護區的大小河(he)（溪）流近(jin)200多條(tiao)，其中較大的河(he)流有16條(tiao)。
太子山國家(jia)級(ji)自(zi)然保護區總面(mian)積(ji)8.47萬公頃(qing)。其中核心區2.6792萬公頃(qing)，緩沖區3.2982萬公頃(qing)，實(shi)驗區2.4926萬公頃(qing)。
太子山國(guo)家級自然(ran)保護區主要保護對象為青(qing)藏(zang)高(gao)原與黃土高(gao)原過(guo)渡地帶森林生(sheng)態系(xi)統(tong)及生(sheng)物多樣性(xing)，屬于(yu)自然(ran)生(sheng)態系(xi)統(tong)類(lei)別林生(sheng)態系(xi)統(tong)類(lei)型自然(ran)保護區。
太子山國家級自然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)生物多(duo)樣性(xing)十(shi)分豐(feng)富，稀有(you)性(xing)顯(xian)著，據保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)官方資料，截止到2008年，共有(you)維管植(zhi)物838種，其中稀有(you)瀕危和(he)重點保(bao)(bao)護(hu)植(zhi)物有(you)桃兒(er)七、紅花綠絨蒿、星(xing)葉草(cao)等51種。
截止到(dao)2008年，太子山國家(jia)級自然保護區有(you)(you)脊椎(zhui)動物(wu)208種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，包括雪豹、林麝、蘇門羚等國家(jia)重點保護野生(sheng)動物(wu)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鳥(niao)類(lei)130種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，包括胡(hu)兀鷲、蒼鷹、藍馬雞等國家(jia)重點保護鳥(niao)類(lei)21種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；有(you)(you)兩(liang)棲(qi)爬行(xing)動物(wu)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中兩(liang)棲(qi)類(lei)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬行(xing)類(lei)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；有(you)(you)魚(yu)類(lei)10種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；昆(kun)蟲682種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；有(you)(you)大型真菌61種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)總數1789種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占甘(gan)肅省物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)總數3560的50.25%。
太子(zi)山(shan)國家級自(zi)然(ran)保護區由(you)于境內群(qun)峰林(lin)立，溪(xi)流(liu)奔涌，地(di)貌(mao)奇特，林(lin)海雪原，形成了二(er)郎廟、麻山(shan)峽(xia)、后(hou)東(dong)灣、扎子(zi)河(he)、藥水峽(xia)、松鳴巖(yan)、鐵溝(gou)、大灣灘、三岔溝(gou)、槐樹關、關灘等10多處(chu)風(feng)光(guang)(guang)各異的森林(lin)風(feng)景(jing)區，吸引(yin)了省內外(wai)游客紛紛前來休閑度假(jia)、觀光(guang)(guang)旅游。
根(gen)據保護局對林(lin)業(ye)科研(yan)工作(zuo)的要求和保護區林(lin)業(ye)生產實際，局科研(yan)中心(xin)對八站（圃）下達(da)了2014年林(lin)業(ye)實驗(yan)(yan)(yan)項(xiang)目(mu)任(ren)務，內容(rong)包括(kuo)落葉松鞘蛾防治試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、藍云杉栽培試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、云杉苗化學除草推廣試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、落葉松葉蜂防治試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、中華(hua)鼢鼠投(tou)藥防治等5項(xiang)林(lin)業(ye)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)項(xiang)目(mu)，要求各站（圃）積(ji)極做好試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方案、觀測記錄等工作(zuo)，認真總結分析試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)效果，并(bing)積(ji)極撰寫林(lin)業(ye)科研(yan)論文，在(zai)省級以上科研(yan)刊物上投(tou)稿發表。
太(tai)子(zi)山(shan)國(guo)家級(ji)(ji)(ji)自然保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區為縣級(ji)(ji)(ji)事(shi)業(ye)(ye)單位，內(nei)設紀委、工(gong)會、辦公室、計財科(ke)(ke)(ke)、人事(shi)科(ke)(ke)(ke)、資源保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)、防(fang)火辦、宣傳科(ke)(ke)(ke)、科(ke)(ke)(ke)研中心、林(lin)業(ye)(ye)有(you)害生物防(fang)治檢疫科(ke)(ke)(ke)、生態工(gong)程科(ke)(ke)(ke)、產業(ye)(ye)開(kai)發科(ke)(ke)(ke)、林(lin)業(ye)(ye)調查隊、共青(qing)團委14個(ge)部門科(ke)(ke)(ke)室；下設總公司、藥(yao)(yao)水(shui)峽旅游(you)公司兩個(ge)經(jing)營性單位；下轄紫溝(gou)、東灣、藥(yao)(yao)水(shui)、松(song)鳴巖、新(xin)營、甲灘(tan)(tan)、關灘(tan)(tan)和(he)槐(huai)山(shan)子(zi)8個(ge)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)站(zhan)(zhan)（圃(pu)），7站(zhan)(zhan)1圃(pu)設立了42個(ge)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)段（點(dian)）。保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區成立有(you)甘肅(su)省(sheng)森林(lin)公安局太(tai)子(zi)山(shan)分局，為副縣級(ji)(ji)(ji)建制，下轄紫溝(gou)、東灣、藥(yao)(yao)水(shui)、新(xin)營、刁祁(qi)5個(ge)林(lin)區派(pai)出(chu)所。保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)局實行局站(zhan)(zhan)點(dian)三級(ji)(ji)(ji)管理體系。
2001至2008年(nian)太(tai)子山(shan)(shan)國(guo)家級自然保(bao)護區共完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)退耕還(huan)林荒(huang)山(shan)(shan)造(zao)(zao)林任務(wu)9.8萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，封山(shan)(shan)育(yu)林2.0萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)。其中：2001年(nian)，甘肅省上(shang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)達(da)(da)(da)太(tai)子山(shan)(shan)保(bao)護局退耕還(huan)林荒(huang)山(shan)(shan)造(zao)(zao)林任務(wu)0.5萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，實(shi)際完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)0.5萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)活率(lv)(lv)85%；2002年(nian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)達(da)(da)(da)0.8萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，實(shi)際完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)0.8萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)活率(lv)(lv)88%；2003年(nian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)達(da)(da)(da)1.0萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，實(shi)際完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)1.0萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)活率(lv)(lv)90%；2004年(nian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)達(da)(da)(da)2.0萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，實(shi)際完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)2.0萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)活率(lv)(lv)88%；2005年(nian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)達(da)(da)(da)3.5萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，實(shi)際完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)3.5萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，其中：荒(huang)山(shan)(shan)造(zao)(zao)林1.5萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)活率(lv)(lv)89%，封山(shan)(shan)育(yu)林2.0萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；2006年(nian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)達(da)(da)(da)1.5萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，實(shi)際完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)1.5萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)活率(lv)(lv)90%；2007年(nian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)達(da)(da)(da)2.0萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，實(shi)際完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)2.0萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)活率(lv)(lv)89%；2008年(nian)下(xia)(xia)(xia)達(da)(da)(da)0.5萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，實(shi)際完(wan)(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)0.5萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)畝(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)活率(lv)(lv)90%。歷(li)年(nian)保(bao)存率(lv)(lv)都(dou)在90%以上(shang)。
太子山國(guo)家(jia)級(ji)自然保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)在涵(han)養水(shui)(shui)源、保(bao)持水(shui)(shui)土(tu)、調節氣(qi)候、維護(hu)生態良性循環等(deng)方面具有(you)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)作用，是甘肅(su)中部和(he)青海省東部重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)綠色屏障，是黃(huang)河(he)上游重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)水(shui)(shui)源涵(han)養林區(qu)。太子山國(guo)家(jia)級(ji)自然保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)對黃(huang)河(he)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)支(zhi)流大夏河(he)與洮(tao)河(he)的(de)水(shui)(shui)源補給保(bao)護(hu)，防止水(shui)(shui)土(tu)流失、保(bao)護(hu)森林與草地植被、維護(hu)當(dang)地與黃(huang)河(he)流域的(de)生態安全、促(cu)進社會經(jing)濟可持續發展(zhan)有(you)著十分重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)意義(yi)。
