貴州麻陽河國家級自然保護區距沿河土家族自治縣縣城僅24公里,可乘車前往,亦可乘船經烏江到思渠或洪渡起岸,沿途除烏江百里畫廓風光饒有奇趣外,進入保護區后綺麗的風光更使人耳目一新。區內高大雄偉的石灰巖斷層,切割幽深的河谷,清冽平緩的流水,河道中矮小的斷層形成的落差景觀,特別是老鷹巖景點,清澈見底的麻陽河水沿著彎彎曲曲的河床靜靜地流過峽谷。河岸兩旁溶洞比比皆是,有的溶洞大小相串,洞中石鐘,石筍千姿百態。麻陽(yang)河國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)級自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區始建于1987年,2003年經(jing)國(guo)(guo)務院批準晉(jin)升為國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)級自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區,主(zhu)要保(bao)(bao)護(hu)對象是國(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)一級重點(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)野(ye)生動物黑(hei)葉猴(hou)及其(qi)棲息地,屬野(ye)生動物類(lei)型(xing)的自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區。
2013年,貴州(zhou)麻(ma)(ma)陽河(he)國家(jia)級(ji)自然保護(hu)區(qu)內分布(bu)保護(hu)區(qu)有維(wei)管束植(zhi)物154科(ke)417屬1165種(zhong),蕨(jue)類42科(ke)89屬217種(zhong)。列為國家(jia)一級(ji)保護(hu)植(zhi)物有紅豆杉、南方紅豆杉、銀杏(xing)、硬葉(xie)兜(dou)蘭(lan)、麻(ma)(ma)栗坡兜(dou)蘭(lan)5種(zhong),國家(jia)二(er)級(ji)保護(hu)植(zhi)物有香(xiang)果(guo)樹、蘇鐵蕨(jue)、黃杉、穗(sui)花杉、香(xiang)樟、傘(san)花木、櫸木、潤楠(nan)、黃花白芨(ji)、蝦(xia)脊蘭(lan)、石斛、天麻(ma)(ma)、獨蒜(suan)蘭(lan)等(deng)共60余種(zhong)。
2013年(nian),貴州麻(ma)陽河國家(jia)級(ji)(ji)(ji)自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區內(nei)分(fen)布各(ge)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)珍貴野生動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)300余種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)(zhong)獸類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)37種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)149種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),兩棲爬行(xing)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)32種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)48種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。列為(wei)國家(jia)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)有31種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)級(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),二(er)(er)(er)級(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)28種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)獸類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)中(zhong)(zhong)有14種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)國家(jia)重(zhong)點保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu),一(yi)級(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)黑葉猴(hou)、豹、林麝3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);二(er)(er)(er)級(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)黑熊(xiong)、毛冠廘(lu)、大靈貓、豺、斑羚(ling)、蘇門(men)羚(ling)、小靈貓、獼猴(hou)、林麝、穿山甲、水獺(ta)等(deng)。鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)中(zhong)(zhong)有15種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)國家(jia)二(er)(er)(er)級(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu),鳶、雀鷹、松(song)雀鷹、普通鵟、禿鷲、白(bai)尾(wei)鷂、鵲(que)鷂、紅腳(jiao)隼、紅隼、白(bai)冠長尾(wei)雉(zhi)、紅腹錦雞、草鴞、鴛鴦(yang)、黃腿(tui)魚(yu)(yu)鴞、領鵂鶹等(deng)。魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)中(zhong)(zhong)胭脂(zhi)魚(yu)(yu)為(wei)國家(jia)二(er)(er)(er)級(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)。兩棲爬行(xing)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)中(zhong)(zhong)大鯢為(wei)國家(jia)二(er)(er)(er)級(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)。
保(bao)護區內碳酸鹽巖分布,巖溶地(di)貌(mao)發育,由于長期(qi)受溶蝕(shi)侵蝕(shi),形成各種蝕(shi)余景觀,有的群巖疊障如刀削劍斬,有的峭石獨秀,似玉(yu)簪(zan)螺髻。
保護(hu)區(qu)內麻陽(yang)河(he)(he)、洪渡(du)河(he)(he)兩條河(he)(he)流長63公里,其(qi)中峽(xia)谷(gu)(gu)地帶占85﹪,約(yue)有(you)54公里長,峽(xia)谷(gu)(gu)高120—350米,寬20—60米,峽(xia)谷(gu)(gu)兩側(ce)陡峭(qiao),坡度多在70°以上,部分成垂(chui)直狀形成箱式峽(xia)谷(gu)(gu)。特別是石(shi)牌峽(xia)谷(gu)(gu)、老鷹巖峽(xia)谷(gu)(gu)、巖頭關峽(xia)谷(gu)(gu)、鋸齒(chi)山(shan)峽(xia)谷(gu)(gu)等(deng),谷(gu)(gu)底幽深(shen),空氣(qi)清馨(xin),流水(shui)潺(chan)潺(chan),冬暖夏涼(liang),氣(qi)候宜(yi)人。峽(xia)谷(gu)(gu)兩側(ce)森(sen)林密布(bu),由于樹種不同(tong),開花結果,季(ji)節各(ge)異,黑葉(xie)猴穿梭在森(sen)林、峽(xia)谷(gu)(gu)、河(he)(he)灘之中,更顯(xian)其(qi)保護(hu)區(qu)峽(xia)谷(gu)(gu)風景的驚、險、奇、幽、秀、壯的特點。
保護區內朱家洞(dong),游(you)龍洞(dong),渾洞(dong),干洞(dong),姐妹洞(dong),龍清塘洞(dong)等神秘(mi)不(bu)可測。地下溶洞(dong)群中,隨處可見(jian)的石(shi)芽、石(shi)筍(sun)、鐘(zhong)乳石(shi),千姿百態。有(you)的溶洞(dong)洞(dong)中有(you)洞(dong),縱(zong)橫交錯,上下重疊,錯綜復雜,神秘(mi)幽深。
保(bao)護區(qu)內碳(tan)酸鹽巖(yan)(yan)(yan)分布(bu),巖(yan)(yan)(yan)石露頭較多(duo),由于(yu)長(chang)期的溶蝕作用,形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)各種各樣的像(xiang)形(xing)(xing)山石。如(ru)位于(yu)石牌的國(guo)畫石,鬼斧神(shen)劍劈下的“三(san)面紅旗”迎風招展。月(yue)亮巖(yan)(yan)(yan),和尚巖(yan)(yan)(yan),飛(fei)來(lai)石,雞翹山等形(xing)(xing)象逼真,千姿百(bai)態,栩(xu)栩(xu)如(ru)生,在保(bao)護區(qu)的銀泉瀑布(bu)陪襯下,更(geng)顯保(bao)護區(qu)的勃勃生機(ji)。
在(zai)鋸齒山(shan)、紅(hong)絲河、大(da)土(tu)一帶的山(shan)脊部,分布著四(si)季常綠的馬(ma)尾松(song)(song)(song)。馬(ma)尾松(song)(song)(song)枝葉(xie)繁茂,樹干通直,冠形挺拔,蒼勁有力。人們(men)見(jian)到如此景觀,自然引發(fa)“大(da)雪壓青(qing)松(song)(song)(song),青(qing)松(song)(song)(song)挺且直,要知松(song)(song)(song)高節,待到雪化(hua)時“的英雄氣概(gai),漫步林(lin)中,如置身茫茫林(lin)海,聞著飄散的松(song)(song)(song)香,醉人心脾。
貴州(zhou)麻陽河國(guo)家級自(zi)然(ran)保護區位(wei)于黔東北沿(yan)河土家族(zu)自(zi)治縣及務川(chuan)仡佬族(zu)苗族(zu)自(zi)治縣接壤處,地理位(wei)置為(wei)北緯28°37′30″—28°54′20″,東經108°3′53″—108°19′45″。
麻陽(yang)河、洪渡(du)河地(di)(di)區的(de)(de)大(da)地(di)(di)構造位置屬揚(yang)子地(di)(di)塊邊緣,出露地(di)(di)層(ceng)為寒武紀(ji)和奧陶紀(ji)。區內海拔800—1000米(mi)(mi)以上(shang)地(di)(di)段地(di)(di)勢開闊,800米(mi)(mi)以下則多為峽(xia)谷(gu),向下侵(qin)蝕作用強列。在(zai)標高1000米(mi)(mi),800米(mi)(mi)及(ji)500—600米(mi)(mi)處,尚有帶狀(zhuang)分布的(de)(de)山峰(feng)或(huo)侵(qin)蝕臺階,溶蝕盆地(di)(di),塵洼地(di)(di)及(ji)平(ping)底(di)溪谷(gu)等常出現在(zai)上(shang)述不(bu)同的(de)(de)分層(ceng)高度(du),構成了頗具特色的(de)(de)層(ceng)狀(zhuang)山岳地(di)(di)貌景觀。
貴州麻陽河國(guo)家(jia)級自然保(bao)護區屬中亞熱(re)(re)帶溫(wen)暖濕潤季(ji)(ji)(ji)風氣候類型。熱(re)(re)量(liang)豐富,雨(yu)量(liang)充沛,濕度適中,冬涼,夏熱(re)(re),四(si)季(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)(fen)明(ming),有霜期(qi)短,生長季(ji)(ji)(ji)節長。保(bao)護區年(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)水量(liang)1158.7毫米,年(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)(jun)經流量(liang)428.2毫米,年(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)(jun)蒸(zheng)發量(liang)735.6毫米,與年(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)水量(liang)基本(ben)保(bao)持(chi)平衡。一年(nian)(nian)中降(jiang)(jiang)水量(liang)的變化兩(liang)峰兩(liang)谷型,最(zui)高峰出現在(zai)(zai)5—6月(yue)(yue),次(ci)(ci)高峰在(zai)(zai)9月(yue)(yue),最(zui)低谷出現在(zai)(zai)1月(yue)(yue),次(ci)(ci)低谷在(zai)(zai)8月(yue)(yue)。年(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣溫(wen)16.7℃,最(zui)熱(re)(re)7月(yue)(yue)均(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)27.2℃,極(ji)端(duan)最(zui)好高溫(wen)度41℃,最(zui)好冷1月(yue)(yue)均(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)5.6℃,極(ji)端(duan)最(zui)低溫(wen)﹣6℃,年(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)(jun)大于10℃以下積溫(wen),海拔高低不同,幅度在(zai)(zai)3500—5500℃之間。保(bao)護區的峽谷地帶,由于箱狀(zhuang)峽谷深切,谷底(di)(di)至由嶺海拔相(xiang)差大,在(zai)(zai)夏季(ji)(ji)(ji),山嶺烈日高照,氣溫(wen)達40℃左(zuo)右(you),十分(fen)(fen)炎熱(re)(re)。谷底(di)(di)由于陽光(guang)無(wu)法照射或很少照射,其氣溫(wen)隨(sui)著海拔下降(jiang)(jiang)而降(jiang)(jiang),平均(jun)(jun)(jun)每下降(jiang)(jiang)100米,溫(wen)度下降(jiang)(jiang)2—3℃,使谷底(di)(di)的溫(wen)度在(zai)(zai)25℃左(zuo)右(you),十分(fen)(fen)涼爽宜人,這是保(bao)護區峽谷獨特的逆(ni)溫(wen)氣候特征。
貴州麻陽河國家級自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)成(cheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)母(mu)巖(yan)主(zhu)要(yao)為(wei)白云巖(yan),其次為(wei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰巖(yan),另有少量砂頁(ye)巖(yan)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)。保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)海拔(ba)在(zai)300—1400米(mi)(mi)之間,由(you)于森林土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)的(de)(de)形成(cheng)受母(mu)巖(yan)、海拔(ba),氣(qi)候等諸(zhu)因(yin)(yin)素的(de)(de)影響,因(yin)(yin)此,除黃(huang)(huang)(huang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)到新景,月亮壩(ba)至中(zhong)壩(ba)1000米(mi)(mi)以(yi)上古老(lao)夷平面(mian)有部(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)壤(rang)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)外,保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)內大(da)部(bu)份土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)為(wei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰土(tu)(tu)(tu)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰土(tu)(tu)(tu)又分(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)色石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰土(tu)(tu)(tu)及淋溶(rong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)色石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰土(tu)(tu)(tu)兩(liang)(liang)個亞類。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)色石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰土(tu)(tu)(tu)主(zhu)要(yao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)于較高的(de)(de)山(shan)峰坡面(mian),侵蝕(shi)臺階,溶(rong)蝕(shi)盆(pen)地,洼(wa)地,土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)呈中(zhong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)至微酸性(xing)(xing)(xing)。淋溶(rong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)色石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰土(tu)(tu)(tu)則主(zhu)要(yao)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)在(zai)峽谷兩(liang)(liang)岸(an)峭壁,陡峻的(de)(de)山(shan)峰中(zhong)下部(bu),以(yi)及石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰巖(yan)形成(cheng)的(de)(de)峰叢(cong)等地段,由(you)于淋溶(rong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)強(qiang),因(yin)(yin)而土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)呈微酸性(xing)(xing)(xing)。
1987年(nian),麻陽河國家級自(zi)然(ran)保護區建(jian)立,隸屬(shu)沿河土家族自(zi)治縣林業局管(guan)理。
1994年,經貴州省(sheng)人民政(zheng)府批(pi)準晉升(sheng)為省(sheng)級自然(ran)保護區,隸屬省(sheng)林業廳(ting)管理(li)。
2002年,經貴州省人民政府批(pi)準,遵義市務川仡佬族苗族自(zi)治縣(xian)鋸齒山黑葉(xie)猴自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區歸并麻陽河省級自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區。
麻陽河國(guo)家級自(zi)然保護區
麻陽(yang)河國家級自然保護區(qu)
2003年(nian),經(jing)中國國務院批準晉升(sheng)為國家(jia)級自然保護(hu)區。
2004年,加入中國人與生物圈(quan)保護區網絡(luo)。
2005年,經貴州(zhou)(zhou)省(sheng)人(ren)民政(zheng)府(fu)《省(sheng)長辦公會議紀要》明確,貴州(zhou)(zhou)麻陽河省(sheng)級(ji)自然(ran)保護(hu)(hu)區管理(li)(li)局更名為貴州(zhou)(zhou)麻陽河國家級(ji)自然(ran)保護(hu)(hu)區管理(li)(li)局;為省(sheng)林業廳直屬正縣(xian)級(ji)事(shi)業單位;核定事(shi)業編(bian)制30人(ren),所(suo)需人(ren)員經費由(you)省(sheng)財(cai)政(zheng)實行全額預算管理(li)(li)。
貴(gui)州(zhou)麻陽(yang)河國家(jia)級自然保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)中黑葉猴屬世(shi)界(jie)瀕(bin)危(wei)物(wu)(wu)種,主(zhu)要(yao)分(fen)布(bu)于越南和中國的貴(gui)州(zhou)、廣西、重慶等地,據統(tong)計,全球野生(sheng)(sheng)黑葉猴總數約(yue)2000只(zhi),貴(gui)州(zhou)省約(yue)有(you)(you)1200只(zhi),根據2004年,國內外專家(jia)對麻陽(yang)河保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)內的黑葉猴種群量調查結果顯示,麻陽(yang)河保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)分(fen)布(bu)有(you)(you)黑葉猴76群730只(zhi)左右。麻陽(yang)河保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)是一座重要(yao)的野生(sheng)(sheng)動植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)資源基因庫(ku),對生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)多(duo)樣性(xing)保(bao)護(hu)具有(you)(you)十分(fen)重要(yao)的價值。