洪(hong)(hong)湖濕(shi)地位于千湖之省湖北(bei)省的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)南部,長江中(zhong)(zhong)游北(bei)岸(an),是湖北(bei)省首(shou)家濕(shi)地類型自然保護(hu)區。保護(hu)區現有(you)保護(hu)面積(ji)41412.069公頃,洪(hong)(hong)湖為中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)第七大淡水湖,湖北(bei)省第一大湖泊。這里水域(yu)遼闊,水草(cao)豐茂,水質(zhi)清澈,物產豐富(fu),自古素有(you)“魚(yu)米之鄉(xiang)”“人(ren)間天堂”的(de)美譽(yu)。
洪(hong)(hong)(hong)湖(hu)(hu)水(shui)(shui)資源十分豐富,水(shui)(shui)質保(bao)護良好,湖(hu)(hu)水(shui)(shui)無(wu)明顯污染(ran),開闊水(shui)(shui)域水(shui)(shui)質達到國家地(di)(di)(di)(di)表水(shui)(shui)二類標準。作為(wei)長(chang)江(jiang)中游(you)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區重要(yao)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)生(sheng)態區域,洪(hong)(hong)(hong)湖(hu)(hu)是(shi)眾(zhong)多(duo)(duo)(duo)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)遷徙(xi)水(shui)(shui)禽重要(yao)棲息地(di)(di)(di)(di)、越冬(dong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)。是(shi)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)生(sheng)物多(duo)(duo)(duo)樣性和遺傳多(duo)(duo)(duo)樣性重要(yao)區域。是(shi)長(chang)江(jiang)中游(you)華中地(di)(di)(di)(di)區濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)物種“基(ji)因庫(ku)”。洪(hong)(hong)(hong)湖(hu)(hu)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)具有調(diao)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)蓄水(shui)(shui)、物種保(bao)護、水(shui)(shui)源供給、漁業(ye)養殖(zhi)、旅游(you)航運等多(duo)(duo)(duo)種功(gong)能,是(shi)長(chang)江(jiang)中游(you)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區天然蓄水(shui)(shui)庫(ku),是(shi)荊楚大地(di)(di)(di)(di)重要(yao)的生(sheng)態屏障。
洪(hong)湖(hu)(hu)濕(shi)地自然保(bao)護區屬貧-中營養水平,污染物(wu)(wu)主要從(cong)總干渠轉嫁而來,懸浮物(wu)(wu)、化學耗氧量、硫化物(wu)(wu)、氟化物(wu)(wu)、六價(jia)鉻、氰化物(wu)(wu)、砷;80年(nian)代調查(cha)共(gong)獲54種(zhong),隸屬18科,鯉科魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)占(zhan)58.5%,種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)組成特(te)點為種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)貧乏(fa)(fa),結構單(dan)一,肉食性(xing)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)多(duo);在54種(zhong)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)的(de)短(duan)頜鱭、頜針魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、太湖(hu)(hu)短(duan)吻銀魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、暗色東方鲀、鳡、鳤、草魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、青魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、鰱、鳙和逆(ni)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、銅(tong)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、肥脂(zhi)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)等23種(zhong)均系當(dang)年(nian)5、6月”灌江(jiang)”進入河道的(de)長江(jiang)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei),實際在湖(hu)(hu)內所得僅33種(zhong),鯽、黃顙(sang)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、紅鰭鲌、烏鱧、鱖、鲇(nian)、黃鱔、泥(ni)鰍、刺鰍、鰷、鯉和少數(shu)草魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)、青魚(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)等;種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)貧乏(fa)(fa),又多(duo)屬草叢生活的(de)淺水湖(hu)(hu)泊型種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)。
洪湖(hu)(hu)濕地(di)自然保護區(qu)全湖(hu)(hu)呈多邊幾何形,湖(hu)(hu)岸平直,湖(hu)(hu)底平坦(tan)。湖(hu)(hu)面積355km2,東西長(chang)23.4km,南北(bei)寬20.8km,底部高程22.5~22.8m,平均水(shui)深1.35m,最大(da)水(shui)深2.32m,最小水(shui)深0.40m;底質泥沙為主。洪湖(hu)(hu)市流域(yu)地(di)勢低洼,三面臨水(shui),分別由長(chang)江、漢水(shui)和東荊河環繞,經若干涵閘通(tong)過長(chang)江對湖(hu)(hu)內水(shui)量(liang)進行排蓄和調節。
湖北省(sheng)最大的淡水湖,坐落于風景優美的江(jiang)漢平原,南面是奔騰不(bu)息的長江(jiang)。因(yin)為生(sheng)態(tai)的不(bu)平衡不(bu)得(de)不(bu)建立(li)濕地自然保(bao)護(hu)區,發展(zhan)生(sheng)態(tai)農業。
洪(hong)湖是湖北省最大的淡水(shui)(shui)湖,也(ye)是中國七(qi)大淡水(shui)(shui)湖之一(yi)。由于圍湖造田、過(guo)度捕(bu)撈導(dao)致(zhi)水(shui)(shui)面縮小、水(shui)(shui)質下降(jiang)、水(shui)(shui)草(cao)瀕臨(lin)枯竭、鳥類(lei)和魚(yu)類(lei)資源(yuan)急劇減少(shao)。上(shang)世紀(ji)50年代,洪(hong)湖市面積達760平(ping)(ping)方公(gong)里(li),現在湖泊面積銳減到348平(ping)(ping)方公(gong)里(li),平(ping)(ping)均水(shui)(shui)深只有1.35米(mi)。
2006年(nian)11月,洪(hong)湖(hu)(hu)市(shi)被世(shi)界環境基金會世(shi)界生命湖(hu)(hu)泊大會授予“生命湖(hu)(hu)泊最佳保護實踐(jian)獎”后,該(gai)濕(shi)地已開(kai)始(shi)申報國家級自然(ran)保護區。現洪(hong)湖(hu)(hu)市(shi)的(de)開(kai)闊水(shui)(shui)域(yu)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)明顯(xian)好轉,部分水(shui)(shui)域(yu)水(shui)(shui)質(zhi)已由治理前的(de)Ⅲ-Ⅳ類(lei)上升(sheng)到Ⅱ-Ⅲ類(lei),水(shui)(shui)草覆蓋率恢(hui)復到80%左右,到洪(hong)湖(hu)(hu)市(shi)越(yue)冬的(de)鳥類(lei)種群(qun)數量由治理前的(de)2萬多只增加到30多萬只,成為中國濕(shi)地保護的(de)一個(ge)亮點。從2006年(nian)起(qi),每年(nian)4~7月實行封湖(hu)(hu)禁漁,以保護生態。
自新堤鎮西行4公(gong)(gong)(gong)里即可(ke)抵達湖(hu)(hu)(hu)東岸(an)邊(bian)。洪湖(hu)(hu)(hu)市面積348平(ping)方公(gong)(gong)(gong)里。全湖(hu)(hu)(hu)呈(cheng)多(duo)(duo)邊(bian)幾何形,湖(hu)(hu)(hu)岸(an)平(ping)直,湖(hu)(hu)(hu)底平(ping)坦。湖(hu)(hu)(hu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)呈(cheng)淡綠(lv)色,大部分湖(hu)(hu)(hu)面綠(lv)水(shui)(shui)(shui)蕩漾,清(qing)澈見底。洪湖(hu)(hu)(hu)市是湖(hu)(hu)(hu)北(bei)所有(you)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)泊(bo)有(you)機物含(han)量最豐(feng)富(fu)(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)水(shui)(shui)(shui),是中國(guo)淡水(shui)(shui)(shui)魚(yu)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要產(chan)(chan)地。魚(yu)種(zhong)類豐(feng)富(fu)(fu)(fu)多(duo)(duo)樣,共有(you)84種(zhong)。沿湖(hu)(hu)(hu)四(si)周漁場、養殖場密布。湖(hu)(hu)(hu)中種(zhong)類繁多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)植(zhi)物共92種(zhong),其(qi)(qi)中蓮(lian)籽每年(nian)出口均(jun)在(zai)20萬公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤以(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)面遼闊,水(shui)(shui)(shui)草茂盛(sheng)(sheng),魚(yu)蝦豐(feng)富(fu)(fu)(fu),是野(ye)(ye)鴨(ya)飛(fei)雁等候鳥棲息(xi)覓(mi)食過冬(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)想(xiang)(xiang)場所,越冬(dong)(dong)(dong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)禽共有(you)39種(zhong),野(ye)(ye)鴨(ya)共有(you)18種(zhong)之(zhi)多(duo)(duo)。全湖(hu)(hu)(hu)常(chang)年(nian)魚(yu)產(chan)(chan)量多(duo)(duo)在(zai)30萬公(gong)(gong)(gong)斤以(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang),占全省產(chan)(chan)量一半以(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)。野(ye)(ye)鴨(ya)、雁不僅肉(rou)味鮮美,羽絨更珍貴,可(ke)制成高級衣、被,供登山及其(qi)(qi)它特種(zhong)裝備。洪湖(hu)(hu)(hu)市不但水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)豐(feng)富(fu)(fu)(fu),而且景色絢麗(li)。四(si)季皆有(you)特色,漁家風(feng)(feng)情別致,是理(li)想(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)上(shang)(shang)(shang)旅(lv)游風(feng)(feng)景區。春天(tian)(tian),漁帆點點,綠(lv)草依(yi)依(yi);夏(xia)天(tian)(tian),荷林叢(cong)(cong)叢(cong)(cong),野(ye)(ye)花盛(sheng)(sheng)開;秋天(tian)(tian),蓮(lian)滿(man)菱(ling)熟(shu),游人(ren)可(ke)泛舟湖(hu)(hu)(hu)上(shang)(shang)(shang),品香(xiang)蓮(lian),嘗(chang)鮮菱(ling),親自體(ti)會水(shui)(shui)(shui)上(shang)(shang)(shang)漁家生(sheng)活(huo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)樂(le)趣(qu);冬(dong)(dong)(dong)季,九雁十八鴨(ya)等候鳥群居,則(ze)可(ke)開展狩(shou)獵活(huo)動。美麗(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)洪湖(hu)(hu)(hu)市,以(yi)其(qi)(qi)特有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自然(ran)風(feng)(feng)光,每年(nian)吸引著大批國(guo)內外游客(ke)。
1、東港(gang)子(zi)旅游(you)景區
東港子旅游(you)(you)(you)景區(qu)位于(yu)洪湖濕(shi)地自然保(bao)護區(qu)實(shi)驗(yan)區(qu)西側,建有旅游(you)(you)(you)接待中心(xin)、停(ting)車場、碼頭、生態莊園(yuan)(yuan)、觀(guan)湖亭、荷花觀(guan)賞區(qu)(采(cai)蓮(lian))、芡(菱(ling))觀(guan)賞區(qu)、彭(peng)家墩游(you)(you)(you)泳區(qu)、將軍淌垂釣中心(xin)等(deng)旅游(you)(you)(you)設(she)(she)施,配有汽(qi)艇、游(you)(you)(you)艇、小(xiao)木伐(fa)等(deng)較(jiao)為(wei)齊備(bei)的設(she)(she)備(bei),水上(shang)莊園(yuan)(yuan)集餐飲、住宿、娛樂于(yu)一(yi)體,是你游(you)(you)(you)覽(lan)洪湖濕(shi)地風(feng)光,休閑度假(jia)的好去處。
2、茶壇島景區
茶壇島(又(you)名湖(hu)心(xin)島),位于洪湖(hu)水(shui)域中(zhong)心(xin),四面環水(shui)。很早以前(qian),四川(chuan)、山東、江(jiang)蘇、安徽(hui)等地(di)的漁民來此(ci)定居(ju),人(ren)煙稀少,居(ju)住(zhu)分散,過(guo)著傳統的捕撈(lao)生活。這(zhe)里(li)自(zi)然(ran)植物豐富,空氣新鮮,湖(hu)水(shui)清澈,漁船星(xing)羅棋(qi)布(bu),網片交錯(cuo)縱橫,水(shui)天(tian)(tian)一(yi)色(se)。春天(tian)(tian),水(shui)草(cao)蔥郁,魚翔見底;夏天(tian)(tian),百花競放,亭(ting)亭(ting)玉立;秋天(tian)(tian),荷香(xiang)蓮(lian)甜,菱熟蟹肥,蘆葦搖蕩;冬天(tian)(tian),野鴨白鶴時(shi)而遨翔天(tian)(tian)空,時(shi)而潛入湖(hu)中(zhong),逍遙自(zi)在,是一(yi)幅自(zi)然(ran)天(tian)(tian)成的畫(hua)卷。
3、湘(xiang)鄂(e)西蘇區革命(ming)烈(lie)士陵(ling)園(yuan)
湘鄂(e)(e)西蘇(su)區革(ge)命(ming)烈(lie)士陵園,簡稱(cheng)烈(lie)土陵園,亦(yi)稱(cheng)湘鄂(e)(e)西蘇(su)區革(ge)命(ming)烈(lie)士紀念館,座落(luo)(luo)在洪湖市(shi)城(cheng)區南郊,離市(shi)中心約1.5公里。占地面積40公頃。1978年10月,中共湖北省委為(wei)紀念賀龍、周(zhou)逸群(qun)、段德昌等老一(yi)輩無產階級革(ge)命(ming)家和(he)在湘鄂(e)(e)西蘇(su)區犧牲(sheng)的革(ge)命(ming)烈(lie)士決定建園,1984年11月10日(ri)落(luo)(luo)成。