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七姊妹山自然保護區
0 票數:0 #自然地理景觀#
七姊妹山自然保護區地處武陵山余脈,位于湖北省宣恩縣的東部。區內自然環境獨特,地貌類型多樣,珍稀野生動植物資源豐富,屬中國三大特有現象中心之一的“川東-鄂西特有現象中心”的核心地帶,生物多樣性十分豐富,被列為中國優先保護領域和具有全球意義的生物多樣性關鍵地區。2008年3月,被批準為國家級自然保護區。
  • 所在地/隸屬: 湖(hu)北(bei)省恩施土家族(zu)苗族(zu)自治州宣(xuan)恩縣
  • 自然保護區等級: 國家級(ji)(1990年建區)
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簡介

七姊妹(mei)山自然(ran)保(bao)護區地(di)處武(wu)陵山余(yu)脈,位于湖北省(sheng)恩施土家族(zu)苗(miao)族(zu)自治(zhi)州宣(xuan)恩縣(xian)的(de)東部,其東與(yu)(yu)(yu)鶴峰縣(xian)交(jiao)界,南(nan)(nan)與(yu)(yu)(yu)湖南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)桑植(zhi)縣(xian)毗連,北與(yu)(yu)(yu)恩施市相鄰。區內(nei)自然(ran)環境(jing)獨特,地(di)貌類(lei)型多(duo)(duo)樣,珍稀野生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)植(zhi)物資源豐富,屬中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)三大特有(you)現(xian)象中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心之一的(de)“川東-鄂西特有(you)現(xian)象中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心”的(de)核心地(di)帶,區內(nei)自然(ran)環境(jing)獨特,地(di)貌類(lei)型多(duo)(duo)樣,生(sheng)(sheng)物多(duo)(duo)樣性十分豐富,被《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)物多(duo)(duo)樣性保(bao)護行動(dong)計(ji)劃》和《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)物多(duo)(duo)樣性國(guo)(guo)情研究(jiu)報告》列為中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)優先保(bao)護領域和具有(you)全球意義(yi)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物多(duo)(duo)樣性關(guan)鍵(jian)地(di)區。

七姊妹(mei)山國家級自(zi)然保(bao)護區的建(jian)立,有利于對(dui)原始珙桐純林(lin)群(qun)落、泥炭(tan)蘚森林(lin)沼澤(ze)濕(shi)地以及(ji)華南(nan)虎等大型貓科動物棲息(xi)地的保(bao)護。

區劃范圍

湖(hu)北七姊妹山國家級自然保護區(qu)總面積34550公(gong)頃(qing),其中(zhong)核(he)心區(qu)面積11560公(gong)頃(qing),緩沖(chong)區(qu)面積11700公(gong)頃(qing),實驗區(qu)面積11290公(gong)頃(qing)。保護區(qu)位于湖(hu)北省(sheng)宣恩縣境(jing)內,范圍在東(dong)經109°38′30″—109°47′00″,北緯29°39′30″—30°05′15″之間。

東(dong)自椿木(mu)營(ying)鄉張家灣(wan)主(zhu)峰(feng)(feng)起,向南(nan)經小窩(wo)盔主(zhu)峰(feng)(feng)、穿(chuan)孔子(zi)、李老四灣(wan)山(shan)梁(liang),至(zhi)木(mu)營(ying)村(cun)河西山(shan)脊,再轉向東(dong)3公(gong)里至(zhi)宣恩縣(xian)與鶴(he)峰(feng)(feng)縣(xian)的縣(xian)界(jie)(jie),再沿(yan)縣(xian)界(jie)(jie)南(nan)下至(zhi)湘鄂兩省省界(jie)(jie),經省界(jie)(jie)與湖(hu)南(nan)八大公(gong)山(shan)國家級自然保護(hu)區交界(jie)(jie),沿(yan)省界(jie)(jie)南(nan)下至(zhi)海拔(ba)1418.2米的土地(di)埡,向西經風(feng)車口、桂(gui)竹梁(liang),至(zhi)沙道溝鎮紅旗坪村(cun)蘭花洞(dong)北(bei)面1185米主(zhu)峰(feng)(feng)。

西界(jie)為向(xiang)東(dong)北經廟灣、埡楠坪、茶樹堡(bao)、顧家(jia)(jia)(jia)埡,至火燒坪,再(zai)向(xiang)北經大(da)觀山(shan)(shan)(shan)、楊家(jia)(jia)(jia)河、核桃(tao)灣、周家(jia)(jia)(jia)壩、文家(jia)(jia)(jia)臺、茶園北山(shan)(shan)(shan)、五架山(shan)(shan)(shan)、大(da)坪山(shan)(shan)(shan)、蘆(lu)家(jia)(jia)(jia)界(jie),越過后龍山(shan)(shan)(shan)和大(da)峰尖,至保護區北面長潭(tan)河鄉(xiang)(xiang)貓子莊村的(de)杉樹堡(bao);北界(jie)為向(xiang)東(dong)經木(mu)林溪至宣恩縣(xian)與恩施市(shi)的(de)交(jiao)界(jie)處(chu),再(zai)由縣(xian)界(jie)向(xiang)東(dong)南經樺桿坪西,至保護區東(dong)北椿木(mu)營鄉(xiang)(xiang)張家(jia)(jia)(jia)灣海拔1938米的(de)主(zhu)峰止。

自然環境

七(qi)(qi)姊(zi)妹(mei)山(shan)是宣(xuan)恩縣(xian)的第一高(gao)山(shan),屬(shu)武陵山(shan)脈,距宣(xuan)恩縣(xian)城(cheng)約40km,總(zong)面(mian)積150km2。因(yin)七(qi)(qi)峰依(yi)次(ci)排列似傳說中(zhong)的七(qi)(qi)仙女而得名,其高(gao)烽火(huo)燒(shao)堡2014.5m,低處巴山(shan)坪(ping)1230m,相(xiang)對(dui)海(hai)拔734.5m。七(qi)(qi)姊(zi)妹(mei)相(xiang)傍相(xiang)依(yi),在霧海(hai)霞(xia)光中(zhong)時(shi)隱時(shi)現,好似七(qi)(qi)仙女踏(ta)著云簇一面(mian)俯(fu)瞰一面(mian)嬉笑(xiao)。七(qi)(qi)姊(zi)妹(mei)山(shan),群峰崢嶸,怪石頻矗(chu),溪溝縱橫交錯,有常流溪溝8條,瀑布4處。

保(bao)護(hu)區總面積34550hm2,轄(xia)區內高海拔為(wei)2014.5m,低海拔650m。保(bao)護(hu)區地處長江(jiang)中(zhong)游(you)第二(er)支流清江(jiang)的(de)(de)上游(you)和洞庭(ting)湖沅(yuan)江(jiang)一(yi)級(ji)支流酉水發(fa)源地的(de)(de)交匯處,此保(bao)護(hu)區處于中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)地勢第二(er)節體向(xiang)第三(san)節體的(de)(de)過度區域,是中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)中(zhong)亞熱(re)帶(dai)向(xiang)北亞熱(re)帶(dai)的(de)(de)過度地區,同時也屬中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)三(san)大(da)特(te)有現(xian)象(xiang)中(zhong)心(xin)之(zhi)一(yi)的(de)(de)“川(chuan)東-鄂(e)西特(te)有現(xian)象(xiang)中(zhong)心(xin)”的(de)(de)核心(xin)地帶(dai),區內自然環境獨特(te),地貌類型多(duo)(duo)樣,生物多(duo)(duo)樣性十分豐富。

隨海(hai)(hai)拔高(gao)程的(de)(de)變化,呈明顯的(de)(de)垂直差異(yi)海(hai)(hai)拔800米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)以下(xia)的(de)(de)低(di)山(shan)(shan)帶,四季分明,冬暖夏熱,雨熱同(tong)步,光溫(wen)互補,年(nian)(nian)(nian)均氣溫(wen)15.8℃,無(wu)霜期(qi)294天,年(nian)(nian)(nian)降水(shui)量(liang)(liang)1491.3毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),年(nian)(nian)(nian)日照時(shi)(shi)數(shu)1136.2小時(shi)(shi)。海(hai)(hai)拔800—1200米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)的(de)(de)二高(gao)山(shan)(shan)地帶,春遲秋早(zao),濕潤多雨,光溫(wen)不足(zu),年(nian)(nian)(nian)均氣溫(wen)13.7℃,無(wu)霜期(qi)263天,年(nian)(nian)(nian)降水(shui)量(liang)(liang)1635.3毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),年(nian)(nian)(nian)日照時(shi)(shi)數(shu)1212.4小時(shi)(shi)。海(hai)(hai)拔1200米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)以上的(de)(de)高(gao)山(shan)(shan)地帶,氣候冷涼(liang),冬長(chang)夏短,易澇少旱,年(nian)(nian)(nian)均氣溫(wen)8.9℃,無(wu)霜203天,年(nian)(nian)(nian)降水(shui)量(liang)(liang)1867毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),年(nian)(nian)(nian)日照時(shi)(shi)數(shu)1519.9小時(shi)(shi)。

動物(wu)資(zi)源富有,珍(zhen)稀植(zhi)物(wu)繁多(duo)。綠裝素(su)裹的(de)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)七秭妹山(shan)(shan),挺拔(ba)俊秀的(de)大(da)七姊妹山(shan)(shan),凌(ling)空突兀(wu)的(de)剪刀夾峰,金獅迎(ying)客的(de)石(shi)柱峰,千(qian)姿百態(tai),樹(shu)海(hai)茫(mang)茫(mang),流(liu)泉蜿蜒,飛(fei)瀑(pu)騰空,大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)景觀(guan)點數以百計,將整(zheng)個七姊妹山(shan)(shan)系繪成了一幅壯麗的(de)畫面。區(qu)內植(zhi)物(wu)垂直(zhi)帶譜完整(zheng)、植(zhi)被保持(chi)完好,水量(liang)充(chong)沛,山(shan)(shan)體、孤峰、怪石(shi)造型奇特,大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)瀑(pu)布多(duo)姿多(duo)彩(cai),是原始森林觀(guan)光探險(xian)旅游的(de)勝(sheng)地。

七姊妹山(shan)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)原始森林(lin)。有(you)維管(guan)束植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)144科(ke)、428屬(shu)(shu)(shu)、892種。其中(zhong)木本植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有(you)90科(ke)、208屬(shu)(shu)(shu)、603種。以殼斗科(ke)、樟(zhang)科(ke)、薔薇科(ke)、杜鵑科(ke)、山(shan)茶科(ke)、山(shan)礬科(ke)、七葉樹科(ke)、珙桐(tong)科(ke)為主。珍貴(gui)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)中(zhong),屬(shu)(shu)(shu)國(guo)(guo)家一級(ji)(ji)保(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)一種,二級(ji)(ji)保(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)6種,三級(ji)(ji)保(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)10種,湖北特(te)有(you)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)30種。國(guo)(guo)家一級(ji)(ji)重點保(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)珙桐(tong),分布面積達(da)一萬(wan)余畝,其中(zhong)集(ji)中(zhong)分布面積3499畝。珙桐(tong),是世界(jie)著名孑遺植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)和觀賞植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu),每逢(feng)春(chun)夏之交,正是珙桐(tong)的(de)(de)開花時節(jie),滿山(shan)遍野的(de)(de)花朵,好似成群的(de)(de)白鴿(ge)棲息在(zai)枝(zhi)頭,所以,珙桐(tong)俗(su)稱鴿(ge)子(zi)樹。山(shan)中(zhong)有(you)野生動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)146種,其中(zhong)獸類(lei)(lei)45種,鳥類(lei)(lei)64種,爬(pa)行類(lei)(lei)19種,兩棲類(lei)(lei)18種。屬(shu)(shu)(shu)國(guo)(guo)家保(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)珍稀動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu),有(you)白冠長尾雉、紅腹錦雞、大鯢(娃(wa)娃(wa)魚)、水獺(ta)、大靈貓、小靈貓、獐、林(lin)麝、蘇門羚等。還有(you)實(shi)用價值較高的(de)(de)果子(zi)貍、穿(chuan)山(shan)甲、狗獾、黑(hei)熊、黃麂等。

七(qi)姊妹山,藥用植物分(fen)布面積較(jiao)廣。較(jiao)為(wei)突出的(de)有天麻、黃連(lian)、芍藥、黨參、竹節人(ren)參、扣子七(qi)、算盤七(qi)、黃精、絞(jiao)股蘭(lan)等。野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)花(hua)草種類繁多(duo),有觀賞(shang)價值的(de)約100余(yu)種,如杜(du)鵑花(hua)就(jiu)有18種,珙桐花(hua)漫(man)山遍野(ye)(ye),蘭(lan)草、木(mu)蘭(lan)、吊鐘花(hua)、紫薇(wei)、紫莖(jing)、野(ye)(ye)百合,處處可見。

七(qi)姊(zi)妹山自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)蕨類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)區(qu)系(xi)(xi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)(li)及資源開(kai)發研究(jiu)運用(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)區(qu)系(xi)(xi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)(li)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)方(fang)法對七(qi)姊(zi)妹山自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)的(de)(de)蕨類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)區(qu)系(xi)(xi)特征(zheng)進(jin)行研究(jiu)。科的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)(li)區(qu)系(xi)(xi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)表(biao)(biao)明,熱帶(dai)(dai)、亞(ya)(ya)熱帶(dai)(dai)成分(fen)(fen)(fen)高(gao)達58.3%,占主導地(di)(di)(di)(di)位。屬的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)(li)區(qu)系(xi)(xi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)也(ye)表(biao)(biao)明了類(lei)似的(de)(de)趨勢(shi)。種的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)(li)區(qu)系(xi)(xi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)(xi)表(biao)(biao)明,除了熱帶(dai)(dai)、亞(ya)(ya)熱帶(dai)(dai)成分(fen)(fen)(fen)占有(you)較(jiao)高(gao)比(bi)例(li)外,溫帶(dai)(dai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布的(de)(de)種也(ye)具有(you)較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)比(bi)例(li),占非世界(jie)廣(guang)布種的(de)(de)31.2%。特別是世界(jie)溫帶(dai)(dai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布的(de)(de)種占較(jiao)高(gao)比(bi)例(li),達24.2%,這(zhe)反映(ying)了溫帶(dai)(dai)成分(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)重要地(di)(di)(di)(di)位。

七姊(zi)妹山蕨類(lei)(lei)植(zhi)物(wu)資源豐富(fu),可(ke)區(qu)分為藥用、觀賞、食用、指示(shi)類(lei)(lei)植(zhi)物(wu)等幾大類(lei)(lei)。各(ge)種蕨類(lei)(lei)植(zhi)物(wu)資源顯(xian)示(shi)了廣闊的(de)利用前景。七姊(zi)妹山食用蕨類(lei)(lei)植(zhi)物(wu)的(de)大特色是“富(fu)硒”除了抗氧化等生理與營養(yang)作(zuo)用外(wai),還抗鉛(qian)、汞、鎘、鉈(she)、銀等重金屬(shu)毒(du)害元素。

重大發現

1988年9月(yue)13日,新(xin)華(hua)社播(bo)發新(xin)聞通稿,華(hua)中(zhong)師范大學(xue)在對恩施州宣恩縣(xian)七(qi)姊妹山地區進行科學(xue)考察時(shi),驚喜地發現大面積原始珙(gong)桐群落(luo)!

珙(gong)桐(tong)是遠古侏羅(luo)紀第三紀冰(bing)川活(huo)動遺留下來(lai)的孑(jie)遺植物(wu),一度被世界生(sheng)物(wu)學(xue)(xue)界列入“消亡(wang)”名單。瀕臨消亡(wang)的珙(gong)桐(tong)大(da)(da)面積現身(shen)鄂西(xi)南!這帶給生(sheng)物(wu)學(xue)(xue)界的震撼不(bu)亞于一枚重(zhong)磅炸(zha)彈(dan)的爆炸(zha),學(xue)(xue)界的研(yan)究(jiu)者們立刻行動起(qi)來(lai)了(le),自1989年開(kai)始(shi),華中(zhong)師范大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)、湖(hu)北(bei)大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)、湖(hu)南師范大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)、北(bei)京(jing)林業大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)、中(zhong)科(ke)院(yuan)武漢植物(wu)研(yan)究(jiu)所、湖(hu)北(bei)民族學(xue)(xue)院(yuan)等科(ke)研(yan)單位和(he)大(da)(da)專院(yuan)校的專家教授,多次組織(zhi)科(ke)研(yan)隊伍進入恩(en)施州宣恩(en)縣七(qi)(qi)姊(zi)妹(mei)山(shan),開(kai)始(shi)了(le)揭開(kai)七(qi)(qi)姊(zi)妹(mei)山(shan)神秘面紗(sha)的探(tan)索之旅,發表了(le)《鄂西(xi)七(qi)(qi)姊(zi)妹(mei)山(shan)珙(gong)桐(tong)群落(luo)研(yan)究(jiu)》、《宣恩(en)七(qi)(qi)姊(zi)妹(mei)山(shan)珙(gong)桐(tong)群落(luo)種(zhong)(zhong)間聯結分析(xi)》、《湖(hu)北(bei)七(qi)(qi)姊(zi)妹(mei)山(shan)珙(gong)桐(tong)種(zhong)(zhong)間結構研(yan)究(jiu)》和(he)《珙(gong)桐(tong)群落(luo)中(zhong)珙(gong)桐(tong)種(zhong)(zhong)群與主要共生(sheng)樹(shu)木(mu)種(zhong)(zhong)群間聯結關系的研(yan)究(jiu)》、《七(qi)(qi)姊(zi)妹(mei)山(shan)自然保護區珍稀植物(wu)資源研(yan)究(jiu)》等一系列科(ke)技(ji)論文。

同時,學界的(de)研(yan)究目光也鎖定了整個七姊妹山(shan),各科研(yan)機構、大專院(yuan)校相繼在七姊妹山(shan)開展了珍稀瀕危植物(wu)及土著物(wu)種(zhong)的(de)調(diao)(diao)查、鳥類調(diao)(diao)查、珍稀瀕危物(wu)種(zhong)監(jian)測項目、亞(ya)高山(shan)泥炭蘚沼澤濕(shi)地(di)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)的(de)研(yan)究等(deng)專題研(yan)究。對大面積的(de)原始(shi)珙桐純林、頻(pin)繁出(chu)現的(de)大型貓科動物(wu)蹤跡(ji)、豐富的(de)林麝資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)和蘭科植物(wu)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)等(deng)進行研(yan)究。一時間(jian),宣恩七姊妹山(shan)成了國內外(wai)生物(wu)學界關注(zhu)的(de)焦(jiao)點之一。

珙(gong)桐(tong)(tong)是中國特有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第三(san)紀古熱(re)帶(dai)植(zhi)物區(qu)(qu)系孑遺植(zhi)物,國家一級重點(dian)保(bao)護植(zhi)物。目前(qian)珙(gong)桐(tong)(tong)主要間(jian)斷分布(bu)于中國亞熱(re)帶(dai)山(shan)地,并多呈零星分布(bu)。同時,罕見的(de)(de)(de)(de)原始珙(gong)桐(tong)(tong)純(chun)林及大(da)型貓(mao)科動(dong)物生(sheng)(sheng)存環(huan)境,都具有(you)國際公(gong)認的(de)(de)(de)(de)極高保(bao)護價值。研究者們在七(qi)姊(zi)妹山(shan)發現,珙(gong)桐(tong)(tong)群(qun)落分布(bu)約有(you)500公(gong)頃(qing),其(qi)中有(you)200公(gong)頃(qing)是保(bao)存完好的(de)(de)(de)(de)原始珙(gong)桐(tong)(tong)群(qun)落,并且這片(pian)原始珙(gong)桐(tong)(tong)群(qun)落五級立(li)木(mu)齊全,種源充足,自然更新(xin)能力強(qiang),無人為干擾,構成(cheng)了(le)穩定的(de)(de)(de)(de)森林生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統。更加讓人驚喜(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是,七(qi)姊(zi)妹山(shan)及其(qi)周邊(bian)地區(qu)(qu),曾經是華南虎、金錢豹、云豹等(deng)大(da)型貓(mao)科動(dong)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)集中分布(bu)區(qu)(qu)域。近年來(lai),隨著生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)(tai)環(huan)境的(de)(de)(de)(de)逐步(bu)好轉,保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)及其(qi)周邊(bian)發現大(da)型貓(mao)科動(dong)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)活動(dong)蹤跡越來(lai)越頻繁。

旅游資源

景區主要為(wei)喀(ka)斯特地(di)(di)(di)貌,山(shan)體氣勢(shi)宏大,以七姊妹(mei)山(shan)為(wei)代表的絕(jue)壁孤峰卓然秀麗,象形山(shan)石(shi)眾(zhong)多(duo);區內(nei)原始林(lin)、次生林(lin)發育,保(bao)存良好(hao);這里海(hai)拔高差懸殊,地(di)(di)(di)形復雜(za),溝谷(gu)切割較深,水量充沛,形成了眾(zhong)多(duo)各類型瀑布,驚險刺激,蔚為(wei)壯觀;區內(nei)還有道(dao)教(jiao)勝地(di)(di)(di)中武當,縣蘇維(wei)埃政府(fu)舊(jiu)(jiu)址,張(zhang)難(nan)先隱(yin)居舊(jiu)(jiu)址,及龍(long)馬山(shan)、仙(xian)人(ren)洞等(deng)自然與(yu)人(ren)文景觀。每逢春夏之(zhi)交(jiao),珙桐(tong)開花時節(jie),七姊妹(mei)山(shan)滿(man)山(shan)遍野的花朵,好(hao)似(si)成群的白鴿棲息在枝頭(tou)。七姊妹(mei)山(shan)景區內(nei)宜人(ren)的森(sen)林(lin)風光,茫茫林(lin)海(hai),峽谷(gu)幽深,溪流湍急,群峰聳峙(zhi),是人(ren)們探險尋勝和避暑(shu)消閑的勝地(di)(di)(di)。

七(qi)(qi)姊(zi)(zi)妹(mei)山(shan)景區內七(qi)(qi)峰(feng)排列,疑似仙女下(xia)凡(fan),數以百計的(de)大(da)(da)小景點裝飾著整(zheng)個七(qi)(qi)姊(zi)(zi)妹(mei)山(shan)系。1988年9月(yue),華中師范大(da)(da)學(xue)在對七(qi)(qi)姊(zi)(zi)妹(mei)山(shan)地(di)區進行科(ke)學(xue)考察(cha)時,發(fa)現(xian)大(da)(da)面積原(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)珙桐群(qun)(qun)落(luo)。研究發(fa)現(xian),珙桐群(qun)(qun)落(luo)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)約有500公頃(qing)(qing),其中有200公頃(qing)(qing)是(shi)保存(cun)完好(hao)的(de)原(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)珙桐群(qun)(qun)落(luo),并且這片(pian)原(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)珙桐群(qun)(qun)落(luo)五級立木(mu)齊全,種源(yuan)充足,自(zi)然更新能力強(qiang),無(wu)人(ren)為(wei)干擾,構(gou)成了(le)穩定的(de)森林(lin)生態系統。七(qi)(qi)姊(zi)(zi)妹(mei)山(shan)及(ji)其周邊地(di)區,曾經是(shi)華南虎、金錢豹(bao)、云豹(bao)等大(da)(da)型貓科(ke)動(dong)物的(de)集中分(fen)(fen)布(bu)區域。

統計表(biao)明:區內分(fen)布有國家(jia)珍稀瀕危保護(hu)(hu)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)41種,其中國家(jia)重(zhong)點(dian)保護(hu)(hu)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)28種,國家(jia)Ⅰ級重(zhong)點(dian)保護(hu)(hu)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)有銀杏(xing)、紅豆杉(shan)、南方紅豆杉(shan)、鐘萼木、莼(chun)菜、珙桐(tong)、光(guang)葉珙桐(tong)共7種;國家(jia)Ⅱ級重(zhong)點(dian)保護(hu)(hu)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)21種,重(zhong)點(dian)保護(hu)(hu)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)總數(shu)占湖北省國家(jia)重(zhong)點(dian)保護(hu)(hu)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)總數(shu)46種的60.9%。

保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區內分布(bu)有(you)國家重點(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)物共56種(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)Ⅰ級(ji)重點(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)物有(you)豹(bao)(bao)、云(yun)豹(bao)(bao)、金雕、林(lin)麝等5種(zhong),Ⅱ級(ji)重點(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)物51種(zhong)。近年來(lai),隨著生態環(huan)境的逐步好轉(zhuan),保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區及其(qi)周邊(bian)發現(xian)大型貓科動(dong)物的活動(dong)蹤跡越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)頻繁。

國家級保護區

七姊(zi)(zi)妹(mei)山(shan)(shan)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)大面積珙(gong)桐(tong)群(qun)落帶(dai)給世(shi)人(ren)的(de)驚喜(xi)還沒(mei)消退(tui),自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)建(jian)立(li)就提(ti)上了政府(fu)工作(zuo)議程。1990年(nian),宣恩縣政府(fu)批準(zhun)成(cheng)(cheng)立(li)了七姊(zi)(zi)妹(mei)山(shan)(shan)縣級(ji)自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu),下(xia)設(she)七姊(zi)(zi)妹(mei)山(shan)(shan)縣級(ji)自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)管理站(zhan)。2002年(nian),湖(hu)北省政府(fu)批準(zhun)成(cheng)(cheng)立(li)湖(hu)北七姊(zi)(zi)妹(mei)山(shan)(shan)省級(ji)自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。2008年(nian)3月,喜(xi)訊傳來(lai),該(gai)自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)又再(zai)升一級(ji),成(cheng)(cheng)為國家(jia)級(ji)自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。至此,七姊(zi)(zi)妹(mei)山(shan)(shan)國家(jia)級(ji)自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)總面積達34550公頃,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)核心區(qu)(qu)(qu)11560公頃,緩沖區(qu)(qu)(qu)11700公頃,實驗區(qu)(qu)(qu)11290公頃。其(qi)主要保(bao)(bao)護(hu)對象有四種,即典型的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)亞熱帶(dai)山(shan)(shan)地常綠闊葉林生態系統(tong)、以(yi)珙(gong)桐(tong)為主的(de)珍(zhen)稀瀕危植物及其(qi)群(qun)落、以(yi)大型貓科動物為主的(de)珍(zhen)稀瀕危動物及其(qi)棲息環境(jing),以(yi)及保(bao)(bao)存完好的(de)亞高山(shan)(shan)泥炭(tan)蘚沼澤濕地。

七姊妹山自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)是(shi)(shi)華中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)地區(qu)名副其(qi)(qi)實的(de)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)基因(yin)庫,具有(you)(you)(you)極高(gao)的(de)科研和學術價值。首先是(shi)(shi)其(qi)(qi)原生(sheng)性(xing)和典型(xing)性(xing)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)正(zheng)處于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國地勢第(di)二階(jie)梯(ti)向第(di)三階(jie)梯(ti)的(de)過(guo)渡地帶,又剛好位于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國自然(ran)地理(li)區(qu)劃(hua)的(de)北亞熱(re)帶與中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞熱(re)帶的(de)過(guo)渡帶的(de)武陵山區(qu),在地理(li)上具有(you)(you)(you)典型(xing)性(xing)和代表(biao)性(xing)。其(qi)(qi)次(ci)是(shi)(shi)生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)多(duo)樣性(xing)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)處于(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞熱(re)帶季風潤濕氣(qi)候(hou)帶,未受到(dao)第(di)四(si)紀(ji)冰川的(de)洗劫,現保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)存(cun)有(you)(you)(you)5個(ge)植被型(xing)組,9個(ge)植被型(xing),30個(ge)原始(shi)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)群系。再次(ci)是(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)古老和珍稀(xi)瀕危性(xing)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國第(di)三紀(ji)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)區(qu)系重(zhong)(zhong)要保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)存(cun)地區(qu)之一(yi),集中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)分布(bu)了中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國特(te)(te)有(you)(you)(you)屬(shu)(shu)共32屬(shu)(shu),這(zhe)些(xie)特(te)(te)有(you)(you)(you)屬(shu)(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),有(you)(you)(you)的(de)為單種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu)(shu),有(you)(you)(you)的(de)為原始(shi)的(de)多(duo)心皮類,有(you)(you)(you)的(de)在其(qi)(qi)他地區(qu)已(yi)成為化石(shi),這(zhe)些(xie)特(te)(te)性(xing)均反映了該區(qu)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)區(qu)系的(de)古老性(xing)。統計表(biao)明:區(qu)內分布(bu)有(you)(you)(you)國家(jia)(jia)珍稀(xi)瀕危保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)41種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國家(jia)(jia)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)28種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),國家(jia)(jia)Ⅰ級重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)銀杏、紅豆杉、南方紅豆杉、鐘萼木、莼菜、珙(gong)桐(tong)、光葉(xie)珙(gong)桐(tong)共7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);國家(jia)(jia)Ⅱ級重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)21種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)總(zong)數占湖北省國家(jia)(jia)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)總(zong)數46種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)60.9%。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)內分布(bu)有(you)(you)(you)國家(jia)(jia)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)共56種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)Ⅰ級重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)豹(bao)、云(yun)豹(bao)、金(jin)雕、林麝等(deng)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),Ⅱ級重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)51種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。

18個年頭(tou),七(qi)姊妹山(shan)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)躍升兩級,由“縣級”搖身成了(le)(le)“國家級”,從而成了(le)(le)公認的“國寶(bao)”。這一過(guo)程(cheng),無不(bu)顯(xian)示著該(gai)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)在中國范圍內(nei)生(sheng)(sheng)態保(bao)護(hu)、科學研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)等方(fang)面的重要性(xing)。經過(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)物學界專家們研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)得(de)出的結論顯(xian)示:加(jia)強(qiang)對七(qi)姊妹山(shan)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)內(nei)原始珙桐群(qun)落(luo)的保(bao)護(hu),對研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)原始珙桐群(qun)落(luo)的自(zi)然(ran)(ran)更新和(he)演替、華中地區(qu)(qu)(qu)古(gu)地質年代和(he)古(gu)氣(qi)候(hou)演變有著極為重要的保(bao)護(hu)價值。

七姊(zi)妹山自然保護(hu)(hu)區處(chu)于中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)地(di)(di)勢第二(er)階(jie)梯(ti)向第三階(jie)梯(ti)的(de)(de)過渡區域,地(di)(di)處(chu)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)三大特有現(xian)象中(zhong)(zhong)心之一的(de)(de)“川東—鄂西(xi)特有現(xian)象中(zhong)(zhong)心”的(de)(de)核心地(di)(di)帶,位于中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)亞熱帶地(di)(di)區生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多樣(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)較為豐富的(de)(de)華中(zhong)(zhong)地(di)(di)區,自然環境獨特,地(di)(di)貌類型多樣(yang)(yang)(yang),野生(sheng)(sheng)動植物(wu)資源(yuan)十(shi)分豐富,被(bei)《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多樣(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)保護(hu)(hu)行動計劃》和《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多樣(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)國(guo)情研究報告》列為中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)優(you)先(xian)保護(hu)(hu)領域和具有全球意義的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多樣(yang)(yang)(yang)性(xing)(xing)關(guan)鍵(jian)地(di)(di)區。

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