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歷史沿革

1998年1月經湖南省人民政府批建為省級自然保護區(qu)；

2002年1月被(bei)列入國際重要濕(shi)地名錄；

2011年西洞庭湖(hu)自(zi)然保(bao)護區(qu)管(guan)理局著(zhu)手保(bao)護區(qu)升(sheng)國(guo)家級(ji)工作，對區(qu)內濕地資源進行科學(xue)考察，完(wan)善了國(guo)家級(ji)自(zi)然保(bao)護區(qu)總體規劃，夯實(shi)了保(bao)護區(qu)升(sheng)國(guo)家級(ji)工作基(ji)礎；

2014年1月常(chang)德漢壽西洞(dong)庭湖自然保護區獲批國(guo)家(jia)級自然保護區。?

地理環境

地理位置

東經111°57ˊ～112°17ˊ，北(bei)緯28°47ˊ～29°07ˊ，屬(shu)濕地生態系統類型自然保護區。

地質地貌

洞庭(ting)湖(hu)(hu)胚(pei)胎發育于湖(hu)(hu)南西(xi)洞庭(ting)湖(hu)(hu)國(guo)家級自然保護區全新世早(zao)期的(de)平原水系和星散(san)湖(hu)(hu)沼。全新世初期，本區仍為河網切割(ge)的(de)平原地(di)貌景觀(guan)。由于地(di)勢的(de)波狀起伏，在(zai)河間(jian)的(de)碟形洼(wa)地(di)內，分布著一些星散(san)的(de)小型(xing)湖(hu)(hu)泊和沼澤。現今(jin)的(de)西(xi)洞庭(ting)湖(hu)(hu)就(jiu)是在(zai)這一地(di)質地(di)貌背景下，由這些星散(san)的(de)小型(xing)湖(hu)(hu)沼逐漸發展(zhan)演變而來的(de)。

水文特點

洞庭(ting)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)位于(yu)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)省(sheng)北部(bu)，長江中游南(nan)(nan)岸，有湘、資、沅(yuan)(yuan)、澧四水(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)。西(xi)洞庭(ting)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)（目(mu)平(ping)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)）地處沅(yuan)(yuan)、澧水(shui)(shui)(shui)尾(wei)閭，通江達海，它不僅承接沅(yuan)(yuan)、澧二水(shui)(shui)(shui)，而且(qie)吞吐長江松滋、太平(ping)二口洪流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，漢壽縣南(nan)(nan)部(bu)低(di)山(shan)丘陵區為雪峰山(shan)余脈，其(qi)間(jian)滄(cang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)、浪水(shui)(shui)(shui)、龍池河(he)(he)、煙包山(shan)河(he)(he)等8條(tiao)河(he)(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)也由南(nan)(nan)向(xiang)北流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)西(xi)洞庭(ting)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)。常德(de)德(de)山(shan)以下(xia)的(de)沅(yuan)(yuan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)西(xi)洞庭(ting)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)，流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)位置為坡頭(tou)南(nan)(nan)堤。沅(yuan)(yuan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)常德(de)境內長104km，流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)面積5609.2km。澧水(shui)(shui)(shui)在花園咀以下(xia)的(de)部(bu)分(fen)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)西(xi)洞庭(ting)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)，當沅(yuan)(yuan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)較低(di)時其(qi)部(bu)分(fen)與安(an)鄉流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)來的(de)松滋、虎渡河(he)(he)等合(he)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)入(ru)(ru)(ru)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)。澧水(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)經常德(de)180 km，流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)面積8146km。

氣候特點

本區屬中亞熱帶(dai)季(ji)風氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)區，由于受(shou)東亞季(ji)風和（長）江（洞庭）湖龐(pang)大水體的影響(xiang)，具(ju)有濕潤的大陸亞熱帶(dai)季(ji)風氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)的溫(wen)和濕潤、光熱充(chong)足(zu)、多風多雨、四(si)季(ji)分明的氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)特征。?

區域面積

保護區(qu)總面積(ji)(ji)30044公頃，其中(zhong)核心區(qu)面積(ji)(ji)9061公頃，緩沖區(qu)面積(ji)(ji)6155公頃，實驗區(qu)面積(ji)(ji)14818公頃。

自然資源

植物資源

根據(ju)實地調查結(jie)果，保護區現已記(ji)錄(lu)到維管束(shu)植物87科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)259屬(shu)(shu)414種，其中蕨(jue)類植物14科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)16屬(shu)(shu)19種；裸子植物1科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)2屬(shu)(shu)2種（均為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)引種栽培）；被子植物72科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)241屬(shu)(shu)393種。保護區植物區系主(zhu)要以世界(jie)廣布成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)、泛(fan)熱(re)帶成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)和(he)(he)(he)北溫帶成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，其中世界(jie)廣布成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)尤為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)突出(chu)，共(gong)有45科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，占(zhan)總(zong)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)61.64%；而泛(fan)熱(re)帶成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)和(he)(he)(he)北溫帶成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)別有13科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)和(he)(he)(he)11科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，占(zhan)總(zong)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)數(shu)(shu)的(de)比例分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)別為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)17.81%和(he)(he)(he)15.07%。這三(san)種主(zhu)要成(cheng)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)數(shu)(shu)之和(he)(he)(he)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)69科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，占(zhan)總(zong)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)數(shu)(shu)的(de)比例為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)94.52%。其它有8種類型缺失，還有4種類型均分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)別只(zhi)有1科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)。濕地植被在(zai)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布區類型上具有高度的(de)趨同性。

動物資源

西洞庭湖自然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)內(nei)記錄(lu)到底棲動物(wu)4目(mu)(mu)9科(ke)(ke)65種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)9目(mu)(mu)20科(ke)(ke)112種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，兩棲類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)1目(mu)(mu)5科(ke)(ke)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬行類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)3目(mu)(mu)8科(ke)(ke)20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，哺乳類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)7目(mu)(mu)14科(ke)(ke)26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。西洞庭湖自然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)是極具科(ke)(ke)研、保(bao)(bao)護(hu)價值(zhi)的(de)濕地(di)(di)生態系統(tong)和(he)(he)濕地(di)(di)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)，區(qu)(qu)內(nei)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)多，數(shu)(shu)量大，共記錄(lu)到鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)205種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，分(fen)屬15目(mu)(mu)50科(ke)(ke)。占(zhan)全國(guo)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)總數(shu)(shu)1329種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)15.2%，占(zhan)湖南省鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)總數(shu)(shu)438種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)46.1%。其(qi)中，雀形(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)、鸻形(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)雁形(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)無論(lun)在(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)和(he)(he)數(shu)(shu)量上(shang)都占(zhan)有絕(jue)對優勢，各(ge)(ge)有84種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、31種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)27種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，分(fen)別占(zhan)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)群落組成的(de)41.0%、15.1%和(he)(he)13.2%。在(zai)水(shui)(shui)鳥(niao)(niao)各(ge)(ge)科(ke)(ke)中，鴨科(ke)(ke)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)最多，有27種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)次(ci)是鷸科(ke)(ke)和(he)(he)鷺(lu)科(ke)(ke)，都為14種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)中，濕地(di)(di)水(shui)(shui)鳥(niao)(niao)共8目(mu)(mu)90種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)全國(guo)水(shui)(shui)鳥(niao)(niao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)33.1%，反應了保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)在(zai)水(shui)(shui)鳥(niao)(niao)及(ji)其(qi)棲息地(di)(di)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)上(shang)的(de)重(zhong)要性。

保護對象

1） 哺乳(ru)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)中，屬(shu)(shu)國家(jia)(jia)I級重(zhong)點保護的(de)1種(zhong)，即(ji)麋鹿，屬(shu)(shu)國家(jia)(jia)II級重(zhong)點保護的(de)有(you)3種(zhong)，即(ji)小靈貓(mao)、河麂、穿山甲。此外，還(huan)有(you)12種(zhong)哺乳(ru)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)屬(shu)(shu)“國家(jia)(jia)保護的(de)有(you)益的(de)或者(zhe)有(you)重(zhong)要(yao)經濟(ji)、科學研究價值的(de)陸生野(ye)生動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)”，有(you)14種(zhong)哺乳(ru)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)屬(shu)(shu)于湖南(nan)省地方重(zhong)點保護陸生野(ye)生動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)。

2）鳥類中(zhong)，屬國家I級(ji)重(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)護的有(you)4種，即白(bai)(bai)鶴、白(bai)(bai)尾海雕、黑鸛和(he)東方白(bai)(bai)鸛；屬國家II級(ji)重(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)護的有(you)21種，即小(xiao)天鵝、白(bai)(bai)額(e)雁、鴛鴦、小(xiao)鴉鵑、褐翅鴉鵑、白(bai)(bai)枕(zhen)鶴、灰鶴、鶚、鵲(que)鷂、白(bai)(bai)腹鷂、白(bai)(bai)尾鷂、蒼鷹(ying)(ying)、雀鷹(ying)(ying)、普(pu)通鵟(kuang)(kuang)、大鵟(kuang)(kuang)、灰背隼、游(you)隼、紅隼、阿穆爾隼、白(bai)(bai)琵鷺和(he)卷羽鵜鶘。

列入IUCN：近危(wei)（NT）的(de)有羅紋鴨、白眼潛(qian)鴨和黑(hei)尾塍鷸3種(zhong)，瀕(bin)危(wei)的(de)有青頭潛(qian)鴨和東方白鸛(guan)2種(zhong)，易危(wei)的(de)有花臉鴨、小白額雁(yan)、白枕鶴和卷羽鵜鶘4種(zhong)，極危(wei)的(de)有白鶴和黑(hei)鸛(guan)2種(zhong)。

列入(ru)CITES附(fu)錄(lu)I的(de)(de)有(you)：白(bai)(bai)鶴(he)、白(bai)(bai)枕鶴(he)、白(bai)(bai)尾海(hai)雕(diao)、東(dong)方(fang)白(bai)(bai)鸛(guan)(guan)(guan)4種(zhong)；列入(ru)CITES附(fu)錄(lu)II的(de)(de)有(you)：鶚、游隼(sun)、白(bai)(bai)琵鷺和黑鸛(guan)(guan)(guan)4種(zhong)。列入(ru)中國(guo)瀕危(wei)(wei)物種(zhong)紅皮書：稀(xi)有(you)的(de)(de)有(you)棉(mian)鳧、鶚和游隼(sun)3種(zhong)，瀕危(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)有(you)白(bai)(bai)鶴(he)、黑鸛(guan)(guan)(guan)和東(dong)方(fang)白(bai)(bai)鸛(guan)(guan)(guan)3種(zhong)，易(yi)危(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)有(you)小天鵝、鴛鴦、小鴉(ya)鵑(juan)、褐(he)翅鴉(ya)鵑(juan)、白(bai)(bai)枕鶴(he)和白(bai)(bai)琵鷺6種(zhong)。

3）爬(pa)行動(dong)物(wu)(wu)中，有(you)20種(zhong)(zhong)爬(pa)行動(dong)物(wu)(wu)屬于“國(guo)家保護的(de)(de)有(you)益(yi)的(de)(de)或者(zhe)有(you)重要(yao)經濟、科學研究價值(zhi)的(de)(de)陸生野生動(dong)物(wu)(wu)”,同時(shi)有(you)20種(zhong)(zhong)爬(pa)行動(dong)物(wu)(wu)為(wei)湖南省(sheng)地(di)方重點保護陸生野生動(dong)物(wu)(wu)。

列入(ru)《瀕危(wei)(wei)動(dong)植物種(zhong)國際貿易公約》附(fu)錄II的(de)有舟(zhou)山眼鏡(jing)蛇(she)1種(zhong)，列入(ru)《瀕危(wei)(wei)動(dong)植物種(zhong)國際貿易公約》附(fu)錄III的(de)有烏龜1種(zhong)。在《中(zhong)國物種(zhong)紅色名錄》中(zhong)，烏龜被列入(ru)瀕危(wei)(wei)等級；中(zhong)華鱉、王錦蛇(she)、黑眉(mei)錦蛇(she)、烏梢蛇(she)、銀(yin)環蛇(she)指名亞(ya)種(zhong)、舟(zhou)山眼鏡(jing)蛇(she)和(he)短尾蝮這(zhe)7種(zhong)被列入(ru)易危(wei)(wei)等級。

4）兩棲動物(wu)中，虎紋蛙屬于國(guo)家II級重(zhong)(zhong)點保護野生(sheng)動物(wu)，其余12種兩棲類均(jun)屬“國(guo)家保護的(de)有(you)益的(de)或者(zhe)有(you)重(zhong)(zhong)要經濟、科學研究價值的(de)陸(lu)生(sheng)野生(sheng)動物(wu)”，同時也是湖南省(sheng)地方重(zhong)(zhong)點保護陸(lu)生(sheng)野生(sheng)動物(wu)。

列入(ru)(ru)《瀕(bin)危動植物種國際(ji)貿易公約》附(fu)錄II的有虎紋蛙(wa)(wa)1種；在(zai)《中國物種紅色名錄》中，虎紋蛙(wa)(wa)被(bei)列入(ru)(ru)易危等級；黑斑側褶(zhe)蛙(wa)(wa)被(bei)列入(ru)(ru)近危等級。

5）魚(yu)類(lei)中，屬國家(jia)I級重(zhong)點保護的1種，即中華鱘；

屬國家(jia)II級重點保護的有1種，即(ji)胭脂魚(yu)。?

價值地位

湖(hu)南西洞庭(ting)湖(hu)國(guo)家級自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區是長(chang)江(jiang)中下游通(tong)江(jiang)湖(hu)泊的(de)典型(xing)代表(biao)，在國(guo)家生(sheng)態安全(quan)、全(quan)球生(sheng)物多(duo)(duo)樣性保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)和江(jiang)湖(hu)復(fu)合濕地(di)生(sheng)態系(xi)統保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)上具有(you)非常重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)意(yi)義。作為國(guo)際重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)濕地(di)、東亞候鳥(niao)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)越冬地(di)和長(chang)江(jiang)生(sheng)物多(duo)(duo)樣性保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)節點，其生(sheng)態系(xi)統的(de)穩定性對整個洞庭(ting)湖(hu)乃至(zhi)長(chang)江(jiang)中下游地(di)區的(de)生(sheng)態安全(quan)產生(sheng)著重(zhong)(zhong)大影響(xiang)。