湖南(nan)省桂東(dong)八(ba)面(mian)(mian)山(shan)(shan)自然保護區(qu)地處羅霄山(shan)(shan)脈的(de)中南(nan)段, 東(dong)連湘贛邊界(jie)和(he)萬(wan)洋山(shan)(shan)和(he)諸廣山(shan)(shan),南(nan)抵洪水山(shan)(shan),地理坐標為東(dong)經113度(du)48分 -113度(du)51分 ,北緯(wei)25度(du)57分 -26度(du)03分 。總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積為六(liu)萬(wan)多畝,位于湖南(nan)省桂東(dong)縣(xian)境內的(de)西北部(bu),西與(yu)資興交界(jie),東(dong)與(yu)四(si)都鄉毗連,南(nan)與(yu)青(qing)山(shan)(shan)鄉接(jie)壤。有林面(mian)(mian)積四(si)萬(wan)多畝。距桂東(dong)縣(xian)城(cheng)76公(gong)里。
八(ba)(ba)面(mian)(mian)(mian)山(shan)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)級自(zi)然保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)10974公(gong)頃(qing),其(qi)中核心區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)3137公(gong)頃(qing),緩沖(chong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)2141公(gong)頃(qing),實驗區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)5696公(gong)頃(qing)。保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)位(wei)于(yu)湖南(nan)省(sheng)桂東(dong)縣境(jing)內,范圍在東(dong)經113°37′39″—113°50′08″,北(bei)(bei)緯25°54′02″—26°06′59″之間(jian)。東(dong)以海拔1724米(mi)(mi)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)為起點向(xiang)南(nan)沿山(shan)脊線經1666.8米(mi)(mi)、1617米(mi)(mi)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)至(zhi)流源(yuan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)芳(fang)村,向(xiang)東(dong)南(nan)至(zhi)四都(dou)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)新龍村、雙(shuang)溪村,經1034.8米(mi)(mi)、1530.8米(mi)(mi)、1734.5米(mi)(mi)、1206米(mi)(mi)、1077.8米(mi)(mi)、1084.5米(mi)(mi)、906米(mi)(mi)、1403.9米(mi)(mi)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)至(zhi)四都(dou)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)東(dong)水村、文閣村宋坪(ping)(ping)國(guo)有林(lin)場(chang)(chang)八(ba)(ba)面(mian)(mian)(mian)山(shan)分(fen)場(chang)(chang)、青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)山(shan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)上游(you)村、鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)羅家(jia)(jia)村、青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)山(shan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)林(lin)場(chang)(chang);南(nan)界經1299米(mi)(mi)山(shan)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)沿江至(zhi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)山(shan)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)彩洞村;西界經1435.9米(mi)(mi)、1666.9米(mi)(mi)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)至(zhi)資興(xing)市連坪(ping)(ping)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)成康村,再經1669.9米(mi)(mi)、1674.2米(mi)(mi)、2046.8米(mi)(mi)、1714.9米(mi)(mi)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)至(zhi)資興(xing)市連坪(ping)(ping)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)金塘(tang)村、資興(xing)市天鵝山(shan)國(guo)有林(lin)場(chang)(chang)、青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)市紅星村、資興(xing)市煙(yan)坪(ping)(ping)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)頂(ding)寮村;北(bei)(bei)界沿山(shan)脊線經1651米(mi)(mi)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)、齊云(yun)亭、1679米(mi)(mi)山(shan)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)至(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)洲市炎陵縣龍渣(zha)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)雙(shuang)奎村,再向(xiang)東(dong)至(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)洲市炎陵縣平樂鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)平樂村止。
八(ba)面山(shan)是以(yi)縱(zong)谷脊嶺(ling)為主的中山(shan)地貌, 低海拔860米(mi),高(gao)主峰為2043米(mi)。高(gao)山(shan)聳(song)峙,氣勢雄偉,層巒疊嶂,林(lin)海蒼茫,以(yi)“離(li)天三(san)尺三(san),人(ren)過要低頭,馬過要下鞍”而聞(wen)名。 清代桂東知縣洪鐘(zhong)的詩《過八(ba)面山(shan)》描:“峭壁萬仞鬼(gui)斧(fu)劈,鳥道飛懸不盈(ying)尺。驅走怪石(shi)開鴻蒙,奇(qi)幼天生倚空碧。一峰未過一峰橫,上(shang)天入淵心(xin)擔(dan)驚。饑鷹(ying)掠人(ren)晝厲吻,哀猿嘯(xiao)侶夜深鳴。平(ping)生游(you)歷境不到,疑汝鑿開混沌竅。胸(xiong)中五(wu)岳森崢嶸,對此何能(neng)夸奇(qi)奧。百(bai)里雷封(feng)萬笏(hu)山(shan),青驄黃綬白云(yun)間(jian)。但愿(yuan)五(wu)都厚風俗,人(ren)心(xin)人(ren)面莫(mo)與此山(shan)竟孱顏。”八(ba)面山(shan)的驚、險、奇(qi)可見一斑(ban)。
八面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)山(shan)自然保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)現在(zai)地(di)(di)貌(mao)(mao)格局的(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)是在(zai)內外(wai)營力(li)共同(tong)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)下,經歷(li)了漫(man)長地(di)(di)質(zhi)歷(li)史(shi)過(guo)程的(de)(de)結果。深(shen)(shen)受其所處區(qu)(qu)域(yu)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)殼(ke)運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)、地(di)(di)質(zhi)構(gou)(gou)造(zao)(zao)(zao)、巖石性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)和(he)外(wai)力(li)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)控制(zhi)和(he)支(zhi)(zhi)配(pei)。在(zai)地(di)(di)質(zhi)時(shi)期(qi)中(zhong),正(zheng)處于(yu)(yu)南(nan)嶺東西(xi)構(gou)(gou)造(zao)(zao)(zao)帶(dai)和(he)羅霄山(shan)脈南(nan)北構(gou)(gou)造(zao)(zao)(zao)帶(dai)相互干擾、相互交叉(cha)和(he)重疊的(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)域(yu);它(ta)主要里(li)東、印支(zhi)(zhi)、燕(yan)山(shan)新構(gou)(gou)造(zao)(zao)(zao)等(deng)歷(li)史(shi)運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。這(zhe)里(li)從震旦系至志留系長達(da)四系的(de)(de)地(di)(di)質(zhi)地(di)(di)史(shi)時(shi)期(qi)曾是片海(hai)(hai)洋(yang),位于(yu)(yu)湘中(zhong)、湘東南(nan)“華夏古(gu)陸”的(de)(de)邊緣(yuan)古(gu)海(hai)(hai)槽沉積(ji)(ji)區(qu)(qu),志留紀(ji)(ji)末,加里(li)東造(zao)(zao)(zao)山(shan)運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong),海(hai)(hai)水退卻,隆起為(wei)陸。表現為(wei)大面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)上升運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。中(zhong)三(san)迭紀(ji)(ji)末的(de)(de)印支(zhi)(zhi)運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong),表現為(wei)強烈的(de)(de)擠(ji)壓,產生長約45公里(li)的(de)(de)水口(kou)――八面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)山(shan)一(yi)帶(dai)的(de)(de)S狀旋卷構(gou)(gou)造(zao)(zao)(zao)。中(zhong)侏羅紀(ji)(ji)末發(fa)生的(de)(de)燕(yan)山(shan)運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong),表現為(wei)明顯的(de)(de)斷塊(kuai)運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)了近南(nan)北向的(de)(de)褶(zhe)皺山(shan)。燕(yan)山(shan)運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)后(hou),構(gou)(gou)造(zao)(zao)(zao)運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)以間(jian)歇性(xing)(xing)抬升剝(bo)(bo)蝕夷平(ping),造(zao)(zao)(zao)成(cheng)現在(zai)所見的(de)(de)海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)1000米以上五級(ji)剝(bo)(bo)夷面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian),形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)八面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)山(shan)“H”形(xing)(xing)地(di)(di)貌(mao)(mao)輪廓的(de)(de)雛型。晚第三(san)紀(ji)(ji)開(kai)始的(de)(de)新構(gou)(gou)造(zao)(zao)(zao)運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)繼承了燕(yan)山(shan)運(yun)(yun)(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)特征,繼續斷塊(kuai)上升,且明顯地(di)(di)表現為(wei)間(jian)歇性(xing)(xing)和(he)差異性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)特點(dian),使境內海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)1000米以上的(de)(de)五級(ji)剝(bo)(bo)夷面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)上升到現在(zai)的(de)(de)高(gao)度,而呈現出現在(zai)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)貌(mao)(mao)的(de)(de)基(ji)本輪廓。由于(yu)(yu)地(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)流水、風化和(he)重力(li)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)等(deng)外(wai)部營力(li)的(de)(de)影響,形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)了現代八面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)山(shan)嶺谷縱(zong)橫相間(jian),切(qie)割甚(shen)深(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)“U”、“H”型峽谷的(de)(de)地(di)(di)貌(mao)(mao)特征。
八(ba)面山自(zi)然保護區屬于南亞熱(re)帶山地濕潤氣(qi)候(hou),冬(dong)無(wu)嚴(yan)寒,夏無(wu)酷暑,秋溫高(gao)于春溫,區內(nei)年平均氣(qi)溫15.8℃,無(wu)霜期240—280天,光(guang)照充(chong)足,小(xiao)氣(qi)候(hou)變化多樣,素有“天然空調”之稱。
八(ba)面山(shan)自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護區內(nei)海拔800—2042米(mi), 高(gao)山(shan)聳(song)峙,氣勢雄偉,層巒疊嶂,林海蒼茫,系典型的(de)中(zhong)亞熱帶濕(shi)潤地(di)區,原始(shi)森林植被保(bao)存完好,珍稀瀕(bin)危物種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)資源豐富,生物多樣(yang)性水(shui)平高(gao),溝谷地(di)生長的(de)常(chang)綠闊葉(xie)林為(wei)南嶺溝谷雨林,區內(nei)山(shan)中(zhong)有種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植物146科,584屬,1182種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),有很多屬國家一級保(bao)護的(de)珍稀樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),如銀(yin)杉、伯樂樹(shu)(shu)等。大銀(yin)杉樹(shu)(shu)徑達(da)1.34米(mi),高(gao)32米(mi);密的(de)銀(yin)杉群落,五畝(mu)內(nei)達(da)112株(zhu)。另有國家二、三級保(bao)護植物是29種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。
八面山(shan)自然(ran)(ran)保護(hu)區內野生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)136種,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)稀(xi)有(you)(you)珍貴野生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu),數量為(wei)湖南(nan)第一(yi),有(you)(you)屬于(yu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)一(yi)級(ji)(ji)保護(hu)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)華南(nan)虎(hu)(hu)、金貓、云豹(bao)等,屬于(yu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)二級(ji)(ji)保護(hu)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)獼猴等,共15種,動(dong)植物(wu)(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)渾然(ran)(ran)天成,至今(jin)仍處于(yu)原(yuan)始狀態(tai),沒有(you)(you)人為(wei)改(gai)造痕跡。地貌類型是以縱谷(gu)脊嶺為(wei)主的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)地貌,低海拔860米,高(gao)主峰(feng)2043米, 山(shan)上,千(qian)年鐵杉(shan)有(you)(you)黃山(shan)之秀,千(qian)年古道有(you)(you)華山(shan)之險。石筍千(qian)姿(zi)百(bai)態(tai),有(you)(you)張家(jia)(jia)界之景;草原(yuan)在(zai)云霧中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)隱時(shi)現,與仙境無異(yi)。還有(you)(you)杜(du)鵑花漫(man)山(shan)遍野,相(xiang)思鳥情滿其(qi)間(jian)。 幸存享有(you)(you)植物(wu)(wu)“熊貓”之稱(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)“國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)寶(bao)”一(yi)一(yi)銀杉(shan)和中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)三大(da)(da)名虎(hu)(hu)之一(yi)的(de)(de)華南(nan)虎(hu)(hu),是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)基(ji)因庫(ku),也是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)第一(yi)個以華南(nan)虎(hu)(hu)為(wei)重點保護(hu)對象(xiang)而設立(li)的(de)(de)自然(ran)(ran)保護(hu)區,有(you)(you)“動(dong)植物(wu)(wu)王國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)”之稱(cheng)(cheng)。
八(ba)面(mian)(mian)山(shan)自(zi)然保護(hu)區(qu)的(de)前(qian)(qian)身是桂東縣(xian)宋坪林(lin)(lin)場(chang)(chang)八(ba)面(mian)(mian)山(shan)分場(chang)(chang), 1984年(nian)建自(zi)然保護(hu)區(qu),實行一套(tao)人馬兩(liang)塊牌(pai)子(zi)(場(chang)(chang)所)的(de)管理(li)辦(ban)法,并代管區(qu)內兩(liang)個(ge)農(nong)隊,總(zong)人口260人。現有管理(li)干部4名,護(hu)林(lin)(lin)員20名,林(lin)(lin)場(chang)(chang)工人28名,兩(liang)個(ge)農(nong)隊216人,其中(zhong)桃寮隊99人,金銀鋪117人,為漢族。人口密度為5.68人/平方(fang)公(gong)里。主要集中(zhong)在管理(li)所附近(jin)。兩(liang)個(ge)農(nong)隊有水田173.5畝,占自(zi)然保護(hu)區(qu)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)0.27%,居住區(qu)和水田、旱田分布在海(hai)拔(ba)1000米左右的(de)山(shan)谷中(zhong)。目前(qian)(qian)糧食產量低,不能自(zi)給,每年(nian)返銷8.5萬斤(jin)糧食。1981-1984年(nian)人均(jun)年(nian)收入216元。過去為增(zeng)加糧食產量和經濟收入,當地農(nong)民(min)毀林(lin)(lin)開(kai)荒、伐木、挖筍、種(zhong)香菇等,造成森林(lin)(lin)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)減少;水土流(liu)失(shi);動植物資源(yuan)隨之(zhi)減少。保護(hu)區(qu)與外界只有一條相通的(de)公(gong)路,距(ju)縣(xian)城(cheng)80公(gong)里。
保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)按功能分區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),劃為(wei)(wei)核(he)(he)心區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、緩(huan)沖區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)和(he)實驗區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)三個(ge)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu),核(he)(he)心區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)為(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)精華,包含了(le)主要的(de)(de)森林群落類型(xing)和(he)珍(zhen)稀(xi)野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)植物(wu)棲息環(huan)境等保(bao)(bao)護對象(xiang)。核(he)(he)心區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)禁(jin)止(zhi)人(ren)為(wei)(wei)活(huo)動(dong),以使受(shou)保(bao)(bao)護的(de)(de)珍(zhen)稀(xi)瀕危野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)植物(wu)有一個(ge)不受(shou)人(ren)為(wei)(wei)干(gan)擾(rao)的(de)(de)自然(ran)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)環(huan)境,保(bao)(bao)護和(he)保(bao)(bao)存(cun)完整的(de)(de)自然(ran)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系統(tong);緩(huan)沖區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)位于核(he)(he)心區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)四周(zhou),是(shi)核(he)(he)心區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)和(he)實驗區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)這之間的(de)(de)緩(huan)沖地帶,對核(he)(he)心區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)起(qi)保(bao)(bao)護和(he)緩(huan)沖作用(yong),以擴大和(he)延伸被保(bao)(bao)護物(wu)種的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長和(he)活(huo)動(dong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu);實驗區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)處于核(he)(he)心區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、緩(huan)沖區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)外(wai)圍,為(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)經營區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),是(shi)提供科研教學(xue),生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)旅游、經營管理的(de)(de)地方(fang)。
保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)(qu)是新建的國(guo)家級自然保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)(qu),自建立(li)保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)(qu)以來,投入(ru)建設經費300多萬元,改(gai)造修建自然保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)(qu)保(bao)(bao)護管(guan)理(li)分站(zhan)5個,在臨(lin)近村莊(zhuang)和交通(tong)要道(dao)共設立(li)固定宣(xuan)傳牌(pai)、指(zhi)示牌(pai)36座,在核心(xin)區(qu)(qu)界(jie)線上埋設界(jie)樁(zhuang)近500個,維修公路35km;投入(ru)補(bu)償償資金100多萬元,對核心(xin)區(qu)(qu)進行了(le)補(bu)償,使(shi)保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)(qu)的道(dao)路等基礎建設得到有效(xiao)改(gai)善,林(lin)農利益得到基本保(bao)(bao)障,有力地促(cu)進了(le)保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)(qu)的健康(kang)發展。
在(zai)加強基礎(chu)設(she)施建設(she)的(de)(de)同(tong)時,保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)加強了(le)(le)(le)科(ke)研(yan)監(jian)測工(gong)作(zuo),與(yu)有關(guan)科(ke)研(yan)單位(wei)(wei)合(he)作(zuo),開(kai)展了(le)(le)(le)一(yi)系(xi)列科(ke)研(yan)監(jian)測活動。1999年,邀(yao)請湖(hu)南(nan)省林(lin)業(ye)科(ke)學(xue)院、湖(hu)南(nan)師范大學(xue)、湖(hu)南(nan)省地(di)質研(yan)究(jiu)所(suo)的(de)(de)10多名專家、教授和(he)林(lin)業(ye)局組織(zhi)的(de)(de)考(kao)(kao)察(cha)隊對自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)了(le)(le)(le)綜合(he)考(kao)(kao)察(cha);2003年又(you)邀(yao)請湖(hu)南(nan)省林(lin)業(ye)科(ke)學(xue)研(yan)究(jiu)院、湖(hu)南(nan)師范大學(xue)的(de)(de)有關(guan)專家、教授和(he)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)管理站的(de)(de)技術人(ren)員(yuan)一(yi)道進(jin)(jin)入保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)了(le)(le)(le)補(bu)充調查(cha),增補(bu)了(le)(le)(le)大型真菌(jun)和(he)昆蟲(chong)等考(kao)(kao)察(cha)內容(rong)。同(tong)時組織(zhi)技術人(ren)員(yuan)對保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)內的(de)(de)珍(zhen)(zhen)稀樹種和(he)重(zhong)點保(bao)(bao)護(hu)對象進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)清查(cha)、建檔。與(yu)中(zhong)國科(ke)學(xue)院會同(tong)生態定(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)研(yan)究(jiu)站、湖(hu)南(nan)林(lin)業(ye)科(ke)學(xue)院等單位(wei)(wei)一(yi)起完(wan)成了(le)(le)(le)多個課題的(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu),并取得一(yi)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)成果(guo)。配合(he)中(zhong)國科(ke)學(xue)院武漢(han)植(zhi)物研(yan)究(jiu)所(suo)、華東師范大學(xue)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)了(le)(le)(le)植(zhi)物資源調查(cha)。開(kai)展了(le)(le)(le)珍(zhen)(zhen)稀保(bao)(bao)護(hu)樹種的(de)(de)就地(di)保(bao)(bao)存與(yu)遷地(di)保(bao)(bao)存技術的(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)。通過考(kao)(kao)察(cha),基本掌(zhang)握了(le)(le)(le)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)自(zi)然(ran)環境和(he)自(zi)然(ran)資源情況,為進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步保(bao)(bao)護(hu)、建設(she)和(he)利(li)用好(hao)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)提供了(le)(le)(le)科(ke)學(xue)依據。
健(jian)全了(le)(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)管理(li)(li)機構。設(she)立(li)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)管理(li)(li)局,下設(she)管理(li)(li)站,具(ju)體負(fu)責保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)、建設(she)和科研(yan)及開發(fa),編制(zhi)13人,同時聘(pin)用(yong)28名當地居民為保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)巡護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)員。二是加大宣傳力(li)度。建立(li)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)后(hou),區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內(nei)(nei)實(shi)(shi)行(xing)禁(jin)伐,對區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內(nei)(nei)群眾(zhong)的生產生活構成了(le)(le)一定的影響。為爭取農民群眾(zhong)的理(li)(li)解、支持,保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)利(li)用(yong)大小會(hui)議、廣播電視、發(fa)放宣傳單等方(fang)式(shi)進(jin)行(xing)了(le)(le)廣泛深入的宣傳,在主要(yao)路口制(zhi)作(zuo)固定標(biao)語標(biao)牌,同時舉辦各(ge)種學習(xi)培訓班,在提(ti)高農民認識的基礎上,讓農民掌握一兩門實(shi)(shi)用(yong)技術,促進(jin)了(le)(le)社區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)共建,收到了(le)(le)良好的宣傳效果。三是健(jian)全了(le)(le)管理(li)(li)制(zhi)度。出臺了(le)(le)《保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)森林防火管理(li)(li)制(zhi)度》,保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)建立(li)完善(shan)了(le)(le)崗位責任制(zhi),使保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)管理(li)(li)日趨制(zhi)度化、規(gui)范(fan)化。四是加強綜合(he)治理(li)(li)。縣(xian)委、縣(xian)政府對保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的資源(yuan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)十分重視,多次(ci)組織工(gong)作(zuo)隊,對區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內(nei)(nei)的資源(yuan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)作(zuo)進(jin)行(xing)綜合(he)整治,打擊區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內(nei)(nei)各(ge)類林業犯(fan)罪。
多年來,保護(hu)區把森(sen)林(lin)防(fang)火(huo)(huo)(huo)工作(zuo)當作(zuo)頭等大(da)事來抓。廣(guang)泛開展(zhan)森(sen)防(fang)宣傳,貫徹“森(sen)林(lin)防(fang)火(huo)(huo)(huo)責任重于泰山”的意識,做到家喻戶(hu)曉;認真落實(shi)森(sen)防(fang)工作(zuo)責任制,縣、鄉、村層(ceng)層(ceng)簽訂森(sen)防(fang)工作(zuo)責任狀;局、鄉、村各級都成立了義務撲火(huo)(huo)(huo)隊(dui),全(quan)區共(gong)成立撲火(huo)(huo)(huo)隊(dui)24支500余人。保護(hu)區成立至今,未發(fa)生過森(sen)林(lin)火(huo)(huo)(huo)警、火(huo)(huo)(huo)災。五是社區共(gong)管有(you)新路。從1998年起,保護(hu)區不斷引進項目、資金和技術,一手抓保護(hu)區管理(li)(li),一手抓社區發(fa)展(zhan)。累計投(tou)入各項資金200余萬元,初步改善了社區群(qun)眾(zhong)(zhong)的交(jiao)通、通訊和生產、生活等條件,扶持發(fa)展(zhan)了沼氣用戶(hu)80余戶(hu),發(fa)展(zhan)“農家樂”旅游接待點11處,并引導當地群(qun)眾(zhong)(zhong)積極參與保護(hu)區管理(li)(li)與建(jian)設項目實(shi)施,增加區內群(qun)眾(zhong)(zhong)的收(shou)入,融洽了社區群(qun)眾(zhong)(zhong)的關系。
在嚴格保護(hu)自然資源(yuan)和生態(tai)環境(jing)的基礎上(shang),充分發揮保護(hu)區自然資源(yuan)優勢,合理規(gui)劃,適(shi)度開(kai)發生態(tai)旅游,是搞(gao)好(hao)資源(yuan)保護(hu)和開(kai)發利用并舉的有效途徑。近年來,保護(hu)區逐步規(gui)劃開(kai)發了一些旅游景點和線路。每年游客人數達5000人次以上(shang)。
由(you)于強烈的(de)(de)地質運(yun)動(dong), 八(ba)面(mian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)主(zhu)峰八(ba)面(mian)懸(xuan)崖峭壁,危石(shi)聳立(li),溝谷縱(zong)橫(heng),形成了(le)雞心石(shi)、金雞叫天門(men)、天宮神印、仙牛騰(teng)云、銅鑼(luo)圈、小石(shi)林等(deng)極(ji)具觀(guan)(guan)賞價值的(de)(de)自(zi)然景觀(guan)(guan),區(qu)內氣候宜人,生態環(huan)境清閑幽(you)雅,動(dong)植(zhi)物資源豐(feng)富(fu),各(ge)種古樹(shu)(shu)名木、異獸珍禽、琪(qi)花(hua)瑤草(cao)充斥(chi)其間(jian)。春(chun)季(ji),杜鵑花(hua)漫山(shan)(shan)(shan)遍野,相思鳥情滿(man)其間(jian);夏季(ji),山(shan)(shan)(shan)頂的(de)(de)柳葉箬草(cao)翠綠如茵(yin),軟如綠毯;秋季(ji),紅葉似火焰,盡顯(xian)“層林盡染”的(de)(de)秀麗景象;冬季(ji),玉(yu)(yu)樹(shu)(shu)瓊枝,猶如千樹(shu)(shu)萬樹(shu)(shu)梨花(hua)開,呈現一派粉妝玉(yu)(yu)砌的(de)(de)世界(jie)。穿行(xing)在峰巒幽(you)谷之中(zhong),汪(wang)(wang)汪(wang)(wang)碧波與(yu)涓涓細流(liu)相通,溪依(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)流(liu),山(shan)(shan)(shan)依(yi)溪轉,地形各(ge)異,泉水(shui)(shui)不(bu)同,如瑤琴低(di)訴,似鼓瑟(se)齊鳴,若玉(yu)(yu)帶飄蕩(dang)。“山(shan)(shan)(shan)得水(shui)(shui)而活(huo)(huo),水(shui)(shui)因山(shan)(shan)(shan)更幽(you)”,多姿(zi)的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)流(liu)給八(ba)面(mian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)以生命與(yu)活(huo)(huo)力。漫步其中(zhong),有(you)“無山(shan)(shan)(shan)不(bu)綠,有(you)水(shui)(shui)皆清,四(si)時噴香(xiang),萬壑鳥鳴”的(de)(de)美妙意境。
八面(mian)(mian)(mian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)古跡有(you)(you)南天古廟舊(jiu)址、八面(mian)(mian)(mian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)碑刻、傳說中郭(guo)法(fa)主鎮妖的(de)火(huo)燒山(shan)(shan)(shan)、百合神仙耕種地(di)等(deng),令(ling)人(ren)油然而生思古之(zhi)幽情。1934—1949年八面(mian)(mian)(mian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(西邊山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)區)革命(ming)斗爭連綿不斷(duan),此處還(huan)有(you)(you)紅(hong)(hong)軍(jun)三五九旅南征(zheng)北返宿營地(di)遺(yi)址。八面(mian)(mian)(mian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)境內(nei)桃寮(liao)村有(you)(you)“紅(hong)(hong)軍(jun)村”之(zhi)稱(cheng)。1928年,該村17戶60多人(ren)中,就有(you)(you)17名青年參加紅(hong)(hong)軍(jun),村內(nei)先(xian)后有(you)(you)46人(ren)為革命(ming)犧牲。1934年在(zai)此建立了(le)(le)紅(hong)(hong)軍(jun)長征(zheng)后湖南第一個蘇維(wei)埃政權,毛澤東、朱德、彭德懷(huai)、陳毅(yi)、劉(liu)伯(bo)承等(deng)老(lao)一輩(bei)無產(chan)階級革命(ming)家(jia)也(ye)曾(ceng)在(zai)八面(mian)(mian)(mian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)開展革命(ming)活動。抗日戰爭時期,美(mei)國空軍(jun)飛虎隊(dui)飛機在(zai)與敵機戰斗中墜毀(hui)在(zai)八面(mian)(mian)(mian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)桃寮(liao),使八面(mian)(mian)(mian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)披(pi)上(shang)了(le)(le)一層傳奇的(de)色彩,更是進行愛國主義傳統教育的(de)基(ji)地(di)。
八面山(shan)的(de)(de)主峰石(shi)(shi)(shi)牛(niu)(niu)仙(xian)(xian),高2043米。石(shi)(shi)(shi)牛(niu)(niu)仙(xian)(xian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)牛(niu)(niu)、仙(xian)(xian)牛(niu)(niu)騰云等景點在(zai)桂東流傳(chuan)著許多美(mei)(mei)麗的(de)(de)傳(chuan)說(shuo),流傳(chuan)廣的(de)(de)就是桂東牛(niu)(niu)郎織女與(yu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)牛(niu)(niu)仙(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)說(shuo)。傳(chuan)說(shuo)天(tian)(tian)上因觸犯了(le)(le)天(tian)(tian)規被貶下(xia)(xia)天(tian)(tian)來的(de)(de)灰牛(niu)(niu)大仙(xian)(xian)被降伏于(yu)此。石(shi)(shi)(shi)牛(niu)(niu)仙(xian)(xian)就是傳(chuan)說(shuo)中牛(niu)(niu)郎所找到的(de)(de)仙(xian)(xian)牛(niu)(niu)。八面山(shan),由于(yu)離天(tian)(tian)只有三尺三,故而(er)氣候涼爽,傳(chuan)說(shuo)當天(tian)(tian)上的(de)(de)神仙(xian)(xian)酷暑南耐(nai)(nai)時,是神仙(xian)(xian)每(mei)年夏(xia)天(tian)(tian)下(xia)(xia)凡避(bi)暑納涼的(de)(de)地方,他們(men)于(yu)漚江河(he)邊洗澡降溫,或游水嘻戲。 神仙(xian)(xian)在(zai)山(shan)頂上下(xia)(xia)棋,仙(xian)(xian)女在(zai)那河(he)里(li)洗澡,乃(nai)人間(jian)仙(xian)(xian)境。在(zai)天(tian)(tian)上酷暑難耐(nai)(nai)之時,織女和諸(zhu)仙(xian)(xian)女也(ye)一起下(xia)(xia)凡納涼,于(yu)是有了(le)(le)牛(niu)(niu)郎在(zai)仙(xian)(xian)牛(niu)(niu)的(de)(de)幫助下(xia)(xia)終于(yu)與(yu)織女相會,結下(xia)(xia)了(le)(le)美(mei)(mei)滿姻(yin)緣。流下(xia)(xia)了(le)(le)千古愛情的(de)(de)佳話。
石牛仙同時也是(shi)桂東和資興兩(liang)(liang)縣(xian)著(zhu)名的(de)佛(fo)教仙場,解放前香火(huo)旺盛(sheng),是(shi)一(yi)個有一(yi)定(ding)規模的(de)寺廟。文(wen)革中被毀,另一(yi)小廟里至今仍供奉著(zhu)兩(liang)(liang)尊被毀去頭顱的(de)佛(fo)像。此外,八(ba)面(mian)山上仍存有南(nan)天舊庫(ku)舊址、八(ba)面(mian)山碑(bei)刻等古(gu)跡,并還有“郭法主鎮妖火(huo)燒山、百合神仙耕(geng)種(zhong)”等美麗傳說。
八(ba)面山(shan)自然(ran)保護區內有上(shang)、中(zhong)、下三(san)條(tiao)千年(nian)古道(dao),自四都(dou)經(jing)金銀鋪、小屋溪(xi)、江腦里(li)(li)可(ke)至資興(xing)赤竹(zhu)園(yuan)、青(qing)市(shi)(shi),全長40公(gong)里(li)(li),在(zai)桂(gui)(gui)東(dong)(dong)沒(mei)有通公(gong)路(lu)之前,是(shi)(shi)桂(gui)(gui)東(dong)(dong)通往郴州的主要官道(dao)。路(lu)邊古木參天,怪(guai)石嶙峋,崎嶇險(xian)峻,行人視(shi)為險(xian)途(tu)。相傳古時(shi)有幾位秀才打這條(tiao)路(lu)往省府趕(gan)考(kao),為了緩(huan)解旅(lv)途(tu)的疲乏,相約(yue)每隔(ge)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)里(li)(li)吟詩(shi)(shi)一句(ju):“一十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)高龍仙,二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)牛市(shi)(shi)冒青(qing)煙(yan);三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)槽里(li)(li)穿山(shan)谷,四十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)青(qing)岡(gang)不見天;五十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)龍渣水(shui)淼淼,六(liu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)苗公(gong)走上(shang)天……”詩(shi)(shi)中(zhong)所描(miao)敘的就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)當(dang)年(nian)這條(tiao)古道(dao)上(shang)的情景。文者早已仙逝(shi),而詩(shi)(shi)謠(yao)至今仍(reng)在(zai)民間口口相傳。1957年(nian)106國道(dao)竣通之后,這條(tiao)路(lu)多湮(yin)沒(mei)于草蔓荒(huang)野之間,漸漸在(zai)人們的記(ji)憶(yi)中(zhong)淡忘,現已難于考(kao)證(zheng)。桂(gui)(gui)東(dong)(dong)八(ba)面山(shan)風景優(you)美,林海茫茫,是(shi)(shi)科學考(kao)察、旅(lv)游、夏令營活動(dong)的極好(hao)場所。
八面山,坐落在湖(hu)南省(sheng)桂(gui)東縣(xian)西部,屬省(sheng)級自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保護區。當你(ni)走(zou)進這座巍峨大山,你(ni)就(jiu)走(zou)進了原始、古樸、自(zi)然(ran)(ran)的(de)美麗畫卷。隨(sui)意按下(xia)相機快(kuai)門(men),就(jiu)會攝下(xia)一幅幅精(jing)美的(de)瞬間。
八面山(shan)是以縱谷脊嶺為主(zhu)的中山(shan)地貌,低海(hai)拔860米,高(gao)主(zhu)峰(feng)(feng)為2043米。高(gao)山(shan)聳(song)峙(zhi),氣(qi)勢(shi)雄偉,層巒疊嶂,林海(hai)蒼(cang)茫,以“離天(tian)三(san)尺三(san),人過要低頭,馬(ma)過要下鞍(an)”而聞名。正(zheng)如清代桂(gui)東知(zhi)縣洪鐘(zhong)的詩《過八面山(shan)》描(miao)述的那樣:“峭壁萬仞鬼斧劈(pi),鳥道(dao)飛懸不盈(ying)尺。驅走怪石(shi)開(kai)鴻蒙,奇幼(you)天(tian)生倚(yi)空碧。一(yi)峰(feng)(feng)未過一(yi)峰(feng)(feng)橫,上天(tian)入(ru)淵心(xin)擔驚。饑鷹掠(lve)人晝厲吻,哀猿嘯侶夜深鳴。平生游歷境不到,疑汝鑿開(kai)混沌竅。胸中五岳(yue)森崢嶸,對此何能夸奇奧(ao)。百里雷(lei)封萬笏(hu)山(shan),青馬(ma)總黃綬白云間。但愿五都厚風俗,人心(xin)人面莫與(yu)此山(shan)竟孱顏(yan)。”八面山(shan)的驚、險、奇由此可見一(yi)斑。
八面山除(chu)了千(qian)年(nian)古道有華(hua)山之(zhi)險外,千(qian)年(nian)鐵杉亦(yi)有黃(huang)山之(zhi)秀,石(shi)筍千(qian)姿(zi)百態,更有張(zhang)家界(jie)之(zhi)奇(qi)。山頂(ding)草(cao)(cao)場在云霧中(zhong)時隱時現,宛若仙(xian)境。山谷(gu)中(zhong),許多灘流和疊瀑漸次由高處奔流而(er)下,水汽蒸騰,令人神清氣(qi)爽。春季(ji),杜鵑花(hua)漫山遍野,競相(xiang)綻(zhan)放。綿延數里(li)杜鵑長(chang)廊,讓人目不暇接、驚嘆不已。相(xiang)思鳥(niao)啁啾其間(jian),唱(chang)不完的(de)相(xiang)思情深;夏季(ji),山頂(ding)的(de)柳葉(xie)(xie)箸草(cao)(cao)叢翠綠如(ru)茵,柔軟(ruan)如(ru)毯;秋季(ji),絢爛(lan)濃艷的(de)紅葉(xie)(xie)在山谷(gu)中(zhong)洶涌彌(mi)漫,綠葉(xie)(xie)似碧玉鑲嵌其間(jian),隨處可見的(de)荔枝、草(cao)(cao)莓(mei)等各種野果,伸(shen)手(shou)可及,令人垂涎;冬(dong)季(ji),玉樹(shu)瓊(qiong)枝,猶(you)如(ru)千(qian)樹(shu)萬樹(shu)梨花(hua)開,呈現一(yi)派(pai)冰雕玉砌的(de)景象。
八面山的(de)總面積為10974公頃,森林覆蓋(gai)率(lv)85.2%。山中(zhong)有(you)(you)種子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)178科,834屬,2031種。國家一級保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)珍稀樹(shu)(shu)種有(you)(you)銀杉、伯(bo)樂樹(shu)(shu)等。大銀杉樹(shu)(shu)徑達1.38米,高24米。密(mi)的(de)銀杉群落,5畝內達112株(zhu)。另有(you)(you)國家重點保(bao)(bao)護(hu)一、二級野(ye)生植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)21種。區內野(ye)生動(dong)物(wu)(wu)240種,其中(zhong)稀有(you)(you)珍貴野(ye)生動(dong)物(wu)(wu)數量為湖南第一。有(you)(you)國家一級保(bao)(bao)護(hu)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)華南虎、金貓、云豹以及(ji)國家二級保(bao)(bao)護(hu)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)獼猴等,共43種。這里的(de)山水草木、飛禽(qin)走獸無不保(bao)(bao)持(chi)著(zhu)原始質樸的(de)風(feng)貌(mao),鮮見一絲人(ren)工(gong)痕跡。
八面山(shan)的(de)(de)古(gu)跡有南(nan)天(tian)古(gu)廟舊(jiu)址(zhi)(zhi)、八面山(shan)碑刻、傳說中郭法主鎮妖的(de)(de)火燒山(shan)、百(bai)合神仙耕種地(di)等,令人油(you)然而生(sheng)(sheng)思(si)古(gu)之幽情。1934—1949年八面山(shan)(西邊山(shan)地(di)區)革命(ming)斗爭連綿不斷,此(ci)處還(huan)有紅軍(jun)(jun)三五九旅南(nan)征(zheng)(zheng)北返宿營地(di)遺址(zhi)(zhi)。八面山(shan)境內(nei)桃寮村有“紅軍(jun)(jun)村”之稱。1928年,該村17戶60多人中,就有17名青年參加(jia)紅軍(jun)(jun),村內(nei)先(xian)后(hou)有46人為革命(ming)獻出(chu)了(le)生(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)。1934年在(zai)此(ci)建立了(le)紅軍(jun)(jun)長(chang)征(zheng)(zheng)后(hou)湖南(nan)第(di)一(yi)(yi)個蘇維(wei)埃(ai)政權(quan),毛澤東、朱德、彭德懷、陳毅、劉伯承等老一(yi)(yi)輩無產(chan)階級革命(ming)家也曾在(zai)八面山(shan)開(kai)展革命(ming)活動(dong)。抗日戰(zhan)爭時期,美國(guo)空軍(jun)(jun)飛虎隊飛機(ji)在(zai)與敵機(ji)戰(zhan)斗中墜毀在(zai)八面山(shan)桃寮,使八面山(shan)披上了(le)一(yi)(yi)層傳奇的(de)(de)色彩,更是進行(xing)愛國(guo)主義傳統教育的(de)(de)基地(di)。