1998年(nian),湖南(nan)鷹嘴界自(zi)然(ran)保護(hu)區(qu)始建,同(tong)年(nian)批準建立縣、市級自(zi)然(ran)保護(hu)區(qu)。
2001年9月17日,經(jing)省人民政府(fu)批準升級為(wei)省級自(zi)然保護區。
2006年2月,被國(guo)務院正式(shi)批準為國(guo)家級(ji)自然保護(hu)區。
湖南(nan)(nan)(nan)鷹嘴(zui)界國家級自然保(bao)護(hu)區,位于湖南(nan)(nan)(nan)西南(nan)(nan)(nan)部(bu)會(hui)同縣中(zhong)部(bu)偏東,雪峰山山脈西支南(nan)(nan)(nan)段,沅水(shui)支流巫水(shui)中(zhong)段,西距會(hui)同縣城25公里(li)左右(you),地理坐標為北緯26度(du)46分(fen)-26度(du)59分(fen),東徑109度(du)49分(fen)-109度(du)58分(fen)。
鷹(ying)嘴界國家級(ji)自然保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)內屬回春性(xing)侵蝕—構造中低(di)山(shan)地(di)貌(mao),山(shan)巒疊翠,連綿起伏(fu),奇(qi)峰高聳(song),溪河縱橫,溝谷(gu)深邃,形成了千峰萬壑的復雜地(di)形,多(duo)見45°以(yi)上(shang)陡坡和懸崖(ya)峭壁。保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)最高海(hai)拔938米,最低(di)海(hai)拔270米。地(di)層(ceng)為(wei)前寒武紀(ji)古老地(di)層(ceng),出露巖石(shi)以(yi)硅質巖和板(ban)頁(ye)巖為(wei)主。區(qu)內土(tu)壤(rang)以(yi)紅壤(rang)和黃壤(rang)為(wei)主,土(tu)壤(rang)土(tu)層(ceng)不(bu)厚,但養分(fen)含量(liang)較高,物(wu)理通透(tou)性(xing)能好,蓄水(shui)保(bao)肥保(bao)土(tu)功能強。
鷹嘴界國家級(ji)自(zi)然保(bao)護區為(wei)中(zhong)亞(ya)熱帶(dai)濕(shi)潤氣(qi)(qi)候,區內平均氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)13.4℃(海(hai)拔900m)-16.6℃(海(hai)拔270m)。山(shan)下:1月(yue)(yue)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)4.9℃-5.1℃,7月(yue)(yue)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)26.7℃-27.6℃,年(nian)(nian)(nian)較(jiao)差22.6℃。年(nian)(nian)(nian)極端(duan)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)39.1℃,最(zui)低氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)-8.6℃,≥10℃積溫(wen)(wen)2900(山(shan)上(shang))℃-5090℃,≥0℃的(de)正積溫(wen)(wen)為(wei)3700(山(shan)上(shang))℃-6000℃,無霜(shuang)期(qi)山(shan)下為(wei)303d。區內年(nian)(nian)(nian)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)量允沛,年(nian)(nian)(nian)間變化較(jiao)小。年(nian)(nian)(nian)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)量1304(海(hai)拔281m)m-1603(海(hai)拔900m)mm,一年(nian)(nian)(nian)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)集中(zhong)于(yu)4-9月(yue)(yue),占全年(nian)(nian)(nian)總(zong)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)量的(de)69%,其中(zhong)4-6月(yue)(yue)占全年(nian)(nian)(nian)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)量的(de)44%(巖頭)-45%(若水(shui)(shui)),7-9月(yue)(yue)占25%(巖頭)-24%(若水(shui)(shui))。全年(nian)(nian)(nian)降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)變率在(zai)7%-9%。空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)相對濕(shi)度83%,年(nian)(nian)(nian)蒸發量1138.9mm,小于(yu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)均降(jiang)水(shui)(shui)量。日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)時數1462.7h,日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)百分率33.0%。雨日(ri)176日(ri)/a,變化在(zai)150d-199d/a之(zhi)間。年(nian)(nian)(nian)總(zong)輻射為(wei)424.54千焦耳(er)/cm2。
鷹嘴(zui)界國家級自(zi)然保護區(qu)內(nei)水(shui)(shui)系發(fa)達,主(zhu)要有魯沖溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、九洞溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)、燕沖溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)等,溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)流溝谷狹窄,跌(die)水(shui)(shui)落差大,水(shui)(shui)流湍(tuan)急,各溪(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)流分(fen)東西兩側分(fen)別注(zhu)入洞庭湖、長江水(shui)(shui)系沅江一級支流渠水(shui)(shui)和(he)巫水(shui)(shui)。自(zi)然保護區(qu)氣(qi)候四季分(fen)明,降(jiang)雨適(shi)中,夏無酷熱(re),冬少(shao)嚴寒,充足(zu)的(de)水(shui)(shui)熱(re)條件(jian)和(he)肥沃的(de)土(tu)壤,為林(lin)木生長發(fa)育提供了得天獨厚的(de)條件(jian)。
鷹嘴界自然保護區土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)只(zhi)有(you)紅壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)和黃(huang)(huang)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)兩個(ge)土(tu)(tu)類(lei)。紅壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)在保護區含黃(huang)(huang)紅壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)1個(ge)亞類(lei),黃(huang)(huang)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)類(lei)也(ye)只(zhi)有(you)山地(di)黃(huang)(huang)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)1個(ge)亞類(lei)。黃(huang)(huang)紅壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)一(yi)般(ban)分(fen)布在海(hai)拔500m以下(xia),山地(di)黃(huang)(huang)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)分(fen)布在海(hai)拔500m-938m(最高點)。土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)上枯(ku)枝(zhi)落葉(xie)層厚3.7cm,A1層厚平(ping)均(jun)9.1cm,表層顏(yan)色從高海(hai)拔處往下(xia),依次為(wei)(wei)棕色(7.5YR4/6)、暗棕(7.5YR3/4)、暗灰棕(YR4/2)、黑色(5YR2/1)。土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)結構(gou)一(yi)般(ban)為(wei)(wei)A1層團粒,A層粒狀(zhuang),B層粒狀(zhuang),C層碎塊狀(zhuang)。B層質(zhi)地(di)為(wei)(wei)重壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)、輕粘土(tu)(tu)。土(tu)(tu)體(ti)構(gou)型(xing)多(duo)為(wei)(wei)A-B-C-D型(xing)。土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)容重平(ping)均(jun)1.25g/cm3。粘粒淋溶(rong)而下(xia)移(yi)較弱,土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)C/N值10.65-11.07,表層有(you)機質(zhi)含量(liang)24.62g/kg-118.16g/kg,平(ping)均(jun)73.19g/kg,全N1.35g/kg-5.07g/kg。土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)肥力極大(da)多(duo)數樣地(di)在I級(ji)和Ⅱ級(ji)肥力水平(ping),物(wu)理通(tong)透(tou)(tou)性(xing)能好,具有(you)很強的蓄水保土(tu)(tu)功(gong)能。土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)總孔(kong)隙(xi)度(Pt)55.74%,毛管水孔(kong)隙(xi)度(Pc)46.81%,滲透(tou)(tou)系數K1018.72mm/min,林地(di)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)一(yi)次大(da)有(you)效貯水量(liang)平(ping)均(jun)為(wei)(wei)476.75t/平(ping)方公里(li),初(chu)滲階(jie)段5分(fen)鐘末的速度12.13mm/min-48.72mm/min。
鷹(ying)嘴界(jie)(jie)國家級自(zi)然保(bao)護區(qu)向東南(nan)延(yan)伸(shen)與綏寧縣(xian)交(jiao)界(jie)(jie),往(wang)北(bei)延(yan)伸(shen)連接洪(hong)江市,與南(nan)延(yan)伸(shen)與靖州縣(xian)接壤。保(bao)護區(qu)南(nan)北(bei)長約20.4公(gong)里(li)(li),東西寬約10.6公(gong)里(li)(li),總面(mian)積(ji)159平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)里(li)(li)。處于云貴高原(yuan)向雪峰山(shan)傾斜交(jiao)匯處,東抵牛角(jiao)界(jie)(jie),南(nan)至癩(lai)子界(jie)(jie),西臨美人界(jie)(jie),北(bei)達山(shan)總界(jie)(jie)。
鷹(ying)嘴界國家自(zi)然保護區(qu)包(bao)括團河、若水、灑溪、沙溪、巖頭5鄉鎮的(de)18個行政村。按功能分區(qu),劃為(wei)核心區(qu)、緩沖區(qu)和(he)實驗區(qu)三個區(qu)域。其中核心區(qu)面(mian)積6310公頃,占總面(mian)積的(de)39.7%。緩沖區(qu)2830公頃,占17.8%。實驗區(qu)6760公頃,占42.5%。
鷹嘴界國家(jia)級(ji)自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),核心(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)精華,包(bao)含(han)了主要的(de)森林群(qun)落(luo)類型和珍(zhen)稀野(ye)生動(dong)(dong)植物棲息環境(jing)等(deng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)對(dui)(dui)象。核心(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)禁止人為(wei)(wei)(wei)活(huo)動(dong)(dong),以使受(shou)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)珍(zhen)稀瀕危野(ye)生動(dong)(dong)植物有一個(ge)不受(shou)人為(wei)(wei)(wei)干擾的(de)自(zi)然(ran)生活(huo)環境(jing),保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)和保(bao)(bao)(bao)存(cun)完整的(de)自(zi)然(ran)生態(tai)系統;緩(huan)(huan)沖(chong)(chong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)位于(yu)核心(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)四(si)周,是(shi)核心(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)和實驗區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)這之間的(de)緩(huan)(huan)沖(chong)(chong)地帶(dai),對(dui)(dui)核心(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)起保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)和緩(huan)(huan)沖(chong)(chong)作用,以擴大和延伸被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)物種的(de)生長和活(huo)動(dong)(dong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域;實驗區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)處于(yu)核心(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、緩(huan)(huan)沖(chong)(chong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)外圍,為(wei)(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)經(jing)營區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),是(shi)提供(gong)科研教學,生態(tai)旅游、經(jing)營管(guan)理的(de)地方。
鷹嘴界國家級自(zi)然保護區內(nei)野生動物資源豐富。據初步調查,區內(nei)有(you)脊椎(zhui)動物226種(zhong),隸(li)屬于30目75科。其(qi)哺乳綱(gang)有(you)32種(zhong),隸(li)屬7目16科;鳥綱(gang)99種(zhong),隸(li)屬13目33科;爬行綱(gang)24種(zhong),隸(li)屬3目10科;兩棲綱(gang)12種(zhong),隸(li)屬2目5科;魚綱(gang)59種(zhong),隸(li)屬5目11科。
根據(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)國科學(xue)院地(di)理(li)研(yan)究所張(zhang)榮祖(zu)1999年《中(zhong)(zhong)國地(di)理(li)》中(zhong)(zhong)的劃(hua)分,鷹嘴界(jie)自然保護(hu)區(qu)屬于(yu)東(dong)洋界(jie)華(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)區(qu),橫跨東(dong)部(bu)平(ping)原(yuan)(yuan)亞區(qu)和西(xi)部(bu)山地(di)高原(yuan)(yuan)亞區(qu)。在(zai)動物組成中(zhong)(zhong),東(dong)洋界(jie)占(zhan)54.9%。在(zai)東(dong)洋界(jie)物種(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong),華(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)-華(hua)南(nan)(nan)種(zhong)類占(zhan)39.3%,西(xi)南(nan)(nan)-華(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)-華(hua)南(nan)(nan)種(zhong)類占(zhan)60.7%。
根據國家(jia)1988年公(gong)布的野生(sheng)動物保護(hu)名錄(lu),屬國家(jia)重點保護(hu)的一、二級(ji)保護(hu)動物有25種(zhong)(zhong),其中國家(jia)1級(ji)保護(hu)的4種(zhong)(zhong),國家(jia)2級(ji)保護(hu)的21種(zhong)(zhong)。
保(bao)護(hu)區屬于(yu)國(guo)家1級保(bao)護(hu)的(de)動物為云豹、白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)頸長尾雉(zhi)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)鸛、白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)鶴,屬于(yu)國(guo)家2級保(bao)護(hu)的(de)有大鯢、虎紋蛙、白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)琵鷺、穿山甲、水獺(ta)、小靈(ling)貓(mao)、金貓(mao)、黑耳鳶、蛇雕、赤(chi)腹(fu)鷹、雀鷹、松雀鷹、燕隼、紅(hong)腹(fu)錦雞、勺雞、白(bai)(bai)(bai)(bai)鷴、草鸮、短耳鸮、雕鸮、斑頭鵂鹠、領鵂鹠。
根據湖(hu)南省2002年公布的《湖(hu)南省重(zhong)(zhong)點保護野生動物名錄》,保護區屬于湖(hu)南省省級重(zhong)(zhong)點保護的動物有114種(zhong)。
鷹嘴界國家(jia)級自然保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)森林(lin)(lin)生(sheng)(sheng)態系統(tong)為中(zhong)(zhong)亞(ya)熱帶東部濕潤(run)性常(chang)(chang)綠闊(kuo)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)林(lin)(lin)帶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三峽武(wu)陵山(shan)雪(xue)(xue)峰(feng)(feng)山(shan)森林(lin)(lin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)雪(xue)(xue)峰(feng)(feng)山(shan)南部低(di)山(shan)丘陵森林(lin)(lin)亞(ya)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),對應于(yu)(yu)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)(bei)(bei)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)劃為泛北極(ji)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)中(zhong)(zhong)國-日(ri)本植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)亞(ya)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)華中(zhong)(zhong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)和(he)(he)華南區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)交匯地(di)帶。在湖南植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)劃中(zhong)(zhong)為湘西山(shan)地(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)(bei)(bei)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雪(xue)(xue)峰(feng)(feng)山(shan)南部山(shan)地(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)(bei)(bei)小區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。根據《中(zhong)(zhong)國植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分類(lei)原則》,保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)森林(lin)(lin)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)(bei)(bei)類(lei)型(xing)有8個(ge)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)(bei)(bei)型(xing),33個(ge)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)群(qun)系。常(chang)(chang)綠闊(kuo)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)林(lin)(lin)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)(bei)(bei)型(xing)為保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)帶性森林(lin)(lin)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)(bei)(bei),包括16個(ge)群(qun)系,其中(zhong)(zhong)以典型(xing)常(chang)(chang)綠闊(kuo)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)林(lin)(lin)栲類(lei)、潤(run)楠(nan)類(lei)和(he)(he)杜(du)(du)(du)英類(lei)為主。這16個(ge)群(qun)系構成保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)(bei)(bei)結構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本格局,結構穩定,生(sheng)(sheng)態服(fu)務功能(neng)強。常(chang)(chang)綠落葉(xie)(xie)(xie)闊(kuo)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)林(lin)(lin)、落葉(xie)(xie)(xie)闊(kuo)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)林(lin)(lin)、針葉(xie)(xie)(xie)林(lin)(lin)為組成保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輔助類(lei)型(xing),在演替軌跡上,處于(yu)(yu)順向演替階段。硬葉(xie)(xie)(xie)常(chang)(chang)綠闊(kuo)葉(xie)(xie)(xie)林(lin)(lin)、沼澤、水生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)(bei)(bei)類(lei)型(xing)只(zhi)在特別的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小生(sheng)(sheng)境中(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)現(xian),為生(sheng)(sheng)態頂極(ji)。森林(lin)(lin)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)主要由殼斗科(ke)、樟科(ke)、山(shan)茶科(ke)、杜(du)(du)(du)英科(ke)、山(shan)礬(fan)科(ke)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一些種類(lei)組成。森林(lin)(lin)群(qun)落建(jian)群(qun)種多見(jian)于(yu)(yu)栲、青岡(gang)、櫟、石櫟、楨楠(nan)、潤(run)楠(nan)、杜(du)(du)(du)英、猴歡喜、木荷、楊梅、楓香、櫸(ju)木、剛竹、箬竹等(deng)屬(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一些種,草(cao)(cao)本建(jian)群(qun)種見(jian)于(yu)(yu)芒萁、白茅、五節芒、苦草(cao)(cao)、竹葉(xie)(xie)(xie)眼子菜(cai)等(deng)屬(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一些種。
植被(bei)呈(cheng)鑲嵌狀分布(bu)格局,垂直分布(bu)規律不明顯(xian)(因(yin)海拔不太高)。
鷹嘴界國(guo)家級(ji)自(zi)然保護區植被(bei)為天(tian)然林(lin)。在廬沖、坳腳(jiao)均(jun)保存(cun)著(zhu)(zhu)結構完整的(de)(de)天(tian)然林(lin),原生性很強(qiang);在盛儲保存(cun)著(zhu)(zhu)結構良(liang)好的(de)(de)天(tian)然次生林(lin)。
鷹嘴界國家級自然保護(hu)區內有(you)(you)維管束植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)類(lei)216科860屬1798種(zhong),其中蕨類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)38科85屬226種(zhong);裸子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)9科18屬26種(zhong);被子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)169科757屬1546種(zhong)。蕨類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)歸納為(wei)9個分(fen)布(bu)區類(lei)型(xing)(xing)。種(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)含15個分(fen)布(bu)區類(lei)型(xing)(xing),以東(dong)亞分(fen)布(bu)、中國特(te)有(you)(you)分(fen)布(bu)、東(dong)亞-北美間斷分(fen)布(bu)、泛熱(re)帶(dai)分(fen)布(bu)、熱(re)帶(dai)亞洲分(fen)布(bu)占(zhan)重要(yao)地位。植(zhi)(zhi)被具有(you)(you)華(hua)中、華(hua)南、華(hua)東(dong)和滇黔桂植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)區系過渡交匯,區系種(zhong)類(lei)豐(feng)富而古老,熱(re)帶(dai)起源特(te)征(zheng)明顯,特(te)有(you)(you)成份含量(liang)高,頻危物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)保護(hu)好等特(te)點。
根據1999年8月4日國務(wu)院(yuan)正式(shi)批準(zhun)公(gong)布(bu)的《國家重點保(bao)護野生植物名錄(lu)第一(yi)批》(植物雜(za)志(zhi),1999-5),確定該(gai)區(qu)有國家重點保(bao)護野生植物45種,其中1級(ji)保(bao)護5種,2級(ji)保(bao)護18種,屬、科(ke)以上保(bao)護的有一(yi)個全屬一(yi)個全科(ke)計22種。
屬(shu)國家一(yi)級保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)有銀杏、紅(hong)豆(dou)(dou)杉、南方紅(hong)豆(dou)(dou)杉、莼(chun)菜(cai)、伯樂樹(shu)(shu)(鐘萼木(mu))。屬(shu)國家二級重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)有蓖子(zi)三尖(jian)杉、鵝掌楸、厚(hou)樸、凹葉厚(hou)樸、樟樹(shu)(shu)、閩楠(nan)、楨楠(nan)、金(jin)蕎麥、任木(mu)、野(ye)(ye)大豆(dou)(dou)、紅(hong)豆(dou)(dou)樹(shu)(shu)、花櫚木(mu)、大葉櫸(ju)、喜樹(shu)(shu)、傘(san)花木(mu)、香果樹(shu)(shu)、普通野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)稻(dao)、中華結縷草18種(zhong),有國家重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)屬(shu)黃連(含1種(zhong))和重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)科(ke)蘭科(ke)(21種(zhong))。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區共(gong)有國家重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)45種(zhong)。
鷹嘴(zui)界(jie)(jie)國家級(ji)(ji)自然保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)有(you)昆蟲(chong)16目(mu)(mu)159科730種(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)(zhong)鱗翅目(mu)(mu)39科292種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)總數的40.0%,鞘翅目(mu)(mu)昆蟲(chong)32科153種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)總數21.0%,其余14個目(mu)(mu)87科共285種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)39.0%。昆蟲(chong)區(qu)系具種(zhong)(zhong)類繁(fan)多(duo),但不造成(cheng)災害,天敵(di)昆蟲(chong)豐富,觀賞昆蟲(chong)多(duo),國家級(ji)(ji)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)昆蟲(chong)多(duo)等特點。國家保(bao)護(hu)(hu)昆蟲(chong)有(you)9種(zhong)(zhong),種(zhong)(zhong)類為彩(cai)臂金(jin)龜.(二(er)級(ji)(ji)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)),威(wei)步甲(jia),松麗(li)(li)叩(kou)甲(jia),紅腹(fu)麗(li)(li)叩(kou)甲(jia),雙(shuang)叉犀金(jin)龜,中(zhong)(zhong)國寬尾(wei)鳳(feng)蝶,寬尾(wei)鳳(feng)蝶白(bai)斑(ban)型,赭(zhe)環蝶,中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)蜜蜂。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)昆蟲(chong)區(qu)劃屬于(yu)東洋界(jie)(jie)的江南亞(ya)熱帶稻茶區(qu)范疇,區(qu)系框架以東洋界(jie)(jie)成(cheng)份占(zhan)優勢(shi),為64.2 %,古北(bei)界(jie)(jie)10.6%,廣(guang)布種(zhong)(zhong)25.2%。多(duo)南北(bei)種(zhong)(zhong)類交錯共存。
經(jing)考察,鷹嘴界(jie)國家級自然保護區發(fa)現有(you)大(da)型(xing)真菌(jun)(jun)(jun)186種,隸屬4綱(gang)36科(ke)(ke)55屬。其中(zhong)能食(shi)用菌(jun)(jun)(jun)類(lei)55種,毒(du)(du)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)和有(you)毒(du)(du)類(lei)20余種。4個綱(gang)中(zhong),核菌(jun)(jun)(jun)綱(gang)有(you)2科(ke)(ke)7種,盤(pan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)綱(gang)4科(ke)(ke)15種,層擔子(zi)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)綱(gang)25科(ke)(ke)153種。腹菌(jun)(jun)(jun)綱(gang)5科(ke)(ke)9種。36個科(ke)(ke)中(zhong),比較大(da)的(de)科(ke)(ke)有(you)盤(pan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)科(ke)(ke)、多孔(kong)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)科(ke)(ke)、紅菇科(ke)(ke)、側耳科(ke)(ke)、白蘑(mo)科(ke)(ke)。珍貴的(de)藥用大(da)型(xing)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)有(you)靈芝,茯芩;經(jing)濟價值(zhi)較高的(de)野(ye)生食(shi)用菌(jun)(jun)(jun)有(you)尖頂(ding)羊(yang)肚(du)菌(jun)(jun)(jun),紅汁乳菇,綠頭菌(jun)(jun)(jun),密(mi)環菌(jun)(jun)(jun),棘托竹(zhu)蓀;主(zhu)要毒(du)(du)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)有(you)亞稀褶(zhe)黑菇,白毒(du)(du)傘(san)(san),毒(du)(du)傘(san)(san),豹斑(ban)毒(du)(du)傘(san)(san),花褶(zhe)傘(san)(san)。
鷹嘴(zui)界國家級自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)是國家級自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu),歷屆縣(xian)委、縣(xian)政府對(dui)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)的建設(she)高(gao)度重視(shi),自(zi)1998年(nian)建立(li)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)以(yi)來,投入(ru)建設(she)經費300多萬(wan)元,改造修(xiu)建自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)管理(li)分(fen)站5個(ge),在(zai)臨近村莊和交通要(yao)道(dao)共設(she)立(li)固定宣傳牌、指(zhi)示牌36座,在(zai)核心區(qu)界線上埋設(she)界樁近500個(ge),維(wei)修(xiu)坳腳、硅(gui)溪、小江、吊(diao)塘、魯沖溪等公路35公里;投入(ru)補償償資(zi)金(jin)100多萬(wan)元,對(dui)核心區(qu)進行了補償,使(shi)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)的道(dao)路等基礎建設(she)得(de)到有(you)效(xiao)改善,林農利益得(de)到基本保(bao)障,有(you)力地促(cu)進了保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)的健康發展。
鷹嘴界(jie)國家(jia)級自然保護(hu)區(qu)內有(you)(you)幽靜多變、美麗豐富的(de)(de)(de)森林(lin)景觀:在坳(ao)腳、楠木、光福沖交(jiao)接處,保存有(you)(you)完整成熟的(de)(de)(de)天(tian)然林(lin),面積(ji)約(yue)8km2。區(qu)內古樹(shu)參天(tian),樹(shu)木依種而聚,千(qian)姿百態(tai),紅葉點綴,野果(guo)飄香,處處奇觀異景,山(shan)山(shan)綠(lv)樹(shu)成蔭。盛儲至(zhi)團河(he),分布有(you)(you)約(yue)12km2面積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)天(tian)然次生林(lin),樹(shu)體千(qian)姿百態(tai),樹(shu)種混雜,色彩斑闌,河(he)流中(zhong)九(jiu)曲十回(hui),有(you)(you)送(song)水(shui)、有(you)(you)潛流,山(shan)上層(ceng)狀地貌發育,奇峰(feng)怪石林(lin)立(li)。排子口(kou)的(de)(de)(de)紅豆杉林(lin),珍(zhen)稀罕見。
區內(nei)有雄偉壯觀(guan)(guan)(guan)、變(bian)化(hua)多端的地貌景(jing)觀(guan)(guan)(guan):上述坳(ao)腳、楠木、光福林(lin)區山(shan)(shan)頂部,由癩子巖(yan)(yan)至(zhi)童子巖(yan)(yan),沿山(shan)(shan)脊1.5km,山(shan)(shan)背狹窄,杜鵑密布,沿途(tu)多處懸崖絕壁,山(shan)(shan)峰(feng)邊坡怪(guai)石(shi)突兀。沿途(tu)經過奶頭山(shan)(shan)、癩子巖(yan)(yan)、棋盤巖(yan)(yan)、鎮山(shan)(shan)柱(zhu)至(zhi)童子巖(yan)(yan)。行途(tu)左望(wang)有鴨子巖(yan)(yan)、五柱(zhu)巖(yan)(yan)、觀(guan)(guan)(guan)音巖(yan)(yan)隔谷相望(wang),形態栩(xu)栩(xu)如(ru)生(sheng);右望(wang)見(jian)“松濤(tao)”白云(yun),迎客松,沿途(tu)杜鵑花(hua)引人入勝(sheng)。還(huan)有魯沖景(jing)區的瀑(pu)布、絕壁、石(shi)柱(zhu)和洞穴,九(jiu)洞景(jing)區的迭水、怪(guai)石(shi)、深潭(tan)更是(shi)秀麗而壯觀(guan)(guan)(guan)。
保(bao)護區(qu)是豐富多(duo)姿的森林景觀的聚集(ji)地,古樹、奇花、百(bai)鳥的大本營(ying);絕(jue)壁(bi)、怪石、奇峰、飛瀑、溶洞、小溪容于其內,是森林景觀和地貌景觀相融的獨(du)特區(qu)域。