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歷史沿革

保護區始建于1994年，2001年經(jing)江西省人民政(zheng)府批準晉升為省級自(zi)然保(bao)護區，2008年經(jing)國務院批準晉升為國家級自(zi)然保(bao)護區。

地理環境

地理位置

保護區位(wei)于江西省資溪縣的東北(bei)部，地處武夷(yi)(yi)山(shan)脈中段，閩(min)贛交界的武夷(yi)(yi)山(shan)脈西麓，地理(li)坐標為東經117°09'11"-117'18"，北(bei)緯27°40'50"-27°53'52"。?

東(dong)(dong)(dong)由與(yu)(yu)福(fu)(fu)建省交(jiao)界(jie)的(de)(de)野雞頂起，向南(nan)(nan)至觀(guan)音尖，再至南(nan)(nan)邊的(de)(de)1224米山(shan)(shan)(shan)峰，沿(yan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)港與(yu)(yu)南(nan)(nan)港分(fen)水山(shan)(shan)(shan)脊到(dao)(dao)西(xi)邊的(de)(de)月峰山(shan)(shan)(shan)，向北沿(yan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)脊至東(dong)(dong)(dong)源橋頭，跨(kua)昌坪河到(dao)(dao)高阜尖至東(dong)(dong)(dong)坑村后山(shan)(shan)(shan)脊，沿(yan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)方向山(shan)(shan)(shan)脊到(dao)(dao)五(wu)臺山(shan)(shan)(shan)，轉向東(dong)(dong)(dong)沿(yan)山(shan)(shan)(shan)脊至黃茅(mao)寨小(xiao)路向北，至與(yu)(yu)貴(gui)(gui)溪(xi)縣交(jiao)界(jie)的(de)(de)香臺山(shan)(shan)(shan)，再沿(yan)資溪(xi)、貴(gui)(gui)溪(xi)縣界(jie)向東(dong)(dong)(dong)到(dao)(dao)與(yu)(yu)福(fu)(fu)建交(jiao)界(jie)點向南(nan)(nan)回(hui)到(dao)(dao)東(dong)(dong)(dong)面(mian)與(yu)(yu)福(fu)(fu)建交(jiao)界(jie)的(de)(de)野雞頂止。

地形地貌

馬頭山(shan)(shan)國家級自然保(bao)護區地貌大(da)(da)致(zhi)具(ju)有(you)盆(pen)嶺相間，棋盤格狀展(zhan)布之格局.大(da)(da)多為燕山(shan)(shan)期花崗巖(yan)，土壤(rang)為花崗巖(yan)風化(hua)形成(cheng)的山(shan)(shan)地紅(hong)(hong)壤(rang)，山(shan)(shan)地黃紅(hong)(hong)壤(rang)和山(shan)(shan)地黃壤(rang)，以及小范圍(wei)的山(shan)(shan)地草甸(dian)土。

氣候特征

氣(qi)(qi)候屬(shu)亞熱帶(dai)濕潤季(ji)風氣(qi)(qi)候，年均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫16～18℃，年均(jun)降水量192919mm，相對濕度83%。年均(jun)輻射量為(wei)10069711/cm2，年均(jun)日照(zhao)為(wei)159716小時，年均(jun)霜期270天，年均(jun)霧(wu)日88天。

保護對象

森林資源

保護區(qu)位于武夷山脈中段(duan)腹(fu)地，森林植(zhi)被以天然常綠闊(kuo)葉(xie)林為(wei)主，森林覆蓋(gai)率(lv)達96.3%，生態環境優良，生物(wu)多樣性豐富。區(qu)內有(you)高等植(zhi)物(wu)275科(ke)1005屬2483種(zhong)，陸生脊椎動物(wu)27目91科(ke)387種(zhong)。

馬(ma)頭山自然保護(hu)區(qu)保存有(you)較大范圍的原生性較強的天然常綠闊(kuo)葉林，生物多樣性極為豐富。高等植(zhi)物約2500種(zhong)，其中屬國家重點保護(hu)植(zhi)物名錄(lu)(第一(yi)批)有(you)20余種(zhong)，長葉榧(Torreyajackii)和(he)蛛(zhu)網(wang)萼(Platycraterargnta)，江西僅在此有(you)分布。

動物資源

其中國家(jia)重(zhong)(zhong)點保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)野生植(zhi)物(wu)有(you)20種(zhong)，國家(jia)重(zhong)(zhong)點保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)野生動(dong)(dong)物(wu)有(you)54種(zhong)。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區主要保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)對象(xiang)為(wei)美毛(mao)含笑、蛛網萼、伯(bo)樂樹(shu)(shu)等大面積(ji)的珍(zhen)稀(xi)(xi)植(zhi)物(wu)原(yuan)生種(zhong)群，其中屬(shu)國家(jia)重(zhong)(zhong)點保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)植(zhi)物(wu)長葉榧(Torreyajackii)、蛛網萼(Platycraterargnta)為(wei)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區全省(sheng)特有(you)物(wu)種(zhong)。還有(you)南方(fang)紅豆杉、福建柏、天(tian)然杉木、伯(bo)樂樹(shu)(shu)、莼菜(cai)、報春苣苔、白頸長尾雉、黃(huang)腹角(jiao)雉、云豹、獼猴、黑熊等珍(zhen)稀(xi)(xi)野生動(dong)(dong)植(zhi)物(wu)物(wu)種(zhong)。

藥用資源

有(you)豐(feng)(feng)富的(de)野生(sheng)攀緣(yuan)植物(wu)資源， 通過野外(wai)采集及(ji)標本的(de)整理(li)鑒定，初步確(que)認該(gai)區(qu)(qu)共(gong)有(you)攀緣(yuan)植物(wu)40科92屬222種(包括種下(xia)(xia)等級)。根據對(dui)馬頭山攀緣(yuan)植物(wu)區(qu)(qu)系分(fen)析的(de)結果，該(gai)區(qu)(qu)攀緣(yuan)植物(wu)區(qu)(qu)系具有(you)以下(xia)(xia)特征：(1)種類(lei)組成豐(feng)(feng)富，地(di)理(li)成分(fen)復雜；(2)區(qu)(qu)系中熱帶性地(di)理(li)成分(fen)占主導(dao)地(di)位；(3)區(qu)(qu)系成分(fen)相(xiang)對(dui)古(gu)老，特有(you)類(lei)群豐(feng)(feng)富，多型性突出(chu)；(4)華東區(qu)(qu)系特征明顯。

藥用植物資源分(fen)布

初步查明馬頭山自然保(bao)護區內(nei)有藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)1647種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬(shu)231科759屬(shu)，其中裸子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)為(wei)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬(shu)8科13屬(shu)，被子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)1483種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬(shu)161科653屬(shu)。區內(nei)常(chang)用中藥(yao)(yao)(yao)為(wei)187種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用真菌29種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用苔蘚27種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用蕨(jue)類88種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)1494種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用珍稀瀕危植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)62種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)用特有植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，江西地理(li)記(ji)錄(lu)新分布8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。

（1）常用中藥(yao)植(zhi)物(wu)

江西是(shi)中(zhong)國中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材主要(yao)產區之(zhi)一(yi)，收購使用(yong)的(de)(de)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)有342種，而保護區內(nei)的(de)(de)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)就(jiu)有187種(《中(zhong)國藥(yao)(yao)典(dian)》2000年(nian)版收載的(de)(de))。數量較多(duo)的(de)(de)有銀杏，側柏，厚樸，烏藥(yao)(yao)，仙鶴(he)草(cao)，金櫻子，葛，忍(ren)冬，旌(jing)節花(hua)，吳茱萸，女(nv)貞，絡石，梔(zhi)子，鉤藤(teng)，烏頭，威靈仙，大血藤(teng)，半夏，白及等(deng)。

（2）藥(yao)用真菌植(zhi)物

馬(ma)頭山自然保護區鑒定了(le)的(de)真菌(jun)(jun)有91種，其中29種為(wei)藥用真菌(jun)(jun)，如銀耳(er)，黑(hei)木(mu)耳(er)，靈(ling)芝，茯苓，香菇(gu)，紫紅菇(gu)，絨紫紅菇(gu)，菱紅菇(gu)，側耳(er)，竹蓀等(deng)。靈(ling)芝，銀耳(er)，黑(hei)木(mu)耳(er)，茯苓為(wei)常(chang)用中藥，在臨床上具(ju)有較(jiao)好的(de)治療效(xiao)果。此外(wai)，許多種類是食(shi)藥兩用的(de)真菌(jun)(jun)，如潔麗香菇(gu)，硬毛(mao)(mao)香菇(gu)，松乳菇(gu)，毛(mao)(mao)木(mu)耳(er)等(deng)種。

（3）藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用蕨類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)江西省(sheng)蕨類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)433種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸(li)屬114屬49科，其中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用蕨類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)為195種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸(li)屬84屬45科。馬頭(tou)山自(zi)然保護(hu)區的蕨類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)共(gong)有(you)(you)142種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸(li)屬62屬30科，其中(zhong)《中(zhong)國藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)典(dian)》，《中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)志》所收載(zai)的常(chang)用中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，它們分別為石(shi)松，紫萁，海金沙，烏蕨，野雞尾，石(shi)韋，卷(juan)柏，槲蕨等(deng)(deng)。214藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)馬頭(tou)山自(zi)然保護(hu)區內的藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)1494種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(包(bao)括常(chang)用中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，特有(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，珍稀瀕危種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，新(xin)分布等(deng)(deng))，其中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用裸(luo)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，雙子葉植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)1294種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，單子葉植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)106種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。?

（4）藥(yao)用(yong)珍稀瀕(bin)危(wei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)保護區(qu)內(nei)除具有(you)豐(feng)富的中藥(yao)及藥(yao)用(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)，藥(yao)用(yong)蕨類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)等資源外(wai)，尚有(you)許多種(zhong)(zhong)珍稀瀕(bin)危(wei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)，其(qi)中有(you)相當部分(fen)(fen)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)為(wei)(wei)藥(yao)用(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)，區(qu)內(nei)共有(you)藥(yao)用(yong)珍稀瀕(bin)危(wei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)62種(zhong)(zhong)，它們分(fen)(fen)別是鵝掌(zhang)楸，乳源木(mu)蓮(lian)，東(dong)方古柯(ke)，青牛膽，扯根(gen)草，半(ban)蒴苣苔(tai)，福建柏，短梗(geng)大參/花葉開唇(chun)蘭(lan)，石斛等種(zhong)(zhong)。保護區(qu)內(nei)繁多的野生植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)中，有(you)18種(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)(wei)特有(you)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)，隸屬12屬13科，均為(wei)(wei)藥(yao)用(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)，分(fen)(fen)別為(wei)(wei)銀杏，臘梅，亮葉臘梅，喜樹，青錢柳，杜仲，枸杞(qi)，華(hua)紫珠，老鴉糊，廣東(dong)紫珠，長柄紫。

藥用植物資源

馬頭(tou)山自(zi)然(ran)保護區內1647種(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)隸屬(shu)(shu)231科(ke)(ke)759屬(shu)(shu)，分布區類(lei)型廣(guang)泛(fan)，分屬(shu)(shu)14個分布區類(lei)型和16個分布區變型[8]，單(dan)種(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu)(shu)，單(dan)種(zhong)(zhong)科(ke)(ke)約有10個，其中(zhong)常用(yong)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)為(wei)(wei)187種(zhong)(zhong)(均為(wei)(wei)《中(zhong)國藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)典》2000年版收載(zai))，尚有種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)繁多的(de)(de)民間(jian)草藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。從(cong)資源的(de)(de)分類(lei)群及性狀組成分析，1647種(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)中(zhong)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)藻類(lei)3種(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)真菌(jun)類(lei)29種(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)地(di)衣類(lei)4種(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)苔蘚27種(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)蕨類(lei)88種(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)裸子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)13種(zhong)(zhong)，雙子(zi)葉(xie)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)1296種(zhong)(zhong)，單(dan)子(zi)葉(xie)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)106種(zhong)(zhong)。草本植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)1002種(zhong)(zhong)，木(mu)本植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)423種(zhong)(zhong)，藤本植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)157種(zhong)(zhong)。區內復(fu)雜的(de)(de)自(zi)然(ran)條(tiao)件(jian)為(wei)(wei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)的(de)(de)生長發(fa)育提供了不(bu)同的(de)(de)生態環境。藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)資源十分豐富，共有藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)1647種(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)為(wei)(wei)1496種(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬(shu)(shu)666屬(shu)(shu)169科(ke)(ke)。同樣，區內藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)區系(xi)成分十分豐富。

馬(ma)頭山(shan)自(zi)然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)內(nei)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)藥用(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)物共有(you)174科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)熱帶性科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)為(wei)92科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，占(zhan)(zhan)總科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)5219%；溫帶性科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)為(wei)23科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，占(zhan)(zhan)總科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)1312%；世界(jie)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)為(wei)41科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，占(zhan)(zhan)總科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)2316%；東亞和東亞2北美間斷分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)14科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，占(zhan)(zhan)總科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)8105%；中(zhong)(zhong)國特有(you)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)4科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，占(zhan)(zhan)總科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)213%。在174科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)中(zhong)(zhong)，含(han)(han)(han)54～73種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)3科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)別為(wei)菊科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)73種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，豆科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)56種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，薔薇科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)54種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。含(han)(han)(han)30～42種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)4科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)別是禾本科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)42種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，唇形(xing)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)36種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，百合科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)32種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，茜草科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)30種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。含(han)(han)(han)20～26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)8科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)別是樟(zhang)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，蘭科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)25種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，馬(ma)鞭草科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)24種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，大戟(ji)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，山(shan)茶科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，蓼科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)21種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，葡萄科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，傘形(xing)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。412屬的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)根據(ju)吳征鎰的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)國種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)物的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)類系統，馬(ma)頭山(shan)自(zi)然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)藥用(yong)植(zhi)物的(de)(de)(de)666屬，歸(gui)屬于14個分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)類型(xing)和16個分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)變型(xing)。除中(zhong)(zhong)亞分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)類型(xing)外(wai)，馬(ma)頭山(shan)自(zi)然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)藥用(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)物屬的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)類型(xing)包括了中(zhong)(zhong)國所(suo)有(you)15種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)類型(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)14種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和31種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。

馬頭(tou)(tou)山(shan)自(zi)然(ran)保護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)藥(yao)用植(zhi)(zhi)物區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)系與世界各部分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)廣(guang)泛(fan)聯系及(ji)(ji)與熱(re)(re)帶(dai)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)系的(de)(de)(de)(de)密切聯系。熱(re)(re)帶(dai)分(fen)布(bu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)類(lei)(lei)型占(zhan)(zhan)優勢：馬頭(tou)(tou)山(shan)自(zi)然(ran)保護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)藥(yao)用植(zhi)(zhi)物熱(re)(re)帶(dai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)316屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，占(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)4716%。東亞(ya)及(ji)(ji)東亞(ya)和(he)北美(mei)洲間斷(duan)分(fen)布(bu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)類(lei)(lei)型突(tu)出(chu)：在(zai)馬頭(tou)(tou)山(shan)自(zi)然(ran)保護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)藥(yao)用種(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)東亞(ya)及(ji)(ji)東亞(ya)2北美(mei)間斷(duan)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)共計130屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，占(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)1916%，占(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)東亞(ya)分(fen)布(bu)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)總(zong)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)4315%。古老分(fen)布(bu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)類(lei)(lei)型較明顯：保護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)尖(jian)杉，銀(yin)杏，南方(fang)紅豆杉，長葉(xie)榧樹等(deng)，為典型的(de)(de)(de)(de)孓遺(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)或第三(san)，四紀殘(can)遺(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)。鵝(e)掌楸，青錢(qian)柳，伯樂樹，楓(feng)香，臘梅(mei)等(deng)均為分(fen)類(lei)(lei)學殘(can)遺(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特有(you)(you)(you)分(fen)布(bu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)類(lei)(lei)型較多：中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物特有(you)(you)(you)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)為257屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，在(zai)江(jiang)(jiang)西(xi)分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)50屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，占(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)總(zong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)1117%，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)用屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)為22屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，占(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)總(zong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)816%，占(zhan)(zhan)江(jiang)(jiang)西(xi)總(zong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)7313%。在(zai)馬頭(tou)(tou)山(shan)自(zi)然(ran)保護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內(nei)共有(you)(you)(you)18種(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)用特有(you)(you)(you)植(zhi)(zhi)物，分(fen)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)于(yu)12特有(you)(you)(you)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，占(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)總(zong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)4167%，占(zhan)(zhan)江(jiang)(jiang)西(xi)總(zong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)24%。413種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)析(xi)在(zai)馬頭(tou)(tou)山(shan)自(zi)然(ran)保護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)1494種(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)用植(zhi)(zhi)物中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)特有(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)18種(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)13種(zhong)(zhong)為古特有(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)，5種(zhong)(zhong)為新特有(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)。非特有(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)熱(re)(re)帶(dai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)種(zhong)(zhong)約(yue)(yue)(yue)有(you)(you)(you)753種(zhong)(zhong)，屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)于(yu)溫帶(dai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)種(zhong)(zhong)約(yue)(yue)(yue)有(you)(you)(you)349種(zhong)(zhong)，世界性(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)布(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)約(yue)(yue)(yue)166種(zhong)(zhong)，東亞(ya)和(he)東亞(ya)2北美(mei)洲間斷(duan)分(fen)布(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)約(yue)(yue)(yue)有(you)(you)(you)208種(zhong)(zhong)。從上述分(fen)析(xi)可見，在(zai)馬頭(tou)(tou)山(shan)自(zi)然(ran)保護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)用植(zhi)(zhi)物具有(you)(you)(you)熱(re)(re)帶(dai)，亞(ya)熱(re)(re)帶(dai)性(xing)(xing)(xing)性(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)。

蜜源植物

保護區內的(de)野生(sheng)蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)源(yuan)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)資(zi)源(yuan)十分豐富(fu)，主(zhu)要蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)源(yuan)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)如杜鵑(juan)花(hua)屬植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)，該類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)的(de)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)色淺，蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)質優(you)(you)良，結晶乳白(bai)色，味(wei)甘甜(tian)純正(zheng)適口。夏(xia)季(ji)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)源(yuan)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)如小(xiao)果冬(dong)青(qing)，花(hua)多(duo)，泌蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)豐富(fu)，對(dui)蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)有強(qiang)烈的(de)誘惑力，蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)淺琥珀色半(ban)透明(ming)，結晶乳白(bai)細(xi)膩(ni)，味(wei)純正(zheng)，甘甜(tian)，清(qing)香適口。秋季(ji)蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)源(yuan)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)如豆科的(de)胡枝子屬植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)，開花(hua)泌蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)時(shi)間較長，蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)淺琥珀色，結晶潔白(bai)，細(xi)膩(ni)如脂(zhi)，氣味(wei)芳香，甜(tian)而(er)不膩(ni)，質優(you)(you)良。冬(dong)季(ji)蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)源(yuan)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)如山(shan)茶科柃屬的(de)多(duo)種植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)，其(qi)花(hua)香，泌蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)豐富(fu)，誘蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)力強(qiang)，為(wei)冬(dong)季(ji)蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)源(yuan)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)的(de)特殊種類(lei)，蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)水白(bai)透明(ming)，濃郁(yu)芳香，蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)質優(you)(you)良。此外還有刺槐，柿，泡桐(tong)，山(shan)烏桕，椴(duan)樹，杜荊等多(duo)種蜜(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)源(yuan)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)，這(zhe)為(wei)發展本地區的(de)養蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)業創造(zao)了(le)良好(hao)的(de)自然環境。

植物色(se)(se)素作為食(shi)品著(zhu)(zhu)色(se)(se)劑和紡織染色(se)(se)原料已被廣泛(fan)應用(yong)，如殼斗科(ke)的(de)多穗柯葉中(zhong)富含棕色(se)(se)素，應用(yong)于(yu)糖(tang)果(guo)，冷(leng)飲，糕點等食(shi)品中(zhong)著(zhu)(zhu)色(se)(se)，呈色(se)(se)與可可糖(tang)相似，效果(guo)良好。茜(qian)(qian)草(cao)(cao)科(ke)梔子的(de)果(guo)實(shi)可提取黃色(se)(se)素，可用(yong)于(yu)纖維染色(se)(se)，也可用(yong)于(yu)食(shi)品著(zhu)(zhu)色(se)(se)。茜(qian)(qian)草(cao)(cao)根中(zhong)所含茜(qian)(qian)草(cao)(cao)紅色(se)(se)素，可用(yong)于(yu)植物纖維的(de)染色(se)(se)，亦可用(yong)于(yu)食(shi)品著(zhu)(zhu)色(se)(se)，鼠李科(ke)凍綠的(de)莖皮含綠色(se)(se)素，可用(yong)于(yu)棉絲(si)織品的(de)染色(se)(se)等。

花卉植物

保(bao)護區(qu)內野生花(hua)卉植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)資源豐富，蘭(lan)科的(de)(de)(de)蘭(lan)花(hua)類植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)，如(ru)鶴頂蘭(lan)，斑葉蘭(lan)，建蘭(lan)，春蘭(lan)，寒蘭(lan)，竹葉蘭(lan)，花(hua)葉開唇蘭(lan)等(deng)，這些植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)具有很高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)觀賞價值，同(tong)(tong)時又可藥用。杜(du)鵑(juan)花(hua)是世界(jie)名(ming)花(hua)，也是中國十(shi)大(da)(da)名(ming)花(hua)之一(yi)，人們(men)對(dui)它十(shi)分厚愛，其(qi)同(tong)(tong)屬(shu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有滿山(shan)紅，鹿(lu)角杜(du)鵑(juan)，馬銀花(hua)等(deng)均作為觀花(hua)的(de)(de)(de)花(hua)卉植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)。觀賞的(de)(de)(de)花(hua)卉植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)還(huan)有木(mu)蘭(lan)科，竹科等(deng)。此外，保(bao)護區(qu)內還(huan)有許多抗(kang)污(wu)染植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)，它們(men)能夠吸(xi)收大(da)(da)氣(qi)中的(de)(de)(de)有害氣(qi)體(ti)，滯留灰(hui)塵(chen)(chen)，殺滅細菌，減(jian)少(shao)噪音，從而保(bao)護大(da)(da)氣(qi)中氧(yang)氣(qi)和二(er)(er)氧(yang)化碳的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)衡。如(ru)合歡，構(gou)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)，臭椿(chun)，紫薇，楊梅等(deng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)均有抗(kang)二(er)(er)氧(yang)化硫的(de)(de)(de)特性(xing)。抗(kang)氯氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)有側柏，樟樹(shu)(shu)(shu)，栓皮櫟，棕櫚，女貞，石楠(nan)，蚊母(mu)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)，胡頹子，枸骨等(deng)。抗(kang)鎘污(wu)染源的(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有尾葉冬青，刺果衛矛等(deng)。抗(kang)硫化物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有楓楊，喜樹(shu)(shu)(shu)等(deng)。抗(kang)汞植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有山(shan)楂，刺槐(huai)，枇(pi)杷等(deng)。樸樹(shu)(shu)(shu)，榆樹(shu)(shu)(shu)，銀杏，桑(sang)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)，木(mu)槿(jin)以(yi)及臭椿(chun)，枇(pi)杷，紫薇，烏桕等(deng)具有吸(xi)塵(chen)(chen)，滯塵(chen)(chen)能力強特色。

區域面積

保護區(qu)(qu)總(zong)面(mian)積13866.53公頃，其中核(he)心區(qu)(qu)4286.08公頃、占保護區(qu)(qu)總(zong)面(mian)積的(de)30.9%，緩沖(chong)區(qu)(qu)3438.72公頃、占24.8%，實驗區(qu)(qu)6141.73公頃、占44.3%。

開發利用

藥用植物資源開發與(yu)利用

馬頭山(shan)自然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)由(you)于(yu)所處(chu)的(de)特殊地(di)理位置，區(qu)內(nei)(nei)有(you)(you)著豐富(fu)的(de)中(zhong)藥材資源(yuan)。據初(chu)步統計，蕨(jue)類(lei)(lei)(lei)植物(wu)(wu)在《中(zhong)國藥典》中(zhong)收(shou)載(zai)的(de)有(you)(you)4科(ke)5屬(shu)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)植物(wu)(wu)在《中(zhong)國藥典》中(zhong)共收(shou)載(zai)86科(ke)149屬(shu)179種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)內(nei)(nei)懸鉤子(zi)(zi)(zi)屬(shu)植物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之多(duo)(duo)，其中(zhong)大部分種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)果實(shi)可作覆(fu)盆子(zi)(zi)(zi)中(zhong)藥使(shi)用(yong)，覆(fu)盆子(zi)(zi)(zi)能益腎，固精，縮(suo)尿，用(yong)于(yu)腎虛尿頻，陽痿早泄，白帶增多(duo)(duo)等(deng)癥。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)尚有(you)(you)許多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)中(zhong)藥，如(ru)細辛類(lei)(lei)(lei)，木通類(lei)(lei)(lei)，五味子(zi)(zi)(zi)類(lei)(lei)(lei)，栝(gua)樓類(lei)(lei)(lei)，前胡(hu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)，五加(jia)皮類(lei)(lei)(lei)，吳茱萸類(lei)(lei)(lei)，麥冬類(lei)(lei)(lei)，薯蕷(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)，七葉(xie)(xie)(xie)一枝花(hua)類(lei)(lei)(lei)，沙(sha)參類(lei)(lei)(lei)以及烏頭，黃連，草珊瑚，鉤藤等(deng)中(zhong)藥。由(you)于(yu)特殊的(de)地(di)理環境，保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)內(nei)(nei)中(zhong)藥資源(yuan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)極豐富(fu)，有(you)(you)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)蘊藏(zang)量(liang)較大，但有(you)(you)的(de)蘊藏(zang)量(liang)較小的(de)如(ru)石(shi)(shi)斛，獨蒜蘭，石(shi)(shi)仙桃(tao)，徐(xu)長卿，八角蓮(lian)等(deng)，這些種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)應注意(yi)不可過度采挖，應采取(qu)合理措施，使(shi)這些中(zhong)藥資源(yuan)永續利用(yong)。而對于(yu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)廬山(shan)石(shi)(shi)韋，槲蕨(jue)，大血藤，大葉(xie)(xie)(xie)冬青，山(shan)雞椒(jiao)，山(shan)臘(la)梅，柳葉(xie)(xie)(xie)臘(la)梅，崖豆藤屬(shu)，獼(mi)猴桃(tao)屬(shu)等(deng)植物(wu)(wu)，可以進行合理的(de)開發(fa)利用(yong)。

區內芳香植物(wu)資源(yuan)豐富(fu)，蘊藏量(liang)大，其種(zhong)類較(jiao)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)有(you)樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)科(ke)樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)樹葉(xie)(xie)，枝干，樹皮均(jun)含揮發油(you)(you)(you)(樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)油(you)(you)(you))，平均(jun)含量(liang)3%～6%，油(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)含樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)腦(nao)10%～50%。樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)油(you)(you)(you)經分(fen)餾后又(you)分(fen)為白樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)油(you)(you)(you)，紅樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)油(you)(you)(you)和蘭樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)油(you)(you)(you)，分(fen)別為制取桉(an)油(you)(you)(you)油(you)(you)(you)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)原料(liao)，合(he)成香料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原料(liao)。細(xi)葉(xie)(xie)香桂的(de)(de)(de)(de)葉(xie)(xie)是魚肉菜肴，醬油(you)(you)(you)，泡菜，罐(guan)頭等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要配(pei)料(liao)，能(neng)增加食(shi)品風(feng)味，具(ju)有(you)強烈芳香和辛辣氣味。菊科(ke)野菊花的(de)(de)(de)(de)干花和葉(xie)(xie)含油(you)(you)(you)011%～012%，可(ke)提取芳香油(you)(you)(you)(油(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)主要含有(you)α2蒎烯(xi)，檸(ning)檬烯(xi)，桉(an)油(you)(you)(you)精等(deng))或浸膏，調制各(ge)種(zhong)皂用香精。