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歷史沿革

保護區始建于1994年，2001年(nian)經江(jiang)西省人民政府(fu)批準(zhun)(zhun)晉(jin)升(sheng)為(wei)省級自(zi)然保(bao)(bao)護區，2008年(nian)經國務(wu)院批準(zhun)(zhun)晉(jin)升(sheng)為(wei)國家級自(zi)然保(bao)(bao)護區。

地理環境

地理位置

保護區位于江西省資溪縣的(de)東(dong)(dong)北部，地處(chu)武(wu)夷山脈(mo)中(zhong)段，閩贛(gan)交界的(de)武(wu)夷山脈(mo)西麓，地理(li)坐標(biao)為東(dong)(dong)經117°09'11"-117'18"，北緯27°40'50"-27°53'52"。?

東(dong)由與(yu)福建省交(jiao)(jiao)界(jie)(jie)的野(ye)(ye)雞(ji)頂起，向(xiang)(xiang)南(nan)至(zhi)觀音尖，再(zai)至(zhi)南(nan)邊的1224米山(shan)(shan)峰(feng)，沿(yan)(yan)(yan)東(dong)港與(yu)南(nan)港分水(shui)山(shan)(shan)脊(ji)(ji)到(dao)(dao)(dao)西(xi)邊的月峰(feng)山(shan)(shan)，向(xiang)(xiang)北沿(yan)(yan)(yan)山(shan)(shan)脊(ji)(ji)至(zhi)東(dong)源橋頭(tou)，跨昌(chang)坪河到(dao)(dao)(dao)高阜尖至(zhi)東(dong)坑村后(hou)山(shan)(shan)脊(ji)(ji)，沿(yan)(yan)(yan)東(dong)南(nan)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)山(shan)(shan)脊(ji)(ji)到(dao)(dao)(dao)五臺山(shan)(shan)，轉向(xiang)(xiang)東(dong)沿(yan)(yan)(yan)山(shan)(shan)脊(ji)(ji)至(zhi)黃(huang)茅寨小路向(xiang)(xiang)北，至(zhi)與(yu)貴溪(xi)(xi)縣(xian)交(jiao)(jiao)界(jie)(jie)的香臺山(shan)(shan)，再(zai)沿(yan)(yan)(yan)資溪(xi)(xi)、貴溪(xi)(xi)縣(xian)界(jie)(jie)向(xiang)(xiang)東(dong)到(dao)(dao)(dao)與(yu)福建交(jiao)(jiao)界(jie)(jie)點(dian)向(xiang)(xiang)南(nan)回到(dao)(dao)(dao)東(dong)面與(yu)福建交(jiao)(jiao)界(jie)(jie)的野(ye)(ye)雞(ji)頂止。

地形地貌

馬頭山(shan)(shan)(shan)國(guo)家級自然保護區地(di)(di)貌大致具有(you)盆嶺相間，棋盤格狀(zhuang)展布之(zhi)格局.大多為燕山(shan)(shan)(shan)期花崗巖，土壤(rang)為花崗巖風(feng)化形成(cheng)的山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)紅壤(rang)，山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)黃紅壤(rang)和山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)黃壤(rang)，以及小范圍的山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)草甸土。

氣候特征

氣候屬(shu)亞熱帶濕潤季風氣候，年(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣溫16～18℃，年(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)(jun)降水量192919mm，相對(dui)濕度83%。年(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)(jun)輻射量為(wei)10069711/cm2，年(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)(jun)日照為(wei)159716小時，年(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)(jun)霜期270天，年(nian)(nian)均(jun)(jun)(jun)霧(wu)日88天。

保護對象

森林資源

保(bao)護區位(wei)于武夷山脈中段腹地，森(sen)林植(zhi)被以(yi)天然常綠(lv)闊(kuo)葉(xie)林為主，森(sen)林覆蓋率達96.3%，生態環境優(you)良，生物多樣性(xing)豐富。區內有高等(deng)植(zhi)物275科1005屬2483種，陸生脊椎(zhui)動物27目(mu)91科387種。

馬(ma)頭(tou)山(shan)自然保護(hu)區保存(cun)有較(jiao)大范(fan)圍(wei)的(de)原生性(xing)較(jiao)強的(de)天然常綠闊葉林，生物多樣性(xing)極為豐富。高等(deng)植(zhi)物約2500種(zhong)，其中屬(shu)國家重點(dian)保護(hu)植(zhi)物名錄(第一批)有20余種(zhong)，長(chang)葉榧(Torreyajackii)和蛛網(wang)萼(Platycraterargnta)，江(jiang)西僅在此有分布。

動物資源

其中國(guo)家(jia)重點保(bao)護(hu)野生(sheng)(sheng)植物(wu)有(you)(you)(you)20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，國(guo)家(jia)重點保(bao)護(hu)野生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)有(you)(you)(you)54種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。保(bao)護(hu)區主(zhu)要保(bao)護(hu)對象(xiang)為美毛(mao)含(han)笑、蛛(zhu)網(wang)萼(e)、伯(bo)樂(le)(le)樹等大面(mian)積的珍(zhen)稀植物(wu)原生(sheng)(sheng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)群(qun)，其中屬國(guo)家(jia)重點保(bao)護(hu)植物(wu)長(chang)葉榧(fei)(Torreyajackii)、蛛(zhu)網(wang)萼(e)(Platycraterargnta)為保(bao)護(hu)區全省(sheng)特有(you)(you)(you)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。還有(you)(you)(you)南(nan)方紅豆杉、福建柏(bo)、天然杉木(mu)、伯(bo)樂(le)(le)樹、莼(chun)菜、報春苣苔、白頸(jing)長(chang)尾雉、黃腹(fu)角(jiao)雉、云豹、獼猴、黑熊等珍(zhen)稀野生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)植物(wu)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。

藥用資源

有(you)豐(feng)富的(de)(de)(de)野(ye)(ye)生攀緣(yuan)植(zhi)物(wu)資(zi)源(yuan)， 通過野(ye)(ye)外采集及(ji)標(biao)本的(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)理(li)(li)鑒定，初步確(que)認該(gai)區(qu)共有(you)攀緣(yuan)植(zhi)物(wu)40科92屬(shu)222種(包括種下等級)。根據對馬(ma)頭山攀緣(yuan)植(zhi)物(wu)區(qu)系(xi)分析的(de)(de)(de)結果，該(gai)區(qu)攀緣(yuan)植(zhi)物(wu)區(qu)系(xi)具有(you)以(yi)下特(te)征(zheng)：(1)種類組成(cheng)豐(feng)富，地(di)理(li)(li)成(cheng)分復(fu)雜(za)；(2)區(qu)系(xi)中熱帶性(xing)地(di)理(li)(li)成(cheng)分占(zhan)主導地(di)位；(3)區(qu)系(xi)成(cheng)分相對古老，特(te)有(you)類群豐(feng)富，多(duo)型性(xing)突出(chu)；(4)華東(dong)區(qu)系(xi)特(te)征(zheng)明顯。

藥用植物資源分布

初步查(cha)明(ming)馬頭山自然保(bao)護區(qu)內有藥用(yong)(yong)(yong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)1647種(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬231科759屬，其中裸(luo)子(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)為(wei)13種(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬8科13屬，被子(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)1483種(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬161科653屬。區(qu)內常用(yong)(yong)(yong)中藥為(wei)187種(zhong)(zhong)，藥用(yong)(yong)(yong)真菌29種(zhong)(zhong)，藥用(yong)(yong)(yong)苔蘚(xian)27種(zhong)(zhong)，藥用(yong)(yong)(yong)蕨類(lei)88種(zhong)(zhong)，藥用(yong)(yong)(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)1494種(zhong)(zhong)，藥用(yong)(yong)(yong)珍稀瀕危植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)62種(zhong)(zhong)，藥用(yong)(yong)(yong)特有植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)18種(zhong)(zhong)，江西(xi)地理記錄(lu)新分布8種(zhong)(zhong)。

（1）常用中(zhong)藥植(zhi)物(wu)

江(jiang)西是中國中藥(yao)(yao)材主要產區(qu)之一(yi)，收(shou)購使(shi)用的(de)中藥(yao)(yao)有(you)342種，而保護(hu)區(qu)內的(de)中藥(yao)(yao)就有(you)187種(《中國藥(yao)(yao)典》2000年版收(shou)載的(de))。數量較(jiao)多的(de)有(you)銀杏，側柏，厚樸，烏藥(yao)(yao)，仙鶴(he)草，金櫻(ying)子(zi)(zi)，葛，忍冬，旌節花，吳茱萸，女(nv)貞，絡(luo)石，梔子(zi)(zi)，鉤(gou)藤，烏頭，威靈仙，大血(xue)藤，半夏，白(bai)及等。

（2）藥用真(zhen)菌(jun)植物(wu)

馬(ma)頭山自(zi)然保(bao)護區鑒定了的真菌有91種(zhong)，其中29種(zhong)為(wei)藥用(yong)真菌，如銀耳(er)(er)，黑(hei)木(mu)耳(er)(er)，靈芝，茯苓(ling)(ling)，香菇(gu)，紫紅菇(gu)，絨紫紅菇(gu)，菱紅菇(gu)，側耳(er)(er)，竹蓀等(deng)。靈芝，銀耳(er)(er)，黑(hei)木(mu)耳(er)(er)，茯苓(ling)(ling)為(wei)常(chang)用(yong)中藥，在臨床上具(ju)有較好的治療效果。此外，許多種(zhong)類是食藥兩用(yong)的真菌，如潔麗香菇(gu)，硬毛香菇(gu)，松乳菇(gu)，毛木(mu)耳(er)(er)等(deng)種(zhong)。

（3）藥用(yong)(yong)蕨(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)江(jiang)西省蕨(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)433種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬114屬49科(ke)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥用(yong)(yong)蕨(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)為195種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬84屬45科(ke)。馬(ma)頭山自然保(bao)護區的蕨(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)共有(you)(you)142種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬62屬30科(ke)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國藥典》，《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥志》所(suo)收(shou)載的常(chang)用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥有(you)(you)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，它(ta)們分別為石(shi)(shi)松，紫萁，海金沙，烏蕨(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)，野雞(ji)尾，石(shi)(shi)韋(wei)，卷柏(bo)，槲蕨(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)等。214藥用(yong)(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)馬(ma)頭山自然保(bao)護區內的藥用(yong)(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)1494種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(包括常(chang)用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥，特有(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，珍稀瀕危種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，新分布等)，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥用(yong)(yong)裸子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，雙(shuang)子(zi)葉植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)1294種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，單子(zi)葉植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)106種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。?

（4）藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)珍稀瀕危植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)保(bao)護區內除(chu)具有(you)(you)豐富(fu)的中藥(yao)及藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)種(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)，藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)蕨類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)等資源外(wai)，尚(shang)有(you)(you)許(xu)多種(zhong)珍稀瀕危植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)，其中有(you)(you)相當部分(fen)種(zhong)類(lei)為(wei)(wei)藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)，區內共有(you)(you)藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)珍稀瀕危植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)62種(zhong)，它(ta)們分(fen)別(bie)是鵝掌楸(qiu)，乳源木蓮，東(dong)方古(gu)柯(ke)，青(qing)牛膽，扯根草，半蒴苣苔，福建柏，短(duan)梗(geng)大參/花葉開唇蘭，石斛等種(zhong)。保(bao)護區內繁(fan)多的野生植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)種(zhong)類(lei)中，有(you)(you)18種(zhong)為(wei)(wei)特有(you)(you)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)，隸屬12屬13科，均(jun)為(wei)(wei)藥(yao)用(yong)(yong)種(zhong)類(lei)，分(fen)別(bie)為(wei)(wei)銀杏(xing)，臘(la)(la)梅，亮葉臘(la)(la)梅，喜(xi)樹(shu)，青(qing)錢(qian)柳，杜仲，枸杞，華(hua)紫(zi)(zi)珠，老鴉糊(hu)，廣東(dong)紫(zi)(zi)珠，長柄(bing)紫(zi)(zi)。

藥用植物資源

馬頭山自然保護區(qu)內(nei)1647種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)隸屬(shu)231科(ke)759屬(shu)，分布區(qu)類(lei)型(xing)廣泛，分屬(shu)14個分布區(qu)類(lei)型(xing)和16個分布區(qu)變(bian)型(xing)[8]，單種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu)，單種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)科(ke)約有(you)10個，其(qi)中(zhong)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材為187種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(均為《中(zhong)國(guo)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)典》2000年版收載)，尚(shang)有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)繁多(duo)的(de)民間草(cao)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。從(cong)資源的(de)分類(lei)群及(ji)性狀組(zu)成分析，1647種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)中(zhong)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)藻類(lei)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)真菌類(lei)29種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)地衣類(lei)4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)苔(tai)蘚27種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)蕨(jue)類(lei)88種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)裸子(zi)(zi)(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，雙子(zi)(zi)(zi)葉(xie)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)1296種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，單子(zi)(zi)(zi)葉(xie)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)106種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。草(cao)本(ben)(ben)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)1002種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，木本(ben)(ben)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)423種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，藤本(ben)(ben)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)157種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。區(qu)內(nei)復雜的(de)自然條件為藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)的(de)生長(chang)發(fa)育提(ti)供了不同的(de)生態環境。藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)資源十(shi)分豐富(fu)，共(gong)有(you)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)1647種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)為1496種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬(shu)666屬(shu)169科(ke)。同樣，區(qu)內(nei)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)區(qu)系成分十(shi)分豐富(fu)。

馬(ma)頭(tou)山自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)內分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)藥(yao)用種(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)共有174科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)熱帶性(xing)(xing)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)為92科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，占總(zong)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)5219%；溫帶性(xing)(xing)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)為23科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，占總(zong)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)1312%；世界分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)為41科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，占總(zong)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)2316%；東亞和(he)(he)東亞2北美間斷分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)的(de)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)14科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，占總(zong)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)8105%；中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)特(te)有分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)4科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，占總(zong)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)213%。在(zai)174科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，含54～73種(zhong)(zhong)有3科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，分(fen)(fen)(fen)別為菊科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)73種(zhong)(zhong)，豆科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)56種(zhong)(zhong)，薔薇科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)54種(zhong)(zhong)。含30～42種(zhong)(zhong)有4科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，分(fen)(fen)(fen)別是禾(he)本科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)42種(zhong)(zhong)，唇(chun)形科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)36種(zhong)(zhong)，百合科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)32種(zhong)(zhong)，茜草科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)30種(zhong)(zhong)。含20～26種(zhong)(zhong)有8科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，分(fen)(fen)(fen)別是樟科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)26種(zhong)(zhong)，蘭科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)25種(zhong)(zhong)，馬(ma)鞭草科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)24種(zhong)(zhong)，大(da)戟科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)22種(zhong)(zhong)，山茶科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)22種(zhong)(zhong)，蓼科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)21種(zhong)(zhong)，葡萄科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)20種(zhong)(zhong)，傘形科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)20種(zhong)(zhong)。412屬的(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析(xi)根(gen)據吳征鎰的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)的(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)類(lei)(lei)系統，馬(ma)頭(tou)山自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)藥(yao)用植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)的(de)666屬，歸屬于14個分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)和(he)(he)16個分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)變(bian)型(xing)。除中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)亞分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)外，馬(ma)頭(tou)山自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)的(de)藥(yao)用種(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)屬的(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)包括了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)所有15種(zhong)(zhong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)14種(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)31種(zhong)(zhong)分(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)區(qu)。

馬頭(tou)(tou)山(shan)(shan)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)藥用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)系與世(shi)界各部(bu)分(fen)的(de)(de)廣泛聯(lian)系及(ji)與熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)系的(de)(de)密切聯(lian)系。熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)分(fen)布區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)占(zhan)優勢：馬頭(tou)(tou)山(shan)(shan)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)藥用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)性(xing)分(fen)布的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)316屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，占(zhan)總(zong)(zong)(zong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)數的(de)(de)4716%。東(dong)亞(ya)(ya)及(ji)東(dong)亞(ya)(ya)和北(bei)(bei)美洲間斷(duan)分(fen)布區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)突出：在(zai)馬頭(tou)(tou)山(shan)(shan)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)藥用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)東(dong)亞(ya)(ya)及(ji)東(dong)亞(ya)(ya)2北(bei)(bei)美間斷(duan)分(fen)布的(de)(de)共計130屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，占(zhan)總(zong)(zong)(zong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)數的(de)(de)1916%，占(zhan)中(zhong)國(guo)東(dong)亞(ya)(ya)分(fen)布屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)總(zong)(zong)(zong)數的(de)(de)4315%。古(gu)老分(fen)布區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)較(jiao)明(ming)顯(xian)：保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內(nei)的(de)(de)三尖杉，銀(yin)杏，南方紅豆杉，長(chang)葉(xie)榧(fei)樹等，為(wei)典(dian)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)孓遺種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或第三，四(si)紀殘(can)遺種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。鵝掌(zhang)楸，青錢(qian)柳，伯樂樹，楓香，臘梅(mei)等均為(wei)分(fen)類(lei)(lei)學殘(can)遺種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。中(zhong)國(guo)特有(you)(you)(you)(you)分(fen)布區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)較(jiao)多：中(zhong)國(guo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)特有(you)(you)(you)(you)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)為(wei)257屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，在(zai)江西(xi)分(fen)布的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)50屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，占(zhan)中(zhong)國(guo)總(zong)(zong)(zong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)數的(de)(de)1117%，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)藥用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)為(wei)22屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，占(zhan)中(zhong)國(guo)總(zong)(zong)(zong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)數的(de)(de)816%，占(zhan)江西(xi)總(zong)(zong)(zong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)數的(de)(de)7313%。在(zai)馬頭(tou)(tou)山(shan)(shan)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內(nei)共有(you)(you)(you)(you)18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)特有(you)(you)(you)(you)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)，分(fen)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)于12特有(you)(you)(you)(you)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，占(zhan)中(zhong)國(guo)總(zong)(zong)(zong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)數的(de)(de)4167%，占(zhan)江西(xi)總(zong)(zong)(zong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)數的(de)(de)24%。413種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)分(fen)析在(zai)馬頭(tou)(tou)山(shan)(shan)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)1494種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)，中(zhong)國(guo)特有(you)(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)古(gu)特有(you)(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)新特有(you)(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。非特有(you)(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)性(xing)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)約(yue)有(you)(you)(you)(you)753種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，屬(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)于溫帶(dai)(dai)性(xing)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)約(yue)有(you)(you)(you)(you)349種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，世(shi)界性(xing)分(fen)布種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)約(yue)166種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，東(dong)亞(ya)(ya)和東(dong)亞(ya)(ya)2北(bei)(bei)美洲間斷(duan)分(fen)布種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)約(yue)有(you)(you)(you)(you)208種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。從上述(shu)分(fen)析可(ke)見，在(zai)馬頭(tou)(tou)山(shan)(shan)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內(nei)的(de)(de)藥用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)，亞(ya)(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)(dai)性(xing)性(xing)質。

蜜源植物

保(bao)護區(qu)內(nei)的(de)野生(sheng)蜜(mi)(mi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)資源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)十分豐富，主(zhu)要(yao)蜜(mi)(mi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)如(ru)(ru)杜鵑花屬植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)，該類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)的(de)蜂(feng)蜜(mi)(mi)色(se)(se)(se)淺(qian)，蜜(mi)(mi)質(zhi)優良(liang)，結晶乳白色(se)(se)(se)，味甘甜純正適口。夏季蜂(feng)蜜(mi)(mi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)如(ru)(ru)小果冬(dong)(dong)青，花多，泌蜜(mi)(mi)豐富，對蜜(mi)(mi)蜂(feng)有強(qiang)烈的(de)誘惑力，蜜(mi)(mi)淺(qian)琥珀(po)色(se)(se)(se)半透明(ming)，結晶乳白細膩，味純正，甘甜，清香(xiang)(xiang)適口。秋季蜜(mi)(mi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)如(ru)(ru)豆科的(de)胡(hu)枝子屬植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)，開(kai)花泌蜜(mi)(mi)時(shi)間較長，蜜(mi)(mi)淺(qian)琥珀(po)色(se)(se)(se)，結晶潔(jie)白，細膩如(ru)(ru)脂，氣味芳香(xiang)(xiang)，甜而不(bu)膩，質(zhi)優良(liang)。冬(dong)(dong)季蜜(mi)(mi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)如(ru)(ru)山茶(cha)科柃屬的(de)多種植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)，其花香(xiang)(xiang)，泌蜜(mi)(mi)豐富，誘蜂(feng)力強(qiang)，為冬(dong)(dong)季蜜(mi)(mi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)的(de)特殊種類(lei)，蜜(mi)(mi)水白透明(ming)，濃(nong)郁芳香(xiang)(xiang)，蜜(mi)(mi)質(zhi)優良(liang)。此外還有刺槐，柿，泡(pao)桐，山烏桕(jiu)，椴樹，杜荊等多種蜜(mi)(mi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)，這為發展本地區(qu)的(de)養蜂(feng)業創造(zao)了良(liang)好的(de)自(zi)然環境。

植(zhi)物色(se)(se)(se)(se)素(su)作為食(shi)品(pin)著(zhu)色(se)(se)(se)(se)劑(ji)和紡織(zhi)(zhi)染色(se)(se)(se)(se)原(yuan)料已被廣泛(fan)應(ying)用(yong)，如殼(ke)斗(dou)科(ke)的(de)(de)多穗(sui)柯葉中富含(han)棕色(se)(se)(se)(se)素(su)，應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)糖果，冷飲，糕點(dian)等(deng)食(shi)品(pin)中著(zhu)色(se)(se)(se)(se)，呈色(se)(se)(se)(se)與可(ke)可(ke)糖相似，效(xiao)果良(liang)好。茜(qian)草科(ke)梔子的(de)(de)果實(shi)可(ke)提取黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)素(su)，可(ke)用(yong)于(yu)纖維(wei)(wei)染色(se)(se)(se)(se)，也可(ke)用(yong)于(yu)食(shi)品(pin)著(zhu)色(se)(se)(se)(se)。茜(qian)草根中所(suo)含(han)茜(qian)草紅色(se)(se)(se)(se)素(su)，可(ke)用(yong)于(yu)植(zhi)物纖維(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)染色(se)(se)(se)(se)，亦可(ke)用(yong)于(yu)食(shi)品(pin)著(zhu)色(se)(se)(se)(se)，鼠李科(ke)凍綠的(de)(de)莖皮(pi)含(han)綠色(se)(se)(se)(se)素(su)，可(ke)用(yong)于(yu)棉(mian)絲織(zhi)(zhi)品(pin)的(de)(de)染色(se)(se)(se)(se)等(deng)。

花卉植物

保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)內(nei)野生(sheng)花(hua)(hua)卉植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)資源豐富，蘭(lan)(lan)科(ke)的(de)(de)蘭(lan)(lan)花(hua)(hua)類植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，如鶴頂蘭(lan)(lan)，斑(ban)葉(xie)蘭(lan)(lan)，建蘭(lan)(lan)，春蘭(lan)(lan)，寒蘭(lan)(lan)，竹葉(xie)蘭(lan)(lan)，花(hua)(hua)葉(xie)開唇蘭(lan)(lan)等，這(zhe)些植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)很(hen)高的(de)(de)觀(guan)賞價值(zhi)，同時又可藥用。杜(du)鵑花(hua)(hua)是(shi)世界名花(hua)(hua)，也是(shi)中國十大名花(hua)(hua)之一，人們對它十分厚愛，其(qi)同屬(shu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)滿山紅，鹿角杜(du)鵑，馬銀花(hua)(hua)等均作為觀(guan)花(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)花(hua)(hua)卉植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)。觀(guan)賞的(de)(de)花(hua)(hua)卉植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)還有(you)(you)(you)(you)木蘭(lan)(lan)科(ke)，竹科(ke)等。此外，保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)內(nei)還有(you)(you)(you)(you)許多抗污染(ran)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，它們能夠(gou)吸收大氣中的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)害(hai)氣體，滯留灰塵(chen)，殺滅細(xi)菌，減少噪音，從而保護(hu)大氣中氧(yang)(yang)氣和二氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)碳的(de)(de)平衡(heng)。如合歡，構樹，臭椿，紫(zi)薇，楊(yang)(yang)梅等植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)均有(you)(you)(you)(you)抗二氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)硫的(de)(de)特(te)(te)性。抗氯氣的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)側柏，樟樹，栓皮(pi)櫟，棕櫚，女貞(zhen)，石楠，蚊母樹，胡(hu)頹子，枸骨等。抗鎘污染(ran)源的(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)尾(wei)葉(xie)冬(dong)青，刺果衛矛等。抗硫化(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)楓楊(yang)(yang)，喜樹等。抗汞植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)山楂，刺槐(huai)，枇(pi)杷(pa)等。樸(pu)樹，榆樹，銀杏，桑樹，木槿(jin)以及臭椿，枇(pi)杷(pa)，紫(zi)薇，烏(wu)桕等具有(you)(you)(you)(you)吸塵(chen)，滯塵(chen)能力(li)強特(te)(te)色。

區域面積

保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)總面積13866.53公(gong)頃(qing)，其中核心(xin)區(qu)(qu)4286.08公(gong)頃(qing)、占(zhan)保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)總面積的30.9%，緩沖區(qu)(qu)3438.72公(gong)頃(qing)、占(zhan)24.8%，實(shi)驗區(qu)(qu)6141.73公(gong)頃(qing)、占(zhan)44.3%。

開發利用

藥用植物(wu)資源開發與利用

馬(ma)頭(tou)山(shan)自然(ran)保(bao)護區(qu)由(you)于所處的特(te)殊地(di)理位置(zhi)，區(qu)內(nei)有(you)(you)著豐(feng)富的中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)材(cai)資源。據初步統計，蕨類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)植(zhi)物(wu)在(zai)《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國藥(yao)典》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)收載(zai)的有(you)(you)4科5屬8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)物(wu)在(zai)《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國藥(yao)典》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)共收載(zai)86科149屬179種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。保(bao)護區(qu)內(nei)懸鉤子屬植(zhi)物(wu)有(you)(you)18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之多(duo)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大(da)部分(fen)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的果實可(ke)作覆盆(pen)子中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)使(shi)用，覆盆(pen)子能益(yi)腎，固精，縮尿，用于腎虛尿頻，陽痿早泄，白帶(dai)增(zeng)多(duo)等(deng)癥(zheng)。保(bao)護區(qu)尚有(you)(you)許多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)，如(ru)細(xi)辛類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，木通類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，五味(wei)子類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，栝樓類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，前(qian)胡類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，五加皮類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，吳茱萸類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，麥冬類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，薯(shu)蕷(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，七葉一枝花類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)，沙(sha)參類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)以及烏頭(tou)，黃連，草珊瑚，鉤藤(teng)等(deng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)。由(you)于特(te)殊的地(di)理環(huan)境，保(bao)護區(qu)內(nei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)資源種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)極豐(feng)富，有(you)(you)的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)蘊(yun)(yun)藏(zang)量較大(da)，但有(you)(you)的蘊(yun)(yun)藏(zang)量較小(xiao)的如(ru)石斛，獨(du)蒜蘭，石仙(xian)桃，徐長卿，八(ba)角蓮等(deng)，這些種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)應(ying)注意不可(ke)過度采(cai)挖，應(ying)采(cai)取合(he)理措(cuo)施，使(shi)這些中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)資源永續利用。而對于保(bao)護區(qu)廬山(shan)石韋，槲(hu)蕨，大(da)血(xue)藤(teng)，大(da)葉冬青，山(shan)雞椒，山(shan)臘(la)(la)梅，柳(liu)葉臘(la)(la)梅，崖豆藤(teng)屬，獼猴桃屬等(deng)植(zhi)物(wu)，可(ke)以進(jin)行合(he)理的開發(fa)利用。

區內(nei)芳香植物資源(yuan)豐富，蘊藏量大，其種(zhong)類較多的科有(you)樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)科樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)樹葉，枝干(gan)(gan)，樹皮均含(han)(han)揮發油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you))，平均含(han)(han)量3%～6%，油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)中含(han)(han)樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)腦10%～50%。樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)經分(fen)(fen)餾后又(you)分(fen)(fen)為白樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)，紅(hong)樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)和蘭(lan)樟(zhang)(zhang)(zhang)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)，分(fen)(fen)別為制取(qu)桉(an)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)素(su)的原料，合成(cheng)香料的原料。細葉香桂的葉是魚肉菜肴(yao)，醬油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)，泡菜，罐頭等的重(zhong)要配料，能(neng)增加食品風味，具有(you)強烈芳香和辛(xin)辣氣味。菊(ju)(ju)科野菊(ju)(ju)花的干(gan)(gan)花和葉含(han)(han)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)011%～012%，可提(ti)取(qu)芳香油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)中主(zhu)要含(han)(han)有(you)α2蒎烯(xi)，檸檬(meng)烯(xi)，桉(an)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)精(jing)等)或浸膏(gao)，調制各種(zhong)皂用香精(jing)。