呼倫湖國(guo)(guo)家(jia)級自(zi)然保(bao)護區位(wei)于(yu)內蒙(meng)古(gu)呼倫貝爾市西部(bu),北鄰俄羅斯邦,南(nan)與蒙(meng)古(gu)國(guo)(guo)相(xiang)接(jie),處于(yu)中蒙(meng)俄三國(guo)(guo)交界處。地理坐(zuo)標:北緯(wei)47°45′50″~49°20′20″;東經116°50′10″~118°10′10″。保(bao)護區總面積74萬公頃。
保(bao)護區(qu)內由(you)達賚湖(呼(hu)倫湖)、貝爾湖(中(zhong)國部(bu)分(fen))、新達賚湖、烏(wu)蘭諾爾、烏(wu)爾遜河、克魯(lu)倫河入(ru)湖口等河流(liu)和大小型湖泊(bo)以及(ji)湖河岸漫灘組成的濕地(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)為325300公(gong)頃(qing),占(zhan)保(bao)護區(qu)總(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)的44%;草原面(mian)(mian)積(ji)為408300公(gong)頃(qing),占(zhan)保(bao)護區(qu)總(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)的55%;沙地(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)6400公(gong)頃(qing),占(zhan)保(bao)護區(qu)總(zong)(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)的0.9%。
有(you)600多種高等植物:有(you)蘆葦和(he)(he)沼澤(ze)草甸、東(dong)方香(xiang)蒲、苔草、小(xiao)葉章(zhang)及實蕨。湖泊四周自然(ran)草地的優(you)勢(shi)種包括(kuo)狼針茅、大針茅、阿爾泰(tai)針茅、羊草、糙(cao)隱子草和(he)(he)蔥類。
包括(kuo)丹頂鶴大鴇等世界級(ji)瀕危物種(zhong)(zhong)的鳥303種(zhong)(zhong),蒙(meng)古(gu)高原特(te)有種(zhong)(zhong)黃(huang)羊等獸類13科35種(zhong)(zhong),魚6科30種(zhong)(zhong)。其中,被(bei)列入國家一、二(er)級(ji)保護(hu)名錄的就有55種(zhong)(zhong),我國分布的8種(zhong)(zhong)鶴,6種(zhong)(zhong)是該保護(hu)區的候(hou)鳥和旅(lv)鳥。保護(hu)區為澳洲——東亞候(hou)鳥遷徙的重要(yao)(yao)通(tong)道和集(ji)散地(di),也是亞洲水禽的重要(yao)(yao)繁(fan)殖地(di)。保護(hu)區三湖(呼倫湖、貝爾(er)湖、烏蘭(lan)諾爾(er)湖)和三河(he)(克魯倫河(he)、烏爾(er)遜河(he)、達蘭(lan)鄂羅木(mu)河(he))為供魚類棲息、繁(fan)衍的天然有機水系,形成了一個漁(yu)業生(sheng)產的整體。烏爾(er)遜河(he)中游的烏蘭(lan)泡水生(sheng)植物豐富(fu),為鯉(li)魚、鯽魚的主要(yao)(yao)產卵地(di)。
呼倫(lun)湖附(fu)近有鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)17目38科(ke)190種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)及(ji)2亞種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)古(gu)北種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)155種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),廣布種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),沒有東洋種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)侵入。遷徙鳥172種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)夏候(hou)鳥98種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),旅鳥69種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。雀形(xing)目鳥79種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),水禽7目13科(ke)72種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)雁形(xing)目21種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),鶴(he)(he)(he)(he)4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),鷗8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)),猛(meng)禽24種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。國家(jia)保(bao)護(hu)鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)類(lei)(lei)(lei)4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(黑(hei)鸛、白鶴(he)(he)(he)(he)、丹頂鶴(he)(he)(he)(he)等(deng)),二類(lei)(lei)(lei)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(白琵(pi)鷺、大(da)(da)天(tian)鵝、小(xiao)杓鷸、雕(diao)(diao)等(deng))、三類(lei)(lei)(lei)23種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(猛(meng)禽、灰(hui)鶴(he)(he)(he)(he)、大(da)(da)鴇及(ji)蓑(suo)羽鶴(he)(he)(he)(he)等(deng))。該區有一(yi)(yi)定數量的(de)大(da)(da)天(tian)鵝繁殖種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)群,及(ji)目前我國發現(xian)數量大(da)(da)的(de)蓑(suo)羽鶴(he)(he)(he)(he)繁殖種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)群。在后來的(de)調查中(zhong)(zhong)又發現(xian)包括大(da)(da)鴇、金(jin)雕(diao)(diao)等(deng)國家(jia)一(yi)(yi)級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)在內(nei)的(de)鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)3科(ke)51種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)鶴(he)(he)(he)(he)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。呼倫(lun)湖區總(zong)計鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)17目41科(ke)241種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占中(zhong)(zhong)國鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)總(zong)數的(de)1/5。
呼倫(lun)湖中(zhong)(zhong)已記錄到4目6科26種魚(yu),包括粲條(tiao)(tiao)、紅鰭鰉、蒙(meng)古紅鰉、哲羅魚(yu)、鯉(li)魚(yu)、東北(bei)雅羅魚(yu)、鯽魚(yu)、狗魚(yu)、麥穗(sui)魚(yu)、鯰(nian)魚(yu)、唇(chun)鯛、花鯛等。呼倫(lun)湖區哺(bu)乳(ru)類已記錄到6目13科35種,包括狼、沙狐(hu)、艾鼬(you)、狗獾、草(cao)兔、達烏利黃鼠、黃鼬(you)、三趾(zhi)跳鼠、小毛足(zu)鼠和黃羊。已發現爬行類2種(麗斑麻晰與白條(tiao)(tiao)錦蛇(she)),兩棲類2種(中(zhong)(zhong)華林(lin)蛙與花背蟾蜍)。
保(bao)護區內(nei)(nei)主要濕地(di)(di)(di)(di)類型包(bao)括永久性河流、湖(hu)(hu)泊、灌叢濕地(di)(di)(di)(di)等,符(fu)合《濕地(di)(di)(di)(di)公約》國際(ji)重要濕地(di)(di)(di)(di)指定標準的(de)(de)(de) 5、6、7、8,該濕地(di)(di)(di)(di)正常狀況下(xia)維持(chi)了20000只以上水禽。保(bao)護區內(nei)(nei)濕地(di)(di)(di)(di)為保(bao)持(chi)和(he)(he)改善本(ben)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區氣候條件起著至關重要的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用,主要表(biao)現在(zai)增加空氣濕度,增加降水量,保(bao)持(chi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)水位(wei),維持(chi)呼倫貝爾(er)草原的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)持(chi)續利用。達(da)賚(lai)湖(hu)(hu)濕地(di)(di)(di)(di)也是研究(jiu)草原和(he)(he)濕地(di)(di)(di)(di)生態系統及(ji)動植物的(de)(de)(de)重要研究(jiu)場所。呼倫湖(hu)(hu)在(zai)維持(chi)生物多樣性和(he)(he)豐富的(de)(de)(de)生物資源方(fang)面發揮著巨大作(zuo)用,在(zai)區域(yu)環境保(bao)護中具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)特(te)殊(shu)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)位(wei)。呼倫湖(hu)(hu)面積大,與(yu)多條草原河流溝通(tong);地(di)(di)(di)(di)處高(gao)緯地(di)(di)(di)(di)區,氣溫(wen)低,對湖(hu)(hu)體浮游(you)生物有(you)(you)(you)一定的(de)(de)(de)抑制(zhi)作(zuo)用;湖(hu)(hu)體構(gou)造特(te)殊(shu),露出30余個泉點,有(you)(you)(you)地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)水補給。因此(ci),呼倫湖(hu)(hu)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)較強的(de)(de)(de)自凈能力(li)。
《內(nei)蒙古草地類自然(ran)保護區(qu)規(gui)劃》于(yu)1985年將達(da)賚湖(hu)(呼(hu)倫湖(hu))保護區(qu)規(gui)劃其中。
1986年,該規(gui)劃經內蒙古自治區(qu)人民(min)(min)政(zheng)府批準實施(shi)。同年,新巴爾虎右(you)旗人民(min)(min)政(zheng)府批準建立“達(da)賚湖(hu)(呼倫湖(hu))珍禽、濕地、草原生態系統自然保護區(qu)”。
1990年12月,由內蒙古自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)區人(ren)民政府批準該保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區晉(jin)升(sheng)為自(zi)(zi)治(zhi)區級(ji)自(zi)(zi)然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區。
1992年(nian)十月,由國務院(yuan)批準晉升為國家級自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)。保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)功能(neng)區(qu)(qu)劃分(fen)為烏蘭諾爾核(he)心區(qu)(qu)、嘎拉達白(bai)辛(xin)核(he)心區(qu)(qu)、呼(hu)倫溝核(he)心區(qu)(qu)、貝(bei)爾湖核(he)心區(qu)(qu)、小(xiao)河口旅(lv)游區(qu)(qu)和成吉(ji)思汗拴馬(ma)樁旅(lv)游區(qu)(qu)。
1994年3月(yue)29日中俄蒙(meng)(meng)共(gong)同在邊(bian)境地區建立國(guo)際(ji)自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護區——“CMR達烏爾(er)(er)”國(guo)際(ji)自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護區,納入中國(guo)的(de)達賚湖、蒙(meng)(meng)古(gu)國(guo)的(de)蒙(meng)(meng)古(gu)達烏爾(er)(er)和俄羅斯聯邦的(de)達烏爾(er)(er)斯克。
2002年列入《國(guo)際重(zhong)要濕(shi)地(di)名錄》,同年被(bei)中國(guo)人與(yu)生物(wu)圈(quan)委員會(hui)批準納入“人與(yu)生物(wu)圈(quan)保(bao)護區網絡(luo)” 。
呼(hu)倫(lun)湖(hu)國家(jia)級自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護區是一個以保(bao)(bao)護珍禽(qin)鳥類及其(qi)(qi)賴以生存的湖(hu)泊、草原(yuan)和(he)濕地(di)(di)等生態(tai)系統為主的綜合性自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護區。其(qi)(qi)主要(yao)保(bao)(bao)護對(dui)象為保(bao)(bao)護區內的湖(hu)泊、河流濕地(di)(di)和(he)典型草原(yuan)生態(tai)系統以及達賚湖(hu)地(di)(di)區的生物多樣性。即在保(bao)(bao)護區內棲息(xi)繁殖和(he)遷徙過境的眾(zhong)多水禽(qin)和(he)瀕危(wei)珍稀物種。
保(bao)護區鳥類監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)工作開始于1995年(nian),采用鳥類遷徙考察(cha)、巡護監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)和常年(nian)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)的(de)方法(fa)對(dui)(dui)鳥類進(jin)行(xing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)保(bao)護。2002年(nian)開始對(dui)(dui)保(bao)護區內植(zhi)物進(jin)行(xing)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)。監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)采取(qu)了(le)植(zhi)物樣(yang)線的(de)方式,在典型區域內共設濕地區,沙生植(zhi)被區,退(tui)化草原(yuan)(yuan)區,草原(yuan)(yuan)向濕地過渡(du)區,草原(yuan)(yuan)區等五(wu)個(ge)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)點。每年(nian)做50多樣(yang)方。
已于區(qu)域內建立6個管護(hu)站,每個管護(hu)站常年有3人工作(zuo)。
呼倫湖在(zai)史前已經有人(ren)類居(ju)住。歷史上(shang)曾數易其名(ming):《山海經》稱(cheng)(cheng)大澤,唐朝時(shi)(shi)稱(cheng)(cheng)俱倫泊,遼、金時(shi)(shi)稱(cheng)(cheng)栲栳(lao)濼(luo),元朝時(shi)(shi)稱(cheng)(cheng)闊(kuo)連海子(zi),明朝時(shi)(shi)稱(cheng)(cheng)闊(kuo)灤(luan)海子(zi),清朝時(shi)(shi)稱(cheng)(cheng)庫(ku)楞湖,當地牧人(ren)稱(cheng)(cheng)達賚諾爾(蒙(meng)古語,意(yi)為“像海一樣的湖泊”)。而(er)呼倫湖是近代才有的名(ming)稱(cheng)(cheng),呼倫的蒙(meng)語大意(yi)為“水獺(ta)”,貝爾的蒙(meng)語大意(yi)為“雄水獺(ta)”,與(yu)貝爾湖一陰一陽,因為歷史上(shang)兩(liang)湖中有很多的水獺(ta)。