芒果视频下载

地理環境

位置境域

呼倫湖國(guo)(guo)家級自然(ran)保護區(qu)位(wei)于(yu)內蒙古呼倫貝爾市西部，北鄰(lin)俄羅斯邦(bang)，南與(yu)蒙古國(guo)(guo)相接，處于(yu)中蒙俄三國(guo)(guo)交(jiao)界處。地(di)理坐標：北緯47°45′50″~49°20′20″；東經116°50′10″~118°10′10″。保護區(qu)總(zong)面積74萬(wan)公(gong)頃(qing)。

景觀組成

保(bao)(bao)護區內由達賚湖(hu)(hu)（呼(hu)倫(lun)湖(hu)(hu)）、貝爾(er)湖(hu)(hu)（中國部分(fen)）、新達賚湖(hu)(hu)、烏蘭諾爾(er)、烏爾(er)遜河(he)、克魯倫(lun)河(he)入湖(hu)(hu)口等河(he)流和(he)大小(xiao)型湖(hu)(hu)泊以及湖(hu)(hu)河(he)岸漫灘組成的(de)濕地面積為(wei)325300公(gong)頃，占保(bao)(bao)護區總(zong)面積的(de)44%；草原(yuan)面積為(wei)408300公(gong)頃，占保(bao)(bao)護區總(zong)面積的(de)55%；沙地面積6400公(gong)頃，占保(bao)(bao)護區總(zong)面積的(de)0.9%。

自然資源

植物資源

有600多種(zhong)高等植物：有蘆(lu)葦和沼澤(ze)草(cao)甸、東方香蒲、苔草(cao)、小葉章及(ji)實蕨。湖泊四周自然(ran)草(cao)地的優(you)勢種(zhong)包括狼(lang)針茅、大針茅、阿(a)爾泰(tai)針茅、羊草(cao)、糙隱子草(cao)和蔥類。

動物資源

包括丹頂鶴大鴇等世界級(ji)瀕危物種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)鳥(niao)303種(zhong)(zhong)，蒙古高原特(te)有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)黃羊等獸類(lei)13科35種(zhong)(zhong)，魚6科30種(zhong)(zhong)。其(qi)中，被列入國家(jia)一(yi)、二級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)名錄的(de)(de)就有(you)55種(zhong)(zhong)，我(wo)國分布的(de)(de)8種(zhong)(zhong)鶴，6種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)該保(bao)護(hu)區的(de)(de)候鳥(niao)和旅(lv)鳥(niao)。保(bao)護(hu)區為(wei)澳洲——東(dong)亞候鳥(niao)遷徙的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要通(tong)道(dao)和集散地，也是(shi)亞洲水禽的(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要繁(fan)殖地。保(bao)護(hu)區三湖(hu)(呼倫湖(hu)、貝爾(er)湖(hu)、烏(wu)蘭諾爾(er)湖(hu))和三河(克魯倫河、烏(wu)爾(er)遜(xun)河、達蘭鄂羅木河)為(wei)供(gong)魚類(lei)棲息、繁(fan)衍(yan)的(de)(de)天然有(you)機水系，形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)一(yi)個漁業生(sheng)產的(de)(de)整體(ti)。烏(wu)爾(er)遜(xun)河中游的(de)(de)烏(wu)蘭泡水生(sheng)植物豐富(fu)，為(wei)鯉魚、鯽(ji)魚的(de)(de)主要產卵地。

呼倫湖附近有(you)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)17目38科(ke)190種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)及(ji)2亞種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)古北種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)155種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，廣布種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，沒(mei)有(you)東洋種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)侵入。遷徙鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)172種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)夏(xia)候鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)98種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，旅鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)69種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。雀(que)形目鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)79種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，水禽7目13科(ke)72種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)（其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)雁形目21種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鶴4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鷗8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)），猛禽24種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。國(guo)(guo)家(jia)保護鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)一(yi)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)（黑鸛、白(bai)鶴、丹頂鶴等），二類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)（白(bai)琵鷺、大(da)天鵝、小杓(shao)鷸、雕等）、三類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)23種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)（猛禽、灰鶴、大(da)鴇(bao)及(ji)蓑羽鶴等）。該區有(you)一(yi)定數(shu)量的(de)大(da)天鵝繁(fan)殖(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)群，及(ji)目前我國(guo)(guo)發現數(shu)量大(da)的(de)蓑羽鶴繁(fan)殖(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)群。在后來的(de)調查中(zhong)又(you)發現包括大(da)鴇(bao)、金雕等國(guo)(guo)家(jia)一(yi)級保護鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)在內的(de)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)3科(ke)51種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)鶴1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。呼倫湖區總計鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)17目41科(ke)241種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)總數(shu)的(de)1/5。

呼倫(lun)湖中已(yi)記錄到4目6科26種(zhong)魚(yu)，包(bao)括(kuo)粲條、紅(hong)鰭鰉(huang)、蒙(meng)古紅(hong)鰉(huang)、哲(zhe)羅魚(yu)、鯉(li)魚(yu)、東北雅羅魚(yu)、鯽魚(yu)、狗魚(yu)、麥穗魚(yu)、鯰魚(yu)、唇(chun)鯛(diao)、花鯛(diao)等。呼倫(lun)湖區(qu)哺(bu)乳類已(yi)記錄到6目13科35種(zhong)，包(bao)括(kuo)狼(lang)、沙狐、艾鼬(you)、狗獾、草兔、達(da)烏利黃鼠(shu)、黃鼬(you)、三趾跳鼠(shu)、小毛足鼠(shu)和黃羊。已(yi)發(fa)現爬(pa)行類2種(zhong)（麗(li)斑麻(ma)晰與(yu)白條錦(jin)蛇），兩(liang)棲(qi)類2種(zhong)（中華林蛙與(yu)花背蟾蜍）。

生態功能

保護區內主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)類型(xing)包括(kuo)永久(jiu)性(xing)河流(liu)、湖(hu)(hu)(hu)泊、灌叢濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)等(deng)，符合(he)《濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)公約》國際重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)指定(ding)標準的 5、6、7、8，該(gai)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)正常(chang)狀況下維持(chi)(chi)(chi)了20000只以上(shang)水(shui)禽(qin)。保護區內濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)為(wei)保持(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)改(gai)善(shan)本地(di)(di)(di)(di)區氣候條(tiao)件起著至關重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的作(zuo)用，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)表現在(zai)增加(jia)空(kong)氣濕(shi)(shi)(shi)度，增加(jia)降水(shui)量，保持(chi)(chi)(chi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)下水(shui)位，維持(chi)(chi)(chi)呼(hu)倫貝爾草(cao)(cao)(cao)原的可持(chi)(chi)(chi)續利用。達賚湖(hu)(hu)(hu)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)也是研究(jiu)草(cao)(cao)(cao)原和(he)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)生(sheng)(sheng)態系統(tong)及動植(zhi)物(wu)的重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)研究(jiu)場(chang)所。呼(hu)倫湖(hu)(hu)(hu)在(zai)維持(chi)(chi)(chi)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)樣性(xing)和(he)豐富的生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)資源方面(mian)發揮著巨大(da)作(zuo)用，在(zai)區域環境保護中具有(you)特(te)(te)殊(shu)的地(di)(di)(di)(di)位。呼(hu)倫湖(hu)(hu)(hu)面(mian)積大(da)，與(yu)多(duo)條(tiao)草(cao)(cao)(cao)原河流(liu)溝通；地(di)(di)(di)(di)處高(gao)緯地(di)(di)(di)(di)區，氣溫(wen)低，對湖(hu)(hu)(hu)體(ti)浮游生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)有(you)一定(ding)的抑制作(zuo)用；湖(hu)(hu)(hu)體(ti)構造特(te)(te)殊(shu)，露出30余(yu)個泉(quan)點，有(you)地(di)(di)(di)(di)下水(shui)補給。因此，呼(hu)倫湖(hu)(hu)(hu)具有(you)較強(qiang)的自凈能力。

區域演變

《內蒙古草地類(lei)自然保護區規劃》于1985年將達賚湖(hu)（呼倫湖(hu)）保護區規劃其中。

1986年(nian)(nian)，該(gai)規劃(hua)經內蒙古自(zi)治區人(ren)民政府批(pi)(pi)準實施(shi)。同年(nian)(nian)，新巴爾虎右旗人(ren)民政府批(pi)(pi)準建(jian)立“達賚(lai)湖（呼倫湖）珍(zhen)禽、濕地(di)、草(cao)原生態(tai)系統自(zi)然保(bao)護區”。

1990年(nian)12月，由內蒙古自(zi)治區人民(min)政府批準該保護區晉(jin)升為(wei)自(zi)治區級自(zi)然(ran)保護區。

1992年(nian)十月，由國務院批準晉升(sheng)為國家級(ji)自然保護區(qu)(qu)(qu)。保護區(qu)(qu)(qu)功能(neng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)劃分為烏蘭諾爾核(he)心(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)、嘎拉達(da)白辛核(he)心(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)、呼倫(lun)溝核(he)心(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)、貝爾湖核(he)心(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)、小(xiao)河(he)口旅游(you)區(qu)(qu)(qu)和成吉思汗拴馬樁旅游(you)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。

1994年3月29日中(zhong)俄蒙(meng)共同在邊境地區建立國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際自(zi)然保護區——“CMR達(da)烏(wu)爾”國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際自(zi)然保護區，納入(ru)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)達(da)賚湖、蒙(meng)古(gu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)蒙(meng)古(gu)達(da)烏(wu)爾和俄羅斯(si)聯邦的(de)(de)達(da)烏(wu)爾斯(si)克。

2002年(nian)列入(ru)《國(guo)際重要濕(shi)地名(ming)錄》，同(tong)年(nian)被中國(guo)人與生(sheng)物圈委(wei)員會批準納入(ru)“人與生(sheng)物圈保護區網絡” 。

保護對象

呼倫湖國家級自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)是(shi)一個(ge)以(yi)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)珍禽(qin)(qin)鳥類及(ji)其(qi)賴以(yi)生(sheng)存的湖泊(bo)、草(cao)原(yuan)(yuan)和(he)(he)(he)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)等生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統為(wei)主的綜合性(xing)自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)。其(qi)主要保(bao)護(hu)(hu)對象為(wei)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)內的湖泊(bo)、河流濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)和(he)(he)(he)典型草(cao)原(yuan)(yuan)生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)系統以(yi)及(ji)達賚湖地(di)(di)區(qu)的生(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)樣性(xing)。即在保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)內棲息繁殖和(he)(he)(he)遷徙過境的眾多(duo)水禽(qin)(qin)和(he)(he)(he)瀕危珍稀物(wu)種。

保護工作

保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)鳥(niao)類監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)工作開(kai)始于1995年(nian)，采用(yong)鳥(niao)類遷徙考察、巡護(hu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)和(he)常年(nian)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)的(de)方(fang)(fang)法對鳥(niao)類進行(xing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)保(bao)護(hu)。2002年(nian)開(kai)始對保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)內(nei)植(zhi)物進行(xing)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)。監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)采取了植(zhi)物樣(yang)線(xian)的(de)方(fang)(fang)式，在典型區(qu)(qu)域(yu)內(nei)共設濕地區(qu)(qu)，沙生植(zhi)被區(qu)(qu)，退化草原區(qu)(qu)，草原向(xiang)濕地過渡(du)區(qu)(qu)，草原區(qu)(qu)等五(wu)個監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)點。每年(nian)做50多樣(yang)方(fang)(fang)。

已于(yu)區域內建立6個管護站，每(mei)個管護站常年有3人工作。

名稱由來

呼倫(lun)(lun)湖在史前(qian)已經有人類居(ju)住。歷史上曾數易(yi)其名：《山海(hai)(hai)經》稱大(da)澤，唐朝(chao)時(shi)(shi)稱俱倫(lun)(lun)泊，遼、金時(shi)(shi)稱栲(kao)栳濼，元(yuan)朝(chao)時(shi)(shi)稱闊連海(hai)(hai)子(zi)，明朝(chao)時(shi)(shi)稱闊灤(luan)海(hai)(hai)子(zi)，清朝(chao)時(shi)(shi)稱庫楞湖，當地牧人稱達(da)賚諾爾（蒙古語，意(yi)為(wei)(wei)“像海(hai)(hai)一(yi)樣的湖泊”）。而呼倫(lun)(lun)湖是(shi)近代才有的名稱，呼倫(lun)(lun)的蒙語大(da)意(yi)為(wei)(wei)“水(shui)獺”，貝(bei)爾的蒙語大(da)意(yi)為(wei)(wei)“雄水(shui)獺”，與貝(bei)爾湖一(yi)陰一(yi)陽，因為(wei)(wei)歷史上兩湖中有很多(duo)的水(shui)獺。