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地理環境

位置境域

呼倫湖國(guo)家級自(zi)然保護區位(wei)于內蒙(meng)古呼倫貝爾市西部，北鄰俄羅斯邦，南(nan)與蒙(meng)古國(guo)相接，處(chu)(chu)于中蒙(meng)俄三國(guo)交界處(chu)(chu)。地理坐標：北緯47°45′50″~49°20′20″；東經116°50′10″~118°10′10″。保護區總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)74萬公(gong)頃(qing)。

景觀組成

保(bao)護區(qu)內由達賚(lai)(lai)湖(hu)(hu)（呼(hu)倫湖(hu)(hu)）、貝爾(er)(er)湖(hu)(hu)（中國部(bu)分(fen)）、新達賚(lai)(lai)湖(hu)(hu)、烏(wu)蘭諾爾(er)(er)、烏(wu)爾(er)(er)遜河、克魯倫河入湖(hu)(hu)口等河流和大小型湖(hu)(hu)泊以及(ji)湖(hu)(hu)河岸漫灘組成(cheng)的(de)濕地(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)為325300公(gong)(gong)頃，占保(bao)護區(qu)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)44%；草原面(mian)(mian)積(ji)為408300公(gong)(gong)頃，占保(bao)護區(qu)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)55%；沙地(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)6400公(gong)(gong)頃，占保(bao)護區(qu)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)0.9%。

自然資源

植物資源

有600多種高等植(zhi)物：有蘆葦和沼澤(ze)草(cao)(cao)甸、東方(fang)香蒲、苔草(cao)(cao)、小葉(xie)章及實蕨(jue)。湖泊四周(zhou)自然草(cao)(cao)地的(de)優勢種包括(kuo)狼針(zhen)茅(mao)、大(da)針(zhen)茅(mao)、阿爾泰針(zhen)茅(mao)、羊草(cao)(cao)、糙隱子草(cao)(cao)和蔥類。

動物資源

包括丹頂鶴大(da)鴇等世界(jie)級(ji)(ji)瀕(bin)危物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)鳥303種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，蒙(meng)古高原(yuan)特有種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)黃(huang)羊等獸類(lei)13科(ke)35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，魚(yu)6科(ke)30種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其中(zhong)，被(bei)列入國(guo)(guo)家一(yi)、二級(ji)(ji)保(bao)護名錄的(de)就有55種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，我國(guo)(guo)分布的(de)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鶴，6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是該保(bao)護區的(de)候鳥和(he)旅鳥。保(bao)護區為(wei)澳(ao)洲(zhou)——東亞(ya)候鳥遷徙的(de)重(zhong)要通道和(he)集散地(di)，也是亞(ya)洲(zhou)水(shui)(shui)禽的(de)重(zhong)要繁殖(zhi)地(di)。保(bao)護區三湖(hu)(hu)(hu)(呼倫(lun)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)、貝(bei)爾湖(hu)(hu)(hu)、烏蘭(lan)諾爾湖(hu)(hu)(hu))和(he)三河(克魯倫(lun)河、烏爾遜河、達蘭(lan)鄂羅木河)為(wei)供魚(yu)類(lei)棲息、繁衍(yan)的(de)天然有機(ji)水(shui)(shui)系，形(xing)成了一(yi)個(ge)漁(yu)業生產(chan)的(de)整體。烏爾遜河中(zhong)游的(de)烏蘭(lan)泡水(shui)(shui)生植物(wu)豐富，為(wei)鯉魚(yu)、鯽(ji)魚(yu)的(de)主要產(chan)卵地(di)。

呼(hu)倫湖附近(jin)有(you)鳥類(lei)(lei)17目38科(ke)190種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)及2亞種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)古北種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)155種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，廣布(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，沒有(you)東洋種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)侵(qin)入(ru)。遷徙鳥172種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)夏(xia)候鳥98種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，旅(lv)鳥69種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。雀形(xing)目鳥79種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，水禽7目13科(ke)72種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)（其中(zhong)雁形(xing)目21種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鶴(he)(he)4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鷗8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)），猛禽24種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。國家(jia)保護(hu)鳥類(lei)(lei)35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)一類(lei)(lei)4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)（黑鸛(guan)、白鶴(he)(he)、丹頂鶴(he)(he)等），二(er)類(lei)(lei)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)（白琵鷺、大(da)(da)天(tian)鵝、小杓鷸、雕等）、三(san)類(lei)(lei)23種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)（猛禽、灰鶴(he)(he)、大(da)(da)鴇及蓑(suo)羽鶴(he)(he)等）。該區有(you)一定數(shu)量(liang)的(de)大(da)(da)天(tian)鵝繁殖種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)群，及目前(qian)我國發(fa)(fa)現(xian)數(shu)量(liang)大(da)(da)的(de)蓑(suo)羽鶴(he)(he)繁殖種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)群。在(zai)后來的(de)調查(cha)中(zhong)又發(fa)(fa)現(xian)包括大(da)(da)鴇、金雕等國家(jia)一級保護(hu)鳥類(lei)(lei)在(zai)內的(de)鳥類(lei)(lei)3科(ke)51種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)鶴(he)(he)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。呼(hu)倫湖區總計鳥類(lei)(lei)17目41科(ke)241種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占中(zhong)國鳥類(lei)(lei)總數(shu)的(de)1/5。

呼(hu)倫湖(hu)中已記錄到(dao)4目6科(ke)26種(zhong)(zhong)魚(yu)(yu)，包括(kuo)粲條、紅(hong)鰭鰉(huang)、蒙古紅(hong)鰉(huang)、哲羅魚(yu)(yu)、鯉(li)魚(yu)(yu)、東(dong)北雅羅魚(yu)(yu)、鯽(ji)魚(yu)(yu)、狗(gou)魚(yu)(yu)、麥(mai)穗魚(yu)(yu)、鯰魚(yu)(yu)、唇鯛(diao)、花(hua)鯛(diao)等(deng)。呼(hu)倫湖(hu)區(qu)哺乳類已記錄到(dao)6目13科(ke)35種(zhong)(zhong)，包括(kuo)狼、沙狐(hu)、艾鼬、狗(gou)獾、草兔(tu)、達烏利黃鼠(shu)、黃鼬、三趾跳(tiao)鼠(shu)、小毛足鼠(shu)和黃羊。已發現(xian)爬行類2種(zhong)(zhong)（麗斑麻(ma)晰與白條錦蛇(she)），兩(liang)棲類2種(zhong)(zhong)（中華林蛙與花(hua)背(bei)蟾(chan)蜍）。

生態功能

保護區內主要濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)類(lei)型(xing)包括永久性(xing)河流(liu)、湖(hu)(hu)泊、灌叢(cong)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)等，符合《濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)公約》國際重(zhong)要濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)指定(ding)標(biao)準(zhun)的(de) 5、6、7、8，該(gai)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)正常狀(zhuang)況下維持(chi)(chi)了20000只以上水禽。保護區內濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)為(wei)保持(chi)(chi)和(he)改善本地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區氣(qi)候(hou)條件(jian)起著至關重(zhong)要的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用，主要表(biao)現(xian)在(zai)增加(jia)空(kong)氣(qi)濕(shi)(shi)度(du)，增加(jia)降(jiang)水量(liang)，保持(chi)(chi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下水位，維持(chi)(chi)呼(hu)倫(lun)(lun)貝爾草原(yuan)的(de)可持(chi)(chi)續利(li)用。達賚湖(hu)(hu)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)也是研究草原(yuan)和(he)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)生態系統及動植物(wu)(wu)的(de)重(zhong)要研究場所(suo)。呼(hu)倫(lun)(lun)湖(hu)(hu)在(zai)維持(chi)(chi)生物(wu)(wu)多樣性(xing)和(he)豐富(fu)的(de)生物(wu)(wu)資源方面發(fa)揮著巨大作(zuo)(zuo)用，在(zai)區域環境(jing)保護中(zhong)具有(you)(you)特殊的(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)位。呼(hu)倫(lun)(lun)湖(hu)(hu)面積大，與多條草原(yuan)河流(liu)溝通；地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)處高緯(wei)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區，氣(qi)溫低(di)，對湖(hu)(hu)體(ti)浮游生物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)一定(ding)的(de)抑制作(zuo)(zuo)用；湖(hu)(hu)體(ti)構造(zao)特殊，露出30余個泉點，有(you)(you)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下水補給。因此，呼(hu)倫(lun)(lun)湖(hu)(hu)具有(you)(you)較強(qiang)的(de)自(zi)凈能力。

區域演變

《內蒙古草地類自然保護區(qu)規(gui)劃》于1985年將(jiang)達賚湖(hu)（呼(hu)倫湖(hu)）保護區(qu)規(gui)劃其中。

1986年(nian)，該規劃經內(nei)蒙古自治(zhi)區人(ren)民(min)政府(fu)批準實施。同(tong)年(nian)，新巴爾虎右旗人(ren)民(min)政府(fu)批準建立“達賚湖（呼倫湖）珍禽、濕地、草原(yuan)生態系統(tong)自然(ran)保護(hu)區”。

1990年(nian)12月，由(you)內蒙古自治區(qu)人民政府批(pi)準該保護區(qu)晉(jin)升為自治區(qu)級自然保護區(qu)。

1992年十月，由(you)國務院批準晉升為國家(jia)級自然保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)。保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)功能區(qu)(qu)劃分為烏蘭(lan)諾爾核(he)心(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)、嘎拉達(da)白辛核(he)心(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)、呼倫溝核(he)心(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)、貝爾湖核(he)心(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)、小河口旅游區(qu)(qu)和成(cheng)吉思汗拴馬樁旅游區(qu)(qu)。

1994年3月29日中俄(e)蒙(meng)共同(tong)在邊境地區(qu)建立國際自(zi)然保護區(qu)——“CMR達(da)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)爾”國際自(zi)然保護區(qu)，納入中國的(de)達(da)賚湖(hu)、蒙(meng)古(gu)國的(de)蒙(meng)古(gu)達(da)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)爾和俄(e)羅斯(si)聯邦(bang)的(de)達(da)烏(wu)(wu)(wu)爾斯(si)克。

2002年列入《國際重要(yao)濕地名(ming)錄》，同年被中國人(ren)與生物(wu)圈(quan)委員會批準(zhun)納(na)入“人(ren)與生物(wu)圈(quan)保護區網絡” 。

保護對象

呼倫湖(hu)國家級自然保護(hu)區是(shi)一個以(yi)保護(hu)珍禽(qin)鳥(niao)類及(ji)其(qi)賴以(yi)生(sheng)存的(de)湖(hu)泊、草原和(he)濕(shi)地(di)等生(sheng)態系(xi)統為(wei)主(zhu)的(de)綜合性(xing)自然保護(hu)區。其(qi)主(zhu)要保護(hu)對象為(wei)保護(hu)區內的(de)湖(hu)泊、河流濕(shi)地(di)和(he)典型草原生(sheng)態系(xi)統以(yi)及(ji)達賚湖(hu)地(di)區的(de)生(sheng)物(wu)多樣(yang)性(xing)。即在(zai)保護(hu)區內棲息繁殖和(he)遷(qian)徙(xi)過(guo)境的(de)眾多水禽(qin)和(he)瀕危珍稀物(wu)種。

保護工作

保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)(qu)(qu)鳥(niao)類監(jian)測(ce)工(gong)作開(kai)始于1995年，采用(yong)鳥(niao)類遷徙考(kao)察、巡護監(jian)測(ce)和常(chang)年監(jian)測(ce)的方(fang)法對鳥(niao)類進行監(jian)測(ce)保(bao)(bao)護。2002年開(kai)始對保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)(qu)(qu)內植(zhi)物進行監(jian)測(ce)。監(jian)測(ce)采取了植(zhi)物樣(yang)線的方(fang)式，在典型區(qu)(qu)(qu)域內共(gong)設濕地區(qu)(qu)(qu)，沙(sha)生植(zhi)被區(qu)(qu)(qu)，退(tui)化草原區(qu)(qu)(qu)，草原向濕地過(guo)渡區(qu)(qu)(qu)，草原區(qu)(qu)(qu)等五個監(jian)測(ce)點(dian)。每年做50多樣(yang)方(fang)。

已于區(qu)域內建立6個(ge)管護站，每(mei)個(ge)管護站常年有(you)3人工(gong)作。

名稱由來

呼(hu)(hu)倫(lun)(lun)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)在史前(qian)已(yi)經有(you)(you)人類居住。歷史上(shang)曾(ceng)數易其名：《山海(hai)經》稱(cheng)大澤，唐朝(chao)時(shi)(shi)稱(cheng)俱倫(lun)(lun)泊(bo)，遼、金(jin)時(shi)(shi)稱(cheng)栲栳濼，元朝(chao)時(shi)(shi)稱(cheng)闊連海(hai)子(zi)，明(ming)朝(chao)時(shi)(shi)稱(cheng)闊灤(luan)海(hai)子(zi)，清朝(chao)時(shi)(shi)稱(cheng)庫(ku)楞湖(hu)(hu)(hu)，當地牧人稱(cheng)達賚(lai)諾爾(er)(er)(er)（蒙(meng)古語，意為“像海(hai)一樣(yang)的湖(hu)(hu)(hu)泊(bo)”）。而呼(hu)(hu)倫(lun)(lun)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)是(shi)近代才(cai)有(you)(you)的名稱(cheng)，呼(hu)(hu)倫(lun)(lun)的蒙(meng)語大意為“水獺”，貝爾(er)(er)(er)的蒙(meng)語大意為“雄(xiong)水獺”，與貝爾(er)(er)(er)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)一陰(yin)一陽，因為歷史上(shang)兩(liang)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)中有(you)(you)很多的水獺。