內蒙古哈騰套海晉升(sheng)國家級(ji)自然保護(hu)(hu)區(qu)于(yu)1995年建立,2005年7月晉升(sheng)為國家級(ji)自然保護(hu)(hu)區(qu)。
內蒙古哈騰(teng)套(tao)海自然(ran)保護區位于內蒙古自治區巴彥淖爾市磴(deng)口(kou)縣(xian)西(xi)北部的烏蘭布和沙漠東(dong)北緣,距(ju)磴(deng)口(kou)縣(xian)城60余(yu)公里。地(di)理坐標為東(dong)經106°09′~106°50′,北緯40°30′~40°57′之間。西(xi)以阿拉(la)善(shan)左旗(qi)、烏拉(la)特后(hou)旗(qi)、磴(deng)口(kou)縣(xian)三旗(qi)縣(xian)交會(hui)點。
哈騰套海(hai)國家(jia)級自然保(bao)護區境內地(di)形地(di)貌復雜(za),地(di)貌可分為山地(di)、沙(sha)漠、平原、河(he)流四個類型(xing)。
其(qi)中(zhong),北(bei)及偏(pian)北(bei)是(shi)高聳巍峨的(de)狼(lang)山(shan)山(shan)脈,為土石山(shan)區,面(mian)(mian)積145.3萬畝,占(zhan)全(quan)縣(xian)總面(mian)(mian)積的(de)23.2%;西(xi)(xi)部是(shi)廣袤的(de)烏蘭布和大沙漠,地表為沙丘和沙生植物覆蓋,南面(mian)(mian)是(shi)奔騰咆哮的(de)古老(lao)黃河(he),整個地形除山(shan)區外呈(cheng)現東(dong)南高、西(xi)(xi)北(bei)低(di),東(dong)南逐步向(xiang)西(xi)(xi)北(bei)傾斜,從東(dong)南總干渠引水閘到(dao)西(xi)(xi)北(bei)烏蘭布和沙區,坡(po)降23米。境內海(hai)拔最(zui)高2046米,最(zui)低(di)1030米。
哈(ha)騰套海國(guo)家級自然保護(hu)區深處內陸,屬中(zhong)溫(wen)(wen)帶大陸性季(ji)風氣候(hou),其特(te)征是冬寒漫長,春(chun)秋短(duan)暫(zan),夏(xia)季(ji)炎熱(re),降水(shui)量少,氣候(hou)干燥(zao),風沙多,光照(zhao)充足,熱(re)量豐富,溫(wen)(wen)差大,無霜(shuang)(shuang)期(qi)(qi)短(duan)。年平(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣溫(wen)(wen)為7.6℃,年均(jun)(jun)日照(zhao)時數為3209.5小(xiao)時,植(zhi)物生(sheng)長期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)5—9月份光含有效輻射40.19千卡/平(ping)方厘米,植(zhi)物生(sheng)長期(qi)(qi)積(ji)溫(wen)(wen)約為3100℃,是中(zhong)國(guo)光能資源豐富的(de)(de)地區之(zhi)一;生(sheng)長期(qi)(qi)晝夜溫(wen)(wen)差14.5℃,4—9月份日溫(wen)(wen)差14—22℃。歷年平(ping)均(jun)(jun)降水(shui)量142.7毫米,平(ping)均(jun)(jun)蒸發量為2381毫米,干燥(zao)度4.08;年平(ping)均(jun)(jun)無霜(shuang)(shuang)期(qi)(qi)136一144天(tian),年平(ping)均(jun)(jun)風速(su)3米/秒(miao),常年風向西(xi)南(nan)。這種特(te)殊的(de)(de)氣候(hou)條件,是由(you)于復雜的(de)(de)地形(xing)地貌和地理(li)條件形(xing)成的(de)(de)。
哈騰套(tao)海國家(jia)級自然(ran)保護區位(wei)于黃(huang)(huang)河干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)流(liu)(liu)上,有上世紀60年代初(chu)興建的(de)黃(huang)(huang)河三盛公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)樞紐(niu)工程。優越的(de)地(di)理條(tiao)件(jian),使(shi)保護區在(zai)河套(tao)灌(guan)(guan)區的(de)引黃(huang)(huang)灌(guan)(guan)溉史上,占有相當重要(yao)的(de)位(wei)置。在(zai)磴(deng)口縣境內,黃(huang)(huang)河流(liu)(liu)經境內52公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)。灌(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)渠(qu)(烏沈(shen)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)渠(qu))33公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li),灌(guan)(guan)域(yu)49萬畝。灌(guan)(guan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)(fen)(fen)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)渠(qu)2條(tiao):東(dong)風渠(qu)長(chang)(chang)45.6公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li),灌(guan)(guan)域(yu)23.7萬畝;大(da)灘渠(qu)長(chang)(chang)19.3公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li),灌(guan)(guan)域(yu)10.8萬畝。有排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)溝(gou)2條(tiao):—排干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)流(liu)(liu)徑長(chang)(chang)16.7公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li),二排干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)流(liu)(liu)徑長(chang)(chang)28.5公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)。有排水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分(fen)(fen)(fen)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)溝(gou)3條(tiao):紅衛分(fen)(fen)(fen)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)溝(gou)長(chang)(chang)16.9公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li),渡口分(fen)(fen)(fen)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)溝(gou)長(chang)(chang)重4.7公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(揚(yang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和自排各半),公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)分(fen)(fen)(fen)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)溝(gou)長(chang)(chang)12.8公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(揚(yang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui))。年引水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量約6億立方(fang)米,地(di)面水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)徑流(liu)(liu)量233.81萬立方(fang)米
哈騰(teng)套(tao)海國家級自然保(bao)護區由山地(di)(di)、沙漠、平原(yuan)濕地(di)(di)三種(zhong)地(di)(di)貌類(lei)型(xing)組成,山地(di)(di)總(zong)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)約為(wei)65700公頃,沙漠總(zong)面積(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)29910公頃,平原(yuan)濕地(di)(di)27990公頃(濕地(di)(di)3600),保(bao)護區內核心區面積(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)51610公頃,緩沖區面積(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)32180公頃,實(shi)驗區面積(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)39810公頃。
哈騰(teng)套海國(guo)家級自然(ran)保護區主要保護對象是荒(huang)(huang)漠(mo)植被生態系(xi)統和珍稀(xi)瀕危(wei)野生動(dong)植物及(ji)其生存環境(jing)。屬(shu)荒(huang)(huang)漠(mo)生態類型自然(ran)保護區。
哈騰套(tao)海(hai)國家(jia)級(ji)自然保護(hu)(hu)區(qu)內有(you)國家(jia)重(zhong)點(dian)保護(hu)(hu)野生植物有(you)6種(zhong)(zhong),瀕危(wei)保護(hu)(hu)植物總面(mian)積15500公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)國家(jia)二級(ji)瀕危(wei)保護(hu)(hu)植物沙(sha)(sha)冬(dong)青(qing)、綿(mian)刺、肉蓯蓉,面(mian)積約(yue)10200公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing),蓋(gai)度在(zai)30%以上(shang)的(de)面(mian)積為(wei)10000公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing);國家(jia)三(san)級(ji)瀕危(wei)保護(hu)(hu)植物有(you)梭(suo)(suo)梭(suo)(suo)、蒙古(gu)扁桃、胡楊(yang),面(mian)積5300公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing),蓋(gai)度在(zai)30%以上(shang)的(de)面(mian)積為(wei)4500公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)。樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)有(you)喬木(mu)(mu)22種(zhong)(zhong),分(fen)屬(shu)于(yu)8科(ke)10屬(shu)。灌(guan)木(mu)(mu)29種(zhong)(zhong),分(fen)屬(shu)于(yu)14科(ke)20屬(shu),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)沙(sha)(sha)生灌(guan)木(mu)(mu)25種(zhong)(zhong)。上(shang)述樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)用材林(lin)(lin)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)16種(zhong)(zhong),防護(hu)(hu)林(lin)(lin)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)8種(zhong)(zhong),固(gu)沙(sha)(sha)林(lin)(lin)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)10種(zhong)(zhong)。主要有(you)紅(hong)柳(liu)、河(he)柳(liu)、胡楊(yang)、梭(suo)(suo)梭(suo)(suo)、檸條、沙(sha)(sha)冬(dong)青(qing)、山榆、蒙古(gu)扁桃、沙(sha)(sha)篙、白刺等。
全縣共有野生(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)350種(zhong)。被列為自治(zhi)區(qu)一(yi)級珍稀瀕(bin)危(wei)保護植(zhi)物(wu)有梭梭、胡楊、肉(rou)蓯(cong)蓉、沙冬青。被列為自治(zhi)區(qu)二級珍稀瀕(bin)危(wei)保護植(zhi)物(wu)有甘(gan)草(cao)、文冠(guan)果(guo)。野生(sheng)經濟植(zhi)物(wu)主要有甘(gan)草(cao)、肉(rou)蓯(cong)蓉、鎖(suo)陽、發(fa)菜及蒙(meng)古(gu)扁桃。
其中(zhong)飼用(yong)植物有(you):沙(sha)打(da)旺、梭梭、花棒、沙(sha)棘等; 藥用(yong)植物有(you):甘草、鎖陽(yang)、肉蓯蓉、沙(sha)棘;
食用釀造用植物有:沙棘、沙棗、白(bai)刺(ci);
油用植物有:沙棘、文冠果、沙棗;
芳香植物有:沙棘、沙棗、艾。
染料植物有:沙棘;
觀賞(shang)植物有:沙冬青。
此(ci)外還有國家重點保護植(zhi)物沙蘆草。
哈(ha)騰套海(hai)國(guo)家(jia)級(ji)(ji)(ji)自然保護(hu)(hu)區動(dong)物(wu)資源很豐富,有(you)陸野(ye)(ye)生動(dong)物(wu)96種(zhong),其中獸(shou)類有(you)6目11科(ke)(ke)27種(zhong),鳥類有(you)14目28科(ke)(ke)62種(zhong),兩(liang)棲(qi)爬行類7種(zhong)。有(you)國(guo)家(jia)重點(dian)保護(hu)(hu)野(ye)(ye)生動(dong)物(wu)22種(zhong),其中國(guo)家(jia)一級(ji)(ji)(ji)保護(hu)(hu)動(dong)物(wu)有(you)黑鸛(guan)、北山羊、大鴇等6種(zhong),二級(ji)(ji)(ji)保護(hu)(hu)動(dong)物(wu)有(you)天鵝、巖羊、鷹類等16種(zhong)。
哈騰(teng)套海國家(jia)級自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區管理局,下設(she)4個(ge)管理站、5個(ge)管護(hu)點和(he)2個(ge)監察站。現有工作人員16名,制定了規(gui)章制度和(he)管護(hu)措(cuo)施,積極開(kai)展各項工作。另外、制定了總體(ti)規(gui)劃,積極的(de)爭取國家(jia)和(he)地方投資,強化基礎設(she)施建設(she),保(bao)護(hu)好自(zi)然資源。
哈騰套海國家級自然保護(hu)區地理位置特殊,動植(zhi)物(wu)物(wu)種多樣,生(sheng)態系統脆弱(ruo),是開(kai)展科研(yan)、定(ding)位監測、普(pu)及推廣(guang)科學技(ji)術(shu),提(ti)高環境(jing)保護(hu)意(yi)識的良好場(chang)所,是天(tian)然的教學“大(da)課堂”、“科研(yan)實(shi)驗場(chang)”。尤其對研(yan)究荒漠生(sheng)態系統演變規律(lv)、荒漠動植(zhi)物(wu)生(sheng)存和(he)生(sheng)長規律(lv)具有(you)重要意(yi)義(yi)。