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歷史沿革

2000年，山東省政府批復成(cheng)立榮成(cheng)天鵝湖省級自(zi)然保護區。

2007年(nian)4月，晉升為國家級自(zi)然(ran)保護區。

地理環境

位置

榮成(cheng)大天鵝國家級自然保護區(qu)，地處山東(dong)(dong)半(ban)島的東(dong)(dong)端，介于(yu)東(dong)(dong)經122°23′～122°35′，北緯36°58′～37°25′之(zhi)間，北、東(dong)(dong)、南上面瀕臨(lin)黃海(hai)，由眾多港灣(wan)和淺海(hai)灘涂組成(cheng)，總面積10500平方(fang)公里。

氣候

保(bao)護區屬(shu)溫(wen)帶季風型(xing)濕潤氣(qi)候區，四(si)季分明，年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)11.1℃，是山東沿海平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)低的海灣之一。極端高溫(wen)度36.8℃，極端低溫(wen)度-18.3℃，平(ping)均(jun)日照(zhao)時(shi)數2578.5h，無霜(shuang)期214天，平(ping)均(jun)降水量786mm。

地貌

保(bao)護區近岸(an)陸(lu)地(di)(di)(di)有丘(qiu)陵、臺地(di)(di)(di)、溝(gou)谷、河(he)谷、平原(yuan)，發(fa)育有棕(zong)壤、潮土(tu)、草甸土(tu)、風沙(sha)土(tu)等土(tu)類，海岸(an)帶岬(jia)角(jiao)與(yu)海灣(wan)相間排列，間有河(he)流入(ru)海灣(wan)，形成各類濕地(di)(di)(di)；沿海濕地(di)(di)(di)水深(shen)適中，底有礁石(shi)、沙(sha)礫、粗礦、粘土(tu)質粉(fen)砂。

面積范圍

榮(rong)成大(da)天(tian)鵝湖(hu)國家級保護(hu)區(qu)由(you)天(tian)鵝湖(hu)、養(yang)魚(yu)池(chi)灣、臨洛灣3個獨立的瀉湖(hu)組(zu)成，即(ji)月湖(hu)（天(tian)鵝湖(hu)）、朝(chao)陽湖(hu)（朝(chao)陽天(tian)鵝湖(hu)）以(yi)及養(yang)魚(yu)湖(hu)（馬山港天(tian)鵝湖(hu)）。總面積10500公(gong)頃(qing)，其中核心區(qu)3720.2公(gong)頃(qing)、緩(huan)沖區(qu)3056.5公(gong)頃(qing)、實(shi)驗區(qu)3723.3公(gong)頃(qing)。

南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)區東(dong)以(yi)月(yue)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)沙壩(ba)的北(bei)(bei)端為起(qi)點，向(xiang)(xiang)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)沿(yan)沙壩(ba)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)月(yue)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)瀉湖(hu)(hu)(hu)口，再(zai)(zai)向(xiang)(xiang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)馬(ma)山路，沿(yan)馬(ma)山路向(xiang)(xiang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與張(zhang)家路交叉處(chu)(chu)，順(shun)(shun)路南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)下至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蘆葦塘東(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)角，再(zai)(zai)向(xiang)(xiang)正(zheng)西(xi)(xi)(xi)18米(mi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)養(yang)漁(yu)池灣(wan)(wan)海邊，沿(yan)養(yang)漁(yu)池灣(wan)(wan)東(dong)海岸(an)(an)(an)線(xian)(xian)(xian)向(xiang)(xiang)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)，經養(yang)漁(yu)池草島(dao)西(xi)(xi)(xi)岸(an)(an)(an)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)該島(dao)的東(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)角，再(zai)(zai)沿(yan)-3米(mi)等深(shen)線(xian)(xian)(xian)向(xiang)(xiang)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)花斑彩石正(zheng)東(dong)165米(mi)處(chu)(chu)；南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)以(yi)165米(mi)處(chu)(chu)再(zai)(zai)向(xiang)(xiang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)經姜島(dao)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)馬(ma)道河入(ru)海口，順(shun)(shun)河南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)岸(an)(an)(an)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)馬(ma)道河橋；西(xi)(xi)(xi)起(qi)馬(ma)道河橋沿(yan)河北(bei)(bei)岸(an)(an)(an)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)入(ru)海口，順(shun)(shun)臨(lin)洛灣(wan)(wan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)海岸(an)(an)(an)線(xian)(xian)(xian)北(bei)(bei)上(shang)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)301省道65.8公里(li)處(chu)(chu)，沿(yan)301省道至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)69.1公里(li)處(chu)(chu)東(dong)拐，沿(yan)車祝(zhu)溝(gou)村后小路至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)月(yue)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)岸(an)(an)(an)，順(shun)(shun)月(yue)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)岸(an)(an)(an)線(xian)(xian)(xian)北(bei)(bei)上(shang)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)月(yue)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)角；北(bei)(bei)以(yi)月(yue)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)角為起(qi)點，沿(yan)月(yue)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)北(bei)(bei)岸(an)(an)(an)線(xian)(xian)(xian)向(xiang)(xiang)東(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)月(yue)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)沙壩(ba)北(bei)(bei)端止。

保護目標

對象

榮成大天鵝(e)湖國家(jia)級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區以保(bao)護(hu)(hu)大天鵝(e)等瀕危鳥(niao)類和濕(shi)地(di)生態(tai)系統為主，是鳥(niao)類南遷北移的重要中轉站(zhan)和越冬棲(qi)息(xi)地(di)，每年有(you)近萬(wan)只(zhi)大天鵝(e)來(lai)此越冬，是世界上大的大天鵝(e)越冬種群棲(qi)息(xi)地(di)。

動物

保護區共分布有陸(lu)棲脊椎動物185種(zhong)，其(qi)中兩(liang)棲類(lei)(lei)3科、7種(zhong)，爬行類(lei)(lei)7科、13種(zhong)，獸類(lei)(lei)7科、12種(zhong)，鳥類(lei)(lei)15目、41科、153種(zhong)，遷徙性鳥類(lei)(lei)特別是旅鳥構成了鳥類(lei)(lei)區系分布的(de)(de)基(ji)本類(lei)(lei)群，且呈現出明(ming)顯的(de)(de)南北過渡的(de)(de)地帶性。

保(bao)護(hu)區內有國家I級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類東方白(bai)鸛(guan)、黑鸛(guan)、中(zhong)華(hua)秋(qiu)沙鴨、大鴇(bao)、白(bai)頭鶴、金雕等(deng)6種(zhong)(zhong)；國家II級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類大天(tian)鵝、黃(huang)嘴白(bai)鷺、鴛鴦、白(bai)鵝雁(yan)、灰鶴、小杓鷸(yu)等(deng)17種(zhong)(zhong)；屬于瀕危(wei)野生動植物種(zhong)(zhong)國際貿易公約保(bao)護(hu)物種(zhong)(zhong)17種(zhong)(zhong)；中(zhong)澳候鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)保(bao)護(hu)協(xie)定(ding)保(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類36種(zhong)(zhong)；中(zhong)日候鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)保(bao)護(hu)協(xie)定(ding)保(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)類94種(zhong)(zhong)。

植物

保護區系(xi)中的單(dan)細胞浮(fu)游(you)藻類(lei)包(bao)括近(jin)岸廣布(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)116種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、近(jin)岸暖水(shui)(shui)(shui)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)31種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、近(jin)岸溫帶(dai)(dai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；維(wei)管(guan)束植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)被(bei)劃(hua)分(fen)(fen)為6大生(sheng)態類(lei)群，包(bao)括鹽(yan)生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)24種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、濕生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、中生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)103種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、旱生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、沙(sha)生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，保護區內濕地(di)植(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)的建群種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、優勢種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)均為水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、濕生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)或鹽(yan)生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，反映(ying)了濕地(di)植(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)的隱域性；維(wei)管(guan)束植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)按照生(sheng)活型劃(hua)分(fen)(fen)，有(you)20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高位芽(ya)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)地(di)上(shang)芽(ya)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、54種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)地(di)面芽(ya)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)、48種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)地(di)下芽(ya)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和68種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)1年生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，維(wei)管(guan)束植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)屬(shu)(shu)有(you)14個地(di)理分(fen)(fen)布(bu)區類(lei)型，包(bao)括世界(jie)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)屬(shu)(shu)42屬(shu)(shu)、溫帶(dai)(dai)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)屬(shu)(shu)55屬(shu)(shu)、熱帶(dai)(dai)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)屬(shu)(shu)30屬(shu)(shu)、古(gu)地(di)中海(hai)屬(shu)(shu)2屬(shu)(shu)、東(dong)亞分(fen)(fen)布(bu)屬(shu)(shu)4屬(shu)(shu)、中國(guo)特有(you)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)屬(shu)(shu)1屬(shu)(shu)。

管理措施

①污水達標(biao)排(pai)放治(zhi)理(li)。加強天鵝湖入湖徑流(liu)(liu)(liu)全流(liu)(liu)(liu)域水體質(zhi)量監(jian)測，對污水排(pai)放終流(liu)(liu)(liu)入天鵝湖的企事業單(dan)位，逐一(yi)排(pai)查登記，限(xian)期整改(gai)。

②項(xiang)目(mu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設的審(shen)查監(jian)管。保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)范(fan)圍(wei)內不得(de)(de)(de)新建(jian)(jian)(jian)任何破壞、侵(qin)占濕地(di)資(zi)源(yuan)的海產養(yang)殖(zhi)項(xiang)目(mu)；原(yuan)(yuan)有侵(qin)占濕地(di)的養(yang)殖(zhi)項(xiang)目(mu)，在(zai)合(he)同到期后要(yao)全部(bu)收(shou)回，并恢復(fu)濕地(di)原(yuan)(yuan)貌。保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)邊(bian)(bian)界外(wai)500米(mi)范(fan)圍(wei)內不得(de)(de)(de)審(shen)批任何商業(ye)、住宅項(xiang)目(mu)；已(yi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)和在(zai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)的要(yao)嚴格落實污染物(wu)排放(fang)治(zhi)理(li)措施，未經環保(bao)(bao)部(bu)門(men)審(shen)驗合(he)格的，不得(de)(de)(de)投(tou)入使用(yong)。保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)邊(bian)(bian)界外(wai)500—1500米(mi)范(fan)圍(wei)內不得(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設產生較(jiao)大(da)噪音和排放(fang)有毒氣(qi)體、廢(fei)棄物(wu)的企業(ye)，新建(jian)(jian)(jian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)高度不得(de)(de)(de)超過25米(mi)。。

③旅游觀(guan)光人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)管理。每年11月1日(ri)至翌年3月31日(ri)為(wei)大天(tian)鵝(e)自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)封閉管理期，期間進入(ru)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)的通(tong)道全(quan)部實行封閉管理，并安(an)排(pai)專(zhuan)人(ren)值(zhi)守，未經批(pi)準嚴禁(jin)任(ren)何單位和(he)個人(ren)進入(ru)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)核心區(qu)(qu)、緩沖(chong)區(qu)(qu)活動。對冬季(ji)來榮觀(guan)賞、拍攝大天(tian)鵝(e)的人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)要加強宣(xuan)教和(he)監(jian)管，嚴禁(jin)轟趕、驚嚇天(tian)鵝(e)。為(wei)保(bao)持大天(tian)鵝(e)自(zi)然(ran)本(ben)性，非(fei)冰凍(dong)封湖或出現其他特殊(shu)情(qing)況，嚴禁(jin)游客私自(zi)向天(tian)鵝(e)投(tou)食，確需進行投(tou)食時(shi)，由保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)管理部門統一組(zu)織(zhi)安(an)排(pai)。

④入湖(hu)徑(jing)流(liu)全流(liu)域生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)治(zhi)理。保護(hu)區(qu)及周(zhou)邊(bian)松林、蘆(lu)葦等自然植物群落保護(hu)，嚴禁任何(he)(he)單位以任何(he)(he)借口進行(xing)破壞(huai)；對天鵝(e)湖(hu)周(zhou)邊(bian)不宜耕(geng)作的農(nong)田(tian)逐步退耕(geng)還林還草(cao)，主栽蘆(lu)葦、牧草(cao)等低(di)矮(ai)植被；對天鵝(e)湖(hu)西北部淤(yu)(yu)積(ji)區(qu)域實施清淤(yu)(yu)治(zhi)理，恢復濕地生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)功能；對湖(hu)口沙壩(ba)進行(xing)保護(hu)性修復，堅決阻(zu)止沙壩(ba)侵蝕的進一步發展。結合河道(dao)治(zhi)理、水系生(sheng)態(tai)(tai)綠(lv)化(hua)、小(xiao)流(liu)域治(zhi)理和(he)沿海防護(hu)林建設工程，統籌抓好入湖(hu)徑(jing)流(liu)的全流(liu)域綠(lv)化(hua)。

⑤日常執(zhi)法(fa)巡查和(he)違法(fa)打擊。對在保護(hu)區及(ji)周邊違法(fa)進行的建設、圍墾、取土(tu)、挖(wa)沙、挖(wa)塘、毀林(lin)、燒荒(huang)、排污、捕撈(lao)、放牧、養殖、獵捕、筑壩(ba)等行為，要(yao)及(ji)時制止(zhi)，從重打擊。

地位價值

榮成大天鵝湖(hu)國家級保(bao)護(hu)區區內存(cun)在蘆葦沼澤、灘涂(tu)和淺海及(ji)瀉湖(hu)四種濕地類型。保(bao)護(hu)區內的(de)沙(sha)壩(ba)—瀉湖(hu)體系，屬中國少有的(de)典型的(de)沙(sha)嘴(zui)型灣頂瀉湖(hu)。保(bao)護(hu)區生(sheng)態系統具(ju)有典型性(xing)、稀(xi)有性(xing)、脆弱性(xing)和多樣性(xing)等特點(dian)，具(ju)有特殊的(de)保(bao)護(hu)和重要的(de)科學研究(jiu)價值。

榮成(cheng)大(da)天(tian)鵝(e)國家級(ji)自然保(bao)護區建立對于保(bao)護大(da)天(tian)鵝(e)這(zhe)一珍稀、頻危(wei)物種和生物多樣性，進一步改善區域生態環境，維(wei)持(chi)生態系統良(liang)性循環，促進經濟、社會可持(chi)續發展(zhan)都具有重要意(yi)義(yi)。

交通路線

①班車：威(wei)海(hai)-成山衛(wei)-煙墩角-夏莊(zhuang)、威(wei)海(hai)-埠柳-馬(ma)道；

②自(zi)駕：下威海高速，沿海濱公路往路標（“西霞口動(dong)物(wu)園”、“天盡頭”）方向(xiang)走。離動(dong)物(wu)園約十(shi)公里處，向(xiang)右拐(guai)彎至成山鎮即(ji)可(ke)。

③包車：可聯系威海“自由左(zuo)岸”老沙的“游威海-自由左(zuo)岸自助游服務網”提供包車，拼車服務。