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歷史沿革

2000年，山東(dong)省政府批復成立榮(rong)成天鵝(e)湖省級自然保護區。

2007年4月，晉升為國家級自然保護區(qu)。

地理環境

位置

榮成大天鵝(e)國家級自然(ran)保護區，地處山東(dong)半(ban)島的東(dong)端，介(jie)于(yu)東(dong)經122°23′～122°35′，北(bei)緯(wei)36°58′～37°25′之間，北(bei)、東(dong)、南上(shang)面瀕臨黃海(hai)，由眾(zhong)多港灣和淺海(hai)灘(tan)涂(tu)組(zu)成，總面積(ji)10500平(ping)方(fang)公里。

氣候

保護區(qu)(qu)屬(shu)溫(wen)(wen)帶季風型(xing)濕潤氣候區(qu)(qu)，四季分(fen)明，年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均氣溫(wen)(wen)11.1℃，是(shi)山東沿海(hai)平(ping)(ping)均氣溫(wen)(wen)低(di)的海(hai)灣之一。極端高溫(wen)(wen)度36.8℃，極端低(di)溫(wen)(wen)度-18.3℃，平(ping)(ping)均日照時數2578.5h，無(wu)霜期214天(tian)，平(ping)(ping)均降水量786mm。

地貌

保護區近岸(an)(an)陸地有丘(qiu)陵、臺地、溝谷、河谷、平原，發(fa)育有棕壤、潮土、草甸土、風沙土等土類(lei)，海(hai)岸(an)(an)帶岬角(jiao)與海(hai)灣(wan)相間排列，間有河流入海(hai)灣(wan)，形成各(ge)類(lei)濕地；沿海(hai)濕地水深適中，底有礁石、沙礫(li)、粗礦、粘土質粉砂。

面積范圍

榮成大天鵝(e)湖(hu)國(guo)家級保(bao)護區由天鵝(e)湖(hu)、養魚(yu)池灣(wan)、臨(lin)洛(luo)灣(wan)3個(ge)獨(du)立(li)的(de)瀉湖(hu)組成，即月湖(hu)（天鵝(e)湖(hu)）、朝陽湖(hu)（朝陽天鵝(e)湖(hu)）以及養魚(yu)湖(hu)（馬(ma)山港天鵝(e)湖(hu)）。總面積(ji)10500公(gong)頃(qing)，其中核心區3720.2公(gong)頃(qing)、緩沖區3056.5公(gong)頃(qing)、實驗區3723.3公(gong)頃(qing)。

南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)湖(hu)(hu)區東(dong)以月湖(hu)(hu)沙(sha)壩(ba)的(de)北(bei)(bei)端為(wei)起點，向(xiang)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)沿沙(sha)壩(ba)至(zhi)(zhi)月湖(hu)(hu)瀉湖(hu)(hu)口，再向(xiang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)至(zhi)(zhi)馬山路，沿馬山路向(xiang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)至(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)張家路交叉處(chu)，順路南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)下至(zhi)(zhi)蘆葦塘東(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)角，再向(xiang)正(zheng)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)18米至(zhi)(zhi)養(yang)漁池灣(wan)海邊，沿養(yang)漁池灣(wan)東(dong)海岸(an)(an)線(xian)(xian)向(xiang)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)，經(jing)養(yang)漁池草(cao)島西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)岸(an)(an)至(zhi)(zhi)該(gai)島的(de)東(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)角，再沿-3米等(deng)深線(xian)(xian)向(xiang)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)至(zhi)(zhi)花斑彩石正(zheng)東(dong)165米處(chu)；南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)以165米處(chu)再向(xiang)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)經(jing)姜島至(zhi)(zhi)馬道河(he)入海口，順河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)岸(an)(an)至(zhi)(zhi)馬道河(he)橋(qiao)；西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)起馬道河(he)橋(qiao)沿河(he)北(bei)(bei)岸(an)(an)至(zhi)(zhi)入海口，順臨(lin)洛灣(wan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)海岸(an)(an)線(xian)(xian)北(bei)(bei)上(shang)至(zhi)(zhi)301省道65.8公里處(chu)，沿301省道至(zhi)(zhi)69.1公里處(chu)東(dong)拐，沿車祝溝村(cun)后小路至(zhi)(zhi)月湖(hu)(hu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)岸(an)(an)，順月湖(hu)(hu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)岸(an)(an)線(xian)(xian)北(bei)(bei)上(shang)至(zhi)(zhi)月湖(hu)(hu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)角；北(bei)(bei)以月湖(hu)(hu)西(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)角為(wei)起點，沿月湖(hu)(hu)北(bei)(bei)岸(an)(an)線(xian)(xian)向(xiang)東(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)月湖(hu)(hu)沙(sha)壩(ba)北(bei)(bei)端止。

保護目標

對象

榮成大天(tian)鵝(e)(e)湖國(guo)家(jia)級保護區以保護大天(tian)鵝(e)(e)等瀕危鳥(niao)類和(he)濕地生態系統為主，是鳥(niao)類南(nan)遷北移的(de)重要中轉(zhuan)站(zhan)和(he)越冬(dong)棲息地，每年有(you)近(jin)萬只(zhi)大天(tian)鵝(e)(e)來此越冬(dong)，是世界上大的(de)大天(tian)鵝(e)(e)越冬(dong)種群棲息地。

動物

保護區(qu)共分(fen)布有陸棲脊椎(zhui)動物185種，其中(zhong)兩(liang)棲類(lei)(lei)3科(ke)、7種，爬行類(lei)(lei)7科(ke)、13種，獸類(lei)(lei)7科(ke)、12種，鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)15目、41科(ke)、153種，遷徙性(xing)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)特別(bie)是旅鳥(niao)構成了(le)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)區(qu)系(xi)分(fen)布的(de)基本(ben)類(lei)(lei)群，且(qie)呈現出明顯(xian)的(de)南(nan)北過(guo)渡的(de)地(di)帶性(xing)。

保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區內有(you)國(guo)家I級保(bao)(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)類東方(fang)白(bai)鸛、黑鸛、中華秋沙鴨、大(da)鴇、白(bai)頭鶴、金雕等(deng)6種；國(guo)家II級保(bao)(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)類大(da)天鵝、黃嘴白(bai)鷺、鴛鴦(yang)、白(bai)鵝雁、灰鶴、小杓鷸(yu)等(deng)17種；屬于瀕(bin)危野生動植物種國(guo)際貿易(yi)公約保(bao)(bao)護(hu)物種17種；中澳候鳥(niao)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)協定(ding)(ding)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)類36種；中日候鳥(niao)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)協定(ding)(ding)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)類94種。

植物

保護區系中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的單細胞浮游藻類(lei)包(bao)括(kuo)近岸(an)廣布(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)116種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、近岸(an)暖水種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)31種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、近岸(an)溫帶種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；維管(guan)束植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)被劃(hua)分(fen)為6大(da)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)類(lei)群，包(bao)括(kuo)鹽生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)24種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、水生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、濕生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)35種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)103種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、旱生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、沙(sha)生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，保護區內濕地(di)(di)植(zhi)被的建(jian)群種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、優勢種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)均為水生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)、濕生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)或鹽生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，反映了濕地(di)(di)植(zhi)被的隱域性(xing)；維管(guan)束植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)按照生(sheng)(sheng)活型劃(hua)分(fen)，有(you)20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高位芽(ya)(ya)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)、4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)地(di)(di)上(shang)芽(ya)(ya)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)、54種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)地(di)(di)面芽(ya)(ya)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)、48種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)地(di)(di)下芽(ya)(ya)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)和(he)68種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)1年生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，維管(guan)束植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)屬(shu)有(you)14個地(di)(di)理分(fen)布(bu)區類(lei)型，包(bao)括(kuo)世界(jie)分(fen)布(bu)屬(shu)42屬(shu)、溫帶分(fen)布(bu)屬(shu)55屬(shu)、熱帶分(fen)布(bu)屬(shu)30屬(shu)、古地(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)海屬(shu)2屬(shu)、東亞(ya)分(fen)布(bu)屬(shu)4屬(shu)、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國特(te)有(you)分(fen)布(bu)屬(shu)1屬(shu)。

管理措施

①污水達標(biao)排(pai)放治理。加強天鵝湖(hu)入湖(hu)徑流全流域水體質量監測，對污水排(pai)放終(zhong)流入天鵝湖(hu)的(de)企事(shi)業單(dan)位，逐一排(pai)查登記，限期整改。

②項(xiang)目(mu)建設的(de)審查監(jian)管。保護(hu)區范圍(wei)內不(bu)(bu)得(de)新建任何破壞(huai)、侵(qin)占(zhan)濕地(di)(di)資源的(de)海產養殖項(xiang)目(mu)；原(yuan)有侵(qin)占(zhan)濕地(di)(di)的(de)養殖項(xiang)目(mu)，在合(he)同到(dao)期(qi)后要全(quan)部收(shou)回(hui)，并(bing)恢復(fu)濕地(di)(di)原(yuan)貌。保護(hu)區邊界外(wai)500米范圍(wei)內不(bu)(bu)得(de)審批任何商業、住宅項(xiang)目(mu)；已建和在建的(de)要嚴格落實污染物(wu)排(pai)放治理(li)措施，未經(jing)環保部門審驗合(he)格的(de)，不(bu)(bu)得(de)投入使(shi)用(yong)。保護(hu)區邊界外(wai)500—1500米范圍(wei)內不(bu)(bu)得(de)建設產生較大噪音和排(pai)放有毒氣體、廢棄物(wu)的(de)企(qi)業，新建建筑(zhu)物(wu)高(gao)度(du)不(bu)(bu)得(de)超過(guo)25米。。

③旅游(you)觀光人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)管(guan)理(li)。每(mei)年(nian)(nian)11月(yue)1日至翌年(nian)(nian)3月(yue)31日為大(da)天鵝(e)(e)(e)自然保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)封(feng)(feng)閉(bi)管(guan)理(li)期，期間(jian)進入(ru)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)的(de)通(tong)道全部實行封(feng)(feng)閉(bi)管(guan)理(li)，并安(an)排專人(ren)(ren)值守，未經批準嚴(yan)(yan)禁(jin)(jin)任(ren)何單位和個人(ren)(ren)進入(ru)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)核心區(qu)、緩沖區(qu)活動。對(dui)冬季來(lai)榮觀賞、拍攝大(da)天鵝(e)(e)(e)的(de)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)要(yao)加強宣教(jiao)和監(jian)管(guan)，嚴(yan)(yan)禁(jin)(jin)轟趕、驚嚇天鵝(e)(e)(e)。為保(bao)持大(da)天鵝(e)(e)(e)自然本性，非冰(bing)凍封(feng)(feng)湖或出現其他特殊情況，嚴(yan)(yan)禁(jin)(jin)游(you)客私自向天鵝(e)(e)(e)投食(shi)，確(que)需進行投食(shi)時，由保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)管(guan)理(li)部門(men)統一組織(zhi)安(an)排。

④入湖徑流(liu)全流(liu)域(yu)生(sheng)態治(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)。保護(hu)(hu)(hu)區及周(zhou)邊(bian)松林、蘆葦等自然(ran)植(zhi)物群落保護(hu)(hu)(hu)，嚴禁任何單位(wei)以任何借口(kou)進(jin)行破壞(huai)；對天(tian)鵝(e)湖周(zhou)邊(bian)不宜耕作的農(nong)田逐步(bu)退(tui)耕還(huan)林還(huan)草(cao)，主(zhu)栽蘆葦、牧草(cao)等低矮植(zhi)被；對天(tian)鵝(e)湖西(xi)北部(bu)淤積區域(yu)實施清淤治(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)，恢復濕地生(sheng)態功(gong)能；對湖口(kou)沙壩(ba)進(jin)行保護(hu)(hu)(hu)性修復，堅決阻止沙壩(ba)侵蝕(shi)的進(jin)一步(bu)發展。結合河道治(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)、水系生(sheng)態綠(lv)化、小流(liu)域(yu)治(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)和沿(yan)海(hai)防護(hu)(hu)(hu)林建設工(gong)程，統籌抓好(hao)入湖徑流(liu)的全流(liu)域(yu)綠(lv)化。

⑤日常(chang)執法巡(xun)查和違(wei)法打擊。對在保護(hu)區及周邊違(wei)法進行(xing)的建設(she)、圍墾、取(qu)土、挖沙、挖塘、毀林、燒荒、排污、捕(bu)撈、放牧、養殖、獵捕(bu)、筑壩(ba)等行(xing)為，要及時制(zhi)止，從(cong)重(zhong)打擊。

地位價值

榮成大天鵝湖國家級保(bao)護(hu)區區內(nei)存在蘆(lu)葦沼澤、灘涂(tu)和淺海(hai)及瀉(xie)湖四種濕地類型(xing)。保(bao)護(hu)區內(nei)的沙壩—瀉(xie)湖體(ti)系(xi)，屬中國少有(you)的典型(xing)的沙嘴型(xing)灣頂瀉(xie)湖。保(bao)護(hu)區生態系(xi)統具有(you)典型(xing)性(xing)(xing)、稀(xi)有(you)性(xing)(xing)、脆弱性(xing)(xing)和多樣性(xing)(xing)等特點(dian)，具有(you)特殊的保(bao)護(hu)和重要的科(ke)學研究價(jia)值。

榮(rong)成大天鵝國家級自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區建立對于保(bao)護(hu)大天鵝這(zhe)一(yi)珍稀、頻(pin)危物種(zhong)和生物多樣性(xing)，進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步改善區域生態環境(jing)，維持生態系統良性(xing)循環，促進(jin)(jin)經濟、社會(hui)可持續(xu)發展都具有重要意義。

交通路線

①班車(che)：威海-成(cheng)山衛(wei)-煙墩角-夏莊、威海-埠柳-馬道；

②自駕：下威海高速，沿海濱(bin)公(gong)路(lu)往(wang)路(lu)標(biao)（“西霞口(kou)動(dong)物園(yuan)”、“天盡頭”）方向走。離動(dong)物園(yuan)約十公(gong)里處，向右拐彎至成山(shan)鎮即可。

③包(bao)車：可聯系(xi)威海“自(zi)由(you)左(zuo)岸”老沙的“游(you)威海-自(zi)由(you)左(zuo)岸自(zi)助游(you)服(fu)務網”提供包(bao)車，拼車服(fu)務。