四川花萼(e)山國家級(ji)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)位(wei)于四川省(sheng)東北部的萬源市境內,地處大巴山南(nan)麓(lu)的川陜渝三省(sheng)(市)交(jiao)界(jie)處,地理(li)位(wei)置為(wei)東經(jing)108°00′~108°27′,北緯31°55′~31°12′。保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)總面(mian)積(ji)(ji)46534.37 hm2,涉及11個(ge)鄉鎮,其中核(he)心(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)為(wei)12382.67hm2,緩沖區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)為(wei)13065.21hm2,實驗(yan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)為(wei)21086.49hm2。花萼(e)山1998年10月(yue)通過省(sheng)級(ji)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)評審;2007年4月(yue)經(jing)國務院(yuan)審定為(wei)國家級(ji)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu),成立了保護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)管理(li)處,為(wei)萬源市人民政府正科級(ji)派出(chu)機構。
花萼山(shan)自然保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)(qu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)歷史(shi)古老,受(shou)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)構造影響,保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)(qu)內(nei)為中、低山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌,其(qi)東(dong)北部邊緣(yuan)是(shi)大巴山(shan)主(zhu)脈。境內(nei)最高(gao)處花萼山(shan)主(zhu)峰海拔2380m,最低處位于(yu)(yu)后河(he)上游支(zhi)流(liu)白沙河(he)中段的(de)(de)蔣家河(he)壩,海拔780m,相對高(gao)差達1600m。大部分(fen)山(shan)脊和峰嶺(ling)海拔均在(zai)1700-2200m,局部區(qu)(qu)域(yu)喀斯特地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌發(fa)育,溶溝(gou)、溶洞、峰叢、洼地(di)(di)(di)(di)景觀(guan)屢有所(suo)(suo)見。保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)(qu)屬北亞熱帶濕潤季風氣候,山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)立體氣候特征(zheng)明顯。溪河(he)遍布,水系發(fa)達,保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)(qu)所(suo)(suo)在(zai)的(de)(de)萬源市正是(shi)以“萬水之源”而得其(qi)名。保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)(qu)所(suo)(suo)涉及的(de)(de)河(he)流(liu)主(zhu)要屬于(yu)(yu)江漢流(liu)域(yu)的(de)(de)任河(he)和屬于(yu)(yu)嘉陵江水系的(de)(de)后河(he)及其(qi)支(zhi)流(liu)白沙河(he)。獨特的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)位置(zhi)和優越(yue)的(de)(de)環境條件,使得花萼山(shan)保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)生物物種、自然景觀(guan)都呈現出極其(qi)豐富的(de)(de)多樣(yang)性。
花萼(e)山(shan)(shan)(shan)自然保護(hu)區(qu)現有(you)(you)維管(guan)束植物(wu)(wu)179科、876屬、2261種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong),國家一級(ji)(ji)保護(hu)植物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)紅(hong)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)杉、南方(fang)紅(hong)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)杉、珙(gong)(gong)桐(tong)、光葉珙(gong)(gong)桐(tong);國家二級(ji)(ji)保護(hu)植物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)金錢(qian)松、秦(qin)嶺冷杉、巴(ba)(ba)山(shan)(shan)(shan)榧、臺灣水青(qing)岡、鵝掌楸、厚樸、連香樹、領(ling)春(chun)木、金錢(qian)槭、杜仲(zhong)、香果樹、銀鵲樹、山(shan)(shan)(shan)白樹、楨楠、八角(jiao)蓮(lian)、紅(hong)豆(dou)(dou)(dou)樹、青(qing)檀、建蘭、春(chun)蘭、惠蘭、天麻(ma)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。此外(wai),分布于該區(qu)域的特有(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和模式種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)較多,如巴(ba)(ba)山(shan)(shan)(shan)冷杉、巴(ba)(ba)山(shan)(shan)(shan)榧、臺灣水青(qing)岡、巴(ba)(ba)山(shan)(shan)(shan)木竹、城口樟、城口獼(mi)猴(hou)桃(tao)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。在野(ye)生(sheng)資(zi)源植物(wu)(wu)中(zhong),湖北(bei)貝(bei)(bei)母(俗稱萼(e)山(shan)(shan)(shan)尖(jian)貝(bei)(bei))、臘梅、多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蘭花、野(ye)大豆(dou)(dou)(dou)、城口獼(mi)猴(hou)桃(tao)等(deng)(deng)(deng)都是具有(you)(you)很高(gao)利用價值且急需受到保護(hu)的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)。保護(hu)區(qu)現已查明(ming)野(ye)生(sheng)脊椎動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)374種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和亞種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)獸類(lei)(lei)(lei)64種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)196種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),兩棲類(lei)(lei)(lei)23種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、爬行類(lei)(lei)(lei)27種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)64種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其中(zhong)國家I級(ji)(ji)重(zhong)點保護(hu)野(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)豹、云豹、林(lin)麝、金雕種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);國家II級(ji)(ji)重(zhong)點保護(hu)野(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)黃喉貂、水鹿、鬣羚、斑羚、金貓、大靈貓、豺、黑熊、獼(mi)猴(hou)、水獺、蒼(cang)鷹、鳶、赤(chi)腹鷹、普通鵟、紅(hong)隼、勺雞、白冠長尾雉(zhi)、紅(hong)腹角(jiao)雉(zhi)、紅(hong)腹錦(jin)雞、領(ling)角(jiao)鸮(xiao)、雕鸮(xiao)、黃腳(jiao)魚(yu)鸮(xiao)、大鯢(ni)等(deng)(deng)(deng)27種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。
花(hua)萼(e)(e)山(shan)自(zi)(zi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護區地(di)(di)(di)處(chu)秦嶺(ling)——大巴山(shan)腹心地(di)(di)(di)帶(dai),生(sheng)物(wu)物(wu)種(zhong)豐富多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)、生(sheng)態系(xi)統原始,其自(zi)(zi)然(ran)綜(zong)合體具(ju)有(you)重(zhong)(zhong)大的(de)(de)科學意義和(he)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護價值。世界自(zi)(zi)然(ran)基金會“Ecoregion.200”、《中國(guo)生(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)性保(bao)(bao)(bao)護行動計劃》、《中國(guo)生(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)性國(guo)情(qing)研(yan)究報告(gao)》等(deng)重(zhong)(zhong)要文獻都已(yi)將該地(di)(di)(di)區列入我國(guo)生(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)性保(bao)(bao)(bao)護的(de)(de)關鍵地(di)(di)(di)區和(he)優(you)先、重(zhong)(zhong)點保(bao)(bao)(bao)護區域。四川花(hua)萼(e)(e)山(shan)自(zi)(zi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護區主要保(bao)(bao)(bao)護對象為具(ju)有(you)代表性的(de)(de)北(bei)亞熱(re)帶(dai)森(sen)林生(sheng)態系(xi)統、具(ju)有(you)不(bu)可替(ti)代性的(de)(de)北(bei)亞熱(re)帶(dai)地(di)(di)(di)區的(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)物(wu)種(zhong)多(duo)(duo)樣(yang)性和(he)優(you)美獨特的(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)景觀。
花(hua)萼山自然(ran)保(bao)護區(qu)是長(chang)江中上游兩大支流(漢江、嘉(jia)陵(ling)江)的(de)發(fa)源(yuan)地(di)和分(fen)水嶺,其自然(ran)生(sheng)態系統的(de)穩(wen)定性(xing)對嘉(jia)陵(ling)江和江漢流域(yu)乃至長(chang)江流域(yu)中下游地(di)區(qu)的(de)生(sheng)態安全(quan)都產(chan)生(sheng)著關鍵性(xing)影響(xiang)。四川花(hua)萼山自然(ran)保(bao)護區(qu)物(wu)種多樣(yang)性(xing)豐(feng)富,具有(you)我國(guo)南(nan)方(fang)(fang)與北方(fang)(fang)、華東(dong)區(qu)與西南(nan)區(qu)動植物(wu)區(qu)系交匯的(de)顯(xian)著特(te)征,特(te)別是許多受國(guo)家重點保(bao)護的(de)古老、孑遺、特(te)有(you)、珍稀、瀕危動植物(wu)種類殘存(cun)在保(bao)護區(qu)內(nei),堪稱“物(wu)種避難所”。
花(hua)萼山(shan)自然保護區還具有豐富的文(wen)化多樣性。這里是三國(guo)時(shi)期—代(dai)名(ming)士(shi)徐庶(shu)的隱(yin)居之(zhi)處,又是清(qing)代(dai)名(ming)將(jiang)張獻忠受困之(zhi)地,更(geng)是第二次國(guo)內革命戰爭時(shi)期中國(guo)工農紅(hong)軍川陜根據(ju)地的腹地,革命史跡(ji)和古代(dai)文(wen)物遺跡(ji)眾多。
綜上所述(shu),從(cong)(cong)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)具有(you)代表(biao)性的(de)(de)(de)北亞熱帶森林(lin)生態系統、具有(you)不可替代性的(de)(de)(de)北亞熱帶地區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)生物物種多(duo)樣性和優(you)美獨特的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)(zi)然景觀的(de)(de)(de)角度,四川花(hua)萼(e)山自(zi)(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)從(cong)(cong)省(sheng)級(ji)升為國家級(ji)具有(you)極其重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)意義。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)所在的(de)(de)(de)萬(wan)源(yuan)市是典型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)”老、少、邊、窮”地區(qu),國家級(ji)自(zi)(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)建立將(jiang)達到以科學(xue)帶動致富(fu),充(chong)分發(fa)揮以保(bao)護(hu)(hu)促進發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用。