西藏芒康滇金絲(si)猴國(guo)家(jia)級(ji)自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區原名西藏紅拉山自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區,1985年被芒康縣(xian)列為縣(xian)級(ji)自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區;
1987年至1988年經西(xi)藏(zang)自治(zhi)區珍惜野(ye)生動物考(kao)察(cha)(cha)隊考(kao)察(cha)(cha),確認為當地百(bai)姓稱之為“準察(cha)(cha)”的滇金絲(si)猴是世界瀕(bin)臨滅(mie)絕(jue)長類;
1992年被(bei)西藏列為自治區級自然(ran)保(bao)護區;
2002年11月晉升(sheng)為國家(jia)級自然(ran)保護區。
西(xi)藏芒(mang)康滇金絲(si)猴國家(jia)級(ji)自然保護(hu)區(qu)位于西(xi)藏東部昌都地(di)區(qu)芒(mang)康縣境(jing)內。地(di)理坐標為東經98°20′~98°59′,北緯28°48′~29°40′之間。
西藏芒康滇金絲猴國家級自然保護(hu)區地(di)形特征(zheng)是相對高(gao)差大、緯度較低、強烈深切、地(di)形破碎。山(shan)高(gao)、谷(gu)狹、坡陡,裸露巖石與山(shan)底原始森林交叉鑲嵌是保護(hu)區最為典型的地(di)貌特點。
西藏芒(mang)康(kang)滇(dian)金(jin)絲猴國家(jia)級自(zi)然保護區海(hai)拔3500~4500米,受西南季風(feng)影響,冬(dong)季氣(qi)(qi)候溫暖(nuan)、晴朗和干燥;夏季,來自(zi)印度洋孟加拉灣(wan)的西南季風(feng)暖(nuan)濕(shi)(shi)氣(qi)(qi)流和來自(zi)太平洋的東南季風(feng)暖(nuan)濕(shi)(shi)氣(qi)(qi)流相(xiang)遇(yu),在此形(xing)成(cheng)降(jiang)水(shui)。年降(jiang)水(shui)和溫度的分(fen)布極(ji)不均勻,具有典型的山地氣(qi)(qi)候特點。
西藏芒(mang)康(kang)滇金絲(si)猴國家級自然保護區(qu)主要河流(liu)有(you)金沙江(jiang)、瀾滄(cang)江(jiang)及(ji)兩江(jiang)支流(liu)。
西(xi)藏芒康滇金絲猴國(guo)家(jia)(jia)級自然保護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)以(yi)紅(hong)拉山(shan)為(wei)主,東西(xi)寬約30公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里,南北長96公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)里,總(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)185300公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing),共分為(wei)2個(ge)核心(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、4個(ge)緩(huan)沖區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)及2個(ge)實驗區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。核心(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)為(wei)87090公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(其中(zhong)朋(peng)波(bo)拉核心(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)50740公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing),與云南白馬雪山(shan)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)級自然保護區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)核心(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)相(xiang)連;美德核心(xin)(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)36350公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing))占(zhan)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)47%,主要是滇金絲猴棲息(xi)地及原始針葉林分布區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu);緩(huan)沖區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)為(wei)45770公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(其中(zhong)日(ri)根緩(huan)沖區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)18690公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing);麻吉緩(huan)沖區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)6460公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing);門(men)巴緩(huan)沖區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)8220公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing);小昌都-亞中(zhong)緩(huan)沖區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)12400公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)),占(zhan)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)24.7%;試驗區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)為(wei)52440公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(其中(zhong)鹽井實驗區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)9620公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing);徐中(zhong)-普拉實驗區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)42820公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)),占(zhan)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)的(de)28.3%。
西(xi)藏(zang)芒(mang)康滇金絲猴國家級(ji)自然保(bao)護區主(zhu)要保(bao)護對象為國家一級(ji)保(bao)護動(dong)物(wu)滇金絲猴、斑尾榛雞、馬來(lai)熊、綠尾虹雉等(deng)珍惜瀕危(wei)動(dong)物(wu)及(ji)其生態系統。
①保(bao)護區緯度高,山(shan)高谷深,山(shan)高谷深的地形使區內的原始森(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)保(bao)存(cun)比較完好。保(bao)護區立體氣候明(ming)顯,森(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)植被保(bao)存(cun)較好,森(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)覆蓋(gai)率70%~80%,森(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)類(lei)型有(you)闊(kuo)葉林(lin)(lin)(lin)、針闊(kuo)混成林(lin)(lin)(lin)、高山(shan)草(cao)甸等,分布著云(yun)(yun)南紅(hong)(hong)豆杉、油麥(mai)吊云(yun)(yun)杉、云(yun)(yun)杉、冷杉、紅(hong)(hong)松(song)(song)、雪松(song)(song)、高山(shan)松(song)(song)、高山(shan)棟、高山(shan)柳(liu)、紅(hong)(hong)柳(liu)、白柳(liu)、山(shan)楊、云(yun)(yun)松(song)(song)、高山(shan)草(cao)甸等珍貴林(lin)(lin)(lin)木。
保護(hu)區有(you)(you)維管束植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)79科235屬447種(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)蕨類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)4科4屬4種(zhong);還(huan)有(you)(you)種(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)231屬,其(qi)中(zhong)裸子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)4科7屬14種(zhong),被(bei)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)71科224屬429種(zhong)。按資源用(yong)(yong)途分,區內有(you)(you)經濟植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)69科130屬157種(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)藥用(yong)(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)52科107屬132種(zhong)。
名貴的藥(yao)材(cai)主要(yao)有冬蟲夏草、知(zhi)母、貝母、大黃、胡黃連、紅景天、當(dang)歸、黨參(can)、三七(qi)等(deng)。名藏藥(yao)珍珠七(qi)十丸、二十丸、常覺等(deng)飲譽(yu)藏東,馳名區(qu)內外。
②代表植物:紅松
紅(hong)松(PinuskoraiensisSieb.etZucc.)又名(ming)果松、海松,是松科松屬的常綠(lv)喬木,為(wei)中國(guo)重要的珍(zhen)貴用材(cai)樹(shu)種。
云南紅豆杉
其它(ta)俗(su)名:紫杉(shan)、神木(mu),紅豆杉(shan)屬紅豆杉(shan)科。云南紅豆杉(shan)是中(zhong)國4種紅豆杉(shan)之一,是以云南為中(zhong)心分布區的地(di)方(fang)特有種。
①自然保護(hu)(hu)區(qu)位于橫斷山脈(mo)中(zhong)部。南北走向(xiang)的(de)(de)山脈(mo),由于地形、地貌的(de)(de)特殊(shu)性(xing),造成氣候(hou)、土壤和(he)森林(lin)植(zhi)被類(lei)型的(de)(de)多(duo)樣性(xing),為(wei)野生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)擴展提供(gong)了通道,使保護(hu)(hu)區(qu)內(nei)(nei)蘊育了眾(zhong)多(duo)的(de)(de)野生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)植(zhi)物(wu)資(zi)源,包括珍(zhen)稀(xi)瀕危物(wu)種(zhong)滇金絲猴等。區(qu)內(nei)(nei)有(you)脊椎(zhui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)19目(mu)(mu)39科(ke)158種(zhong),其中(zhong)兩棲(qi)爬行類(lei)2目(mu)(mu)4科(ke)6種(zhong);鳥(niao)類(lei)11目(mu)(mu)21科(ke)95種(zhong);哺乳動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)6目(mu)(mu)14科(ke)57種(zhong)。
②保護區內(nei)(nei)除(chu)世界上瀕臨滅絕的(de)同(tong)大熊貓一樣(yang)的(de)珍貴的(de)靈長目類動物(wu)(wu)滇(dian)金絲猴外(wai),已發(fa)現國家重(zhong)點保護動物(wu)(wu)60種(zhong),其(qi)中有(you)(you)云豹、雪豹、斑(ban)尾(wei)榛(zhen)雞(ji)、綠尾(wei)虹雉等(deng)國家一類重(zhong)點保護動物(wu)(wu)12種(zhong);及小熊貓、猞猁、馬來熊、藏馬雞(ji)、鸚鵡、禿鷹(ying)等(deng)國家二類保護動物(wu)(wu)48種(zhong)。區內(nei)(nei)其(qi)它珍貴動物(wu)(wu)還有(you)(you)蘇門羚、林麝、巖羊、白腹錦雞(ji)等(deng)。野生動物(wu)(wu)藥(yao)材有(you)(you)麝香、鹿茸、牛黃(huang)、雪蛙等(deng)。芒康境內(nei)(nei)現有(you)(you)滇(dian)金絲猴700余(yu)只,每(mei)群在100只左右。?
③代表動物:滇金絲猴
保護區內有三個家族的滇金絲猴。滇金絲猴與大熊貓幾乎同樣珍貴,是堪稱第二國寶的中國一級重點保護動物。金絲猴屬共有4個亞種:越南金絲猴、川金絲猴、黔金絲猴和滇金絲猴,均被列為世界瀕危動物的紅色名單中。滇(dian)金絲猴(hou)(hou),又稱黑(hei)抑(yi)鼻猴(hou)(hou),也(ye)因背部黑(hei)褐色,腹部白色,于是有(you)人又稱之為黑(hei)猴(hou)(hou)或花猴(hou)(hou)。僅分布南北長約200公里,東西不(bu)到40公里的云(yun)南德(de)欽縣、芒縣非常狹窄(zhai)的區域內(nei)。
綠尾虹雉別名貝母雞,屬于雞形目雉科,國(guo)家(jia)一級保護(hu)動物。
斑尾榛雞別名花尾(wei)飛龍(long)、飛龍(long),屬于雞形目(mu)松雞科,國(guo)家一級保護動物。
昌都2014年開展第二次野(ye)生動(dong)物(wu)資源調查取得(de)重(zhong)大發現(xian):新發現(xian)雪豹(bao)、鶚、棕尾(wei)鵟、灰背隼、云(yun)雀和喜馬(ma)拉雅斑羚等多個野(ye)生物(wu)種,芒康紅拉山自然(ran)保(bao)護區(qu)內國家(jia)一級保(bao)護動(dong)物(wu)滇(dian)金(jin)絲猴數量從500多只(zhi)上升到700多只(zhi)。
西藏(zang)芒(mang)康滇(dian)(dian)金(jin)絲猴國家級(ji)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)保護(hu)區(qu)原名紅(hong)拉山自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)保護(hu)區(qu),紅(hong)拉山生態(tai)旅游(you)區(qu)距芒(mang)康縣城60公(gong)里,海拔2300~4400米(mi),棲息著世界瀕臨滅絕(jue)的珍稀靈長類動物金(jin)絲猴200多(duo)只。生態(tai)景象壯觀,有雪山、森(sen)林、峽(xia)谷、高(gao)山和深谷等自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)風光。保護(hu)區(qu)內地勢(shi)險峻,但因滇(dian)(dian)藏(zang)公(gong)路貫(guan)穿于內,故而是西藏(zang)境內交通相對(dui)便利的一個保護(hu)區(qu)。
西藏芒康滇金絲猴國家級(ji)自然保護區植物垂(chui)直(zhi)帶與自然垂(chui)直(zhi)景(jing)觀明顯(xian),生態系統獨特,它是中國罕見的(de)低緯(wei)度,高海拔的(de)保護區之一,是中國高原(yuan)林區寶貴的(de)生物多樣性(xing)的(de)物種基(ji)因庫。具有很高的(de)自然保護和科研旅游價(jia)值。