在莽原和雪山腳下,清澈的尼洋河邊,巍峨的群山懷抱,有一座歷經千年滄桑的小鎮,它的名字叫“太昭”。每次從拉薩到林芝,翻越米拉山后,我就會有一種期待,走進太昭,對話歷史,聆聽民族融合的聲音。位于拉薩至林芝的318國道左側,距拉薩僅200多公里。推薦理由:塵封的歷史、動人的傳說、獨特的地理位置。
古(gu)城(cheng)風貌、茶馬(ma)古(gu)道(dao)(dao)等。商(shang)(shang)賈云集締(di)造往(wang)昔繁華(hua)太(tai)昭(zhao)古(gu)城(cheng)位于318國道(dao)(dao)旁(pang),地(di)(di)處(chu)工(gong)布江(jiang)達縣城(cheng)西面,距縣城(cheng)20公(gong)里(li)。未(wei)入太(tai)昭(zhao)城(cheng),鐫刻有“太(tai)昭(zhao)古(gu)城(cheng)”的(de)牌坊先入視野,高大挺拔的(de)背后是厚(hou)重(zhong)與(yu)(yu)深(shen)邃。跨過吊橋,置身古(gu)老的(de)民(min)(min)居,視線穿過驛站(zhan)城(cheng)門,把思緒拉(la)到歷史深(shen)處(chu),太(tai)昭(zhao)曾經(jing)的(de)繁榮涌(yong)現出來(lai)。從唐朝和吐蕃聯(lian)(lian)姻開始(shi),西藏(zang)與(yu)(yu)內地(di)(di)的(de)聯(lian)(lian)系就日益密(mi)切,軍旅(lv)客(ke)商(shang)(shang)往(wang)來(lai)不絕。元朝時,太(tai)昭(zhao)始(shi)建驛站(zhan),到了(le)清(qing)朝末年政府在此設(she)立(li)了(le)太(tai)昭(zhao)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(即太(tai)昭(zhao)縣)。據記(ji)載(zai),當(dang)時太(tai)昭(zhao)稱為江(jiang)達,人口眾多、市鎮繁華(hua)、店(dian)鋪林立(li),有著(zhu)(zhu)名的(de)小(xiao)八角街和四座香火鼎盛的(de)廟宇,并設(she)有宗(zong)(zong)(zong)政府、糧倉、學校、郵(you)局、旅(lv)館(guan)、飯店(dian)、金銀加工(gong)店(dian)、裁縫店(dian)、刑場(chang)等,藏(zang)、漢、回等民(min)(min)族和尼泊爾客(ke)商(shang)(shang)來(lai)這里(li)經(jing)商(shang)(shang)交易,各地(di)(di)的(de)商(shang)(shang)品也能(neng)夠順暢流通(tong),當(dang)地(di)(di)藏(zang)族甚至開始(shi)與(yu)(yu)其他(ta)各民(min)(min)族通(tong)婚。太(tai)昭(zhao)成為當(dang)時西藏(zang)的(de)重(zhong)要商(shang)(shang)業(ye)文(wen)化中心(xin)。清(qing)末民(min)(min)初(chu),江(jiang)達更(geng)名為太(tai)昭(zhao),管理著(zhu)(zhu)東起巴河鎮,西至米拉(la)山,北至娘蒲(pu)鄉的(de)廣大地(di)(di)域。與(yu)(yu)雪(xue)卡(ka)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)、角木(mu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)、孜拉(la)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)等三宗(zong)(zong)(zong),一同構成著(zhu)(zhu)名的(de)“工(gong)布四宗(zong)(zong)(zong)”.
雄關漫道(dao) 金戈(ge)鐵馬自古內(nei)地(di)通往西(xi)藏(zang)(zang)的路有(you)4條(tiao)(tiao):青藏(zang)(zang)西(xi)道(dao)、青藏(zang)(zang)中道(dao)、青藏(zang)(zang)東(dong)(dong)道(dao)、川(chuan)藏(zang)(zang)驛道(dao)。其(qi)中,除青藏(zang)(zang)西(xi)道(dao)以外的3條(tiao)(tiao)都要(yao)經過太昭,因此太昭古城也(ye)是軍事(shi)交(jiao)通要(yao)地(di)。據(ju)《衛藏(zang)(zang)通志(zhi)》記載(zai):“江達乃西(xi)藏(zang)(zang)咽喉重地(di),駐扎官兵(bing)防(fang)守。”《西(xi)藏(zang)(zang)志(zhi)》記載(zai):“江達設(she)守備一(yi)員(yuan),兵(bing)120名。”川(chuan)軍管(guan)帶陳渠珍在(zai)(zai)其(qi)所著(zhu)的《艽(jiao)野(ye)塵夢(meng)》中提到江達為(wei)西(xi)藏(zang)(zang)重鎮,約有(you)四五百戶,經濟(ji)極為(wei)繁榮。正因為(wei)太昭宗經濟(ji)繁榮,軍事(shi)、交(jiao)通地(di)理(li)位置非常重要(yao),便順理(li)成章(zhang)地(di)成為(wei)兵(bing)家必爭之地(di)。1909年(nian),邊(bian)軍入藏(zang)(zang),在(zai)(zai)工布(bu)江達駐守。據(ju)《天朝籌藏(zang)(zang)》記載(zai),1911年(nian)6月,駐藏(zang)(zang)大臣聯豫急(ji)電川(chuan)滇邊(bian)務大臣趙爾(er)豐,請求派(pai)兵(bing)會攻(gong)(gong)波(bo)密(mi),趙爾(er)豐派(pai)邊(bian)軍統領(ling)鳳山(shan)為(wei)波(bo)密(mi)督(du)辦(ban),與駐藏(zang)(zang)清兵(bing)分東(dong)(dong)西(xi)兩(liang)路會攻(gong)(gong)。7月平定波(bo)密(mi),8月,清兵(bing)前鋒攻(gong)(gong)至工布(bu)江達,在(zai)(zai)太昭設(she)兵(bing)營(ying),并立“太山(shan)石敢當”石碑(bei)(現收藏(zang)(zang)在(zai)(zai)當地(di)一(yi)農戶家中)。
重走唐蕃古(gu)(gu)(gu)道太昭古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)與唐蕃古(gu)(gu)(gu)道連(lian)為(wei)一(yi)體(ti),古(gu)(gu)(gu)道成(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)了古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng),古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)守護(hu)著(zhu)古(gu)(gu)(gu)道。唐蕃古(gu)(gu)(gu)道是(shi)(shi)古(gu)(gu)(gu)代吐蕃與內(nei)地聯系(xi)的交通要道,建(jian)于松(song)贊干(gan)布(bu)時(shi)期。松(song)贊干(gan)布(bu)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)由(you)此到(dao)柏海(青海扎凌湖)迎娶了文成(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)主(zhu)。唐蕃古(gu)(gu)(gu)道入口,右側山崖有一(yi)處(chu)凹陷(xian)的地方,當地人稱之為(wei)藏(zang)王(wang)(wang)避雨(yu)(yu)石。相傳當年(nian)松(song)贊干(gan)布(bu)迎娶文成(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)主(zhu)回來(lai)時(shi),路經此地天降(jiang)大(da)(da)雨(yu)(yu),松(song)贊干(gan)布(bu)拔劍削(xue)山,讓文成(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)主(zhu)在此避雨(yu)(yu)。因大(da)(da)雨(yu)(yu)連(lian)降(jiang)數日(ri)不停(ting),文成(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)主(zhu)分外思念家鄉,于是(shi)(shi)命(ming)隨行工匠在山洞內(nei)刻(ke)下唐王(wang)(wang)畫像,又刻(ke)下經文、佛塔、佛像,向上(shang)天祈求(qiu)大(da)(da)雨(yu)(yu)早點停(ting)息,自(zi)己能(neng)早日(ri)到(dao)達拉(la)薩;同時(shi),也祈求(qiu)上(shang)天能(neng)夠保(bao)佑唐王(wang)(wang)身體(ti)安康,國家繁(fan)榮昌盛。古(gu)(gu)(gu)道經過(guo)的山也名藏(zang)經山,山上(shang)刻(ke)有許多藏(zang)文,并涂了朱紅顏色,這些藏(zang)文絕大(da)(da)部分是(shi)(shi)六字真言“嗡嘛呢唄咪吽”。