人物生平
燕亡入秦
慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)年(nian)(nian)紀還(huan)沒(mei)到二十歲，身高就已經八尺二寸，身姿體貌很(hen)魁(kui)偉，額頭(tou)(tou)上有中(zhong)央(yang)隆(long)起(qi)的(de)半月形重紋(wen)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)博(bo)覽群書，性情清高謹慎，多(duo)才(cai)多(duo)藝(yi)。前燕景(jing)昭(zhao)帝慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁繼位(wei)時，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)被封(feng)為(wei)(wei)梁公，歷任(ren)幽(you)州刺史、左衛(wei)將軍。到了前燕幽(you)帝慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐繼位(wei)時，改封(feng)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)為(wei)(wei)范陽(yang)王，漸漸升遷為(wei)(wei)魏尹(yin)，加授散騎常侍。不久，前秦苻(fu)(fu)堅的(de)將領苻(fu)(fu)雙占據陜地(di)反(fan)叛，苻(fu)(fu)堅的(de)將領苻(fu)(fu)柳在枹罕起(qi)兵準備接應。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)勸慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐乘機討伐苻(fu)(fu)堅，言辭慷(kang)慨，有識(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)士說他(ta)(ta)有遠大的(de)謀略。但(dan)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐始終沒(mei)能采用。墓容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)的(de)哥哥慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂很(hen)賞識(shi)(shi)(shi)他(ta)(ta)，于是和(he)他(ta)(ta)共同商議軍國大事，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)的(de)意見極為(wei)(wei)切當。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂說慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)度量見識(shi)(shi)(shi)大有長進(jin)，并把他(ta)(ta)比作東(dong)(dong)吳(wu)的(de)呂蒙。太和(he)四年(nian)(nian)（369年(nian)(nian)），在枋頭(tou)(tou)之(zhi)戰中(zhong)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)以征南(nan)將軍身份和(he)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂一起(qi)打(da)敗了東(dong)(dong)晉的(de)軍隊(dui)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂投奔苻(fu)(fu)堅時，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)因受牽連被免職。太和(he)五年(nian)(nian)（370年(nian)(nian)），前燕被苻(fu)(fu)堅所滅(mie)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)等被遷到長安，苻(fu)(fu)堅任(ren)命他(ta)(ta)為(wei)(wei)張掖太守(shou)，數年(nian)(nian)以后(hou)免職回家。
苻(fu)堅(jian)率領軍(jun)(jun)隊到(dao)達(da)臨江時(shi)，授(shou)任慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)德(de)(de)(de)為(wei)奮威將軍(jun)(jun)。苻(fu)堅(jian)失敗(bai)時(shi)，苻(fu)堅(jian)和張夫人(ren)(ren)走散，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)暐(wei)(wei)準(zhun)備護衛送回她，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)德(de)(de)(de)對(dui)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)暐(wei)(wei)嚴肅(su)地說(shuo)：“從前楚莊(zhuang)王滅(mie)掉陳國，采(cai)納(na)巫臣的(de)(de)諫言拋棄夏姬。這種不祥之人(ren)(ren)，蠱(gu)惑人(ren)(ren)主，戰爭(zheng)的(de)(de)時(shi)候不接近女人(ren)(ren)，前秦軍(jun)(jun)隊的(de)(de)失敗(bai)就是因為(wei)這個緣故。最(zui)好是視而不見走過(guo)去，為(wei)什么還(huan)準(zhun)備護衛她！”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)暐(wei)(wei)不聽，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)德(de)(de)(de)騎馬離(li)開了(le)(le)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)暐(wei)(wei)。回來以后(hou)屯(tun)駐在滎陽，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)德(de)(de)(de)對(dui)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)暐(wei)(wei)說(shuo)：“從前越王勾踐寄(ji)居在會稽(ji)，最(zui)終得到(dao)了(le)(le)吳國。圣人(ren)(ren)相時(shi)而動，所(suo)有的(de)(de)舉(ju)動都考慮(lv)周到(dao)，百無(wu)一(yi)失。老天追悔它所(suo)造(zao)成的(de)(de)禍亂，所(suo)以讓秦軍(jun)(jun)失敗(bai)，理(li)應乘著他(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)失敗(bai)復興江山社稷。”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)暐(wei)(wei)不采(cai)納(na)他(ta)的(de)(de)話。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)德(de)(de)(de)便跟隨慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂到(dao)了(le)(le)鄴(ye)城(cheng)。
輔佐后燕
太元九年(nian)（384年(nian)），慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂叛秦復國(guo)，建(jian)立后燕(yan)，任命(ming)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)德(de)為車(che)(che)騎大將軍(jun)，復封為范(fan)陽王，居(ju)中(zhong)鎮守護衛，參預決(jue)斷(duan)政(zheng)事(shi)。很久以后，升任司徒(tu)(tu)。當時(shi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)永(yong)(yong)占據長子，擁有十萬軍(jun)隊，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂和(he)大臣(chen)們(men)商議討(tao)伐他(ta)。大臣(chen)們(men)都猶豫不(bu)(bu)定，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)德(de)上前(qian)說：“當年(nian)三代(dai)祖先積德(de)，遺(yi)言還(huan)回響在耳邊(bian)，所以陛下興起，不(bu)(bu)謀(mou)而合，雖然(ran)是因為陛下圣(sheng)明英武(wu)，也因為大臣(chen)們(men)對(dui)王室(shi)原有的愛戴，燕(yan)、趙(zhao)之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)樂于做燕(yan)臣(chen)民(min)的緣故(gu)。現在慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)永(yong)(yong)已(yi)經(jing)建(jian)立偽號，煽(shan)動(dong)漢人(ren)和(he)胡人(ren)作(zuo)亂，致使豎(shu)子恣肆縱橫，爭奪不(bu)(bu)休，應該先鏟除(chu)他(ta)，以統一大家的視(shi)聽。從前(qian)光(guang)武(wu)帝急速(su)援救蘇茂之(zhi)(zhi)難(nan)，不(bu)(bu)考(kao)慮百(bai)官疲(pi)乏，這難(nan)道是不(bu)(bu)仁(ren)嗎(ma)？是因為事(shi)情危急的緣故(gu)。兵法中(zhong)有不(bu)(bu)得(de)已(yi)而用之(zhi)(zhi)，陛下能這樣(yang)(yang)做嗎(ma)！”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂笑著對(dui)群臣(chen)們(men)說：“司徒(tu)(tu)的看法和(he)我一樣(yang)(yang)。二人(ren)同心(xin)，利能斷(duan)金(jin)，我的主(zhu)意已(yi)定。”于是聽從了慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)德(de)的話(hua)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂臨終前(qian)，告諭兒子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)寶把鄴城交給(gei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)德(de)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)寶繼位后，任命(ming)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)德(de)為使持節、都督(du)冀、兗(yan)、青、徐、荊、豫六州諸軍(jun)事(shi)、特進、車(che)(che)騎大將軍(jun)、冀州牧(mu)，兼(jian)領南(nan)蠻校尉(wei)，鎮守鄴城，取消留臺，以都督(du)專門統管南(nan)夏(xia)。
北(bei)魏(wei)將(jiang)領拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)章(zhang)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)打(da)(da)(da)鄴城(cheng)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)派(pai)南安(an)王慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)青等夜里襲擊并(bing)擊敗拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)章(zhang)。北(bei)魏(wei)軍(jun)隊(dui)退駐新城(cheng)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)青等請(qing)求去攻(gong)(gong)(gong)打(da)(da)(da)。別駕(jia)韓讠卓進言(yan)說：“古人(ren)首(shou)先在朝(chao)廷(ting)里謀劃勝敗，然后才作戰(zhan)(zhan)。現在不(bu)(bu)可攻(gong)(gong)(gong)打(da)(da)(da)北(bei)魏(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因有(you)(you)(you)四條，后燕軍(jun)隊(dui)不(bu)(bu)宜妄(wang)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)由(you)有(you)(you)(you)三(san)條。北(bei)魏(wei)孤(gu)軍(jun)深入，野(ye)戰(zhan)(zhan)最為(wei)有(you)(you)(you)利，這是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)打(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)一(yi)個理(li)由(you)。魏(wei)軍(jun)深入我(wo)(wo)們京(jing)都附近(jin)，把(ba)軍(jun)隊(dui)停留在死地上，這是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)打(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)二(er)個理(li)由(you)。他(ta)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前鋒打(da)(da)(da)了敗仗之(zhi)后，后陣剛(gang)剛(gang)穩固，這是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)可攻(gong)(gong)(gong)打(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)三(san)個理(li)由(you)。他(ta)們人(ren)多，我(wo)(wo)們人(ren)少，這是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)可攻(gong)(gong)(gong)打(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)四個理(li)由(you)。我(wo)(wo)們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)隊(dui)在自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)領土(tu)上作戰(zhan)(zhan)．這是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)宜妄(wang)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)一(yi)個理(li)由(you)。去攻(gong)(gong)(gong)打(da)(da)(da)如果不(bu)(bu)能(neng)取勝，軍(jun)心就(jiu)難以(yi)(yi)安(an)定，這是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)宜妄(wang)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)二(er)個理(li)由(you)。城(cheng)郭還沒有(you)(you)(you)修(xiu)筑完善，敵人(ren)來(lai)了無法防備，這是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)宜妄(wang)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)(di)三(san)個理(li)由(you)。這些都是(shi)(shi)(shi)兵(bing)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)忌，不(bu)(bu)如把(ba)溝壑(he)再加深，把(ba)壘壁再加高，以(yi)(yi)逸待(dai)勞。他(ta)們從千里之(zhi)外運送糧(liang)食，曠野(ye)上沒有(you)(you)(you)能(neng)搶掠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)東西，時間一(yi)長，三(san)軍(jun)就(jiu)會耗盡資(zi)財，攻(gong)(gong)(gong)打(da)(da)(da)起來(lai)就(jiu)會死掉很(hen)多兵(bing)馬(ma)(ma)，士氣一(yi)衰落，軍(jun)心就(jiu)會離(li)散，那時我(wo)(wo)們再周密地謀劃攻(gong)(gong)(gong)打(da)(da)(da)他(ta)們，就(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)取勝了。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)說：“韓別駕(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話(hua)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)張良、陳平的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計策(ce)。”于是(shi)(shi)(shi)命(ming)令慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)青撤(che)回(hui)軍(jun)隊(dui)。北(bei)魏(wei)又派(pai)遼西公賀賴(lai)盧(lu)率(lv)領騎兵(bing)和拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)章(zhang)一(yi)起圍攻(gong)(gong)(gong)鄴城(cheng)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)派(pai)參軍(jun)劉(liu)藻向后秦姚(yao)興請(qing)求救(jiu)援，并(bing)且致以(yi)(yi)同(tong)母之(zhi)兄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問候，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)姚(yao)興的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)隊(dui)不(bu)(bu)來(lai)，大(da)家非(fei)常恐(kong)懼。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)便親自犒賞戰(zhan)(zhan)士，多加撫慰，人(ren)人(ren)感激他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恩德(de)，都樂意為(wei)他(ta)效(xiao)命(ming)。適逢拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)章(zhang)、賀墮盧(lu)內部互相紛爭，各(ge)自率(lv)領軍(jun)隊(dui)暗中逃跑。拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)章(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)司(si)馬(ma)(ma)丁建率(lv)領軍(jun)隊(dui)來(lai)投降，并(bing)說拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)章(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)隊(dui)士氣低落，可以(yi)(yi)打(da)(da)(da)敗他(ta)們。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)派(pai)將(jiang)領去追趕并(bing)打(da)(da)(da)敗了拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)章(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)隊(dui)，人(ren)心才開始(shi)安(an)定。
隆安元年（397年），魏軍(jun)進(jin)入中(zhong)(zhong)山，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)出奔(ben)到薊，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)詳又(you)自立為帝。適逢劉(liu)藻從(cong)(cong)姚興那(nei)里來(lai)到，姚興的太史令高魯派他(ta)的外甥王景暉隨(sui)從(cong)(cong)劉(liu)藻送(song)來(lai)一紐玉璽(xi)，并(bing)送(song)來(lai)圖讖秘文，說(shuo)：“有德(de)(de)者(zhe)昌，無(wu)德(de)(de)者(zhe)亡。有德(de)(de)的人接受(shou)天命，柔弱(ruo)會變得剛強。”又(you)有歌謠(yao)說(shuo)：“大風蓬勃(bo)揚(yang)起(qi)(qi)塵埃，八井三刀突然來(lai)。四海鼎沸中(zhong)(zhong)山崩(beng)，惟(wei)有德(de)(de)人占三臺(tai)。”于(yu)是慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)的大臣們一起(qi)(qi)商議(yi)，認(ren)為慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)詳在中(zhong)(zhong)山自立，魏軍(jun)在冀州勢力強盛，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)還(huan)生(sheng)死未(wei)卜，就(jiu)勸(quan)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)繼位。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)不同意。適逢慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)達從(cong)(cong)龍城(cheng)投奔(ben)鄴城(cheng)，稱說(shuo)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)還(huan)活著，大家的議(yi)論才停止。不久，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)任慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)為丞相，兼領冀州牧(mu)，秉承(cheng)皇帝旨意在南方自主行事。
建立南燕
慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德哥(ge)哥(ge)的(de)(de)兒子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟從(cong)義(yi)臺投奔鄴(ye)城，向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德游說道：“中山覆沒以(yi)后，魏(wei)軍(jun)一定會乘勝攻(gong)打(da)鄴(ye)城，鄴(ye)城雖然積儲了(le)(le)糧(liang)食，但是城大難(nan)以(yi)固守，而(er)且士(shi)氣低落，不(bu)能戰(zhan)斗。趁著魏(wei)軍(jun)還沒有(you)(you)(you)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)來，聚集(ji)軍(jun)隊南渡，依附(fu)魯(lu)陽(yang)(yang)王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)和，占據(ju)滑(hua)臺（今河南滑(hua)縣東），招集(ji)兵馬，積聚糧(liang)食，伺(si)機而(er)動(dong)，這是上(shang)策。魏(wei)軍(jun)即使攻(gong)下中山，勢必(bi)不(bu)會久留，不(bu)過是驅(qu)趕(gan)人(ren)口(kou)和搶掠財物(wu)回去(qu)。人(ren)們(men)不(bu)喜歡(huan)遷(qian)徙(xi)，自然會發生(sheng)變故，然后，我們(men)振奮威(wei)武前去(qu)救援，北魏(wei)就(jiu)會內外受敵(di)，使迷戀舊土的(de)(de)人(ren)有(you)(you)(you)所依靠，廣泛地顯示恩愛信義(yi)，招集(ji)遣民，就(jiu)可以(yi)一舉而(er)攻(gong)取。”此前，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)和也(ye)勸慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德南遷(qian)，這時慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德就(jiu)同意了(le)(le)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟的(de)(de)主張。于(yu)隆安二年(nian)（398年(nian)），率(lv)領四萬(wan)戶(hu)、二萬(wan)七千乘車(che)，從(cong)鄴(ye)城準備遷(qian)移到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)滑(hua)臺。遇到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)大風，船只沉沒，魏(wei)軍(jun)將(jiang)要趕(gan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)，大家都害怕，商議想(xiang)退守黎陽(yang)(yang)。當天(tian)晚上(shang)河面上(shang)漂浮的(de)(de)冰(bing)塊(kuai)凍合在一起，封住了(le)(le)河面，當夜軍(jun)隊渡過了(le)(le)河，第二天(tian)早晨，魏(wei)軍(jun)來到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)，但是河面上(shang)的(de)(de)冰(bing)塊(kuai)已經分裂了(le)(le)，就(jiu)像有(you)(you)(you)神(shen)幫助一樣。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德便(bian)把黎陽(yang)(yang)津(jin)改為天(tian)橋(qiao)津(jin)。到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)達滑(hua)臺，景星(xing)在尾宿箕宿出現(xian)。又(you)在漳水得到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)白玉，形狀如(ru)璽。于(yu)是慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德依照燕(yan)(yan)元舊例，自稱(cheng)燕(yan)(yan)王(wang)，稱(cheng)元年(nian)，建立南燕(yan)(yan)，大赦境內死罪(zui)以(yi)下的(de)(de)罪(zui)犯(fan)，設置百官(guan)。任命慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟為司空(kong)、兼領尚(shang)書(shu)令，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)法(fa)為中軍(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿拔為尚(shang)書(shu)左仆射，丁通為尚(shang)書(shu)右(you)仆射，其余人(ren)封授官(guan)職各有(you)(you)(you)不(bu)等。當初，河間(jian)有(you)(you)(you)麟出現(xian)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟認為是自己(ji)的(de)(de)祥(xiang)瑞(rui)。到(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)此時，秘密地策劃反叛，事情發覺被賜死。當年(nian)夏天(tian)，魏(wei)將(jiang)賀賴(lai)盧率(lv)領軍(jun)隊歸(gui)附(fu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德。
怒殺趙思
此時(shi)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)從(cong)龍城南逃到黎陽，派中黃門(men)令(ling)趙(zhao)(zhao)思(si)(si)去(qu)(qu)叫(jiao)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鐘來迎接自(zi)己。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鐘本(ben)來是(shi)(shi)首先倡議慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)稱(cheng)王的(de)(de)(de)，聽(ting)到趙(zhao)(zhao)思(si)(si)來了(le)(le)(le)，很是(shi)(shi)憎惡，把他(ta)抓(zhua)起來送到監獄，然(ran)(ran)后(hou)(hou)派人飛速(su)地向(xiang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)報(bao)告情況。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)對下(xia)(xia)臣們(men)說(shuo)(shuo)：“你們(men)以(yi)(yi)前為(wei)了(le)(le)(le)國(guo)家大(da)計(ji)，勸我(wo)攝政。我(wo)也因為(wei)繼位(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)君(jun)逃亡在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)外，入神都沒有(you)(you)了(le)(le)(le)君(jun)主(zhu)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)權(quan)且服從(cong)大(da)家的(de)(de)(de)建議，以(yi)(yi)撫眾望。現在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)天(tian)正在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)追悔所(suo)造成的(de)(de)(de)禍(huo)難，繼位(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)君(jun)能夠回來，我(wo)將(jiang)準(zhun)備(bei)車．駕去(qu)(qu)迎接，并在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)行宮前謝罪(zui)，然(ran)(ran)后(hou)(hou)回家隱(yin)居，各(ge)位(wei)(wei)(wei)以(yi)(yi)為(wei)如何？”黃門(men)侍郎張華進(jin)言(yan)說(shuo)(shuo)：“在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)爭(zheng)奪天(tian)下(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)代，沒有(you)(you)雄才不(bu)(bu)能奮起；在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)兵馬(ma)馳(chi)騁之(zhi)(zhi)年，豈是(shi)(shi)懦(nuo)夫能夠成大(da)事的(de)(de)(de)！陛下(xia)(xia)如果施行匹婦之(zhi)(zhi)仁，舍棄(qi)上(shang)(shang)天(tian)授予的(de)(de)(de)大(da)業，威勢(shi)和(he)權(quan)力一(yi)去(qu)(qu)，就會(hui)性命(ming)不(bu)(bu)保，還(huan)會(hui)有(you)(you)什么退讓之(zhi)(zhi)事呢！”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)說(shuo)(shuo)：“我(wo)因為(wei)像(xiang)古人那樣逆取順(shun)守，統治之(zhi)(zhi)道不(bu)(bu)足(zu)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)中途(tu)徘徊(huai)猶豫，沒下(xia)(xia)決心而(er)已(yi)。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)護(hu)請(qing)求(qiu)火速(su)去(qu)(qu)探問慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)的(de)(de)(de)虛實，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)流著(zhu)眼淚送走了(le)(le)(le)他(ta)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)護(hu)于(yu)是(shi)(shi)率(lv)(lv)領數百名勇(yong)士，跟著(zhu)趙(zhao)(zhao)思(si)(si)北去(qu)(qu)，謀劃殺死(si)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)。當(dang)初，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)派趙(zhao)(zhao)思(si)(si)出去(qu)(qu)以(yi)(yi)后(hou)(hou)，知(zhi)道了(le)(le)(le)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)替代了(le)(le)(le)自(zi)己登上(shang)(shang)王位(wei)(wei)(wei)，很害怕(pa)，就向(xiang)北逃跑。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)護(hu)到了(le)(le)(le)黎陽未見(jian)到慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)，就押(ya)著(zhu)趙(zhao)(zhao)思(si)(si)回來。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)因為(wei)趙(zhao)(zhao)思(si)(si)熟習典制掌故，準(zhun)備(bei)任(ren)用他(ta)。趙(zhao)(zhao)思(si)(si)說(shuo)(shuo)：“當(dang)年關(guan)羽被曹操看(kan)重，還(huan)忘不(bu)(bu)了(le)(le)(le)先主(zhu)劉備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)恩德(de)(de)。我(wo)趙(zhao)(zhao)思(si)(si)雖(sui)然(ran)(ran)是(shi)(shi)死(si)而(er)后(hou)(hou)生的(de)(de)(de)役隸，但是(shi)(shi)蒙受國(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)恩寵，犬(quan)馬(ma)尚且有(you)(you)報(bao)恩之(zhi)(zhi)心，何況人呢！請(qing)允許我(wo)回去(qu)(qu)，以(yi)(yi)表(biao)明我(wo)的(de)(de)(de)節操。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)堅決留他(ta)，趙(zhao)(zhao)思(si)(si)憤(fen)怒(nu)地說(shuo)(shuo)：“周室(shi)衰微(wei)時(shi)，晉國(guo)、鄭國(guo)輔佐；漢(han)朝(chao)有(you)(you)七國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)難，依賴梁孝(xiao)王扶持(chi)。殿下(xia)(xia)從(cong)親戚上(shang)(shang)說(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)主(zhu)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)叔父，從(cong)地位(wei)(wei)(wei)上(shang)(shang)說(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)(shi)三公(gong)，不(bu)(bu)能率(lv)(lv)領公(gong)卿匡扶王室(shi)，卻(que)希望王室(shi)傾覆而(er)去(qu)(qu)做趙(zhao)(zhao)王司馬(ma)倫之(zhi)(zhi)事。我(wo)趙(zhao)(zhao)思(si)(si)雖(sui)然(ran)(ran)無法仿效申包胥到秦國(guo)哭(ku)求(qiu)援軍，卻(que)羨(xian)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)君(jun)賓不(bu)(bu)活在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)王莽稱(cheng)帝之(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)大(da)怒(nu)，殺了(le)(le)(le)趙(zhao)(zhao)思(si)(si)。
敗晉殺廣
東晉南陽太守(shou)閭丘羨、寧朔將軍(jun)鄧啟方率領(ling)二萬軍(jun)隊(dui)來攻打(da)，軍(jun)隊(dui)駐扎在(zai)管城。慕(mu)容德派出(chu)他的中軍(jun)將軍(jun)慕(mu)容法(fa)、撫軍(jun)將軍(jun)慕(mu)容和(he)等人前(qian)去抵抗，晉軍(jun)被打(da)得大敗。慕(mu)容德對慕(mu)容法(fa)沒有窮追猛打(da)晉軍(jun)很生氣(qi)，于是(shi)殺了(le)他的撫軍(jun)司馬靳瑰。
當(dang)初，苻(fu)(fu)(fu)登被(bei)姚興消滅以后，苻(fu)(fu)(fu)登的(de)弟弟苻(fu)(fu)(fu)廣率領部落向(xiang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)投降(jiang)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)任命他(ta)為冠軍將軍，安置在(zai)乞活(huo)堡。此時(shi)有(you)火星停留在(zai)井宿，有(you)人說(shuo)前秦將會重新興起，苻(fu)(fu)(fu)廣于是自稱秦王(wang)，打(da)敗了(le)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)的(de)將領慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)鐘(zhong)。當(dang)時(shi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)初定都在(zai)滑臺，介于東晉、北(bei)魏之間，地沒(mei)有(you)十城(cheng)，軍隊不過(guo)數(shu)萬。到了(le)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)鐘(zhong)打(da)了(le)敗仗，反覆無常之人大多歸附苻(fu)(fu)(fu)廣。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)就(jiu)留下慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)和守滑臺，親自率領軍隊討伐苻(fu)(fu)(fu)廣，殺了(le)苻(fu)(fu)(fu)廣。
諸縣投降
當初，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)到黎(li)陽(yang)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)和(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)史李辯勸慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)和(he)(he)接納慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)和(he)(he)不(bu)同意。李辯害怕計謀泄露，就帶領晉軍來(lai)到管城，希望慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)能親自率(lv)領軍隊出(chu)戰(zhan)，自己(ji)在(zai)后面作亂(luan)。但慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)不(bu)出(chu)來(lai)，李辯更加不(bu)安；到了(le)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)這(zhe)次出(chu)征時(shi)，李辯又勸慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)和(he)(he)謀反，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)和(he)(he)不(bu)聽從。李辯很憤怒，殺(sha)了(le)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)和(he)(he)，以滑臺(tai)投降北魏。當時(shi)將(jiang)士們的(de)(de)(de)家人(ren)(ren)都(dou)在(zai)滑臺(tai)城內，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)準備攻(gong)打(da)滑臺(tai)，韓范對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)說(shuo)：“魏軍已(yi)經(jing)進(jin)城，占據了(le)國都(dou)作為資本，客(ke)主之間的(de)(de)(de)形勢，已(yi)經(jing)顛倒，人(ren)(ren)情已(yi)經(jing)改變(bian)，不(bu)能夠攻(gong)打(da)。應(ying)該首先占據一方，作為關(guan)中的(de)(de)(de)基地，然后再積蓄(xu)力(li)量攻(gong)打(da)，這(zhe)是上策。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)這(zhe)才停止攻(gong)城的(de)(de)(de)計謀。
慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)右衛將軍(jun)慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)云殺了(le)李(li)辯(bian)(bian)，率(lv)領將士的(de)(de)(de)(de)二萬多家(jia)屬沖出了(le)滑臺(tai)城(cheng)，三軍(jun)歡(huan)慶。慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)和(he)大家(jia)一起商議(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)：“苻(fu)廣雖然(ran)(ran)被(bei)平(ping)定了(le)，但撫軍(jun)進(jin)(jin)退(tui)兩(liang)難(nan)，進(jin)(jin)有(you)(you)(you)(you)強(qiang)(qiang)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)敵人(ren)，退(tui)又(you)(you)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)安身的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方，諸位有(you)(you)(you)(you)何良策？”張華(hua)進(jin)(jin)言(yan)說(shuo)(shuo)：“彭城(cheng)這(zhe)個地(di)方有(you)(you)(you)(you)山川阻隔，是楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)舊都，地(di)形險要，人(ren)口(kou)眾多，可(ke)以(yi)攻打占領其地(di)，作為發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)基地(di)。”慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)鐘、慕輿(yu)護、封(feng)逞、韓讠卓等(deng)堅決勸慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)攻打滑臺(tai)，潘聰：“滑臺(tai)四通八達，不是帝王長住的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方。而(er)(er)且北邊和(he)強(qiang)(qiang)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)魏相(xiang)通，西邊和(he)強(qiang)(qiang)盛(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)秦接連，這(zhe)兩(liang)個國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)，都不是可(ke)以(yi)高枕無憂來對待的(de)(de)(de)(de)。彭城(cheng)地(di)廣人(ren)稀(xi)，地(di)平(ping)而(er)(er)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)險要之(zhi)處(chu)，又(you)(you)是東(dong)晉(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)舊鎮，一定會受到抵(di)抗。又(you)(you)和(he)江、淮靠近，水路通達，秋夏連日(ri)大雨，千里之(zhi)地(di)變成了(le)湖泊。而(er)(er)且水戰是我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)短處(chu)，是東(dong)晉(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)長處(chu)，即(ji)使攻下了(le)彭城(cheng)，也不是長久(jiu)之(zhi)計。青、齊土地(di)肥沃，號(hao)稱(cheng)‘東(dong)秦’，土地(di)方圓(yuan)二千里，人(ren)口(kou)超過十萬戶，四面險要，背靠大海，可(ke)以(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)是用(yong)武(wu)之(zhi)地(di)。三蠻(man)的(de)(de)(de)(de)豪(hao)杰，立志(zhi)以(yi)待，誰不想得(de)遇(yu)圣明的(de)(de)(de)(de)君主建立功業！廣固是曹嶷(yi)營建的(de)(de)(de)(de)，山川險峻，足以(yi)作為帝王之(zhi)都。最好先派一個能言(yan)善辯(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)飛速前去游(you)說(shuo)(shuo)，然(ran)(ran)后大軍(jun)跟著(zhu)前進(jin)(jin)。避閭渾從前辜負過國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)恩德(de)，現在一定會翻然(ran)(ran)悔悟。如果他還是堅持錯誤不歸順，大軍(jun)到達之(zhi)時，他們(men)自然(ran)(ran)土崩瓦解。占據廣固以(yi)后，閉(bi)關(guan)而(er)(er)養精蓄銳，伺(si)機而(er)(er)動，這(zhe)也是像二漢占據了(le)關(guan)中、河內(nei)地(di)區。”
慕容德猶(you)豫(yu)不(bu)(bu)決。沙門郎(lang)公素來(lai)懂(dong)得通過觀察(cha)天象變化來(lai)預(yu)測吉(ji)兇，慕容德于是(shi)去拜訪(fang)他。郎(lang)公說(shuo)：“我恭(gong)敬地(di)看了(le)這(zhe)三個(ge)策略，潘尚(shang)書(shu)的(de)言(yan)論可以(yi)說(shuo)是(shi)興(xing)邦之(zhi)(zhi)術。今(jin)年初(chu)，長星在(zai)奎宿(su)、婁宿(su)之(zhi)(zhi)間出現(xian)，進(jin)而掃過虛宿(su)、危宿(su)，而虛危二宿(su)對應(ying)齊地(di)，是(shi)除舊布新之(zhi)(zhi)象。應(ying)當首(shou)先(xian)平定魯(lu)地(di)，巡撫瑯(lang)邪，等到秋(qiu)風當令(ling)，然后轉向北(bei)到達齊地(di)，這(zhe)是(shi)天道。”慕容德非(fei)常(chang)高興(xing)，帶領軍隊(dui)(dui)向南走，兗州北(bei)部邊界(jie)各縣全都投(tou)降，慕容德設置地(di)方官吏安撫他們(men)。慕容德訪(fang)問當地(di)的(de)老年人，軍隊(dui)(dui)沒有搶掠的(de)，老百(bai)姓感到平安，犒勞慕容德的(de)牛和酒(jiu)絡繹不(bu)(bu)絕。
慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)派(pai)人勸(quan)導齊郡太守避(bi)閭(lv)渾，避(bi)閭(lv)渾不聽從(cong)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)派(pai)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鐘率(lv)領二萬步兵騎兵攻打避(bi)閭(lv)渾。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)進(jin)(jin)據瑯邪，徐、兗兩州有十多(duo)萬人歸附，從(cong)瑯邪而(er)北，有四萬多(duo)人迎(ying)接。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)前進(jin)(jin)攻打莒城(cheng)，守城(cheng)的將領任安(an)放棄城(cheng)邑(yi)逃跑，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)讓潘聰(cong)鎮守莒城(cheng)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鐘把(ba)檄(xi)文傳發到(dao)青州各(ge)郡。避(bi)閭(lv)渾聽說(shuo)(shuo)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)的軍隊(dui)將要到(dao)來(lai)，就把(ba)八千(qian)多(duo)戶遷進(jin)(jin)廣固(gu)。各(ge)郡都在接到(dao)檄(xi)文后(hou)向慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)投降。避(bi)閭(lv)渾很害怕(pa)，帶著妻子兒女投奔北魏。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)派(pai)射聲校尉劉綱(gang)追趕避(bi)閭(lv)渾，在莒城(cheng)追上并(bing)殺了(le)他(ta)(ta)。避(bi)閭(lv)渾的參軍張(zhang)锳常給避(bi)閭(lv)渾作檄(xi)文，文辭大多(duo)傲慢(man)。這時(shi)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)俘獲(huo)并(bing)責罵(ma)他(ta)(ta)。張(zhang)锳神色自若(ruo)，從(cong)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)地回答說(shuo)(shuo)：“避(bi)閭(lv)渾有了(le)我(wo)(wo)，就像(xiang)韓信有了(le)蒯(kuai)通(tong)。蒯(kuai)通(tong)碰到(dao)漢(han)太祖后(hou)得到(dao)了(le)寬恕，我(wo)(wo)碰到(dao)陛下卻(que)受(shou)到(dao)殺戮，跟古(gu)人相比，我(wo)(wo)認(ren)為是不幸(xing)。受(shou)到(dao)像(xiang)防(fang)風氏那樣的誅(zhu)殺，我(wo)(wo)心甘(gan)情愿，但恐堯、舜(shun)那樣的教化不能弘揚四海(hai)。”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)開(kai)始很贊賞他(ta)(ta)的話，后(hou)來(lai)終(zhong)于殺了(le)他(ta)(ta)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)進(jin)(jin)入廣固(gu)。
稱帝除亂
隆安(an)四年（400年），慕(mu)容德在南(nan)郊(jiao)正式稱帝，大赦(she)天下(xia)，改年號為(wei)(wei)(wei)建(jian)平。在宮廷(ting)南(nan)設(she)立(li)臨時宗(zong)廟，派(pai)人拿(na)著策(ce)書去(qu)報(bao)告事成。進升慕(mu)容鐘為(wei)(wei)(wei)司徒，慕(mu)輿拔為(wei)(wei)(wei)司空(kong)，封(feng)孚為(wei)(wei)(wei)左仆(pu)射，慕(mu)輿護為(wei)(wei)(wei)右仆(pu)射。派(pai)度(du)支(zhi)尚(shang)書封(feng)愷、中書侍郎封(feng)逞(cheng)去(qu)觀察風俗得(de)失，大宴將士(shi)。立(li)他妻子(zi)段季(ji)妃(fei)為(wei)(wei)(wei)皇后。建(jian)立(li)學官，簡(jian)選公卿以下(xia)子(zi)弟和二(er)品士(shi)門共二(er)百人為(wei)(wei)(wei)太學生。
第二年(nian)（401年(nian)），慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容德去齊城(cheng)，登(deng)上(shang)營丘，看見了晏嬰之墓，對身邊的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)說：“根(gen)據禮法，大(da)夫不(bu)靠(kao)近城(cheng)里安(an)葬。晏平(ping)仲是古(gu)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)賢人(ren)(ren)(ren)，是通達禮法的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)，但(dan)他(ta)活著的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)居住在(zai)靠(kao)近市(shi)肆的(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)(fang)，死后埋葬在(zai)城(cheng)附近，難(nan)道(dao)有什么深意嗎(ma)？”青(qing)州秀才晏謨回(hui)答說：“孔子稱贊我的(de)(de)(de)先人(ren)(ren)(ren)晏平(ping)仲是賢人(ren)(ren)(ren)，那就是賢人(ren)(ren)(ren)了。難(nan)道(dao)還(huan)不(bu)懂(dong)得(de)增高其屋梁，豐富(fu)其禮儀嗎(ma)？大(da)概是政令(ling)出自大(da)夫之家(jia)，所以(yi)用儉樸來矯正世俗。活著的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)居住在(zai)低下(xia)狹小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)(fang)，死后難(nan)道(dao)還(huan)挑選安(an)葬的(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)(fang)嗎(ma)？不(bu)遠離家(jia)門(men)安(an)葬的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因，仍然是希望人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)理解(jie)他(ta)平(ping)生的(de)(de)(de)心(xin)志。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容德就讓(rang)晏謨跟隨自己到了漢(han)城(cheng)陽景王廟，在(zai)申池宴請(qing)老人(ren)(ren)(ren)，往(wang)北登(deng)上(shang)社首山(shan)，向東看鼎足，注視著牛(niu)山(shan)感嘆說： “自古(gu)以(yi)來沒有不(bu)死的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)！”悲愴而有死后葬在(zai)這里的(de)(de)(de)心(xin)意。接著詢問晏謨關于齊地的(de)(de)(de)山(shan)川丘陵，以(yi)及賢哲們(men)的(de)(de)(de)舊事。晏謨一(yi)一(yi)詳細地回(hui)答，并在(zai)地上(shang)畫出了圖。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容德非(fei)常贊賞晏謨，任(ren)他(ta)為尚書郎(lang)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容德在(zai)商山(shan)安(an)排了鑄造器具(ju)的(de)(de)(de)工匠，在(zai)烏(wu)常澤(ze)設置鹽官，用以(yi)擴大(da)軍隊和國家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)資供給。
慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)德(de)(de)原來的官員趙融從長(chang)安來，說到了慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)德(de)(de)母親(qin)和哥(ge)(ge)哥(ge)(ge)的死訊(xun)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)德(de)(de)放聲痛哭以至于吐血(xue)，因而臥病(bing)不起。司隸校尉慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)達因此策劃反叛，派(pai)牙(ya)門皇璆(qiu)率(lv)領軍(jun)隊(dui)攻(gong)打端門，殿(dian)中(zhong)(zhong)帥侯赤(chi)眉(mei)打開城門接應。中(zhong)(zhong)黃門遜(xun)進扶著慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)德(de)(de)越(yue)過城墻，躲到遜(xun)進的房舍里。段宏等(deng)人聽說宮中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)變(bian)故，就率(lv)領軍(jun)隊(dui)駐守四(si)門。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)德(de)(de)入宮，殺了侯赤(chi)眉(mei)等(deng)人，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)達害怕而投(tou)奔(ben)北(bei)魏。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)法和魏軍(jun)在濟(ji)水北(bei)邊的摽(biao)榆俗(su)交戰，魏軍(jun)被打得大敗(bai)。
納議聚儒
尚(shang)書韓讠卓(zhuo)上疏，提出休養軍隊，修煉兵器，擴(kuo)大農耕，積儲(chu)糧食，審(shen)核戶(hu)籍、增加軍資等建(jian)議(yi)，慕容(rong)德采(cai)納了(le)(le)他的建(jian)議(yi)，派(pai)車騎(qi)將軍慕容(rong)鎮(zhen)率領三千(qian)騎(qi)兵，沿著邊(bian)界嚴密地(di)設(she)防，防備老百姓逃跑。任命韓讠卓(zhuo)為使持(chi)節、散騎(qi)常侍、行(xing)臺尚(shang)書，巡行(xing)到各郡縣(xian)進行(xing)審(shen)核，查得佃客五萬八千(qian)人(ren)(ren)。韓讠卓(zhuo)公正廉(lian)潔(jie)，到了(le)(le)哪(na)里都是(shi)在(zai)野外住宿，不打擾當地(di)人(ren)(ren)民。
慕(mu)容德(de)大規模(mo)地聚集(ji)儒(ru)生(sheng)，親(qin)自策試。又設(she)宴招(zhao)待，慕(mu)容德(de)登上高處眺(tiao)望遠方，回(hui)過頭(tou)對尚書(shu)魯邃說(shuo)：“齊、魯一(yi)帶(dai)本來就多(duo)君子，在(zai)從(cong)前(qian)(qian)全盛的(de)(de)(de)時代(dai)，接、慎、巴(ba)生(sheng)、淳于、鄒(zou)(zou)、田這批人(ren)，避(bi)居在(zai)長(chang)檐(yan)之下(xia)(xia)，面對著(zhu)清澈的(de)(de)(de)池水，乘著(zhu)紅(hong)漆(qi)輪子的(de)(de)(de)華貴車子飛(fei)奔，佩帶(dai)長(chang)劍，隨意(yi)發揮(hui)像白(bai)馬(ma)(ma)非(fei)馬(ma)(ma)這樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)雄(xiong)辯，像鄒(zou)(zou)衍談天那(nei)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)論辯，揮(hui)手則紅(hong)紫成為(wei)錦章，前(qian)(qian)俯后仰(yang)則丘陵生(sheng)出韻律。到了今天，荒草頹墳(fen)，氣消(xiao)煙(yan)減，長(chang)言千載流傳，能不依然(ran)如故！”魯邃回(hui)答說(shuo)：“周(zhou)武王在(zai)比(bi)干的(de)(de)(de)墳(fen)墓上添土，漢(han)太祖祭(ji)奠信(xin)陵君的(de)(de)(de)墳(fen)墓，這都(dou)是(shi)重視圣賢的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)，常常思念他們(men)過去的(de)(de)(de)事跡。陛下(xia)(xia)比(bi)周(zhou)武王和漢(han)太祖還要仁慈(ci)，德(de)澤(ze)施到了九泉之下(xia)(xia)，如果他們(men)地下(xia)(xia)有知，難道(dao)還不感(gan)恩戴德(de)！”
伐晉去世
當時(shi)(shi)東晉(jin)桓(huan)玄(xuan)準備篡奪東晉(jin)政權(quan)，誅殺不(bu)歸附自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)。冀州(zhou)刺史劉軌、襄城太(tai)守司馬(ma)休之(zhi)、征虜將軍(jun)劉敬宣、廣陵相高雅之(zhi)、江都(dou)(dou)長張誕都(dou)(dou)心里不(bu)安，全部(bu)投(tou)奔了(le)慕容(rong)(rong)德。慕容(rong)(rong)德的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)書(shu)侍郎韓范上疏說：“帝王(wang)之(zhi)道，一(yi)(yi)定是(shi)崇尚籌(chou)劃和治理。有(you)時(shi)(shi)機(ji)(ji)卻(que)沒有(you)人(ren)(ren)才，濟世(shi)之(zhi)功就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)落(luo)空；有(you)人(ren)(ren)才卻(que)沒有(you)時(shi)(shi)機(ji)(ji)，英武大志就(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)能(neng)伸(shen)展。能(neng)夠成就(jiu)(jiu)王(wang)業的(de)(de)(de)，是(shi)人(ren)(ren)才和時(shi)(shi)機(ji)(ji)都(dou)(dou)具備。自(zi)從(cong)東晉(jin)內亂，到(dao)現在已經七年。桓(huan)玄(xuan)叛(pan)亂，比(bi)董卓(zhuo)更加暴虐，神(shen)怒人(ren)(ren)怨，他的(de)(de)(de)禍(huo)殃已經積累了(le)。可乘之(zhi)機(ji)(ji)，沒有(you)比(bi)現在更適合的(de)(de)(de)了(le)。憑著(zhu)(zhu)陛下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)神(shen)武，規劃這件事(shi)(shi)情，指揮(hui)著(zhu)(zhu)樂于奮勇的(de)(de)(de)士兵，乘人(ren)(ren)民厭惡禍(huo)亂的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)機(ji)(ji)，就(jiu)(jiu)好像是(shi)發出聲音(yin)后馬(ma)上就(jiu)(jiu)有(you)回(hui)聲，身形一(yi)(yi)動影(ying)子馬(ma)上跟著(zhu)(zhu)，還不(bu)足以比(bi)喻事(shi)(shi)情的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)易。而且江、淮南(nan)北的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)口不(bu)多，公私(si)人(ren)(ren)馬(ma)不(bu)過數百(bai)，守備之(zhi)事(shi)(shi)也很少(shao)。如(ru)果用一(yi)(yi)萬(wan)騎兵步兵，發動雷霆(ting)萬(wan)鉤的(de)(de)(de)攻(gong)勢，長驅直入，直指江、會(hui)，一(yi)(yi)定會(hui)使(shi)敵人(ren)(ren)見我(wo)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)戰旗(qi)而投(tou)降(jiang)，老百(bai)姓犒(kao)勞(lao)我(wo)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)酒食擺滿道路。地方跨越(yue)數千里，軍(jun)隊超(chao)過十萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)，可以向(xiang)西(xi)兼并強(qiang)秦，向(xiang)北抵抗北魏。想要開拓邊(bian)境，使(shi)國家安定，再(zai)沒有(you)比(bi)現在更好的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)機(ji)(ji)了(le)。如(ru)果錯過時(shi)(shi)機(ji)(ji)，豪杰們(men)再(zai)次(ci)興起，誅除了(le)桓(huan)玄(xuan)，推(tui)行維(wei)新(xin)教化(hua)，遠近都(dou)(dou)安定，人(ren)(ren)們(men)沒有(you)其他的(de)(de)(de)想望(wang)(wang)(wang)，不(bu)但建鄴(ye)難以攻(gong)滅，就(jiu)(jiu)連江北也沒有(you)希(xi)望(wang)(wang)(wang)。時(shi)(shi)機(ji)(ji)錯過，禍(huo)難滋生(sheng)，憂患一(yi)(yi)定會(hui)到(dao)來(lai)。天意給與卻(que)不(bu)去(qu)獲取，悔(hui)恨就(jiu)(jiu)要降(jiang)臨。希(xi)望(wang)(wang)(wang)陛下(xia)看(kan)我(wo)的(de)(de)(de)奏章。”
慕容(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)說：“近來多次(ci)(ci)遭(zao)受厄運(yun)，國家綱紀(ji)突然廢弛，使得(de)奸逆(ni)禍亂(luan)華夏(xia)，原來的(de)(de)(de)京都(dou)(dou)成了(le)(le)廢墟，每次(ci)(ci)遭(zao)逢惡運(yun)，我(wo)都(dou)(dou)是(shi)(shi)感到(dao)憤(fen)憤(fen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)平(ping)。從前(qian)少康(kang)用(yong)一(yi)旅的(de)(de)(de)軍隊，恢復夏(xia)朝(chao)配享上天(tian)，何(he)況(kuang)朕占據著(zhu)三齊之地(di)，憑藉(jie)著(zhu)五州之眾(zhong)，把打仗的(de)(de)(de)本領教給他(ta)們(men)，用(yong)禮(li)讓(rang)的(de)(de)(de)道(dao)理引導他(ta)們(men)，上下(xia)都(dou)(dou)懂得(de)大(da)義，人(ren)人(ren)都(dou)(dou)發(fa)奮而(er)起，整軍待機，已經很久(jiu)。原想先安定中原，掃除逃亡(wang)的(de)(de)(de)罪人(ren)，然后(hou)廣泛傳播淳樸的(de)(de)(de)風氣，治(zhi)理全國，飲(yin)馬長(chang)江，在(zai)(zai)隴坂(ban)掛起旌旗。這個(ge)志(zhi)向(xiang)還沒有(you)(you)實現(xian)，暫且(qie)收起兵(bing)器而(er)已。現(xian)在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)情(qing)(qing)，希(xi)望各位(wei)王(wang)公們(men)詳密地(di)討論。”大(da)家都(dou)(dou)認(ren)為(wei)桓玄剛剛得(de)志(zhi)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)攻打他(ta)，便作罷。于是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)城西講習武藝，共有(you)(you)步兵(bing)三十七萬，戰車一(yi)萬七千乘，騎兵(bing)五萬三千，人(ren)馬連山，旌旗遍野，釭鼓聲震天(tian)動(dong)地(di)。慕容(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)登上高處察看，回過頭來對劉軌、高雅之說：“當年郤克(ke)怨恨(hen)齊國，伍子胥損怨恨(hen)楚(chu)國，終于能(neng)夠伸張其剛毅勇烈，名(ming)聲流傳千古。你們(men)既然知曉(xiao)投身有(you)(you)道(dao)明(ming)君，應當使自己無(wu)愧于古人(ren)啊。”高雅之等(deng)頓首回答說：“我(wo)們(men)有(you)(you)幸(xing)承蒙陛下(xia)天(tian)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)恩情(qing)(qing)，地(di)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)德(de)(de)(de)澤，存(cun)亡(wang)斷絕，正在(zai)(zai)這圣明(ming)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)代，我(wo)們(men)即使死上一(yi)萬次(ci)(ci)，也不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)上報陛下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)恩德(de)(de)(de)！”不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)久(jiu)就聽到(dao)了(le)(le)桓玄失敗(bai)的(de)(de)(de)消息，慕容(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)任命慕容(rong)(rong)鎮為(wei)前(qian)鋒，慕容(rong)(rong)鐘為(wei)大(da)都(dou)(dou)督，用(yong)二萬步兵(bing)，五千騎兵(bing)，限定日期出(chu)發(fa)，但慕容(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)恰巧生病，便停(ting)止出(chu)兵(bing)。
當初，慕容(rong)(rong)德派人(ren)去長安接他哥哥慕容(rong)(rong)納之(zhi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)慕容(rong)(rong)超，義熙元年（405年），慕容(rong)(rong)超才被接回南燕。慕容(rong)(rong)德晚上夢見父親(qin)慕容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)對他說：“你(ni)既然(ran)沒有兒(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)，為什么不及早(zao)立(li)(li)慕容(rong)(rong)超為太(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)？不然(ran)，惡人(ren)就(jiu)要篡位了。”慕容(rong)(rong)德醒后(hou)告訴他的妻(qi)子(zi)(zi)(zi)說：“這(zhe)是先帝(di)的神明所(suo)告，體(ti)會這(zhe)個夢的意思，我就(jiu)要死(si)了。”于是下詔立(li)(li)慕容(rong)(rong)超為皇(huang)太(tai)子(zi)(zi)(zi)，大(da)赦境內(nei)，兒(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)繼承父親(qin)的每人(ren)爵升二級(ji)。當月，慕容(rong)(rong)德去世，時年七十歲。連夜做了十多口棺材，分(fen)別從四個門抬出，秘密地安葬在(zai)(zai)山(shan)谷(gu)里，最終無人(ren)知道他的尸(shi)體(ti)葬在(zai)(zai)什么地方(fang)，對外(wai)謊稱葬于東陽陵。慕容(rong)(rong)德共在(zai)(zai)位六年，謚號(hao)獻武(wu)皇(huang)帝(di)，廟號(hao)世宗。
趣聞軼事
爭進直言
慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德稱帝(di)(di)之(zhi)后(hou)，有一次乘著(zhu)宴會群臣，喝酒正酣時，笑(xiao)著(zhu)說(shuo)(shuo)道：“朕雖然(ran)德行寡薄，但是莊嚴(yan)端(duan)正地坐在朝廷上接受諸(zhu)侯的(de)朝見，在上位卻不傲(ao)慢，整(zheng)天(tian)為自(zi)(zi)己的(de)職責不敢怠慢，可以(yi)(yi)和自(zi)(zi)古以(yi)(yi)來(lai)什么樣的(de)君(jun)主相(xiang)(xiang)比？”青州刺史鞠仲說(shuo)(shuo)：“陛(bi)下(xia)(xia)是中興的(de)圣明君(jun)主，是少(shao)康、光武帝(di)(di)一類的(de)皇帝(di)(di)。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德回過頭(tou)命(ming)令(ling)侍臣賞賜鞠仲一千匹帛。鞠仲以(yi)(yi)賞賜太多(duo)為由推讓(rang)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德說(shuo)(shuo)：“你(ni)(ni)懂(dong)得嘲笑(xiao)我(wo)，我(wo)就不懂(dong)得嘲笑(xiao)你(ni)(ni)嗎(ma)！你(ni)(ni)的(de)回答夸大(da)而不符合實(shi)際，所以(yi)(yi)我(wo)也用假話來(lai)獎賞你(ni)(ni)。獎賞并沒有錯加到(dao)你(ni)(ni)頭(tou)上，哪里值(zhi)得推辭(ci)呢！”韓范進(jin)言(yan)(yan)說(shuo)(shuo)：“我(wo)認為天(tian)子無(wu)(wu)戲(xi)言(yan)(yan)，忠臣無(wu)(wu)亂答。今天(tian)的(de)談論(lun)，上下(xia)(xia)相(xiang)(xiang)欺，可以(yi)(yi)說(shuo)(shuo)是君(jun)臣都不對。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德非常高興，賞賜韓范五十(shi)匹絹(juan)。從此(ci)以(yi)(yi)后(hou)人們爭著(zhu)進(jin)獻(xian)正直(zhi)有益的(de)言(yan)(yan)論(lun)，朝廷多(duo)耿直(zhi)之(zhi)士。
探問兄母
慕(mu)容(rong)德的母(mu)親(qin)和哥哥原(yuan)先(xian)在長安(an)，慕(mu)容(rong)德派(pai)平原(yuan)人杜(du)(du)(du)(du)弘(hong)去(qu)長安(an)探問他們是否還(huan)活著(zhu)。杜(du)(du)(du)(du)弘(hong)說：“我(wo)到(dao)了(le)長安(an)，如果不能知(zhi)道太(tai)后的情況(kuang)，當(dang)即就西去(qu)張掖，用(yong)(yong)死(si)來報效。我(wo)的父親(qin)杜(du)(du)(du)(du)雄年過六十，還(huan)沒有(you)得到(dao)過榮華富貴，懇(ken)請(qing)給予本縣的俸祿，用(yong)(yong)以表(biao)達我(wo)烏鴉反哺那樣的孝心。”張華進(jin)言說：“杜(du)(du)(du)(du)弘(hong)還(huan)沒有(you)動身就請(qing)求(qiu)祿利，求(qiu)取(qu)利益之心太(tai)重，不能派(pai)他去(qu)。”慕(mu)容(rong)德說：“我(wo)正(zheng)在散我(wo)所看(kan)輕的錢財，招致我(wo)所看(kan)重的效死(si)之士，何(he)況(kuang)為了(le)我(wo)的母(mu)親(qin)，能舍不得錢財嗎！況(kuang)且杜(du)(du)(du)(du)弘(hong)為君(jun)主迎接(jie)親(qin)人，為父親(qin)求(qiu)取(qu)祿利，雖然(ran)從表(biao)面看(kan)來是求(qiu)取(qu)私利，內(nei)心卻是忠孝。”任命(ming)杜(du)(du)(du)(du)雄為平原(yuan)令。杜(du)(du)(du)(du)弘(hong)到(dao)了(le)張掖，被盜賊殺死(si)，慕(mu)容(rong)德知(zhi)道后很悲(bei)傷，優待(dai)撫恤杜(du)(du)(du)(du)弘(hong)的妻子(zi)兒(er)女。
譏笑王始
泰山人(ren)王(wang)始(shi)在泰山聚集人(ren)馬，自(zi)稱太(tai)(tai)平(ping)皇(huang)帝(di)，稱他(ta)(ta)父親為太(tai)(tai)上(shang)皇(huang)，哥哥為征東將軍(jun)(jun)，弟(di)(di)弟(di)(di)為征西(xi)將軍(jun)(jun)。慕容鎮討(tao)伐并擒獲了(le)他(ta)(ta)，要在都(dou)市(shi)斬(zhan)首。在即將行(xing)(xing)刑(xing)的(de)(de)時候，有(you)人(ren)問王(wang)始(shi)他(ta)(ta)父親和兄弟(di)(di)在什么地(di)方，王(wang)始(shi)回答說(shuo)(shuo)：“太(tai)(tai)上(shang)皇(huang)帝(di)流亡(wang)在外，征東將軍(jun)(jun)、征西(xi)將軍(jun)(jun)被亂(luan)軍(jun)(jun)殺害，惟(wei)有(you)朕一(yi)人(ren)，孤獨(du)沒有(you)了(le)依賴。”他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)妻子生氣地(di)說(shuo)(shuo)：“就是因(yin)為你這(zhe)張嘴，才到(dao)了(le)這(zhe)一(yi)地(di)步，為什么又(you)胡說(shuo)(shuo)八道(dao)！”王(wang)始(shi)說(shuo)(shuo)：“皇(huang)后！自(zi)古以來(lai)難道(dao)有(you)永不(bu)破敗的(de)(de)家，永不(bu)滅(mie)亡(wang)的(de)(de)國嗎！”行(xing)(xing)刑(xing)的(de)(de)人(ren)用刀鑲擊打他(ta)(ta)，他(ta)(ta)兩眼(yan)仰(yang)視，說(shuo)(shuo)：“駕(jia)崩(beng)就駕(jia)崩(beng)，永遠不(bu)改帝(di)號。”慕容德聽到(dao)此事后譏(ji)笑王(wang)始(shi)。
歷史評價
慕(mu)容垂(chui)：“汝(ru)器(qi)識長(chang)進，非復(fu)吳(wu)下阿蒙也(ye)。”
房玄齡等(deng)《晉書》：①“慕容德以(yi)(yi)季父之(zhi)親，居鄴中之(zhi)重，朝危未聞其(qi)節，君存遽踐其(qi)位，豈人理哉！然稟(bing)倜(ti)儻之(zhi)雄姿(zi)，韞縱(zong)橫之(zhi)遠略，屬分崩之(zhi)運(yun)，成角逐之(zhi)資，跨有(you)(you)全齊(qi)，竊弄神器，撫劍而爭(zheng)衡秦、魏，練甲而志靜荊、吳，崇儒術以(yi)(yi)弘(hong)風，延(yan)讜(dang)言(yan)而勵己，觀(guan)其(qi)為國，有(you)(you)足稱焉。” ②“德實(shi)奸雄，轉(zhuan)敗為功。奄(yan)有(you)(you)青(qing)土，淫名域(yu)中。”；③“年未弱冠，身長八尺二寸，姿(zi)貌(mao)雄偉，額有(you)(you)日角偃月重文。博觀(guan)群(qun)書，性(xing)清慎，多才(cai)藝。”
一笑易歡 
