人物生平
燕亡入秦
慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)年紀(ji)還沒到二十歲,身高就已(yi)經八尺二寸,身姿體貌很魁偉,額頭上有(you)中(zhong)央隆起的(de)半(ban)月(yue)形重紋。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)博覽群書,性情清高謹慎(shen),多才多藝。前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)景昭帝慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)儁繼位(wei)(wei)時(shi),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)被(bei)封為(wei)梁公,歷任(ren)幽州刺(ci)史、左衛將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)。到了(le)前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)幽帝慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐繼位(wei)(wei)時(shi),改封慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)為(wei)范陽王,漸(jian)(jian)漸(jian)(jian)升遷為(wei)魏(wei)尹,加授散騎常侍。不(bu)久,前(qian)(qian)秦苻(fu)堅的(de)將(jiang)(jiang)領苻(fu)雙占據陜地反叛,苻(fu)堅的(de)將(jiang)(jiang)領苻(fu)柳(liu)在枹罕(han)起兵準備接應(ying)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)勸慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐乘機討伐苻(fu)堅,言辭慷慨,有(you)識(shi)之士說他(ta)有(you)遠大(da)的(de)謀(mou)略(lve)。但慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐始終沒能采用。墓容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)的(de)哥哥慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂很賞識(shi)他(ta),于是和(he)他(ta)共同商議軍(jun)(jun)國大(da)事(shi),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)的(de)意見極為(wei)切當。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂說慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)度量見識(shi)大(da)有(you)長(chang)進(jin),并(bing)把他(ta)比作東(dong)吳的(de)呂蒙。太和(he)四年(369年),在枋頭之戰中(zhong),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)以(yi)征南將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)身份和(he)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂一起打(da)敗(bai)了(le)東(dong)晉的(de)軍(jun)(jun)隊。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂投奔苻(fu)堅時(shi),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)因受(shou)牽連被(bei)免職。太和(he)五(wu)年(370年),前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)被(bei)苻(fu)堅所滅,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)等被(bei)遷到長(chang)安,苻(fu)堅任(ren)命(ming)他(ta)為(wei)張(zhang)掖太守,數(shu)年以(yi)后免職回(hui)家(jia)。
苻(fu)堅率領軍(jun)隊到達臨江(jiang)時(shi)(shi),授(shou)任(ren)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德為奮威將軍(jun)。苻(fu)堅失敗時(shi)(shi),苻(fu)堅和張夫人(ren)走散(san),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)(wei)準備護(hu)(hu)衛送回(hui)她,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德對慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)(wei)嚴肅(su)地說(shuo):“從前楚莊王(wang)滅掉陳國,采(cai)納(na)巫臣的(de)(de)諫言拋棄夏姬。這(zhe)種不(bu)祥之人(ren),蠱惑人(ren)主,戰爭(zheng)的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候不(bu)接近(jin)女人(ren),前秦(qin)軍(jun)隊的(de)(de)失敗就是因為這(zhe)個緣故。最(zui)好是視而(er)不(bu)見(jian)走過去(qu),為什(shen)么還準備護(hu)(hu)衛她!”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)(wei)不(bu)聽,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德騎(qi)馬離(li)開了(le)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)(wei)。回(hui)來以后(hou)屯駐在滎陽(yang),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德對慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)(wei)說(shuo):“從前越王(wang)勾踐寄居在會(hui)稽,最(zui)終得(de)到了(le)吳(wu)國。圣人(ren)相時(shi)(shi)而(er)動(dong),所有的(de)(de)舉動(dong)都考慮周到,百無一失。老天追悔它(ta)所造成的(de)(de)禍亂(luan),所以讓秦(qin)軍(jun)失敗,理應乘著(zhu)他們的(de)(de)失敗復興江(jiang)山(shan)社(she)稷(ji)。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)(wei)不(bu)采(cai)納(na)他的(de)(de)話。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德便跟隨慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂到了(le)鄴(ye)城。
輔佐后燕
太(tai)元九年(384年),慕(mu)(mu)容垂叛(pan)秦復(fu)(fu)國,建(jian)立后(hou)燕(yan),任(ren)命(ming)慕(mu)(mu)容德為車(che)騎(qi)大將(jiang)軍,復(fu)(fu)封為范陽王(wang)(wang),居中(zhong)鎮守護衛,參(can)預決斷政(zheng)事(shi)。很(hen)久以(yi)后(hou),升任(ren)司(si)(si)徒。當(dang)時慕(mu)(mu)容永占據長子(zi)(zi),擁有十萬軍隊,慕(mu)(mu)容垂和大臣們(men)(men)商議討伐他。大臣們(men)(men)都猶(you)豫(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)定,慕(mu)(mu)容德上前說(shuo):“當(dang)年三代祖先積德,遺言還回響在耳邊,所以(yi)陛(bi)(bi)下(xia)(xia)興起,不(bu)(bu)(bu)謀而(er)合(he),雖然是因(yin)為陛(bi)(bi)下(xia)(xia)圣(sheng)明英武,也(ye)因(yin)為大臣們(men)(men)對王(wang)(wang)室(shi)原有的愛戴,燕(yan)、趙之(zhi)人樂于做燕(yan)臣民(min)的緣故(gu)。現(xian)在慕(mu)(mu)容永已經建(jian)立偽號(hao),煽動漢人和胡(hu)人作亂,致(zhi)使(shi)豎子(zi)(zi)恣肆縱(zong)橫,爭(zheng)奪不(bu)(bu)(bu)休,應該先鏟除他,以(yi)統一大家的視聽(ting)。從(cong)前光武帝急速(su)援救蘇茂之(zhi)難,不(bu)(bu)(bu)考慮(lv)百官疲乏,這(zhe)難道是不(bu)(bu)(bu)仁嗎?是因(yin)為事(shi)情危急的緣故(gu)。兵法中(zhong)有不(bu)(bu)(bu)得已而(er)用之(zhi),陛(bi)(bi)下(xia)(xia)能(neng)這(zhe)樣做嗎!”慕(mu)(mu)容垂笑著對群(qun)臣們(men)(men)說(shuo):“司(si)(si)徒的看法和我一樣。二(er)人同(tong)心,利(li)能(neng)斷金,我的主意(yi)已定。”于是聽(ting)從(cong)了慕(mu)(mu)容德的話。慕(mu)(mu)容垂臨終前,告諭(yu)兒子(zi)(zi)慕(mu)(mu)容寶把(ba)鄴城交給慕(mu)(mu)容德。慕(mu)(mu)容寶繼位后(hou),任(ren)命(ming)慕(mu)(mu)容德為使(shi)持節、都督(du)冀(ji)、兗、青、徐、荊、豫(yu)六州諸(zhu)軍事(shi)、特進、車(che)騎(qi)大將(jiang)軍、冀(ji)州牧,兼領南蠻校尉,鎮守鄴城,取消留臺,以(yi)都督(du)專門統管(guan)南夏。
北魏(wei)將(jiang)領拓(tuo)(tuo)跋章(zhang)攻(gong)打鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容德(de)(de)派南安(an)王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容青等(deng)夜里襲擊并(bing)(bing)擊敗(bai)拓(tuo)(tuo)跋章(zhang)。北魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)(dui)退駐新城(cheng)(cheng),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容青等(deng)請求(qiu)去(qu)攻(gong)打。別駕韓讠卓進言說:“古人(ren)(ren)首先在(zai)朝廷里謀(mou)劃勝(sheng)(sheng)敗(bai),然后才作(zuo)戰。現(xian)在(zai)不(bu)(bu)可攻(gong)打北魏(wei)的(de)(de)(de)原因有四條,后燕軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)(dui)不(bu)(bu)宜(yi)妄(wang)動的(de)(de)(de)理由(you)有三(san)條。北魏(wei)孤軍(jun)(jun)(jun)深入,野戰最為有利,這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)能攻(gong)打的(de)(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)個(ge)理由(you)。魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)深入我(wo)們(men)(men)(men)京(jing)都(dou)附近,把軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)(dui)停(ting)留(liu)在(zai)死(si)地上(shang),這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)能攻(gong)打的(de)(de)(de)第(di)二(er)個(ge)理由(you)。他(ta)們(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)前鋒打了(le)敗(bai)仗(zhang)之后,后陣剛(gang)剛(gang)穩(wen)固,這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)可攻(gong)打的(de)(de)(de)第(di)三(san)個(ge)理由(you)。他(ta)們(men)(men)(men)人(ren)(ren)多,我(wo)們(men)(men)(men)人(ren)(ren)少,這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)可攻(gong)打的(de)(de)(de)第(di)四個(ge)理由(you)。我(wo)們(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)(dui)在(zai)自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)領土上(shang)作(zuo)戰.這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)宜(yi)妄(wang)動的(de)(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)個(ge)理由(you)。去(qu)攻(gong)打如(ru)果不(bu)(bu)能取勝(sheng)(sheng),軍(jun)(jun)(jun)心(xin)就(jiu)難以(yi)安(an)定,這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)宜(yi)妄(wang)動的(de)(de)(de)第(di)二(er)個(ge)理由(you)。城(cheng)(cheng)郭(guo)還沒有修筑完(wan)善(shan),敵人(ren)(ren)來了(le)無法防備,這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)宜(yi)妄(wang)動的(de)(de)(de)第(di)三(san)個(ge)理由(you)。這(zhe)(zhe)些都(dou)是(shi)(shi)兵(bing)家的(de)(de)(de)大忌,不(bu)(bu)如(ru)把溝壑再(zai)(zai)加深,把壘(lei)壁再(zai)(zai)加高,以(yi)逸待勞(lao)。他(ta)們(men)(men)(men)從千里之外運送糧食,曠野上(shang)沒有能搶掠(lve)的(de)(de)(de)東西,時(shi)間一(yi)長,三(san)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)就(jiu)會耗盡資財,攻(gong)打起來就(jiu)會死(si)掉很多兵(bing)馬(ma),士(shi)(shi)氣一(yi)衰落,軍(jun)(jun)(jun)心(xin)就(jiu)會離散,那(nei)時(shi)我(wo)們(men)(men)(men)再(zai)(zai)周密地謀(mou)劃攻(gong)打他(ta)們(men)(men)(men),就(jiu)可以(yi)取勝(sheng)(sheng)了(le)。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容德(de)(de)說:“韓別駕的(de)(de)(de)話(hua),是(shi)(shi)張良、陳平的(de)(de)(de)計策(ce)。”于是(shi)(shi)命(ming)令(ling)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容青撤回(hui)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)(dui)。北魏(wei)又派遼西公(gong)賀(he)(he)賴(lai)盧率(lv)領騎兵(bing)和拓(tuo)(tuo)跋章(zhang)一(yi)起圍攻(gong)鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容德(de)(de)派參軍(jun)(jun)(jun)劉藻向(xiang)后秦姚興請求(qiu)救(jiu)援(yuan),并(bing)(bing)且致以(yi)同母之兄(xiong)的(de)(de)(de)問候,但是(shi)(shi)姚興的(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)(dui)不(bu)(bu)來,大家非常恐懼(ju)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容德(de)(de)便親自(zi)犒賞戰士(shi)(shi),多加撫慰(wei),人(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)感激他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)恩德(de)(de),都(dou)樂意為他(ta)效命(ming)。適逢拓(tuo)(tuo)跋章(zhang)、賀(he)(he)墮盧內(nei)部互相紛爭,各自(zi)率(lv)領軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)(dui)暗中(zhong)逃跑(pao)。拓(tuo)(tuo)跋章(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)司(si)馬(ma)丁建率(lv)領軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)(dui)來投(tou)降,并(bing)(bing)說拓(tuo)(tuo)跋章(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)(dui)士(shi)(shi)氣低落,可以(yi)打敗(bai)他(ta)們(men)(men)(men)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容德(de)(de)派將(jiang)領去(qu)追趕(gan)并(bing)(bing)打敗(bai)了(le)拓(tuo)(tuo)跋章(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊(dui)(dui),人(ren)(ren)心(xin)才開始安(an)定。
隆安元年(nian)(397年(nian)),魏(wei)軍(jun)進(jin)入中山,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容寶(bao)出奔到薊,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容詳(xiang)(xiang)又自(zi)立為帝。適(shi)逢劉(liu)藻(zao)從姚興那里來(lai)(lai)到,姚興的(de)太史令高魯派他(ta)的(de)外甥王景(jing)暉隨從劉(liu)藻(zao)送來(lai)(lai)一紐玉璽,并送來(lai)(lai)圖讖秘文,說:“有德(de)(de)(de)(de)者昌,無德(de)(de)(de)(de)者亡。有德(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)人接受天命(ming),柔(rou)弱(ruo)會變得剛強。”又有歌謠(yao)說:“大(da)(da)風(feng)蓬勃揚(yang)起塵埃,八井三刀突然(ran)來(lai)(lai)。四(si)海(hai)鼎(ding)沸中山崩,惟(wei)有德(de)(de)(de)(de)人占(zhan)三臺(tai)。”于是慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容德(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)大(da)(da)臣們一起商議,認為慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容詳(xiang)(xiang)在(zai)(zai)中山自(zi)立,魏(wei)軍(jun)在(zai)(zai)冀州(zhou)(zhou)勢力(li)強盛,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容寶(bao)還(huan)生(sheng)死未卜,就(jiu)勸慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容德(de)(de)(de)(de)繼(ji)位。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容德(de)(de)(de)(de)不同意(yi)(yi)。適(shi)逢慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容達從龍城投(tou)奔鄴城,稱說慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容寶(bao)還(huan)活著,大(da)(da)家的(de)議論才停止。不久,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容寶(bao)任慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容德(de)(de)(de)(de)為丞相,兼領(ling)冀州(zhou)(zhou)牧,秉承皇(huang)帝旨意(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)南方(fang)自(zi)主行事。
建立南燕
慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德哥(ge)哥(ge)的(de)(de)兒子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟從義(yi)臺(tai)(tai)投奔鄴城(cheng)(cheng),向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德游說道(dao):“中山覆沒(mei)以(yi)后,魏(wei)軍一(yi)定會(hui)乘(cheng)勝攻(gong)(gong)(gong)打(da)鄴城(cheng)(cheng),鄴城(cheng)(cheng)雖然積儲了(le)糧食,但(dan)(dan)是(shi)(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)大(da)難以(yi)固(gu)守(shou),而且士氣低落(luo),不(bu)能戰斗。趁著魏(wei)軍還沒(mei)有(you)到(dao)來,聚(ju)集(ji)軍隊(dui)南(nan)渡,依(yi)(yi)附魯陽王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)和,占據滑臺(tai)(tai)(今河南(nan)滑縣東),招集(ji)兵馬,積聚(ju)糧食,伺(si)機而動,這是(shi)(shi)上策。魏(wei)軍即使攻(gong)(gong)(gong)下中山,勢必不(bu)會(hui)久(jiu)留,不(bu)過是(shi)(shi)驅趕(gan)人口和搶掠財物(wu)回去。人們(men)不(bu)喜(xi)歡遷(qian)徙,自然會(hui)發(fa)生變故,然后,我們(men)振奮(fen)威武前(qian)去救援,北(bei)魏(wei)就會(hui)內(nei)外受敵(di),使迷戀(lian)舊土(tu)的(de)(de)人有(you)所依(yi)(yi)靠,廣泛地顯示恩愛信義(yi),招集(ji)遣民,就可以(yi)一(yi)舉而攻(gong)(gong)(gong)取。”此前(qian),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)和也勸慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德南(nan)遷(qian),這時慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德就同意了(le)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟的(de)(de)主張(zhang)。于(yu)隆安二(er)年(398年),率(lv)(lv)領四萬戶、二(er)萬七千乘(cheng)車(che),從鄴城(cheng)(cheng)準備遷(qian)移到(dao)滑臺(tai)(tai)。遇到(dao)大(da)風,船只沉沒(mei),魏(wei)軍將要趕(gan)到(dao),大(da)家都害怕,商議想退(tui)守(shou)黎陽。當(dang)天晚上河面上漂浮的(de)(de)冰塊(kuai)凍合在一(yi)起,封住了(le)河面,當(dang)夜軍隊(dui)渡過了(le)河,第(di)二(er)天早(zao)晨,魏(wei)軍來到(dao),但(dan)(dan)是(shi)(shi)河面上的(de)(de)冰塊(kuai)已經分裂了(le),就像有(you)神幫(bang)助一(yi)樣。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德便把(ba)黎陽津改為(wei)天橋津。到(dao)達滑臺(tai)(tai),景星在尾(wei)宿(su)箕宿(su)出(chu)現。又在漳水得(de)到(dao)白玉,形狀如(ru)璽(xi)。于(yu)是(shi)(shi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德依(yi)(yi)照燕(yan)元舊例,自稱(cheng)燕(yan)王,稱(cheng)元年,建立南(nan)燕(yan),大(da)赦境內(nei)死罪以(yi)下的(de)(de)罪犯(fan),設置百官。任命慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟為(wei)司空、兼領尚(shang)書令,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)法為(wei)中軍將軍,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)拔為(wei)尚(shang)書左(zuo)仆(pu)射,丁通為(wei)尚(shang)書右(you)仆(pu)射,其余(yu)人封授官職各有(you)不(bu)等。當(dang)初,河間有(you)麟出(chu)現,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟認(ren)為(wei)是(shi)(shi)自己的(de)(de)祥瑞。到(dao)此時,秘(mi)密地策劃(hua)反叛,事情(qing)發(fa)覺被賜死。當(dang)年夏天,魏(wei)將賀賴盧率(lv)(lv)領軍隊(dui)歸附慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德。
怒殺趙思
此時(shi),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶從龍城南逃到黎陽,派中(zhong)黃(huang)門(men)令趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)思去(qu)(qu)(qu)叫慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)鐘來(lai)(lai)(lai)迎(ying)(ying)接自己。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)鐘本來(lai)(lai)(lai)是(shi)(shi)首先倡議(yi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)稱(cheng)王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de),聽到趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)思來(lai)(lai)(lai)了(le)(le),很是(shi)(shi)憎惡,把他(ta)抓起(qi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)送(song)(song)到監獄,然(ran)后派人(ren)飛速地向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)報(bao)告情(qing)況。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)對下臣(chen)們說(shuo):“你們以前為(wei)了(le)(le)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)大(da)計,勸我(wo)攝政。我(wo)也因(yin)為(wei)繼位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)君逃亡在(zai)(zai)外,入神都沒(mei)有(you)(you)了(le)(le)君主,所以權且服(fu)從大(da)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建議(yi),以撫(fu)眾望(wang)。現在(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)天(tian)正在(zai)(zai)追悔所造(zao)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)禍難,繼位(wei)國(guo)(guo)君能夠回(hui)來(lai)(lai)(lai),我(wo)將準備(bei)車.駕(jia)去(qu)(qu)(qu)迎(ying)(ying)接,并在(zai)(zai)行宮(gong)前謝罪,然(ran)后回(hui)家(jia)隱居,各位(wei)以為(wei)如何?”黃(huang)門(men)侍郎張華進言說(shuo):“在(zai)(zai)爭(zheng)奪天(tian)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)代,沒(mei)有(you)(you)雄(xiong)才不(bu)能奮起(qi);在(zai)(zai)兵馬馳騁之(zhi)(zhi)年(nian),豈是(shi)(shi)懦(nuo)夫能夠成大(da)事的(de)(de)(de)(de)!陛下如果施行匹婦之(zhi)(zhi)仁,舍棄上(shang)(shang)天(tian)授(shou)予(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)業,威勢和權力(li)一去(qu)(qu)(qu),就會(hui)(hui)性命不(bu)保,還會(hui)(hui)有(you)(you)什么退(tui)讓之(zhi)(zhi)事呢!”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)說(shuo):“我(wo)因(yin)為(wei)像古人(ren)那樣(yang)逆取順(shun)守,統治之(zhi)(zhi)道不(bu)足(zu),所以在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)途徘徊猶豫(yu),沒(mei)下決(jue)心(xin)而(er)已。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿護請求(qiu)火速去(qu)(qu)(qu)探問慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶的(de)(de)(de)(de)虛實,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)流著眼淚送(song)(song)走了(le)(le)他(ta)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿護于是(shi)(shi)率領(ling)數百名勇士,跟著趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)思北去(qu)(qu)(qu),謀劃(hua)殺(sha)死(si)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶。當初,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶派趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)思出去(qu)(qu)(qu)以后,知道了(le)(le)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)替代了(le)(le)自己登上(shang)(shang)王(wang)(wang)位(wei),很害怕,就向北逃跑。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿護到了(le)(le)黎陽未見(jian)到慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶,就押著趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)思回(hui)來(lai)(lai)(lai)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)因(yin)為(wei)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)思熟習(xi)典(dian)制掌(zhang)故,準備(bei)任用他(ta)。趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)思說(shuo):“當年(nian)關羽(yu)被曹操看(kan)重,還忘不(bu)了(le)(le)先主劉(liu)備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)恩德(de)(de)(de)。我(wo)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)思雖然(ran)是(shi)(shi)死(si)而(er)后生的(de)(de)(de)(de)役隸,但(dan)是(shi)(shi)蒙受(shou)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)恩寵,犬馬尚且有(you)(you)報(bao)恩之(zhi)(zhi)心(xin),何況人(ren)呢!請允許我(wo)回(hui)去(qu)(qu)(qu),以表明我(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)節(jie)操。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)堅(jian)決(jue)留他(ta),趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)思憤怒地說(shuo):“周室(shi)衰微(wei)時(shi),晉(jin)國(guo)(guo)、鄭國(guo)(guo)輔佐;漢(han)朝有(you)(you)七國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)難,依(yi)賴梁孝(xiao)王(wang)(wang)扶持。殿下從親戚上(shang)(shang)說(shuo)是(shi)(shi)主上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)叔父,從地位(wei)上(shang)(shang)說(shuo)是(shi)(shi)三公(gong)(gong),不(bu)能率領(ling)公(gong)(gong)卿匡扶王(wang)(wang)室(shi),卻(que)希望(wang)王(wang)(wang)室(shi)傾覆而(er)去(qu)(qu)(qu)做趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)王(wang)(wang)司馬倫之(zhi)(zhi)事。我(wo)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)思雖然(ran)無法仿(fang)效申包胥到秦國(guo)(guo)哭求(qiu)援軍,卻(que)羨慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)君賓(bin)不(bu)活在(zai)(zai)王(wang)(wang)莽稱(cheng)帝之(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)(de)大(da)怒,殺(sha)了(le)(le)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)思。
敗晉殺廣
東晉(jin)(jin)南陽太守(shou)閭丘羨、寧(ning)朔(shuo)將軍(jun)(jun)鄧啟方率領二萬(wan)軍(jun)(jun)隊來攻打(da),軍(jun)(jun)隊駐扎在管城。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德派出他(ta)的中(zhong)軍(jun)(jun)將軍(jun)(jun)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)法、撫(fu)軍(jun)(jun)將軍(jun)(jun)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)和等(deng)人前去抵抗,晉(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)被(bei)打(da)得(de)大敗(bai)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德對(dui)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)法沒有窮(qiong)追(zhui)猛打(da)晉(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)很(hen)生(sheng)氣,于是殺了他(ta)的撫(fu)軍(jun)(jun)司馬靳瑰。
當(dang)初,苻(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)登(deng)被姚興消(xiao)滅以(yi)后,苻(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)登(deng)的(de)弟弟苻(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)廣(guang)率(lv)領(ling)部(bu)落向(xiang)慕(mu)容(rong)德投降,慕(mu)容(rong)德任命他(ta)為(wei)冠軍(jun)(jun)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun),安置在乞活堡。此時有(you)火星停留在井宿,有(you)人說前(qian)秦(qin)將(jiang)(jiang)會重新興起,苻(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)廣(guang)于是自稱(cheng)秦(qin)王,打敗(bai)了(le)慕(mu)容(rong)德的(de)將(jiang)(jiang)領(ling)慕(mu)容(rong)鐘(zhong)。當(dang)時慕(mu)容(rong)德初定都在滑(hua)臺,介(jie)于東晉、北魏(wei)之間,地沒有(you)十(shi)城,軍(jun)(jun)隊(dui)(dui)不過數萬。到了(le)慕(mu)容(rong)鐘(zhong)打了(le)敗(bai)仗,反覆(fu)無常之人大多(duo)歸附苻(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)廣(guang)。慕(mu)容(rong)德就留下慕(mu)容(rong)和守滑(hua)臺,親(qin)自率(lv)領(ling)軍(jun)(jun)隊(dui)(dui)討伐苻(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)廣(guang),殺(sha)了(le)苻(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)廣(guang)。
諸縣投降
當(dang)初,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶到黎陽(yang)的時候,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)和(he)的長史(shi)李(li)辯勸慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)和(he)接納慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)和(he)不同意。李(li)辯害怕計(ji)謀(mou)泄(xie)露,就(jiu)帶領晉軍(jun)(jun)來(lai)到管城,希望慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)能親自率領軍(jun)(jun)隊出(chu)戰,自己在后面作(zuo)亂。但慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)不出(chu)來(lai),李(li)辯更加(jia)不安;到了(le)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)這(zhe)次出(chu)征時,李(li)辯又勸慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)和(he)謀(mou)反(fan),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)和(he)不聽(ting)從。李(li)辯很憤(fen)怒,殺了(le)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)和(he),以滑(hua)(hua)臺投降北魏。當(dang)時將士們(men)的家人都在滑(hua)(hua)臺城內,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)準備攻(gong)(gong)打滑(hua)(hua)臺,韓范對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)說:“魏軍(jun)(jun)已經(jing)進城,占(zhan)據了(le)國(guo)都作(zuo)為資本,客(ke)主之間的形勢,已經(jing)顛倒,人情已經(jing)改變,不能夠攻(gong)(gong)打。應該首先占(zhan)據一方,作(zuo)為關中的基(ji)地,然(ran)后再(zai)積蓄力量攻(gong)(gong)打,這(zhe)是上策。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)(de)這(zhe)才停止攻(gong)(gong)城的計(ji)謀(mou)。
慕容德的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)右衛將軍(jun)慕容云殺了(le)李辯,率(lv)領將士的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)二(er)萬多家(jia)屬(shu)沖(chong)出了(le)滑(hua)臺(tai)城(cheng),三(san)軍(jun)歡慶。慕容德和大(da)(da)家(jia)一(yi)起商議說(shuo):“苻(fu)廣(guang)雖然(ran)被平(ping)定(ding)了(le),但撫軍(jun)進(jin)退(tui)(tui)兩難(nan),進(jin)有(you)(you)強(qiang)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)敵人,退(tui)(tui)又(you)沒有(you)(you)安(an)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方,諸位有(you)(you)何良策?”張華進(jin)言說(shuo):“彭(peng)(peng)城(cheng)這個地(di)方有(you)(you)山川阻隔,是(shi)(shi)(shi)楚國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舊都(dou),地(di)形(xing)險(xian)要(yao)(yao),人口眾多,可以(yi)攻打占(zhan)領其(qi)地(di),作(zuo)為發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基地(di)。”慕容鐘、慕輿護、封(feng)逞、韓讠卓等堅決(jue)勸慕容德攻打滑(hua)臺(tai),潘聰:“滑(hua)臺(tai)四通(tong)(tong)八達,不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)帝王長住的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方。而且(qie)(qie)北邊和強(qiang)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)魏(wei)相通(tong)(tong),西邊和強(qiang)盛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)秦(qin)接連,這兩個國家(jia),都(dou)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)可以(yi)高枕(zhen)無憂來對待的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。彭(peng)(peng)城(cheng)地(di)廣(guang)人稀,地(di)平(ping)而沒有(you)(you)險(xian)要(yao)(yao)之(zhi)處(chu),又(you)是(shi)(shi)(shi)東晉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舊鎮,一(yi)定(ding)會(hui)受到(dao)(dao)抵(di)抗。又(you)和江、淮靠近,水路(lu)通(tong)(tong)達,秋夏連日大(da)(da)雨(yu),千里之(zhi)地(di)變(bian)成了(le)湖泊。而且(qie)(qie)水戰是(shi)(shi)(shi)我國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)短處(chu),是(shi)(shi)(shi)東晉的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長處(chu),即使攻下了(le)彭(peng)(peng)城(cheng),也不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)長久之(zhi)計。青、齊土(tu)地(di)肥沃,號稱‘東秦(qin)’,土(tu)地(di)方圓二(er)千里,人口超過十萬戶,四面險(xian)要(yao)(yao),背(bei)靠大(da)(da)海,可以(yi)說(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)用武(wu)之(zhi)地(di)。三(san)蠻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)豪(hao)杰(jie),立志以(yi)待,誰不(bu)想得遇圣明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)君主(zhu)建(jian)立功業!廣(guang)固(gu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)曹嶷(yi)營建(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),山川險(xian)峻,足以(yi)作(zuo)為帝王之(zhi)都(dou)。最好先派一(yi)個能言善(shan)辯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人飛(fei)速(su)前去游說(shuo),然(ran)后大(da)(da)軍(jun)跟著(zhu)前進(jin)。避(bi)閭渾從前辜負過國家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)恩德,現在一(yi)定(ding)會(hui)翻然(ran)悔悟。如果他(ta)還是(shi)(shi)(shi)堅持錯誤不(bu)歸順(shun),大(da)(da)軍(jun)到(dao)(dao)達之(zhi)時,他(ta)們自然(ran)土(tu)崩瓦解。占(zhan)據廣(guang)固(gu)以(yi)后,閉關而養精蓄銳,伺(si)機而動,這也是(shi)(shi)(shi)像(xiang)二(er)漢占(zhan)據了(le)關中、河內地(di)區。”
慕(mu)容德(de)猶(you)豫不決。沙門郎公素來(lai)懂得通過(guo)觀(guan)察天象變化來(lai)預測吉(ji)兇(xiong),慕(mu)容德(de)于是去拜訪(fang)他。郎公說:“我恭(gong)敬(jing)地(di)(di)看了這三個策略,潘尚書的(de)言論可以(yi)說是興邦之術。今年初,長星在奎宿(su)、婁宿(su)之間出現,進而掃過(guo)虛(xu)宿(su)、危(wei)宿(su),而虛(xu)危(wei)二宿(su)對應(ying)齊(qi)地(di)(di),是除舊布新之象。應(ying)當首先平(ping)定魯地(di)(di),巡撫(fu)瑯邪(xie),等(deng)到(dao)秋風當令,然(ran)后轉向(xiang)北到(dao)達(da)齊(qi)地(di)(di),這是天道。”慕(mu)容德(de)非常高興,帶領軍(jun)隊(dui)向(xiang)南走(zou),兗(yan)州北部邊界各縣全(quan)都投降,慕(mu)容德(de)設置(zhi)地(di)(di)方官吏安撫(fu)他們。慕(mu)容德(de)訪(fang)問當地(di)(di)的(de)老(lao)年人,軍(jun)隊(dui)沒有搶掠的(de),老(lao)百姓感到(dao)平(ping)安,犒勞慕(mu)容德(de)的(de)牛和酒(jiu)絡繹不絕(jue)。
慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)德(de)派人(ren)勸導齊郡太守(shou)避(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)閭(lv)渾(hun),避(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)閭(lv)渾(hun)不(bu)聽(ting)從(cong),慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)德(de)派慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)鐘率領二萬步兵(bing)騎兵(bing)攻打避(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)閭(lv)渾(hun)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)德(de)進(jin)據瑯邪,徐、兗兩州有(you)十多(duo)(duo)萬人(ren)歸附,從(cong)瑯邪而北,有(you)四萬多(duo)(duo)人(ren)迎接。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)德(de)前進(jin)攻打莒城(cheng),守(shou)城(cheng)的將領任安(an)放棄(qi)城(cheng)邑逃(tao)跑,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)德(de)讓(rang)潘聰鎮(zhen)守(shou)莒城(cheng)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)鐘把檄文(wen)(wen)傳發到(dao)(dao)(dao)青州各郡。避(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)閭(lv)渾(hun)聽(ting)說(shuo)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)德(de)的軍隊將要到(dao)(dao)(dao)來(lai)(lai),就(jiu)把八千多(duo)(duo)戶遷進(jin)廣固。各郡都在(zai)接到(dao)(dao)(dao)檄文(wen)(wen)后向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)德(de)投(tou)降(jiang)。避(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)閭(lv)渾(hun)很(hen)害怕(pa),帶著(zhu)妻子兒女投(tou)奔北魏。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)德(de)派射聲校尉(wei)劉(liu)綱追(zhui)趕避(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)閭(lv)渾(hun),在(zai)莒城(cheng)追(zhui)上并殺(sha)(sha)(sha)了(le)(le)他。避(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)閭(lv)渾(hun)的參(can)軍張锳(ying)常給避(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)閭(lv)渾(hun)作檄文(wen)(wen),文(wen)(wen)辭大多(duo)(duo)傲慢。這時,慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)德(de)俘獲并責罵他。張锳(ying)神色(se)自若(ruo),從(cong)容(rong)地回(hui)答(da)說(shuo):“避(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)閭(lv)渾(hun)有(you)了(le)(le)我,就(jiu)像韓信有(you)了(le)(le)蒯通。蒯通碰(peng)到(dao)(dao)(dao)漢太祖后得到(dao)(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)寬恕,我碰(peng)到(dao)(dao)(dao)陛下卻受到(dao)(dao)(dao)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)戮,跟古(gu)人(ren)相(xiang)比(bi),我認為是(shi)不(bu)幸。受到(dao)(dao)(dao)像防風氏那樣的誅殺(sha)(sha)(sha),我心甘情愿,但恐堯、舜那樣的教化不(bu)能弘揚四海。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)德(de)開始很(hen)贊賞(shang)他的話,后來(lai)(lai)終(zhong)于殺(sha)(sha)(sha)了(le)(le)他。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)德(de)進(jin)入廣固。
稱帝除亂
隆(long)安四(si)年(400年),慕容(rong)德在南(nan)郊正式稱帝,大(da)赦天下,改(gai)年號為(wei)(wei)(wei)建(jian)平。在宮廷(ting)南(nan)設立臨(lin)時宗廟,派人拿著(zhu)策書去(qu)報告(gao)事(shi)成(cheng)。進升慕容(rong)鐘(zhong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)司徒,慕輿(yu)拔為(wei)(wei)(wei)司空,封孚為(wei)(wei)(wei)左仆(pu)射(she),慕輿(yu)護為(wei)(wei)(wei)右仆(pu)射(she)。派度(du)支尚(shang)書封愷、中書侍郎(lang)封逞去(qu)觀察風俗得失,大(da)宴將士(shi)。立他(ta)妻子段季(ji)妃為(wei)(wei)(wei)皇后。建(jian)立學(xue)官,簡選公卿以下子弟和二(er)品士(shi)門共二(er)百(bai)人為(wei)(wei)(wei)太學(xue)生。
第二年(401年),慕容德(de)去齊城(cheng),登(deng)上營(ying)丘(qiu),看(kan)見了(le)晏嬰(ying)之墓,對身邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)說(shuo):“根據禮法,大(da)夫(fu)不靠近城(cheng)里安葬。晏平(ping)仲是(shi)古代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)賢人(ren),是(shi)通(tong)達禮法的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren),但他(ta)活著(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)居住(zhu)在(zai)(zai)靠近市肆的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方,死(si)后(hou)埋葬在(zai)(zai)城(cheng)附(fu)近,難道有什么深意嗎(ma)?”青(qing)州(zhou)秀才晏謨(mo)回(hui)答說(shuo):“孔子稱(cheng)贊我的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先人(ren)晏平(ping)仲是(shi)賢人(ren),那就(jiu)是(shi)賢人(ren)了(le)。難道還(huan)不懂(dong)得(de)增高其(qi)屋(wu)梁,豐富其(qi)禮儀(yi)嗎(ma)?大(da)概是(shi)政令出自大(da)夫(fu)之家,所以用儉樸(pu)來(lai)矯正世俗。活著(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候(hou)居住(zhu)在(zai)(zai)低下狹小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方,死(si)后(hou)難道還(huan)挑選安葬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方嗎(ma)?不遠離家門安葬的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因,仍然是(shi)希望人(ren)們理解他(ta)平(ping)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)志。”慕容德(de)就(jiu)讓晏謨(mo)跟隨自己到(dao)了(le)漢城(cheng)陽景王廟,在(zai)(zai)申池宴請老人(ren),往北登(deng)上社首(shou)山(shan),向東看(kan)鼎(ding)足,注視著(zhu)(zhu)牛山(shan)感(gan)嘆說(shuo): “自古以來(lai)沒有不死(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)!”悲愴而有死(si)后(hou)葬在(zai)(zai)這里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)意。接著(zhu)(zhu)詢問晏謨(mo)關于齊地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)川丘(qiu)陵,以及賢哲們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舊事。晏謨(mo)一一詳細地(di)回(hui)答,并在(zai)(zai)地(di)上畫出了(le)圖。慕容德(de)非常贊賞晏謨(mo),任他(ta)為尚書(shu)郎。慕容德(de)在(zai)(zai)商山(shan)安排了(le)鑄造器具的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工匠,在(zai)(zai)烏常澤設置鹽官,用以擴大(da)軍隊和國家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)資供給。
慕(mu)容德(de)原來的(de)官員趙融從長安來,說到了慕(mu)容德(de)母親和哥哥的(de)死訊。慕(mu)容德(de)放(fang)聲痛哭以至于吐血,因而臥病(bing)不起。司(si)隸校尉慕(mu)容達(da)因此策(ce)劃反叛,派牙門(men)(men)皇璆率領軍(jun)隊攻打(da)端門(men)(men),殿(dian)中帥(shuai)侯(hou)赤(chi)眉打(da)開(kai)城(cheng)門(men)(men)接應。中黃門(men)(men)遜(xun)(xun)進(jin)扶著慕(mu)容德(de)越過城(cheng)墻,躲到遜(xun)(xun)進(jin)的(de)房舍里。段宏等(deng)人聽說宮(gong)中有變故(gu),就率領軍(jun)隊駐守四門(men)(men)。慕(mu)容德(de)入宮(gong),殺了侯(hou)赤(chi)眉等(deng)人,慕(mu)容達(da)害(hai)怕而投(tou)奔北魏(wei)(wei)。慕(mu)容法和魏(wei)(wei)軍(jun)在濟水北邊的(de)摽榆俗交戰,魏(wei)(wei)軍(jun)被打(da)得大敗。
納議聚儒
尚書韓讠卓(zhuo)上(shang)疏,提出休養軍(jun)(jun)隊,修煉兵器,擴大農耕,積儲糧食,審(shen)核(he)戶籍、增(zeng)加軍(jun)(jun)資等建議,慕(mu)容德采納了(le)他的建議,派車騎(qi)將軍(jun)(jun)慕(mu)容鎮率領三千騎(qi)兵,沿著邊界(jie)嚴(yan)密地設(she)防(fang),防(fang)備老百(bai)姓逃(tao)跑。任命韓讠卓(zhuo)為使(shi)持節、散騎(qi)常侍、行臺尚書,巡行到(dao)各郡縣進行審(shen)核(he),查得佃客五萬八(ba)千人。韓讠卓(zhuo)公正廉潔,到(dao)了(le)哪(na)里都是在野外(wai)住宿(su),不(bu)打擾當地人民。
慕容德大規模地聚(ju)集儒生(sheng),親自策試(shi)。又設宴招待,慕容德登上(shang)高(gao)處眺(tiao)望(wang)遠方,回過(guo)頭(tou)對(dui)(dui)尚書魯邃(sui)說(shuo):“齊、魯一(yi)帶(dai)本來就多君子(zi),在(zai)從(cong)前全盛的時代,接、慎、巴生(sheng)、淳于、鄒、田這(zhe)批(pi)人,避居在(zai)長檐之(zhi)下(xia),面(mian)對(dui)(dui)著清澈的池(chi)水,乘(cheng)著紅(hong)漆輪子(zi)的華(hua)貴(gui)車子(zi)飛奔,佩帶(dai)長劍,隨(sui)意發揮(hui)(hui)像白馬非(fei)馬這(zhe)樣(yang)的雄辯,像鄒衍(yan)談天那樣(yang)的論辯,揮(hui)(hui)手則(ze)紅(hong)紫成(cheng)為錦(jin)章,前俯后仰則(ze)丘陵生(sheng)出(chu)韻律。到了今天,荒草頹墳(fen),氣消(xiao)煙減,長言千載(zai)流傳,能不依然如故!”魯邃(sui)回答說(shuo):“周武(wu)王(wang)在(zai)比干的墳(fen)墓上(shang)添土,漢太祖祭(ji)奠信陵君的墳(fen)墓,這(zhe)都是(shi)重(zhong)視(shi)圣(sheng)賢的人,常常思(si)念他們(men)過(guo)去的事(shi)跡(ji)。陛下(xia)比周武(wu)王(wang)和漢太祖還要仁慈,德澤施到了九(jiu)泉之(zhi)下(xia),如果他們(men)地下(xia)有知(zhi),難道還不感恩戴德!”
伐晉去世
當(dang)時(shi)東晉桓(huan)玄(xuan)(xuan)準(zhun)備(bei)篡奪(duo)東晉政權(quan),誅殺不(bu)歸附自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)。冀州(zhou)刺史劉軌、襄城太守司馬(ma)休之(zhi)、征虜將軍劉敬宣、廣(guang)陵相高雅之(zhi)、江(jiang)(jiang)都(dou)長張(zhang)誕(dan)都(dou)心里不(bu)安(an),全部投(tou)奔了(le)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中書(shu)侍郎韓范上疏(shu)說(shuo):“帝王之(zhi)道,一定(ding)(ding)是崇(chong)尚籌劃和治理。有(you)(you)(you)時(shi)機(ji)(ji)卻(que)(que)(que)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)人(ren)才(cai),濟世之(zhi)功就(jiu)(jiu)會落空;有(you)(you)(you)人(ren)才(cai)卻(que)(que)(que)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)時(shi)機(ji)(ji),英武(wu)大志就(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)能伸展(zhan)。能夠成就(jiu)(jiu)王業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),是人(ren)才(cai)和時(shi)機(ji)(ji)都(dou)具備(bei)。自(zi)從東晉內(nei)亂(luan),到現在已經(jing)七年(nian)。桓(huan)玄(xuan)(xuan)叛亂(luan),比(bi)董卓更加暴虐,神怒人(ren)怨,他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)禍(huo)殃已經(jing)積累了(le)。可乘之(zhi)機(ji)(ji),沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)比(bi)現在更適合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)了(le)。憑著陛(bi)(bi)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神武(wu),規劃這件事情(qing),指揮著樂(le)于奮勇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)士兵,乘人(ren)民厭(yan)惡禍(huo)亂(luan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)機(ji)(ji),就(jiu)(jiu)好像是發出(chu)聲(sheng)(sheng)音(yin)后馬(ma)上就(jiu)(jiu)有(you)(you)(you)回聲(sheng)(sheng),身(shen)形一動影子馬(ma)上跟著,還(huan)不(bu)足以(yi)(yi)比(bi)喻事情(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)易。而且(qie)江(jiang)(jiang)、淮南北(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)口不(bu)多,公私人(ren)馬(ma)不(bu)過(guo)數百(bai),守備(bei)之(zhi)事也(ye)很少。如(ru)果用一萬騎兵步兵,發動雷(lei)霆(ting)萬鉤的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)攻(gong)勢(shi),長驅直入,直指江(jiang)(jiang)、會,一定(ding)(ding)會使敵人(ren)見(jian)我們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰旗(qi)而投(tou)降,老百(bai)姓(xing)犒勞(lao)我們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)酒(jiu)食擺滿道路。地方跨越數千里,軍隊超(chao)過(guo)十(shi)萬人(ren),可以(yi)(yi)向(xiang)西兼并(bing)強秦,向(xiang)北(bei)(bei)抵(di)抗北(bei)(bei)魏。想(xiang)(xiang)要開拓邊境,使國(guo)家安(an)定(ding)(ding),再(zai)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)比(bi)現在更好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)機(ji)(ji)了(le)。如(ru)果錯(cuo)過(guo)時(shi)機(ji)(ji),豪杰(jie)們再(zai)次興起,誅除了(le)桓(huan)玄(xuan)(xuan),推行(xing)維新教化,遠(yuan)近都(dou)安(an)定(ding)(ding),人(ren)們沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)其他的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)想(xiang)(xiang)望,不(bu)但建(jian)鄴難(nan)以(yi)(yi)攻(gong)滅,就(jiu)(jiu)連江(jiang)(jiang)北(bei)(bei)也(ye)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)希(xi)望。時(shi)機(ji)(ji)錯(cuo)過(guo),禍(huo)難(nan)滋(zi)生(sheng),憂患一定(ding)(ding)會到來。天意給與卻(que)(que)(que)不(bu)去獲取,悔恨就(jiu)(jiu)要降臨。希(xi)望陛(bi)(bi)下看我的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)奏章(zhang)。”
慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德說(shuo):“近(jin)來(lai)多次(ci)遭受厄運(yun),國(guo)家綱紀突然廢(fei)弛,使得(de)(de)奸逆禍亂華(hua)夏,原來(lai)的(de)(de)京都(dou)成了廢(fei)墟,每次(ci)遭逢惡運(yun),我都(dou)是感到(dao)憤憤不(bu)平。從前(qian)少康用一旅的(de)(de)軍(jun)隊,恢復夏朝配享上(shang)天,何況(kuang)朕(zhen)占據著(zhu)三(san)齊之地(di),憑(ping)藉著(zhu)五州之眾,把打(da)仗的(de)(de)本(ben)領教(jiao)給他(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men),用禮讓的(de)(de)道理引導他(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)(men),上(shang)下(xia)都(dou)懂得(de)(de)大義(yi),人(ren)人(ren)都(dou)發奮而起,整軍(jun)待機,已經很久。原想先安定(ding)中(zhong)原,掃(sao)除逃亡(wang)的(de)(de)罪人(ren),然后廣(guang)泛(fan)傳播淳樸的(de)(de)風氣,治理全國(guo),飲馬(ma)長江(jiang),在(zai)隴(long)坂(ban)掛起旌(jing)旗。這(zhe)個志向還沒有(you)實現,暫且收起兵(bing)(bing)(bing)器而已。現在(zai)的(de)(de)事情,希(xi)望各位王(wang)公們(men)(men)(men)詳密地(di)討論。”大家都(dou)認(ren)為桓玄剛(gang)剛(gang)得(de)(de)志,不(bu)能(neng)(neng)攻(gong)打(da)他(ta)(ta),便作(zuo)罷。于(yu)是在(zai)城(cheng)西講習武(wu)藝,共有(you)步兵(bing)(bing)(bing)三(san)十(shi)七(qi)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan),戰車一萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)七(qi)千(qian)(qian)乘,騎兵(bing)(bing)(bing)五萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)三(san)千(qian)(qian),人(ren)馬(ma)連山(shan),旌(jing)旗遍野,釭鼓聲震天動地(di)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德登(deng)上(shang)高處(chu)察看,回過頭來(lai)對劉軌、高雅(ya)之說(shuo):“當年(nian)郤(xi)克(ke)怨恨齊國(guo),伍子(zi)胥損怨恨楚國(guo),終(zhong)于(yu)能(neng)(neng)夠伸張其(qi)剛(gang)毅勇烈,名聲流傳千(qian)(qian)古(gu)。你們(men)(men)(men)既然知曉投身有(you)道明(ming)君,應(ying)當使自己(ji)無愧于(yu)古(gu)人(ren)啊(a)。”高雅(ya)之等頓首回答(da)說(shuo):“我們(men)(men)(men)有(you)幸承(cheng)蒙(meng)陛下(xia)天大的(de)(de)恩情,地(di)大的(de)(de)德澤,存亡(wang)斷絕,正在(zai)這(zhe)圣明(ming)的(de)(de)時(shi)代,我們(men)(men)(men)即使死上(shang)一萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)次(ci),也(ye)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)上(shang)報(bao)陛下(xia)的(de)(de)恩德!”不(bu)久就聽到(dao)了桓玄失(shi)敗的(de)(de)消(xiao)息,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德任命慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鎮為前(qian)鋒,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鐘為大都(dou)督,用二萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)步兵(bing)(bing)(bing),五千(qian)(qian)騎兵(bing)(bing)(bing),限定(ding)日期出發,但慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德恰巧生病(bing),便停(ting)止出兵(bing)(bing)(bing)。
當初,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)派人去長安接(jie)(jie)他(ta)哥哥慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)納之(zhi)子(zi)(zi)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)超(chao)(chao),義熙元年(nian)(nian)(405年(nian)(nian)),慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)超(chao)(chao)才被(bei)接(jie)(jie)回南燕。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)晚上夢見(jian)父親慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝對他(ta)說:“你既然(ran)沒有兒(er)子(zi)(zi),為(wei)什(shen)么不(bu)(bu)及早立(li)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)超(chao)(chao)為(wei)太子(zi)(zi)?不(bu)(bu)然(ran),惡人就要篡位了(le)。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)醒后告訴他(ta)的(de)(de)妻子(zi)(zi)說:“這(zhe)是先帝(di)的(de)(de)神明所(suo)告,體(ti)會這(zhe)個夢的(de)(de)意思,我就要死(si)了(le)。”于是下(xia)詔(zhao)立(li)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)超(chao)(chao)為(wei)皇太子(zi)(zi),大(da)赦境內(nei),兒(er)子(zi)(zi)繼(ji)承父親的(de)(de)每人爵升二(er)級。當月,慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)去世(shi),時(shi)年(nian)(nian)七十歲。連夜(ye)做了(le)十多口(kou)棺材,分別從四個門(men)抬(tai)出,秘密地安葬在山(shan)谷(gu)里,最終無人知道他(ta)的(de)(de)尸(shi)體(ti)葬在什(shen)么地方(fang),對外謊(huang)稱葬于東(dong)陽陵。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)共(gong)在位六年(nian)(nian),謚號(hao)獻武(wu)皇帝(di),廟號(hao)世(shi)宗。
趣聞軼事
爭進直言
慕(mu)容德(de)稱帝(di)之(zhi)后,有一(yi)(yi)次(ci)乘著(zhu)宴會群臣(chen)(chen),喝酒正(zheng)酣時,笑(xiao)著(zhu)說(shuo)道:“朕雖(sui)然德(de)行寡薄,但是(shi)莊嚴(yan)端正(zheng)地坐在朝廷上(shang)接受(shou)諸侯的朝見,在上(shang)位卻不(bu)傲(ao)慢,整天(tian)為(wei)(wei)自己的職責不(bu)敢怠(dai)慢,可(ke)以和(he)自古(gu)以來什么樣的君主(zhu)(zhu)相比?”青州(zhou)刺史鞠(ju)(ju)(ju)仲(zhong)說(shuo):“陛下是(shi)中(zhong)興(xing)的圣明君主(zhu)(zhu),是(shi)少康(kang)、光(guang)武帝(di)一(yi)(yi)類的皇(huang)帝(di)。”慕(mu)容德(de)回過(guo)頭(tou)命(ming)令侍(shi)臣(chen)(chen)賞(shang)賜鞠(ju)(ju)(ju)仲(zhong)一(yi)(yi)千匹(pi)(pi)帛。鞠(ju)(ju)(ju)仲(zhong)以賞(shang)賜太多為(wei)(wei)由推讓,慕(mu)容德(de)說(shuo):“你(ni)(ni)懂得(de)嘲(chao)笑(xiao)我,我就不(bu)懂得(de)嘲(chao)笑(xiao)你(ni)(ni)嗎!你(ni)(ni)的回答夸(kua)大而不(bu)符合實際,所(suo)以我也用假話來獎賞(shang)你(ni)(ni)。獎賞(shang)并(bing)沒有錯(cuo)加到你(ni)(ni)頭(tou)上(shang),哪(na)里值得(de)推辭(ci)呢!”韓范(fan)進(jin)言(yan)說(shuo):“我認為(wei)(wei)天(tian)子無戲言(yan),忠臣(chen)(chen)無亂答。今天(tian)的談論,上(shang)下相欺,可(ke)以說(shuo)是(shi)君臣(chen)(chen)都不(bu)對。”慕(mu)容德(de)非常高興(xing),賞(shang)賜韓范(fan)五十(shi)匹(pi)(pi)絹。從(cong)此以后人們爭(zheng)著(zhu)進(jin)獻正(zheng)直(zhi)有益(yi)的言(yan)論,朝廷多耿(geng)直(zhi)之(zhi)士。
探問兄母
慕(mu)容德(de)的(de)(de)母(mu)親(qin)(qin)(qin)和哥(ge)哥(ge)原(yuan)先在(zai)長(chang)(chang)安,慕(mu)容德(de)派平(ping)原(yuan)人(ren)杜(du)弘(hong)去長(chang)(chang)安探(tan)問(wen)他們是(shi)(shi)否(fou)還(huan)活(huo)著(zhu)。杜(du)弘(hong)說:“我到了長(chang)(chang)安,如果不(bu)能知道太后的(de)(de)情況,當即就(jiu)西去張掖,用死來(lai)報效。我的(de)(de)父親(qin)(qin)(qin)杜(du)雄年過六十(shi),還(huan)沒有(you)得(de)到過榮華(hua)富貴,懇(ken)請給予本縣(xian)的(de)(de)俸(feng)祿,用以表(biao)達我烏鴉反(fan)哺那樣(yang)的(de)(de)孝心(xin)。”張華(hua)進言說:“杜(du)弘(hong)還(huan)沒有(you)動身就(jiu)請求(qiu)祿利(li),求(qiu)取利(li)益之(zhi)心(xin)太重,不(bu)能派他去。”慕(mu)容德(de)說:“我正在(zai)散我所看輕的(de)(de)錢(qian)財,招(zhao)致我所看重的(de)(de)效死之(zhi)士,何況為了我的(de)(de)母(mu)親(qin)(qin)(qin),能舍不(bu)得(de)錢(qian)財嗎(ma)!況且杜(du)弘(hong)為君(jun)主(zhu)迎接親(qin)(qin)(qin)人(ren),為父親(qin)(qin)(qin)求(qiu)取祿利(li),雖(sui)然(ran)從表(biao)面看來(lai)是(shi)(shi)求(qiu)取私利(li),內心(xin)卻是(shi)(shi)忠(zhong)孝。”任命(ming)杜(du)雄為平(ping)原(yuan)令。杜(du)弘(hong)到了張掖,被盜賊殺死,慕(mu)容德(de)知道后很悲傷,優(you)待撫恤(xu)杜(du)弘(hong)的(de)(de)妻子(zi)兒女。
譏笑王始
泰山人(ren)(ren)王(wang)始在(zai)(zai)泰山聚集人(ren)(ren)馬,自稱太平(ping)皇(huang)(huang)帝(di),稱他(ta)父親(qin)為(wei)太上皇(huang)(huang),哥(ge)哥(ge)為(wei)征(zheng)東將軍,弟(di)(di)弟(di)(di)為(wei)征(zheng)西將軍。慕(mu)容鎮討伐并(bing)擒獲了他(ta),要在(zai)(zai)都市(shi)斬首。在(zai)(zai)即將行(xing)刑的時候(hou),有(you)人(ren)(ren)問王(wang)始他(ta)父親(qin)和兄(xiong)弟(di)(di)在(zai)(zai)什(shen)么地(di)方,王(wang)始回答說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“太上皇(huang)(huang)帝(di)流亡在(zai)(zai)外(wai),征(zheng)東將軍、征(zheng)西將軍被亂軍殺害(hai),惟有(you)朕(zhen)一人(ren)(ren),孤獨沒有(you)了依賴。”他(ta)的妻子生氣地(di)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“就(jiu)是因為(wei)你這(zhe)張嘴,才(cai)到了這(zhe)一地(di)步,為(wei)什(shen)么又胡說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)八道!”王(wang)始說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“皇(huang)(huang)后!自古(gu)以來難道有(you)永不(bu)破敗的家,永不(bu)滅亡的國嗎!”行(xing)刑的人(ren)(ren)用刀鑲擊打他(ta),他(ta)兩眼仰視,說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo):“駕(jia)崩就(jiu)駕(jia)崩,永遠不(bu)改帝(di)號。”慕(mu)容德(de)聽到此事后譏笑王(wang)始。
歷史評價
慕容(rong)垂(chui):“汝器識長進,非復(fu)吳下(xia)阿蒙也。”
房玄齡(ling)等《晉書(shu)》:①“慕容德(de)以季父(fu)之(zhi)親,居鄴(ye)中之(zhi)重,朝危(wei)未聞其(qi)節(jie),君存遽踐其(qi)位,豈人理哉!然稟倜儻(tang)之(zhi)雄姿(zi),韞(yun)縱橫之(zhi)遠(yuan)略,屬(shu)分崩(beng)之(zhi)運,成角逐之(zhi)資,跨有全齊,竊(qie)弄神器(qi),撫劍而爭衡秦、魏,練甲而志靜荊、吳,崇儒術以弘(hong)風,延(yan)讜言而勵己,觀其(qi)為國,有足稱焉。” ②“德(de)實奸雄,轉(zhuan)敗為功(gong)。奄有青土,淫名域中。”;③“年未弱冠,身長八尺二寸,姿(zi)貌(mao)雄偉,額(e)有日角偃月重文(wen)。博(bo)觀群書(shu),性(xing)清慎,多才(cai)藝(yi)。”