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傳奇少年

咸康五年（前燕(yan)六(liu)年，339年），慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸(ba)13歲。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)擊高句麗，兵及新城，高句麗王釗乞盟，乃還。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)又使授予慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸(ba)為騎都尉，令其(qi)跟隨其(qi)兄長慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)（慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)第四子）擊宇文別(bie)部。時(shi)年慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸(ba)年僅十三(san)歲，卻(que)勇(yong)冠三(san)軍。

慕容霸甚(shen)得父親寵愛，甚(shen)至比(bi)起身為世子的哥哥慕容儁更多(duo)，故此慕容儁忿忿不平。

屢立戰功

咸康八年（前燕九年，342年），慕容霸16歲。燕王慕容皝(huang)率(lv)(lv)軍攻高句麗(li)(li)(li)。時前燕(yan)與高句麗(li)(li)(li)相(xiang)鄰，慕(mu)容皝(huang)常(chang)懼其(qi)乘虛(xu) 入，視為心腹之患，遂于十一月(yue)采用庶兄(xiong)、建威將(jiang)軍慕(mu)容翰(han)之策略，分兵兩路進(jin)攻高句麗(li)(li)(li)。慕(mu)容皝(huang)自率(lv)(lv)主(zhu)力精銳4萬從(cong)南道(dao)進(jin)攻，而慕(mu)容霸則與慕(mu)容翰(han)為前鋒。慕(mu)容皝(huang)還另命(ming)長史王寓等率(lv)(lv)兵1.5萬從(cong)北道(dao)進(jin)攻。高句麗(li)(li)(li)王高釗聞知，判斷燕(yan)軍主(zhu)力必從(cong)北道(dao)而來，乃使其(qi)弟高武率(lv)(lv)精兵5萬防(fang)守北道(dao)，自率(lv)(lv)弱(ruo)旅防(fang)南道(dao)。前燕(yan)軍在(zai)南道(dao)大敗高句麗(li)(li)(li)軍，乘勝追入丸都（高句麗(li)(li)(li)都城(cheng)，今吉(ji)林(lin)集安西），高釗只身逃(tao)走(zou)。

東晉建元二(er)年(nian)(nian)（前燕十一年(nian)(nian)，344年(nian)(nian)），慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸18歲(sui)。二(er)月，燕王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝親自帶兵(bing)攻(gong)宇(yu)文逸(yi)豆歸(gui)(gui)，以建威(wei)將(jiang)軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰(han)為(wei)前鋒將(jiang)軍(jun)，劉佩為(wei)副將(jiang)；并命慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸與慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)軍(jun)、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)及(ji)折沖將(jiang)軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)輿根(gen)等率兵(bing)分三(san)路(lu)并進。宇(yu)文逸(yi)豆歸(gui)(gui)派南(nan)羅城大（即城主(zhu)）涉(she)夜干率精(jing)兵(bing)迎擊；慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰(han)出戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)涉(she)夜干，兩軍(jun)激戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)之時，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸則率軍(jun)從側翼殺出，殺涉(she)夜干，宇(yu)文軍(jun)不戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)自潰，燕軍(jun)乘勝追擊，攻(gong)克宇(yu)文氏都(dou)城紫蒙川(chuan)（今遼寧朝(chao)陽西北）。宇(yu)文逸(yi)豆歸(gui)(gui)敗逃，死于漠(mo)北。宇(yu)文氏從此散亡(wang)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝收其畜產，徙其部眾5000余(yu)落于昌黎，辟地千余(yu)里(li)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸因功被封為(wei)都(dou)鄉侯。

東(dong)晉(jin)永和(he)元年（345年），后(hou)趙將領(ling)鄧(deng)恒(heng)領(ling)兵數萬駐屯(tun)樂(le)安(an)（今(jin)河北(bei)樂(le)亭縣東(dong)北(bei)），意圖并吞前燕(yan)。慕容皝以慕容霸為(wei)平狄將軍，駐軍徒河（今(jin)遼(liao)寧錦(jin)州西(xi)北(bei)），鄧(deng)恒(heng)因為(wei)畏懼慕容霸而不敢進犯(fan)。

東(dong)晉永和四(si)年(nian)（348年(nian)），時年(nian)22歲，燕(yan)王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)去世，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)次子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)俊(jun)即(ji)燕(yan)王(wang)位，就以(yi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)霸曾經(jing)墮(duo)馬而撞斷了(le)牙齒為(wei)由改其名為(wei)“慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)夬“，后更去“夬”而改名慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂。

永和五年(nian)（349年(nian)），后趙主石(shi)虎死，后趙大(da)亂(luan)。可慕(mu)容俊卻認(ren)為(wei)(wei)后趙新遭大(da)喪(sang)，未(wei)同意進(jin)取中原。慕(mu)容霸(ba)急至龍城(cheng)（今遼(liao)寧(ning)朝陽），親自對慕(mu)容儁說：“難得而(er)易失者(zhe)，時(shi)也。萬一石(shi)氏衰而(er)復興，或有英雄據其(qi)成資，豈惟失此大(da)利，亦恐更為(wei)(wei)后患。”于是，在封奕等人的支持下，慕(mu)容儁以慕(mu)容垂為(wei)(wei)前鋒(feng)都督(du)、建鋒(feng)將軍，選(xuan)二(er)十多(duo)萬精(jing)兵(bing)準備伐趙。

永和六年(nian)（350年(nian)）二月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁命慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)領二萬兵(bing)經循東路(lu)經徒河(he)伐趙，另遣慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿于出(chu)西道(dao)，自率(lv)中軍，兵(bing)分(fen)三(san)路(lu)伐趙。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)到三(san)陘（今河(he)北(bei)(bei)撫寧縣矛石山），鄧(deng)恒驚懼而燒倉庫(ku)出(chu)逃，退(tui)保(bao)薊城（今北(bei)(bei)京）。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)到后(hou)(hou)盡(jin)收(shou)樂安、北(bei)(bei)平兩郡(jun)兵(bing)糧，與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁會合共(gong)攻薊城。三(san)月，燕軍攻下(xia)薊城，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)勸止了(le)(le)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁盡(jin)坑后(hou)(hou)趙士卒的決(jue)定。不久(jiu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁又親率(lv)軍隊進攻鄧(deng)恒，至清(qing)梁(liang)（今河(he)北(bei)(bei)清(qing)苑縣西南）時(shi)趙將鹿(lu)(lu)勃早率(lv)數(shu)千(qian)人(ren)夜襲燕軍，突入慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)幕下(xia)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)于是奮(fen)力反(fan)擊(ji)，手(shou)刃了(le)(le)十多人(ren)，遏制了(le)(le)鹿(lu)(lu)勃早的攻擊(ji)，及后(hou)(hou)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根等(deng)人(ren)領兵(bing)擊(ji)敗(bai)鹿(lu)(lu)勃早，成(cheng)功擊(ji)退(tui)了(le)(le)來襲。

永(yong)和八年(nian)（352年(nian)）三月，趙(zhao)(zhao)立義將(jiang)軍段勤聚(ju)胡、羯萬余人保據繹幕(mu)，自稱(cheng)趙(zhao)(zhao)帝。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)霸(ba)(ba)率軍前去攻打，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)霸(ba)(ba)軍至繹幕(mu)，段勤與(yu)弟段思陪舉城投降。由于(yu)燕(yan)衛(wei)將(jiang)軍慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪(ke)、撫軍將(jiang)軍慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)軍、左(zuo)將(jiang)軍慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)彪等屢薦(jian)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)霸(ba)(ba)有命世之才(cai)，宜(yi)當大任。燕(yan)主慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)俊遂(sui)于(yu)同年(nian)以(yi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)霸(ba)(ba)為使持節、安東(dong)將(jiang)軍、北(bei)冀州剌史(shi)，鎮常(chang)山。

永和十年(nian)（354年(nian)）四月(yue)，慕(mu)容俊稱帝，建號元璽，史(shi)稱前燕(yan)。慕(mu)容霸因訓練軍(jun)隊(dui)之時，座騎受驚而墜馬，進而折齒，更名為慕(mu)容垂。慕(mu)容垂被封為吳王，遷鎮信都，以侍中(zhong)、右禁將(jiang)軍(jun)錄留臺(tai)事，大收東北之利。這(zhe)便慕(mu)容俊更加忌妒(du)慕(mu)容垂，下詔將(jiang)其召還。

升(sheng)平元年（前燕(yan)光壽(shou)元年，357年），前燕(yan)發兵(bing)進攻塞北(bei)（長城(cheng)以北(bei)）敕(chi)勒(le)(le)(le)。敕(chi)勒(le)(le)(le)，又(you)名丁零，高車。魏(wei)晉南北(bei)朝時，大(da)批敕(chi)勒(le)(le)(le)人(ren)入塞與其他少(shao)數(shu)民族雜(za)居，留居漠北(bei)草原(yuan)的敕(chi)勒(le)(le)(le)則在四世(shi)紀日益強(qiang)大(da)，不斷侵擾(rao)中原(yuan)。前燕(yan)入居中原(yuan)后，經常遭到敕(chi)勒(le)(le)(le)人(ren)襲擾(rao)。同(tong)年五月，慕容(rong)俊派遣慕容(rong)垂（時為撫軍(jun)(jun)(jun)將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)）與中軍(jun)(jun)(jun)將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)慕容(rong)虔、護軍(jun)(jun)(jun)將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)平熙率步騎8萬進軍(jun)(jun)(jun)塞北(bei)，攻敕(chi)勒(le)(le)(le)，大(da)敗(bai)之(zhi)，俘(fu)斬(zhan)達10余萬人(ren)，獲馬(ma)13萬匹、牛羊(yang)無數(shu)。北(bei)部邊(bian)境復安。

為兄所忌

升平(ping)二(er)年(nian)（358年(nian)），慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)娶段末柸女段氏，段氏生子慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶。段氏才高性烈(lie)，與(yu)皇(huang)后(hou)可(ke)(ke)足渾(hun)(hun)氏不(bu)(bu)(bu)睦，皇(huang)后(hou)引以(yi)為(wei)(wei)恨。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)俊(jun)向來對慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)滿，時有人(ren)奉可(ke)(ke)足渾(hun)(hun)之令(ling)告段氏及(ji)吳國(guo)典書(shu)令(ling)遼東高弼為(wei)(wei)巫蠱，想(xiang)借(jie)此(ci)把慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)牽連進來。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)俊(jun)將段氏及(ji)高弼下獄(yu)，進行拷問。但二(er)人(ren)“志氣確然(ran)，終無撓辭”（《晉書(shu)·慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載(zai)(zai)記(ji)》）。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)心痛，暗中(zhong)派人(ren)對段氏說：“人(ren)生會(hui)當一死(si)，何(he)堪(kan)楚毒(du)如此(ci)！不(bu)(bu)(bu)若引服。”段氏嘆息道：“吾豈(qi)愛(ai)死(si)者耶！若自誣以(yi)惡(e)(e)逆，上辱祖(zu)宗，下累于王(wang)，固不(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)也！”（《晉書(shu)·慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載(zai)(zai)記(ji)》）后(hou)段氏死(si)于獄(yu)中(zhong)，而慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)也因此(ci)得免。出平(ping)州刺(ci)史，鎮遼東。并(bing)以(yi)段氏之妹為(wei)(wei)繼室，皇(huang)后(hou)又將其黜之，并(bing)將其妹嫁(jia)與(yu)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)心中(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)滿，這使他與(yu)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)俊(jun)關(guan)系更加(jia)惡(e)(e)劣。

升平(ping)三年（359年）十二月，慕容俊病危，召慕容垂回(hui)鄴城（今河北臨漳(zhang)西(xi)南）。

升平四年（360年）正月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)俊病(bing)逝，太(tai)子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐即位。二月(yue)，尊可足渾后(hou)(hou)(hou)為(wei)(wei)皇太(tai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，以太(tai)原王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)為(wei)(wei)太(tai)宰，專(zhuan)錄朝政；上庸王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評為(wei)(wei)太(tai)傅，陽騖為(wei)(wei)太(tai)保，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根(gen)為(wei)(wei)太(tai)師(shi)，參輔朝政。時慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根(gen)自恃(shi)先朝元勛，心不服慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)，舉(ju)動倨(ju)傲。時太(tai)后(hou)(hou)(hou)可足渾氏也頗干預外事。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根(gen)想(xiang)要謀反(fan)，便(bian)勸(quan)(quan)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)一起(qi)謀反(fan)，遭到拒絕。后(hou)(hou)(hou)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)將此事告之于(yu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)便(bian)勸(quan)(quan)其誅(zhu)殺(sha)(sha)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根(gen)，但慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)以大局為(wei)(wei)重(zhong)，沒有同意。后(hou)(hou)(hou)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根(gen)密謀誅(zhu)殺(sha)(sha)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評，二人聞后(hou)(hou)(hou)，遂(sui)將慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根(gen)誅(zhu)殺(sha)(sha)。三月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)以慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)為(wei)(wei)使持節、征南(nan)將軍(jun)、都督河南(nan)諸軍(jun)事、兗州(zhou)牧、荊州(zhou)刺史，鎮梁(liang)國之蠡臺。

興寧三(san)年（365年）二月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂隨慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)共(gong)攻洛陽(yang)。三(san)月，克(ke)之，俘殺揚武(wu)將(jiang)(jiang)軍沈勁。隨即慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)略地至崤、澠(min)，關中大(da)震，秦王苻(fu)堅屯陜城以防燕軍。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)以慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂為都督荊、揚、洛、徐、兗、豫、雍、益(yi)、涼、秦十州諸軍事(shi)、征南大(da)將(jiang)(jiang)軍、荊州牧，配兵一萬，鎮魯陽(yang)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂變(bian)現出來(lai)的軍事(shi)才能大(da)為驚奇，甚為倚重(zhong)。后慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)病重(zhong)，深慮(lv)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐手中無(wu)權，而慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評又(you)多猜忌(ji)。五月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)病逝，臨終前(qian)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐親臨問以后事(shi)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)再次向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐推薦(jian)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂。

枋頭大捷

慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪病死后，太(tai)和四年（前(qian)燕(yan)建熙(xi)十年，369年）四月，東(dong)(dong)(dong)晉(jin)(jin)大司馬(ma)桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)親(qin)率(lv)(lv)步騎5萬(wan)開始(shi)北伐前(qian)燕(yan)（參見晉(jin)(jin)攻前(qian)燕(yan)之(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)）。東(dong)(dong)(dong)晉(jin)(jin)建威將軍(jun)檀玄攻克湖陸(lu)（今山(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)魚臺(tai)東(dong)(dong)(dong)南），俘燕(yan)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)忠。前(qian)燕(yan)下邳王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)厲為(wei)征討(tao)大都(dou)(dou)督(du)和晉(jin)(jin)軍(jun)戰(zhan)(zhan)于黃墟（今河(he)南開封東(dong)(dong)(dong)），燕(yan)軍(jun)大敗，燕(yan)高平太(tai)守徐(xu)翻舉郡(jun)降晉(jin)(jin)。晉(jin)(jin)鄧遐(xia)和朱(zhu)序又(you)打(da)敗燕(yan)將傅顏。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)暐(wei)(wei)于是派散騎常侍李(li)鳳去前(qian)秦(qin)求援。七(qi)月，桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)進駐武陽（今山(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)莘縣東(dong)(dong)(dong)南），前(qian)燕(yan)孫元率(lv)(lv)宗族起兵響應，桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)到(dao)達枋(fang)頭(tou)（今河(he)南浚(jun)縣西南）。東(dong)(dong)(dong)晉(jin)(jin)大軍(jun)連戰(zhan)(zhan)連勝，使慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)暐(wei)(wei)和太(tai)傅慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評十分恐懼(ju)，商議欲(yu)逃(tao)故(gu)都(dou)(dou)和龍（今遼寧朝(chao)陽）。這時，吳王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)請求率(lv)(lv)兵抗晉(jin)(jin)，他說：“不(bu)然(ran)。臣請擊之(zhi)，若戰(zhan)(zhan)不(bu)捷，走未晚也。”（《晉(jin)(jin)書·慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)暐(wei)(wei)載記》）慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)暐(wei)(wei)以(yi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)代替慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)臧為(wei)南討(tao)大都(dou)(dou)督(du)，率(lv)(lv)征南將軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德等5萬(wan)步騎抵御桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)。

慕容暐又派散(san)騎侍郎樂(le)嵩往(wang)前秦(qin)求(qiu)救(jiu)，并答應以割，讓虎牢（今(jin)河南(nan)滎(ying)陽西北汜水(shui)鎮）以西的土(tu)地給(gei)秦(qin)為條(tiao)件。前秦(qin)王苻堅召集群臣商議，采納王猛先援(yuan)弱擊強，后再乘(cheng)燕衰而取的建議。八月，派將軍(jun)茍池(chi)和洛州(zhou)刺史鄧羌率領步騎2萬救(jiu)援(yuan)前燕。援(yuan)軍(jun)從秦(qin)洛州(zhou)（今(jin)河南(nan)）出(chu)發，出(chu)洛陽進屯潁川（今(jin)河南(nan)許(xu)昌東），又派散(san)騎侍郎姜撫去燕國(guo)報信。

桓溫(wen)(wen)(wen)接連失利，糧草(cao)中斷，又聽(ting)說(shuo)(shuo)前秦援兵(bing)將要到達(da)，遂(sui)(sui)下令焚燒戰船(chuan)，丟下輜(zi)重、鎧(kai)仗，率(lv)軍從(cong)陸路(lu)撤(che)回。桓溫(wen)(wen)(wen)從(cong)東燕(yan)（治(zhi)今(jin)河南汲(ji)縣(xian)東南）出發，撤(che)退(tui)(tui)途中恐(kong)前燕(yan)追兵(bing)在(zai)上(shang)游放毒，命士(shi)卒鑿井取水飲(yin)用，這樣(yang)一(yi)直行走了700里。前燕(yan)諸將爭欲追擊(ji)(ji)，慕容垂(chui)說(shuo)(shuo)：“不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)。溫(wen)(wen)(wen)初退(tui)(tui)惶恐(kong)，必(bi)(bi)嚴設警備，簡精銳(rui)為后拒，擊(ji)(ji)之未(wei)必(bi)(bi)得志，不(bu)(bu)(bu)如緩之。彼幸吾(wu)未(wei)至，必(bi)(bi)晝夜疾趨；俟(si)其士(shi)眾力盡氣衰(shuai)，然后擊(ji)(ji)之，無不(bu)(bu)(bu)克矣。”（《資治(zhi)通鑒·卷第一(yi)百二》）于(yu)(yu)是，慕容垂(chui)親率(lv)騎(qi)兵(bing)8000尾隨(sui)桓溫(wen)(wen)(wen)軍行進。桓溫(wen)(wen)(wen)果(guo)然加速退(tui)(tui)兵(bing)，幾天以后，慕容垂(chui)告諸將曰：“溫(wen)(wen)(wen)可(ke)擊(ji)(ji)矣。”（《資治(zhi)通鑒·卷第一(yi)百二》）遂(sui)(sui)令諸將急(ji)進，在(zai)襄邑（今(jin)河南睢縣(xian)）追上(shang)桓溫(wen)(wen)(wen)。慕容德先率(lv)領4000名(ming)精銳(rui)騎(qi)兵(bing)埋伏于(yu)(yu)襄邑東澗中，和(he)慕容垂(chui)東西夾(jia)擊(ji)(ji)桓溫(wen)(wen)(wen)，大敗晉軍，斬首3萬人(ren)。

時(shi)秦將茍池又于譙郡截(jie)擊桓(huan)溫，晉軍死(si)者復以(yi)萬計。晉將孫元據守武(wu)陽抵抗(kang)燕(yan)軍，被燕(yan)左(zuo)衛(wei)將軍孟高(gao)擒獲(huo)。十月，天氣漸冷，桓(huan)溫收集余(yu)眾，屯于山陽（今江蘇淮安(an)）。至(zhi)此(ci)，桓(huan)溫攻燕(yan)以(yi)失敗告終。

出奔前秦

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)大敗桓(huan)溫(wen)，威名大振，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)是又忌又恨。后(hou)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)提出獎勵麾(hui)下將士，但被慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評壓住不(bu)報。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)大為(wei)不(bu)滿，與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評相爭。太后(hou)可足渾(hun)氏素恨慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)，遂毀其戰(zhan)功(gong)，與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評相謀，欲殺慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪之(zhi)子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷及慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)舅蘭(lan)建知(zhi)道后(hou)，告訴(su)(su)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)說(shuo)：“先(xian)發(fa)制人，但除評及樂安王(wang)臧，馀無能為(wei)矣。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)心中不(bu)忍，說(shuo)：“骨肉相殘而首亂于國(guo)，吾有(you)死而已，不(bu)忍為(wei)也。”（《資治通鑒·卷第(di)一(yi)百(bai)二(er)》）不(bu)久，二(er)人又告訴(su)(su)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)說(shuo)：“內意已決，不(bu)可不(bu)早(zao)發(fa)。” 慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)說(shuo)：“必不(bu)可彌(mi)縫，吾寧避之(zhi)于外，馀非所(suo)議。”（《資治通鑒·卷第(di)一(yi)百(bai)二(er)》）

慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)心(xin)中憂(you)慮，未敢將(jiang)此事(shi)告訴(su)諸子(zi)，同時(shi)(shi)也是怕引起諸子(zi)的騷(sao)動。世(shi)子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)說：“尊比者(zhe)如(ru)(ru)有憂(you)色，豈非以(yi)(yi)主(zhu)(zhu)上幼沖，太傅疾賢，功高望重，愈見(jian)猜(cai)邪(xie)？”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)說：“然。吾(wu)竭力(li)致命以(yi)(yi)破強寇，本欲保(bao)全家國，豈知功成之后，返令(ling)身無所容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)。汝既知吾(wu)心(xin)，何以(yi)(yi)為吾(wu)謀？”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)說：“主(zhu)(zhu)上暗(an)弱，委(wei)任太傅，一旦禍發，疾于駭機。今欲保(bao)族全身，不(bu)(bu)失大義，莫若逃之龍城，遜辭謝罪(zui)，以(yi)(yi)待主(zhu)(zhu)上之察，若周(zhou)公(gong)之居東，庶幾可以(yi)(yi)感寤而(er)得還(huan)，此幸之大者(zhe)也。如(ru)(ru)其(qi)不(bu)(bu)然，則內撫燕、代(dai)，外懷群(qun)夷，守肥如(ru)(ru)之險以(yi)(yi)自保(bao)，亦其(qi)次也。”（《資治通鑒(jian)·卷第(di)一百二》）慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)覺(jue)得這個(ge)辦法很(hen)好，遂同意。十一月，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)以(yi)(yi)打獵(lie)為由，微服出鄴，準備回(hui)故都龍城。到邯鄲時(shi)(shi)，卻出了意外，幼子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟向來不(bu)(bu)為慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)所寵愛，便向慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評告狀(zhuang)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)左右也多有離去。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評知道(dao)后，在慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐面(mian)前盡(jin)說慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)壞話，遂派西平(ping)公(gong)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)強率精(jing)騎追(zhui)之，到范陽（今北京）時(shi)(shi)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)派慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)斷后，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)強不(bu)(bu)敢追(zhui)趕。時(shi)(shi)天將(jiang)晚慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)對慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)說：“本欲保(bao)東都以(yi)(yi)自全，今事(shi)已泄，謀不(bu)(bu)及設。秦主(zhu)(zhu)方招延英杰，不(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)往歸之。”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)說：“如(ru)(ru)今之計，舍此安之。”（《資治通鑒(jian)·卷第(di)一百二》）

慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)“乃散騎(qi)滅跡，傍(bang)南山(shan)復還鄴，隱于趙之(zhi)顯原(yuan)陵”（《資治(zhi)通鑒·卷第一(yi)百二》）。又(you)殺白馬以祭天。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)令對慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)說：“太傅(fu)忌(ji)賢(xian)疾(ji)能(neng)，構事(shi)以來，人(ren)尤忿恨。今鄴城(cheng)之(zhi)中，莫知尊處，如(ru)(ru)嬰兒之(zhi)思母(mu)，夷、夏同之(zhi)。若順眾心，襲其無備，取之(zhi)如(ru)(ru)指掌耳。事(shi)定之(zhi)后，革弊簡能(neng)，大匡朝(chao)政(zheng)，以輔主(zhu)上，安國存家，功之(zhi)大者也(ye)。現(xian)今之(zhi)便，誠不可(ke)(ke)失(shi)，愿(yuan)給騎(qi)數(shu)人(ren)，足(zu)以辦之(zhi)。”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)說：“如(ru)(ru)汝之(zhi)謀，事(shi)成(cheng)誠為(wei)大福，不成(cheng)悔(hui)之(zhi)何及！不如(ru)(ru)西奔(ben)，可(ke)(ke)以萬全。”（《資治(zhi)通鑒·卷第一(yi)百二》）慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)遂(sui)率(lv)部西行，至河陽(yang)，斬(zhan)津吏而渡。遂(sui)自洛(luo)陽(yang)與(yu)段夫人(ren)，子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)令、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)隆，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪之(zhi)子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷，舅(jiu)蘭(lan)建，郎中令高弼一(yi)起投奔(ben)前秦，只留可(ke)(ke)足(zu)渾氏于鄴。乙泉戌主(zhu)吳歸率(lv)兵追擊，被慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)令擊退。

自(zi)(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容恪(ke)死后，前秦王苻堅(jian)便有伐燕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意，但一直未成，一是(shi)因內(nei)亂，二(er)是(shi)忌憚慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)威名。苻堅(jian)聞慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)來(lai)歸(gui)，大(da)喜，親自(zi)(zi)到(dao)郊(jiao)外迎(ying)接，執(zhi)其手(shou)說：“天(tian)(tian)生賢杰，必相與共成大(da)功，此自(zi)(zi)然之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)數也。要當與卿共定天(tian)(tian)下，告成岱宗，然后還卿本(ben)邦，世封幽州，使卿去國不失(shi)為子之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)孝，歸(gui)朕不失(shi)事君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)忠，不亦(yi)美(mei)乎！”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)感謝地說：“羈旅之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)臣(chen)，免罪(zui)為幸。本(ben)邦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)榮(rong)，非所敢(gan)望！”（《資治通(tong)鑒·卷第(di)一百二(er)》）苻堅(jian)愛慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容令及慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容楷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)才，皆厚(hou)相待，賞賜巨萬，每次進見，都屬(shu)目(mu)觀之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。關中士(shi)民素(su)聞慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)父(fu)子名，皆向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

秦相(xiang)王猛(meng)深知(zhi)慕容垂(chui)有(you)雄略，怕將(jiang)來(lai)引以為患(huan)，便對(dui)苻(fu)堅說(shuo)：“慕容垂(chui)，燕(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)戚屬，世雄東夏，寬(kuan)仁惠下，恩結(jie)士庶，燕(yan)、趙(zhao)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)咸(xian)有(you)奉(feng)戴之(zhi)(zhi)意。觀其(qi)(qi)才略，權智無方，兼其(qi)(qi)諸(zhu)子明毅有(you)干藝(yi)，人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)杰也。蛟龍猛(meng)獸，非可馴之(zhi)(zhi)物，不如(ru)除之(zhi)(zhi)。”苻(fu)堅未從，說(shuo)：“吾(wu)方以義致英(ying)豪，建不世之(zhi)(zhi)功。且(qie)其(qi)(qi)初(chu)至(zhi)，吾(wu)告之(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)誠，今而害之(zhi)(zhi)，人(ren)將(jiang)謂我何！”（《晉書·苻(fu)堅載記》）并以慕容垂(chui)為冠軍將(jiang)軍，封賓(bin)都侯，食(shi)華陰五百(bai)戶。

時前燕(yan)綱頹(tui)紀紊(wen)，日益腐敗。桓溫攻燕(yan)結束(shu)后，前燕(yan)反悔食言，未將(jiang)虎牢（今河南滎陽西北汜水(shui)鎮）以西土(tu)地割讓給前秦，前秦遂以此為(wei)借(jie)口(kou)，于十一月派(pai)王猛統將(jiang)軍梁成(cheng)、鄧羌等率(lv)步(bu)騎3萬(wan)，進(jin)攻前燕(yan)（參見前秦滅前燕(yan)之戰），并以慕容令為(wei)參軍，充當(dang)向(xiang)導。

慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)令逃回(hui)前燕后，因(yin)忽(hu)叛忽(hu)歸，而慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)又無恙，反而受到(dao)(dao)猜疑。燕廷(ting)將(jiang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)令變相發配，派到(dao)(dao)極北的(de)沙(sha)城去戍守，嚴加監視(shi)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)令欲在(zai)沙(sha)城聯絡舊部(bu)，準(zhun)備起事，又被(bei)(bei)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)麟告了密，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)令被(bei)(bei)誅殺。（參見金刀(dao)計）

太和四年(nian)(nian)（369年(nian)(nian)）十(shi)一(yi)月，王猛滅前(qian)燕(yan)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)隨苻(fu)(fu)堅入鄴，收集(ji)諸子(zi)，相對(dui)而(er)哭。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)見(jian)燕(yan)公卿大(da)夫及故(gu)時僚吏，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)想起當(dang)年(nian)(nian)的(de)窘迫(po)，有不(bu)悅之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)色。前(qian)郎(lang)中(zhong)令高(gao)弼暗中(zhong)對(dui)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)曰：“大(da)王以命世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)姿，遭無妄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)運，迍邅凄伏(fu)，艱亦至(zhi)矣(yi)。天啟嘉(jia)會(hui)，靈(ling)命暫(zan)遷，此乃鴻漸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始(shi)，龍變之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初，深愿(yuan)仁(ren)慈有以慰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。且夫高(gao)世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)略必懷(huai)遺(yi)俗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)規，方當(dang)網(wang)漏吞舟(zhou)，以弘苞養之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義(yi)；收納舊臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)胄，以成為(wei)山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功，奈何以一(yi)怒捐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)？竊(qie)為(wei)大(da)王不(bu)取。”（《晉書·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)載記(ji)》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)深納其言(yan)。但慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)對(dui)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)(ping)卻怨(yuan)氣難消，咸安二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)（372）二(er)(er)月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)便(bian)對(dui)苻(fu)(fu)堅說(shuo)：“臣叔(shu)父評(ping)(ping)，燕(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)惡來輩也，不(bu)宜復污(wu)圣(sheng)朝，愿(yuan)陛下為(wei)燕(yan)戮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”但苻(fu)(fu)堅未同意(yi)，還讓慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)(ping)為(wei)范陽太守，前(qian)燕(yan)諸王也悉補邊郡。

時苻(fu)堅已(yi)統一(yi)中國(guo)北方大部，而鮮卑人(ren)(ren)(ren)的勢力也逐漸增大，這引起了一(yi)些氐族貴族的不(bu)安(an)，寧康二年(nian)（373年(nian)），有彗(hui)星出現(xian)，太史令張孟認(ren)為不(bu)詳，便對苻(fu)堅說：“彗(hui)起尾(wei)箕，而掃東井，此(ci)燕(yan)滅秦之象。”（《晉書(shu)·苻(fu)堅載記(ji)》）并勸苻(fu)堅誅殺慕容(rong)(rong)氏，苻(fu)堅未從(cong)。并以慕容(rong)(rong)暐為尚書(shu)，慕容(rong)(rong)垂為京兆尹，慕容(rong)(rong)沖為平陽太守。寧康二年(nian)（374年(nian)）十(shi)二月，也許(xu)是(shi)處(chu)于王猛或者苻(fu)氏重臣(chen)的授(shou)意，社會上謠言四起，說鮮卑人(ren)(ren)(ren)圖謀復國(guo)。甚至有人(ren)(ren)(ren)闖(chuang)入明光殿大呼(hu)：“甲申乙酉(you)，魚羊(yang)(yang)（魚羊(yang)(yang)即為鮮卑的鮮字）食人(ren)(ren)(ren)，悲哉無復遺。”（《晉書(shu)·苻(fu)堅載記(ji)》）秘(mi)書(shu)監朱(zhu)肜(rong)、秘(mi)書(shu)侍(shi)郎(lang)略陽趙整等乘機請(qing)苻(fu)堅誅殺諸(zhu)鮮卑人(ren)(ren)(ren)，但(dan)苻(fu)堅未聽。慕容(rong)(rong)垂再逃(tao)一(yi)劫。

慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)及(ji)鮮卑人就這(zhe)樣如履薄冰般(ban)的(de)(de)過了(le)幾年(nian)，至到寧康二年(nian)（375）七月，王猛(meng)(meng)病(bing)逝，才得(de)以解脫(tuo)。王猛(meng)(meng)的(de)(de)死(si)(si)，對苻堅是個很大的(de)(de)打擊。當時(shi)在前秦雖處(chu)于(yu)(yu)鼎(ding)盛時(shi)期，但鼎(ding)盛的(de)(de)后面(mian)，卻(que)潛伏著社(she)會(hui)危(wei)(wei)機。王猛(meng)(meng)死(si)(si)后不久，前秦的(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)危(wei)(wei)機逐(zhu)漸暴露出來了(le)。太元元年(nian)（376），陽平國(guo)常侍慕容(rong)(rong)紹覺察到這(zhe)種變化，對其兄(xiong)慕容(rong)(rong)楷說(shuo)(shuo)：“秦恃(shi)其強大，務勝不休，北戍云中，南守蜀、漢(han)，轉運萬里，道殣相望。兵疲于(yu)(yu)外，民困(kun)于(yu)(yu)內，危(wei)(wei)亡近矣。冠軍叔（慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)）仁智(zhi)度英(ying)拔，必能恢(hui)復燕祚，吾屬(shu)但當愛身以待時(shi)耳！”（《資治通鑒·卷(juan)第一百四》）太元二年(nian)（377），慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)子慕容(rong)(rong)農也暗中對慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)說(shuo)(shuo)：“自王猛(meng)(meng)之死(si)(si)，秦之法制，日以頹靡(mi)，今又(you)重之以奢侈，殃(yang)將(jiang)至矣，圖讖(chen)之言，行當有驗。大王宜結納英(ying)杰以承(cheng)天(tian)意，時(shi)不可失也！”慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)此(ci)時(shi)已有此(ci)意，為防外泄，便(bian)笑(xiao)著說(shuo)(shuo)：“天(tian)下事非爾所(suo)及(ji)”。

太元三年（378年），苻堅為實現統一中國的愿望，在滅(mie)涼(liang)、并代，解后(hou)(hou)顧之憂后(hou)(hou)，又經一年的休整，開始(shi)對(dui)東晉用(yong)兵。二月，苻堅派征(zheng)(zheng)南大(da)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、都督(du)征(zheng)(zheng)討諸(zhu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事、長樂(le)公苻丕(pi)和武(wu)(wu)衛將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)茍萇、尚書慕容(rong)暐(wei)率(lv)(lv)步騎7萬進攻(gong)東晉襄(xiang)陽，并以荊州(zhou)刺吏楊安率(lv)(lv)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)作為先鋒(feng)。征(zheng)(zheng)虜將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)石越率(lv)(lv)精(jing)騎1萬出魯陽關（今河南平(ping)頂山西(xi)）；領軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)茍池、右將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)毛當(dang)、強弩將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)王顯率(lv)(lv)4萬人出武(wu)(wu)當(dang)（今湖北丹江口市西(xi)北）；而京(jing)兆(zhao)尹慕容(rong)垂則(ze)與揚武(wu)(wu)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)姚萇率(lv)(lv)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)5萬出南鄉（今河南浙川西(xi)南）攻(gong)南陽，各軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)會攻(gong)襄(xiang)陽（今屬湖北）。

由于晉軍(jun)襄(xiang)(xiang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)守將(jiang)朱序頑強(qiang)防御，致秦軍(jun)久攻(gong)不下(xia)。后慕容垂攻(gong)克(ke)了南陽(yang)(yang)(yang)（今屬河(he)南），與苻丕會(hui)于襄(xiang)(xiang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)。襄(xiang)(xiang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)久攻(gong)不下(xia)，前秦朝野嘩然(ran)。十二月(yue)，苻堅派(pai)黃門(men)侍郎(lang)韋華(hua)持節見苻丕，賜給(gei)他(ta)一把劍(jian)，如果來年春天仍攻(gong)不下(xia)襄(xiang)(xiang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)，令(ling)其自(zi)殺(sha)。次(ci)年正月(yue)，苻丕在苻堅催逼(bi)下(xia)，命諸軍(jun)全力攻(gong)襄(xiang)(xiang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)。三月(yue)初(chu)六，克(ke)襄(xiang)(xiang)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)，俘朱序。苻堅沒殺(sha)朱序，以(yi)其為度支尚書。

太元七年（382年）十月，前秦王苻(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)在(zai)長安（今(jin)西安西北）與群(qun)臣商議(yi)進(jin)攻(gong)東晉(jin)的事宜。苻(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)此(ci)時躊躇滿志，他(ta)認為(wei)(wei)前秦可(ke)以(yi)動員(yuan)97萬(wan)大(da)軍，并(bing)準備親自(zi)出(chu)討，以(yi)統一(yi)天下(xia)，朝(chao)(chao)臣多(duo)反對。苻(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)本來還是比較(jiao)能夠(gou)納諫的，但在(zai)伐晉(jin)這個問(wen)題上，變得(de)異常(chang)固執，聽(ting)不(bu)進(jin)任(ren)何(he)不(bu)同意見。后來，雖然太子苻(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)宏、釋道安、寵妃張夫人(ren)、愛子苻(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)詵以(yi)及朝(chao)(chao)中許(xu)多(duo)大(da)臣都一(yi)再進(jin)諫，但苻(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)主意既定，不(bu)為(wei)(wei)所動。時慕容垂(chui)已有(you)二心(xin)，便力主苻(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)攻(gong)晉(jin)，他(ta)對苻(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)說：“弱(ruo)并(bing)于強(qiang)，小(xiao)并(bing)于大(da)，此(ci)理(li)勢自(zi)然，非難知也。以(yi)陛下(xia)神武(wu)應(ying)期，威(wei)加海(hai)外，虎旅(lv)百(bai)(bai)萬(wan)，韓、白滿朝(chao)(chao)，而蕞(zui)爾江南，獨(du)違王命，豈可(ke)復留之(zhi)以(yi)遺子孫哉！《詩(shi)》云：‘謀(mou)夫孔多(duo)，是用不(bu)集(ji)。’陛下(xia)斷自(zi)圣心(xin)足矣(yi)，何(he)必廣詢朝(chao)(chao)眾！晉(jin)武(wu)平吳，所仗者張、杜二三臣而已，若從朝(chao)(chao)眾之(zhi)言，豈有(you)混壹之(zhi)功乎！”苻(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)聞后大(da)悅，說：“與吾共定天下(xia)者，獨(du)卿而已。”（《資治通鑒·卷第一(yi)百(bai)(bai)四(si)》）并(bing)賜帛五百(bai)(bai)匹。

慕容垂東走

慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)逃出(chu)樊籠，如魚得水(shui)。而權翼(yi)則(ze)秘密派(pai)兵(bing)在慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)經過(guo)的橋下埋(mai)伏(fu)，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)已起疑心(xin)，自涼馬臺扎草筏渡河而去。十二月(yue)，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)至安陽，派(pai)參軍田(tian)山拿信去見(jian)鎮守鄴城的長樂公(gong)苻(fu)丕。苻(fu)丕聞慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)北來(lai)，雖懷疑其欲叛(pan)秦(qin)，但(dan)仍然(ran)前去迎接。趙秋(qiu)勸慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)乘機殺死(si)苻(fu)丕，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)自己羽翼(yi)未豐，沒有(you)同意。而苻(fu)丕也想殺死(si)慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)，后侍郎天水(shui)姜讓(rang)勸阻說(shuo)：“垂(chui)(chui)(chui)反形未著，而明(ming)公(gong)擅殺之，非臣子之義；不如待(dai)以上賓之禮，嚴兵(bing)衛(wei)之，密表情狀(zhuang)，聽敕而后圖(tu)之。”苻(fu)丕認(ren)(ren)為(wei)姜讓(rang)之言有(you)理。

苻(fu)丕(pi)讓慕(mu)容垂住在鄴西，并與其相見，慕(mu)容垂將(jiang)兵敗之(zhi)事詳細告訴了(le)苻(fu)丕(pi)。苻(fu)丕(pi)走后，慕(mu)容垂與前(qian)燕(yan)舊(jiu)臣暗(an)中聯系，準備重建(jian)燕(yan)國。時(shi)洛陽附近(jin)的丁零(ling)人(ren)翟(zhai)斌(bin)起(qi)兵叛秦，準備攻豫州(zhou)牧、平原公(gong)苻(fu)暉于洛陽，翟(zhai)斌(bin)部(bu)中有大批的前(qian)燕(yan)人(ren)，苻(fu)堅便派慕(mu)容垂前(qian)去(qu)平叛。

慕容(rong)垂(chui)想入鄴城(cheng)參拜(bai)宗廟，苻(fu)丕(pi)不(bu)許，慕容(rong)垂(chui)著便服入城(cheng)，但被(bei)亭吏阻攔。慕容(rong)垂(chui)大(da)怒，殺(sha)吏燒亭而去。石越對(dui)苻(fu)丕(pi)說(shuo)：“垂(chui)之(zhi)在(zai)燕(yan)，破國亂(luan)家，及投命(ming)圣(sheng)朝，蒙超常之(zhi)遇，忽敢輕侮方鎮(zhen)，殺(sha)吏焚亭，反形已露(lu)，終為(wei)亂(luan)階。將老(lao)兵(bing)疲，可(ke)襲(xi)而取之(zhi)矣。”苻(fu)丕(pi)優柔寡(gua)斷(duan)，說(shuo)：“淮南(nan)之(zhi)敗，眾散親離，而垂(chui)侍衛圣(sheng)躬，誠不(bu)可(ke)忘。”石越又說(shuo)：“垂(chui)既不(bu)忠(zhong)于(yu)燕(yan)，其肯盡忠(zhong)于(yu)我乎！且其亡虜(lu)也，主上寵同功舊，不(bu)能銘(ming)澤(ze)誓忠(zhong)，而首謀(mou)為(wei)亂(luan)，今不(bu)擊(ji)之(zhi)，必為(wei)后害。”（《晉書·慕容(rong)垂(chui)載記》）苻(fu)丕(pi)未從。石越出來后對(dui)別人說(shuo)：“公父子(zi)好存小仁，不(bu)顧天(tian)下(xia)大(da)計，吾屬終當為(wei)鮮卑虜(lu)矣。”（《晉書·慕容(rong)垂(chui)載記》）

慕容(rong)(rong)垂留(liu)慕容(rong)(rong)農、慕容(rong)(rong)楷、慕容(rong)(rong)紹于(yu)鄴城，行至安(an)陽湯池，閔亮、李毘自鄴城趕來，將苻丕與苻飛龍(long)之言告訴了慕容(rong)(rong)垂。慕容(rong)(rong)垂乘機以此激怒(nu)其眾，說(shuo)：“吾(wu)盡(jin)忠于(yu)苻氏，而彼專欲圖吾(wu)父(fu)子，吾(wu)雖欲已，得乎(hu)？”（《資治通鑒·卷第(di)一百五》）于(yu)是便(bian)以兵少為由，于(yu)河內募兵，幾(ji)天時間便(bian)達至8000人。

平原公苻(fu)暉遣使責備慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂，讓其(qi)趕(gan)緊(jin)進(jin)兵，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂便(bian)對苻(fu)飛(fei)(fei)龍(long)說：“今寇賊(zei)不遠(yuan)，當晝止夜(ye)(ye)行，襲其(qi)不意。”（《資(zi)治通鑒·卷第一(yi)百五》）苻(fu)飛(fei)(fei)龍(long)覺得有理，便(bian)同(tong)意了(le)。一(yi)日夜(ye)(ye)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂派慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)率(lv)兵居前(qian)(qian)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)隆率(lv)兵跟隨自(zi)己，并(bing)把氐兵分散編(bian)入隊伍，并(bing)與慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)擊(ji)鼓為號，一(yi)起(qi)動手。半(ban)夜(ye)(ye)，鼓聲響，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂部前(qian)(qian)后合擊(ji)，全(quan)殲擊(ji)苻(fu)飛(fei)(fei)龍(long)與氐兵。并(bing)給(gei)苻(fu)堅寫信，告(gao)訴(su)其(qi)殺苻(fu)飛(fei)(fei)龍(long)的原因。

當(dang)初(chu)，其子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟曾告發慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)投秦(qin)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)一怒之(zhi)(zhi)下殺(sha)其母，但未忍(ren)心(xin)殺(sha)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟。時殺(sha)苻飛龍，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟屢(lv)獻計謀(mou)，啟發慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)非常高興(xing)，遂(sui)待其諸子(zi)一樣。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鳳(feng)及前燕舊臣之(zhi)(zhi)子(zi)燕郡王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)騰、遼西段(duan)延(yan)等(deng)聞翟(zhai)斌起兵，各帥其部前去(qu)歸附。平原公苻暉使武平武侯毛(mao)(mao)當(dang)去(qu)討(tao)伐(fa)翟(zhai)斌。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鳳(feng)說(shuo)：“鳳(feng)今(jin)將(jiang)雪先王之(zhi)(zhi)恥(chi)，請為(wei)斬此氐奴(nu)。”（《資治通鑒·卷第一百五》）遂(sui)出(chu)兵擊毛(mao)(mao)當(dang)，大(da)敗(bai)秦(qin)兵，斬毛(mao)(mao)當(dang)。 癸(gui)未，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)渡河(he)(he)(he)焚橋，已(yi)有(you)(you)兵3萬人，下令說(shuo)：“吾本(ben)外假秦(qin)聲(sheng)，內(nei)規興(xing)復。亂法者軍有(you)(you)常刑，奉命者賞(shang)不逾日，天下既(ji)定，封爵有(you)(you)差，不相(xiang)負也。”（《晉(jin)書(shu)·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載記》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)留遼東鮮卑可足(zu)渾潭集兵于河(he)(he)(he)內(nei)的(de)沙(sha)城，派田山至(zhi)鄴城，將(jiang)起兵之(zhi)(zhi)事告之(zhi)(zhi)于慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農等(deng)，讓其起兵相(xiang)應。時天色已(yi)晚，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農與(yu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷留宿(su)鄴城，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹先出(chu)城至(zhi)蒲池，盜符丕駿馬(ma)數百匹，等(deng)候慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農與(yu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷。月末，二人率數十騎微服出(chu)鄴城與(yu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹會合，逃往列人（今(jin)河(he)(he)(he)北邯鄲市東）。

太(tai)元九(jiu)年(nian)（384年(nian)）正月，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鳳、王騰、段延(yan)皆勸(quan)翟(zhai)斌(bin)奉慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)為盟主，翟(zhai)斌(bin)從之。時慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)欲襲(xi)洛陽，不(bu)(bu)知翟(zhai)斌(bin)來降是真是假，便(bian)(bian)拒之，說：“吾父子寄命(ming)秦朝，危而獲濟(ji)，荷主上(shang)不(bu)(bu)世(shi)之恩，蒙更生(sheng)之惠，雖曰君(jun)臣，義(yi)深父子，豈可因其小隙，便(bian)(bian)懷(huai)二三。吾本救豫州，不(bu)(bu)赴君(jun)等，何為斯議(yi)而及于我？”（《晉書·慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)載記》）慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)至(zhi)洛陽，平原公符(fu)暉聞其殺苻飛(fei)龍，閉(bi)門(men)拒守(shou)。翟(zhai)斌(bin)見慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)對自(zi)己(ji)不(bu)(bu)來歸(gui)(gui)有懷(huai)疑，便(bian)(bian)派長史郭通前去勸(quan)說慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)還是不(bu)(bu)信(xin)(xin)，后郭通說：“將(jiang)軍(jun)所以(yi)拒通者，豈非(fei)(fei)以(yi)翟(zhai)斌(bin)兄弟山野異類，無(wu)奇(qi)才遠略，必(bi)無(wu)所成故邪？獨不(bu)(bu)念將(jiang)軍(jun)現今(jin)憑之，可以(yi)濟(ji)大業乎？”（《資(zi)治通鑒(jian)·卷第一百五》）慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)這才相信(xin)(xin)，翟(zhai)斌(bin)歸(gui)(gui)附后，便(bian)(bian)勸(quan)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)稱(cheng)王，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)沒(mei)同意，說：“新興侯，國(guo)之正統，孤(gu)之君(jun)也。若以(yi)諸(zhu)君(jun)之力，得(de)平關東，當以(yi)大義(yi)喻秦，奉迎(ying)反正。無(wu)上(shang)自(zi)尊(zun)，非(fei)(fei)孤(gu)心(xin)也。”（《晉書·慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)載記》）慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)認為：“洛陽四面受敵，北(bei)阻大河，至(zhi)于控(kong)馭燕、趙，非(fei)(fei)形勝之便(bian)(bian)，不(bu)(bu)如北(bei)取鄴都(dou)，據之而制天下。”（《晉書·慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)載記》）眾人同意，遂回師向東。

故(gu)扶余王(wang)余蔚(yu)為(wei)滎(ying)陽(yang)太(tai)守，率眾投(tou)降慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)。慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)軍(jun)(jun)至滎(ying)陽(yang)，稱燕王(wang)，封官拜爵，以(yi)其弟慕(mu)容(rong)德(de)為(wei)車(che)騎大(da)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)，封范陽(yang)王(wang)；其侄慕(mu)容(rong)楷為(wei)征(zheng)西大(da)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)，封太(tai)原王(wang)；翟(zhai)斌為(wei)建(jian)義大(da)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)，封河(he)南(nan)王(wang)；余蔚(yu)為(wei)征(zheng)東將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)，統府左(zuo)司馬(ma)，封扶余王(wang)；衛駒為(wei)鷹(ying)揚將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)，慕(mu)容(rong)鳳為(wei)建(jian)策將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)。親率20余萬軍(jun)(jun)隊，從石門(men)（今(jin)河(he)南(nan)滎(ying)陽(yang)石門(men)）渡(du)黃河(he)，長驅(qu)攻前(qian)秦(qin)鄴城。

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農到(dao)河(he)北列人后，召集鮮卑、烏桓等部(bu)(bu)眾(zhong)，舉兵(bing)反叛。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農號令(ling)嚴整(zheng)，沿途招兵(bing)買馬，攻(gong)城掠地，兵(bing)至數(shu)萬。苻丕派(pai)石越率步騎(qi)兵(bing)萬余討伐慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農，石越率軍(jun)(jun)到(dao)達(da)列人西面，被(bei)燕將(jiang)趙(zhao)秋及參軍(jun)(jun)綦母滕擊(ji)敗，石越設圍自守(shou)。諸(zhu)將(jiang)勸慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農乘勝快速進(jin)擊(ji)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農認為秦軍(jun)(jun)裝備精良，如果白(bai)天(tian)與之交戰，燕軍(jun)(jun)易生懼，不如待(dai)天(tian)黑(hei)以后進(jin)攻(gong)，遂命令(ling)部(bu)(bu)隊嚴陣(zhen)以待(dai)。待(dai)到(dao)天(tian)黑(hei)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農率軍(jun)(jun)在城西列陣(zhen)，先派(pai)400名(ming)壯士突破敵陣(zhen)，大軍(jun)(jun)隨(sui)后沖擊(ji)，秦兵(bing)大敗，石越被(bei)斬，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農將(jiang)其首(shou)級送給慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)。石越與毛當都是前秦驍將(jiang)，所(suo)以苻堅(jian)派(pai)二人幫助二子(zi)鎮守(shou)要地，如今相繼被(bei)殺，前秦上(shang)下人心浮動。

康臺略馬

后燕(yan)燕(yan)元(yuan)元(yuan)年（東(dong)晉孝(xiao)武帝太元(yuan)九年，384年）正月，前秦(qin)大(da)將慕容垂叛秦(qin)復燕(yan)。遣三子(zi)慕容農(nong)在康臺澤（今邱縣邱城東(dong)南五里）略取前秦(qin)牧(mu)馬數千匹。自此步騎(qi)云集，奠定后燕(yan)立國基礎。

中興后燕

不久，慕(mu)容(rong)垂到達鄴(ye)城附近(jin)，改前(qian)秦(qin)建元二十年(nian)為燕元年(nian)。以前(qian)岷山(shan)公庫傉官(guan)偉為左長(chang)史(shi)，前(qian)尚書段(duan)崇為右長(chang)史(shi)，滎陽(yang)鄭豁等為從事中(zhong)郎，并立慕(mu)容(rong)寶為太子。慕(mu)容(rong)農(nong)也率軍與之會合。

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)遂(sui)招集前(qian)燕舊將與各(ge)路大(da)軍(jun)(jun)會攻鄴(ye)城(cheng)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)指(zhi)揮大(da)軍(jun)(jun)攻城(cheng)，克(ke)外城(cheng)。苻丕退(tui)守中(zhong)城(cheng)。二月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)又率(lv)領包括丁(ding)零(ling)、烏桓等各(ge)少數民族部眾共20多(duo)萬人(ren)用(yong)云(yun)梯、挖地(di)道攻城(cheng)，均未(wei)攻下(xia)(xia)。遂(sui)修筑長圍，與秦軍(jun)(jun)相持(chi)，并把(ba)老弱(ruo)轉(zhuan)移到肥(fei)鄉（今河北(bei)肥(fei)鄉西南(nan)(nan)），又修筑新興城(cheng)，用(yong)來放置(zhi)輜(zi)重。四月(yue)，燕軍(jun)(jun)久(jiu)攻鄴(ye)城(cheng)不下(xia)(xia)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)召集群臣商(shang)議(yi)對策，右司馬封衡建議(yi)引漳(zhang)水灌城(cheng)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)贊同。時(shi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)打(da)(da)獵，于(yu)華(hua)林園飲(yin)酒，前(qian)秦知道后，派兵(bing)偷襲，矢下(xia)(xia)如雨，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)幾(ji)乎不得(de)而(er)出，多(duo)虧冠軍(jun)(jun)大(da)將軍(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)隆率(lv)騎兵(bing)打(da)(da)退(tui)秦軍(jun)(jun)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)才(cai)得(de)以幸(xing)免。七月(yue)，翟(zhai)斌恃功驕(jiao)縱，索求無厭(yan)。時(shi)鄴(ye)城(cheng)久(jiu)功不下(xia)(xia)，翟(zhai)斌漸有叛心。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶請(qing)求將其(qi)殺掉(diao)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)說：“河南(nan)(nan)之(zhi)盟，不可負(fu)也(ye)。若其(qi)為難，罪由于(yu)斌。今事未(wei)有形而(er)殺之(zhi)，人(ren)必(bi)謂我忌憚其(qi)功能(neng)；吾(wu)(wu)方收(shou)攬豪杰以隆大(da)業(ye)，不可示(shi)人(ren)以狹，失天下(xia)(xia)之(zhi)望(wang)也(ye)。藉彼有謀，吾(wu)(wu)以智防之(zhi)，無能(neng)為也(ye)。”范陽王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德、陳留王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)紹(shao)、驃騎大(da)將軍(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農都(dou)說：“翟(zhai)斌兄弟恃功而(er)驕(jiao)，必(bi)為國患。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)說：“驕(jiao)則速敗(bai)，焉能(neng)為患？彼有大(da)功，當(dang)聽其(qi)自(zi)斃耳(er)。”（《資治通(tong)鑒(jian)·卷第一百五》）對其(qi)禮遇(yu)更重。

翟斌還想當尚書令，慕容垂說：“翟王之功，宜居上輔；但臺既未建，此官不(bu)(bu)可(ke)遽置耳。”（《資治通鑒·卷(juan)第一百五》）翟斌大怒(nu)，遂反，暗中(zhong)與鄴(ye)城內苻(fu)丕(pi)聯絡(luo)，又派丁零(ling)兵決堤放水(shui)，解除鄴(ye)城被(bei)淹的危險。事泄，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂殺翟斌兄弟，余者皆免。翟斌侄翟真(zhen)乘夜(ye)逃往(wang)邯鄲(dan)（今(jin)屬河(he)(he)北）。太原王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷(kai)(kai)和陳留王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)紹(shao)對(dui)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂說：“丁零(ling)非有大志，但(dan)寵過為亂耳。今(jin)急(ji)之(zhi)則屯聚為寇，緩之(zhi)則自(zi)散。散而擊之(zhi)，無(wu)不(bu)(bu)克(ke)矣。”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂從(cong)之(zhi)。八月，翟真(zhen)率部(bu)從(cong)邯鄲(dan)逃走。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂派太原王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷(kai)(kai)和驃(piao)騎大將軍慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農率騎兵追擊。追至(zhi)下(xia)邑，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷(kai)(kai)見(jian)(jian)敵陣不(bu)(bu)整，欲出(chu)戰，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農認為，翟真(zhen)營(ying)陣只(zhi)見(jian)(jian)老弱，不(bu)(bu)見(jian)(jian)壯士，必有埋伏，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷(kai)(kai)不(bu)(bu)納，下(xia)令攻擊，燕軍大敗。翟真(zhen)繼(ji)續北進，直趨(qu)中(zhong)山（今(jin)河(he)(he)北定(ding)州）。后翟真(zhen)為其司(si)馬(ma)鮮于(yu)乞(qi)所殺。

時前(qian)秦(qin)鄴城(cheng)守軍(jun)長期被(bei)圍，糧草漸盡。慕容垂(chui)認為：“苻丕(pi)窮(qiong)寇，必(bi)守死不(bu)降。丁零叛擾，乃(nai)我腹心之(zhi)患。吾欲遷師(shi)新(xin)城(cheng)，開其逸路，進以謝秦(qin)主(zhu)疇(chou)昔之(zhi)恩，退(tui)以嚴擊真之(zhi)備。”（《晉書·慕容垂(chui)載記(ji)》）燕(yan)軍(jun)遂解(jie)圍退(tui)至新(xin)興城(cheng)，另派慕容農到清河(he)、平原一帶征收租賦，得到大批(pi)軍(jun)用物資。

十(shi)二月，前(qian)燕帝慕容(rong)暐欲殺(sha)苻(fu)堅，事泄被(bei)殺(sha)。群僚聞后，勸慕容(rong)垂稱帝，慕容(rong)垂以“慕容(rong)沖稱號關中”（《晉書·慕容(rong)垂載(zai)記》）為由，未許(xu)。

苻丕(pi)仍然保(bao)據鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)，沒有離(li)開之(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)。慕容垂復(fu)率兵包圍鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)，只留出(chu)苻丕(pi)西走之(zhi)(zhi)路。苻丕(pi)勢窮糧竭，急忙向(xiang)東晉謝玄(xuan)求援。謝玄(xuan)派(pai)劉牢之(zhi)(zhi)、滕恬之(zhi)(zhi)等率領2萬人(ren)馬救援鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)，并從水陸運米2000斛接濟苻丕(pi)。

太元十(shi)年(nian)（385年(nian)）二(er)(er)月，劉(liu)(liu)(liu)牢(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)至(zhi)(zhi)枋頭(tou)（今(jin)河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)浚(jun)縣西(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)）。苻丕發(fa)覺(jue)部將(jiang)(jiang)楊膺、姜讓(rang)曾上表晉(jin)廷，許諾若晉(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)來(lai)援(yuan)，當稱臣(chen)于晉(jin)，遂(sui)殺(sha)膺、讓(rang)。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)牢(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)獲(huo)悉，徘徊不(bu)(bu)進(jin)。三(san)月，燕軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)攻(gong)(gong)鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)(bu)下，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)將(jiang)(jiang)北(bei)(bei)(bei)去冀(ji)州(zhou)，命(ming)令撫軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)大將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟屯駐(zhu)信都（今(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)冀(ji)縣），樂(le)浪王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)溫屯中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)（今(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)定州(zhou)），召驃騎大將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)回鄴(ye)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)溫派遣萬余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)名士兵(bing)(bing)(bing)為(wei)(wei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)遠送軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)糧(liang)，并(bing)在中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)營(ying)造宮室。就在同(tong)月劉(liu)(liu)(liu)牢(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)攻(gong)(gong)駐(zhu)守(shou)孫就柵（今(jin)河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)浚(jun)縣境內(nei)）的后燕黎陽(yang)(yang)太守(shou)劉(liu)(liu)(liu)撫，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)親自率(lv)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)救(jiu)援(yuan)。苻丕聞后，乘機偷襲，但被(bei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)擊敗。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)牢(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)交(jiao)戰(zhan)，也(ye)被(bei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)擊退，于是退屯黎陽(yang)(yang)（今(jin)河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)浚(jun)縣東北(bei)(bei)(bei)）。四月，劉(liu)(liu)(liu)牢(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)于鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擊敗慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)退至(zhi)(zhi)新城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。不(bu)(bu)久，又從(cong)新城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)(bei)(bei)退。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)牢(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)予苻丕打(da)招呼(hu)，便率(lv)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)追(zhui)擊，苻丕得知此(ci)事，也(ye)發(fa)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)跟進(jin)。時(shi)(shi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)情緊急(ji)，燕軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)連(lian)戰(zhan)不(bu)(bu)勝，士氣(qi)低落，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)認為(wei)(wei)：“秦、晉(jin)瓦合，相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)待(dai)為(wei)(wei)強(qiang)。一勝則(ze)俱豪，一失則(ze)俱潰(kui)，非同(tong)心也(ye)。今(jin)兩(liang)(liang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)繼，勢(shi)既未合，宜急(ji)擊之(zhi)(zhi)。”劉(liu)(liu)(liu)牢(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)急(ji)行(xing)(xing)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)200里，在五橋澤（今(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)廣(guang)宗北(bei)(bei)(bei)）急(ji)奪后燕戰(zhan)備物資時(shi)(shi)，被(bei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)打(da)得大敗，死數千人。劉(liu)(liu)(liu)牢(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)單騎逃(tao)走(zou)，適逢(feng)苻丕率(lv)援(yuan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)來(lai)救(jiu)，得以(yi)(yi)入鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，收(shou)集散兵(bing)(bing)(bing)，軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)勢(shi)稍(shao)振(zhen)，旋被(bei)召回。時(shi)(shi)鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)守(shou)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)糧(liang)盡(jin)，無力堅持(chi)(chi)(chi)。苻丕率(lv)眾西(xi)出尋找糧(liang)食。燕、秦兩(liang)(liang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)持(chi)(chi)(chi)經年(nian)，幽、冀(ji)兩(liang)(liang)州(zhou)發(fa)生饑荒，燕軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)多有餓(e)死者，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)為(wei)(wei)了以(yi)(yi)桑椹充軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)糧(liang)，于是下令禁止農(nong)民養蠶(can)。丁零翟(zhai)(zhai)真(zhen)被(bei)鮮于乞所殺(sha)后，丁零人又殺(sha)鮮于乞并(bing)立(li)翟(zhai)(zhai)真(zhen)的堂弟(di)翟(zhai)(zhai)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)首領(ling)。五月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)至(zhi)(zhi)常(chang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)，將(jiang)(jiang)翟(zhai)(zhai)成(cheng)圍(wei)于行(xing)(xing)唐。并(bing)命(ming)帶方王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)佐鎮(zhen)守(shou)龍城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)（今(jin)遼(liao)寧(ning)朝陽(yang)(yang)）。六月，高句(ju)麗進(jin)攻(gong)(gong)遼(liao)東（郡治(zhi)遼(liao)陽(yang)(yang)東北(bei)(bei)(bei)）。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)佐派司(si)馬郝(hao)景(jing)率(lv)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)救(jiu)援(yuan)，被(bei)高句(ju)麗打(da)敗。高句(ju)麗乘勝追(zhui)擊，連(lian)克遼(liao)東、玄菟（郡治(zhi)今(jin)沈陽(yang)(yang)東）。七月，苻堅返回鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。時(shi)(shi)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)巖(yan)叛燕，自武邑（今(jin)屬(shu)河(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)）北(bei)(bei)(bei)攻(gong)(gong)幽州(zhou)（治(zhi)薊(ji)，今(jin)北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)西(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)）。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)派人至(zhi)(zhi)幽州(zhou)告訴守(shou)將(jiang)(jiang)平(ping)規：“但固守(shou)勿(wu)戰(zhan)，比破丁零，吾當自討之(zhi)(zhi)。”（《晉(jin)書·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載(zai)記》）平(ping)規未聽，出戰(zhan)，果(guo)為(wei)(wei)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)巖(yan)所敗。余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)巖(yan)入薊(ji)，掠千余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)戶(hu)而(er)去，遂(sui)占據令支（今(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)遷安西(xi)）。不(bu)(bu)久，翟(zhai)(zhai)成(cheng)長史鮮于得斬成(cheng)出城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)投降；慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)屠(tu)行(xing)(xing)唐，盡(jin)坑翟(zhai)(zhai)成(cheng)部眾。八月，苻堅為(wei)(wei)姚萇所殺(sha)。苻丕率(lv)領(ling)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)男女共6萬余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)人撤出，西(xi)赴潞(lu)川（今(jin)山(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)濁漳河(he)），苻丕聞苻堅死，遂(sui)即皇(huang)帝(di)位。燕軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)也(ye)乘機入鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)以(yi)(yi)魯王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)和為(wei)(wei)南(nan)(nan)(nan)中(zhong)(zhong)郎將(jiang)(jiang)，鎮(zhen)守(shou)鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，后燕攻(gong)(gong)鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)結束。并(bing)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)率(lv)眾穿過蠮螉(weng)塞(sai)（今(jin)北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)西(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)居(ju)庸(yong)關）北(bei)(bei)(bei)上，經凡城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)（今(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)平(ping)泉南(nan)(nan)(nan)），直搗龍城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)（今(jin)遼(liao)寧(ning)朝陽(yang)(yang)），討伐(fa)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)巖(yan)。十(shi)一月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)至(zhi)(zhi)龍城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，就地休整，十(shi)余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)日后，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)率(lv)步(bu)騎3萬至(zhi)(zhi)令支，余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)巖(yan)眾震駭，不(bu)(bu)少(shao)人相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)繼逾城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)投降，余(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)巖(yan)計窮而(er)降，為(wei)(wei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)所殺(sha)。隨即率(lv)步(bu)騎3萬反擊高句(ju)麗，大敗之(zhi)(zhi)，收(shou)復(fu)遼(liao)東和玄菟二(er)(er)郡。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)以(yi)(yi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)為(wei)(wei)使持(chi)(chi)(chi)節、都督幽、平(ping)二(er)(er)州(zhou)、北(bei)(bei)(bei)狄諸軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事、幽州(zhou)牧，鎮(zhen)守(shou)龍城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。十(shi)二(er)(er)月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)至(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)，對諸將(jiang)(jiang)曰：“樂(le)浪王招流散，實倉廩，外給軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)糧(liang)，內(nei)營(ying)宮室，雖蕭何何以(yi)(yi)加(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)！”不(bu)(bu)久，定都中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)。

太元十一(yi)年（386年）正月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)自(zi)立(li)為(wei)(wei)帝，改元建興，史稱后(hou)(hou)(hou)燕（？）。“立(li)寶為(wei)(wei)太子。以其左(zuo)長史庫辱官(guan)偉(wei)、右長史段(duan)崇、龍驤張(zhang)崇，中山尹(yin)封衡為(wei)(wei)吏(li)部(bu)(bu)尚(shang)書，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)為(wei)(wei)侍中、都督中外諸軍事、領司隸(li)校尉，撫軍慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟為(wei)(wei)衛(wei)大(da)將軍，其余拜授有差(cha)。追尊(zun)母蘭氏(shi)為(wei)(wei)文昭皇后(hou)(hou)(hou)，遷皝后(hou)(hou)(hou)段(duan)氏(shi)，以蘭氏(shi)配饗。博士劉詳、董謐議以堯(yao)母妃位第三(san)，不以貴陵(ling)姜(jiang)嫄，明圣王(wang)(wang)(wang)之(zhi)道以至(zhi)公為(wei)(wei)先。垂(chui)(chui)不從(cong)。”（《晉(jin)書·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載(zai)記(ji)》）六月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)遣太原(yuan)王(wang)(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷、趙王(wang)(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟、陳留王(wang)(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹、章武(wu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)宙等攻(gong)秦苻(fu)(fu)定(ding)、苻(fu)(fu)紹、苻(fu)(fu)謨、苻(fu)(fu)亮等部(bu)(bu)；慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷先先寫信(xin)給眾人，陳述利害，苻(fu)(fu)定(ding)等遂降。八月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)留太子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶守中山，以慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟為(wei)(wei)尚(shang)書右仆(pu)射，錄留臺。自(zi)己(ji)率領范陽王(wang)(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)等向南(nan)略取土地。十月，后(hou)(hou)(hou)燕宦官(guan)吳(wu)深在清河（郡治(zhi)清陽，今屬(shu)河北）反叛后(hou)(hou)(hou)燕，后(hou)(hou)(hou)燕主慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)發兵攻(gong)打，不克。十二月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)攻(gong)吳(wu)深壘，拔(ba)之(zhi)，吳(wu)深單騎(qi)而逃。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)進屯(tun)聊城(cheng)之(zhi)逢關陂。

太(tai)元十二年(nian)（387年(nian)）正(zheng)月，慕(mu)容垂舉行閱兵式。高(gao)陽王(wang)慕(mu)容隆向慕(mu)容垂建議：“溫(wen)詳之(zhi)(zhi)徒，皆(jie)白面儒生，烏合(he)為(wei)群，徒恃(shi)長河(he)(he)以自固，若大(da)(da)軍濟河(he)(he)，必望旗震壞，不待戰也。”慕(mu)容垂從之(zhi)(zhi)。溫(wen)詳原為(wei)燕(yan)(yan)臣，后(hou)(hou)降于東晉(jin)(jin)，晉(jin)(jin)任為(wei)濟北(bei)太(tai)守，屯東阿(a)(a)（今山東陽谷東北(bei)阿(a)(a)城鎮）。慕(mu)容垂命鎮北(bei)將軍蘭汗和(he)護(hu)軍將軍平(ping)幼(you)率(lv)軍進(jin)攻溫(wen)詳。后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)軍于碻磝（古津渡，今山東茌(chi)平(ping)西南(nan)(nan)古黃河(he)(he)南(nan)(nan)岸）西40里處渡過黃河(he)(he)，慕(mu)容隆率(lv)大(da)(da)軍于北(bei)岸列陣以待。溫(wen)詳部將溫(wen)攀、溫(wen)楷(kai)見(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)即(ji)逃往東阿(a)(a)，平(ping)幼(you)部追擊，大(da)(da)破之(zhi)(zhi)。溫(wen)詳攜家人夜逃彭城（今江蘇徐州），其(qi)部眾3萬余戶向后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)軍投降。此(ci)后(hou)(hou)，慕(mu)容垂以太(tai)原王(wang)慕(mu)容楷(kai)為(wei)兗州刺史，鎮守東阿(a)(a)，以加強該地統治。

太(tai)(tai)(tai)元(yuan)十三年（388年）二(er)月(yue)，丁零翟真之子翟遼遣司(si)(si)馬(ma)眭瓊向后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)謝(xie)罪(zui)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)認為(wei)其反(fan)(fan)復無常，斬司(si)(si)馬(ma)眭瓊。翟遼索性自(zi)稱(cheng)魏天(tian)王(wang)，改元(yuan)建(jian)光，并置(zhi)百官(guan)。三月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)以太(tai)(tai)(tai)子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶錄尚書事(shi)，政事(shi)都(dou)讓其處(chu)理，自(zi)己則總大綱而已。四月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)立夫人段氏為(wei)皇(huang)后(hou)(hou)，以太(tai)(tai)(tai)子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶領大單于。追(zhui)謚前(qian)妃段氏為(wei)成昭皇(huang)后(hou)(hou)。八月(yue)，燕(yan)護(hu)軍將(jiang)軍平(ping)(ping)幼(you)與(yu)章武王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)宙共(gong)同發(fa)兵攻打吳深，吳深敗走。九月(yue)，張(zhang)(zhang)申(shen)(shen)攻廣平(ping)(ping)（今(jin)河(he)(he)北(bei)雞澤東南(nan)）、王(wang)祖攻樂陵（今(jin)山東樂陵南(nan)），燕(yan)高陽王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)隆(long)發(fa)兵攻討(tao)。至(zhi)十二(er)月(yue)，太(tai)(tai)(tai)原王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷、趙王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟與(yu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)隆(long)三路大軍會師于合口（今(jin)河(he)(he)北(bei)滄州(zhou)市西南(nan)），攻張(zhang)(zhang)申(shen)(shen)。王(wang)祖為(wei)救援夜襲燕(yan)軍，遭燕(yan)軍反(fan)(fan)擊大敗而逃。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷和慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟繼續圍攻張(zhang)(zhang)申(shen)(shen)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)隆(long)與(yu)部將(jiang)平(ping)(ping)幼(you)兵分(fen)兩路乘夜追(zhui)擊，及至(zhi)天(tian)明(ming)，后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)軍大獲全勝，將(jiang)所斬首級懸掛于張(zhang)(zhang)申(shen)(shen)陣前(qian)。張(zhang)(zhang)申(shen)(shen)見大勢已去，遂(sui)繳械投降，王(wang)祖亦歸降。次年五月(yue)，清河(he)(he)民(min)孔金(jin)斬吳深，將(jiang)其首級送中山（今(jin)河(he)(he)北(bei)定(ding)州(zhou)）。

太元(yuan)十四年（389年）正月，慕容(rong)(rong)垂召慕容(rong)(rong)農(nong)為(wei)侍中、司(si)隸校尉。以高陽王慕容(rong)(rong)隆為(wei)都督幽、平二州諸(zhu)軍事、征北大將(jiang)軍、幽州牧(mu)，建留臺于(yu)龍城(cheng)，以慕容(rong)(rong)隆錄留臺尚書事。又以護軍將(jiang)軍平幼為(wei)征北長史(shi)，散騎常侍封孚為(wei)司(si)馬，并(bing)兼留臺尚書。

鮮卑賀(he)(he)蘭(lan)(lan)部賀(he)(he)訥(ne)、賀(he)(he)染(ran)干(gan)兄弟為爭奪本部統治權而(er)發生內亂，而(er)后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)及鐵弗(fu)劉衛辰(chen)也極力與(yu)魏(wei)爭奪對(dui)賀(he)(he)蘭(lan)(lan)部的控制(zhi)(zhi)權。太元(yuan)十(shi)五(wu)年(nian)（390年(nian)），劉衛辰(chen)派軍(jun)(jun)攻賀(he)(he)蘭(lan)(lan)部，拓跋(ba)珪(gui)出兵(bing)擊退之，遷賀(he)(he)訥(ne)部眾(zhong)(zhong)于(yu)魏(wei)之東境，與(yu)后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)毗(pi)鄰(lin)。慕容垂乘機對(dui)賀(he)(he)訥(ne)軟硬兼施(shi)，誘(you)逼其(qi)叛魏(wei)降燕(yan)，封(feng)為歸善王。賀(he)(he)染(ran)干(gan)聞訊，頗嫉其(qi)兄賀(he)(he)訥(ne)飛黃(huang)騰達，謀攻殺而(er)代(dai)之。太元(yuan)十(shi)六年(nian)（391年(nian)）正(zheng)月(yue)，賀(he)(he)染(ran)干(gan)與(yu)賀(he)(he)訥(ne)舉(ju)兵(bing)相攻。拓跋(ba)珪(gui)請后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)討伐之。四月(yue)，后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)鎮北將軍(jun)(jun)蘭(lan)(lan)汗率兵(bing)大破賀(he)(he)染(ran)干(gan)于(yu)牛都（其(qi)地在(zai)牛川，放牧聚(ju)會(hui)謂之都）。六月(yue)，慕容垂遣趙(zhao)王慕容麟率軍(jun)(jun)擊賀(he)(he)訥(ne)，生擒(qin)賀(he)(he)訥(ne)于(yu)赤城（今內蒙(meng)古(gu)托克托縣東南黃(huang)河西岸），降其(qi)部眾(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)萬(wan)。后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)主慕容垂命(ming)釋放賀(he)(he)訥(ne)，并還其(qi)部眾(zhong)(zhong)于(yu)原地，而(er)徙賀(he)(he)染(ran)干(gan)及其(qi)部眾(zhong)(zhong)于(yu)中山（今河北定州），企圖完全控制(zhi)(zhi)賀(he)(he)蘭(lan)(lan)部，并用以牽(qian)制(zhi)(zhi)北魏(wei)。

傲視關東

前秦被消(xiao)滅(mie)的(de)時候，慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)已經(jing)將關東(dong)(dong)七州緊緊地(di)握(wo)于(yu)手中(zhong)。按理說(shuo)，和胡戎(rong)眾生(sheng)的(de)關中(zhong)隴(long)西地(di)區比起(qi)(qi)來，關東(dong)(dong)的(de)形(xing)勢應該要簡明很(hen)多。但由于(yu)西燕慕(mu)(mu)容永這慕(mu)(mu)容家旁支的(de)徙入(ru)，加上(shang)在河(he)南一帶不(bu)停叛亂的(de)丁零翟氏、悄然崛起(qi)(qi)的(de)鮮卑(bei)別部拓跋氏，慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)統一關東(dong)(dong)的(de)步伐邁得并不(bu)輕松。

后燕(yan)建(jian)興(xing)元年（386年）八月(yue)，慕容垂(chui)在剛剛稱帝不久便(bian)親自率軍南(nan)下，其前鋒直指青、兗、徐等在淝水(shui)之戰(zhan)后剛剛被東晉收復的州郡。這些地(di)方可以(yi)說(shuo)是南(nan)北對峙時期的緩沖地(di)帶，后燕(yan)大軍一到，紛紛投降(jiang)。慕容垂(chui)重新將勢力推進至淮北。

后燕的北(bei)方這時出了(le)亂子(zi)。劉(liu)顯跟(gen)拓跋珪(gui)翻(fan)了(le)臉，想方設法要(yao)消滅拓跋珪(gui)的力量(liang)。為了(le)籠(long)絡人心，他(ta)派弟弟劉(liu)亢(kang)埿把什翼犍小兒子(zi)拓跋窟咄迎接來。

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)麟很(hen)有心(xin)計（慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)麟很(hen)會(hui)耍小聰明，即使曾經在(zai)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)出逃(tao)時(shi)出賣過父兄，也沒有失去慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)對他(ta)(ta)的喜愛，后(hou)燕(yan)的新都中山就(jiu)是由他(ta)(ta)統軍攻下來的。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)建立后(hou)燕(yan)后(hou)常(chang)常(chang)把(ba)帶兵打(da)仗(zhang)(zhang)的重(zhong)任交給他(ta)(ta)），他(ta)(ta)讓安同(tong)趕緊(jin)跑到拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪(gui)(gui)那(nei)里報告(gao)燕(yan)軍的消息。北魏的將士們得知援軍將至，果然恢復(fu)了不(bu)(bu)少士氣，抵擋(dang)住(zhu)了拓(tuo)跋(ba)窟(ku)咄的進逼(bi)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)麟與拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪(gui)(gui)會(hui)合，一仗(zhang)(zhang)就(jiu)把(ba)拓(tuo)跋(ba)窟(ku)咄殺(sha)得大敗，拓(tuo)跋(ba)窟(ku)咄逃(tao)到鐵(tie)弗劉(liu)衛(wei)辰那(nei)里，劉(liu)衛(wei)辰豈會(hui)忘記當(dang)初兩(liang)部之仇，也不(bu)(bu)顧他(ta)(ta)與拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪(gui)(gui)為敵，將拓(tuo)跋(ba)窟(ku)咄殺(sha)死了。

拓跋珪(gui)在這一(yi)仗中(zhong)感受到了燕(yan)(yan)軍的(de)(de)厲害。一(yi)年(nian)之后(hou)，他乘著劉(liu)(liu)顯部兄弟相爭，再次(ci)向慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)借兵，慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)又讓(rang)慕(mu)容(rong)麟出兵相助。劉(liu)(liu)顯把(ba)劉(liu)(liu)衛(wei)辰上貢后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)馬匹給搶了下來，慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)對此大(da)怒，派侄子(zi)太原(yuan)王慕(mu)容(rong)楷增(zeng)援慕(mu)容(rong)麟。楷、麟與拓跋珪(gui)會戰(zhan)劉(liu)(liu)顯，大(da)獲(huo)全勝(sheng)，劉(liu)(liu)顯逃到西(xi)燕(yan)(yan)。后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)奪得(de)了劉(liu)(liu)顯的(de)(de)部眾和(he)牲畜，拓跋珪(gui)則基本收復了什翼犍(jian)時(shi)期的(de)(de)代(dai)國地盤。

慕容垂(chui)接下來花了(le)五年時間經(jing)營自(zi)(zi)己的(de)北(bei)方(fang)(fang)領土，這期間他消滅河北(bei)一(yi)帶的(de)叛軍，收復清河、渤海(hai)等(deng)地，征服了(le)北(bei)方(fang)(fang)比較(jiao)強大的(de)賀蘭部，加上這之前慕容農已經(jing)率軍擊敗高句麗，占據遼東，后燕鞏固了(le)自(zi)(zi)身統治(zhi)，成(cheng)為北(bei)方(fang)(fang)強國。

攻滅翟魏

轉眼到(dao)(dao)了建興七(qi)年(nian)（392年(nian)），他也(ye)年(nian)近(jin)古稀(xi)。鑒于河(he)南一(yi)(yi)帶(dai)丁(ding)零翟(zhai)(zhai)氏的(de)(de)朝(chao)三暮(mu)四(si)、一(yi)(yi)再叛獨，慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)親(qin)自帶(dai)兵(bing)征討丁(ding)零翟(zhai)(zhai)釗（翟(zhai)(zhai)魏(wei)天王翟(zhai)(zhai)遼之(zhi)子）。翟(zhai)(zhai)釗向慕(mu)容(rong)永求援，但慕(mu)容(rong)永聽(ting)從(cong)尚書郎鮑遵(zun)的(de)(de)話，坐山觀虎斗，未(wei)曾向翟(zhai)(zhai)釗發兵(bing)相(xiang)救。慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)先把營(ying)寨遷到(dao)(dao)黃(huang)河(he)上游(you)四(si)十里(li)處(chu)的(de)(de)西津，造了數(shu)百(bai)艘牛皮船，載(zai)上一(yi)(yi)些兵(bing)士(shi)車仗，開(kai)始渡河(he)。丁(ding)零翟(zhai)(zhai)釗在(zai)(zai)下游(you)聽(ting)說這一(yi)(yi)消息，果然帶(dai)了軍(jun)隊前往西津抵抗。這時(shi)慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)才派留(liu)在(zai)(zai)黎陽慕(mu)容(rong)鎮(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)軍(jun)隊連夜渡過黃(huang)河(he)，在(zai)(zai)河(he)南扎營(ying)。第二天早上，后(hou)燕的(de)(de)軍(jun)隊已(yi)經在(zai)(zai)河(he)南駐了不少人的(de)(de)大(da)營(ying)了。翟(zhai)(zhai)釗得知(zhi)此(ci)事又(you)趕到(dao)(dao)下游(you)打慕(mu)容(rong)鎮(zhen)(zhen)，慕(mu)容(rong)鎮(zhen)(zhen)堅守一(yi)(yi)段時(shi)間后(hou)，上游(you)的(de)(de)后(hou)燕大(da)軍(jun)也(ye)已(yi)乘(cheng)機渡過了黃(huang)河(he)，燕軍(jun)兩(liang)路(lu)夾擊，翟(zhai)(zhai)釗全軍(jun)潰敗而走(zou)，慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)率軍(jun)追(zhui)擊，翟(zhai)(zhai)釗只身逃(tao)到(dao)(dao)西燕，后(hou)又(you)被慕(mu)容(rong)永殺死。

消滅西燕

建興八年（393年），慕容垂開(kai)始籌備攻打西燕(yan)(yan)(yan)。后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)將領(ling)又顯得顧慮重重，認(ren)為后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)士兵連年征討，十分(fen)疲憊，有待休整。只有范陽王慕容德同意(yi)伐西燕(yan)(yan)(yan)。慕容垂很(hen)高興地說：“吾計決矣。且吾投老，扣囊底智，足(zu)以(yi)(yi)克之(zhi)，不復留逆賊以(yi)(yi)累子孫(sun)也！”以(yi)(yi)確立后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)的正統性與后(hou)(hou)世安定(ding)。

建興九年（394年），慕容垂大軍在鄴城西南集結，卻一個多月不向西燕(yan)(yan)境內(nei)進(jin)發。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)永開始疑神疑鬼，懷疑慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂會從太行山(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)道突入(ru)其(qi)境，趕(gan)緊分兵去(qu)封鎖太行山(shan)(shan)口，在(zai)(zai)正面防御點臺壁(bi)(bi)只(zhi)(zhi)留(liu)下一(yi)(yi)支軍(jun)(jun)隊。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂等見此情景，遣部從臺壁(bi)(bi)進(jin)攻，兩軍(jun)(jun)一(yi)(yi)交手(shou)，西燕(yan)(yan)潰敗(bai)，臺壁(bi)(bi)遭圍。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)永只(zhi)(zhi)得(de)又從太行山(shan)(shan)召回守軍(jun)(jun)五(wu)萬多人，然而刁云、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)鐘軍(jun)(jun)無斗志，投(tou)降了后燕(yan)(yan)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂在(zai)(zai)臺壁(bi)(bi)以南擺下陣勢，與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)永會戰，事先還安排了驍騎將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)國的精(jing)銳騎兵做埋伏。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂假裝(zhuang)敗(bai)退，將(jiang)西燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)引入(ru)包圍圈，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)國從其(qi)背(bei)后殺(sha)出，一(yi)(yi)場大戰，西燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)光被斬首的人數就達(da)八千，重鎮晉陽也跟著(zhu)丟失(shi)。?

慕(mu)容(rong)永退(tui)守國都(dou)長子，向東晉(jin)和(he)北(bei)魏求救(jiu)。兩方的(de)援(yuan)軍(jun)尚未趕到，西燕別(bie)部的(de)大逸豆歸手下的(de)將領便打開城門迎(ying)入慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)。慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)將慕(mu)容(rong)永和(he)西燕的(de)公卿大臣悉(xi)數斬首，西燕滅(mie)亡。

燕魏交兵

主詞目：參合陂(po)之戰(zhan)

后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)在滅翟魏吞西燕(yan)(yan)后(hou)，慕容垂(chui)建立的后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)也隨之轉盛而衰。

慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)在(zai)南(nan)征北(bei)戰的過程中留(liu)下了(le)一(yi)(yi)內(nei)一(yi)(yi)外(wai)兩大(da)隱(yin)患。其內(nei)部(bu)的隱(yin)患，便是慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)家好內(nei)斗(dou)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鮮卑在(zai)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)及其子(zi)侄這兩代可謂人才濟(ji)濟(ji)，如慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)異(yi)母弟范(fan)陽(yang)王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德，兒子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)、趙王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟(lin)、遼(liao)西王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農、高陽(yang)王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆，侄子(zi)太原(yuan)王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷、陳(chen)留(liu)王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹(shao)(shao)。這些人在(zai)后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)平定北(bei)方時各自(zi)叱咤一(yi)(yi)方。后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)國(guo)土(tu)占據著(zhu)半個(ge)北(bei)中國(guo)，其東北(bei)是慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農，東南(nan)是慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德，西北(bei)是慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟(lin)，又慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹(shao)(shao)、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷分別(bie)居于東、南(nan)、西，中央需要較大(da)的向心(xin)力。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)年(nian)紀已大(da)，把(ba)國(guo)事大(da)事交給太子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)才大(da)智(zhi)粗(cu)，不堪其任。后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)外(wai)部(bu)的隱(yin)患源(yuan)自(zi)與北(bei)魏的外(wai)交。后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)消(xiao)滅丁(ding)零翟氏(shi)的前一(yi)(yi)年(nian)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)為了(le)平定北(bei)方，再次出兵幫(bang)助了(le)臣服于后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)的拓跋珪。拓跋珪憑借后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)的援兵，與劉衛(wei)辰展開決戰，一(yi)(yi)舉(ju)將其擊(ji)潰，并乘勝占據了(le)鐵弗部(bu)的領地。劉衛(wei)辰在(zai)亂(luan)軍中被(bei)(bei)殺，五千多劉氏(shi)宗族被(bei)(bei)拓跋珪全部(bu)斬首，扔(reng)進黃河。

拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)珪(gui)驅走鐵弗，掠奪(duo)百(bai)萬(wan)計的(de)牛羊馬，勢(shi)力(li)大增，逐漸萌生問(wen)鼎中(zhong)原的(de)野心。388年八月，拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)珪(gui)專門派(pai)自(zi)己(ji)的(de)堂兄(xiong)拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)儀(yi)前(qian)往中(zhong)山探聽虛實。慕(mu)(mu)容垂接(jie)見了(le)拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)儀(yi)，詰問(wen)他(ta)：“魏王(wang)怎(zen)么不(bu)自(zi)己(ji)來？”拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)儀(yi)答道：“我(wo)們拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)氏自(zi)先人(ren)以來，居住在北方，現今(jin)仍是如(ru)此。當年先王(wang)拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)猗(yi)盧被晉朝(chao)皇帝封為代王(wang)，與(yu)你們的(de)祖先共事(shi)一(yi)朝(chao)，彼(bi)此都是兄(xiong)弟。如(ru)今(jin)我(wo)奉命(ming)出使(shi)，并無失(shi)禮(li)之處。”慕(mu)(mu)容垂又(you)問(wen)：“朕兵強(qiang)(qiang)馬壯(zhuang)，威(wei)加四(si)海，你們主公竟敢不(bu)來見朕，怎(zen)么可以說(shuo)(shuo)沒有(you)(you)失(shi)禮(li)之處呢？”拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)儀(yi)搖頭道：“燕國如(ru)若不(bu)修文德，以為靠(kao)著(zhu)強(qiang)(qiang)大的(de)軍(jun)力(li)就能夠稱(cheng)霸天(tian)下(xia)的(de)話(hua)，那(nei)就得(de)問(wen)問(wen)我(wo)國的(de)將帥，輪(lun)不(bu)到我(wo)這個使(shi)臣(chen)(chen)來說(shuo)(shuo)話(hua)了(le)。”拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)儀(yi)一(yi)席話(hua)說(shuo)(shuo)得(de)有(you)(you)理有(you)(you)節，慕(mu)(mu)容垂就放了(le)他(ta)。拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)儀(yi)回來對拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)珪(gui)說(shuo)(shuo)：“燕國皇帝年老，太子暗(an)弱，范陽王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容德又(you)很自(zi)負，恐怕不(bu)會安(an)心做少(shao)主的(de)臣(chen)(chen)子。只(zhi)要慕(mu)(mu)容垂一(yi)死，燕國必有(you)(you)內(nei)亂，到時(shi)候天(tian)下(xia)自(zi)然是我(wo)們的(de)，現今(jin)還不(bu)是動手(shou)的(de)時(shi)候。”拓(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)珪(gui)很是高(gao)興(xing)，便暗(an)中(zhong)積(ji)蓄(xu)力(li)量，以待天(tian)時(shi)。

事(shi)件導火線(xian)始于(yu)慕容子(zi)(zi)弟強行扣(kou)(kou)留拓(tuo)跋觚。建(jian)興七年（391）七月，拓(tuo)跋觚出使燕(yan)國，當(dang)時(shi)慕容垂年已衰老，慕容氏子(zi)(zi)弟主持著一些政務，為了要求北魏進(jin)獻良(liang)馬，強行扣(kou)(kou)留了拓(tuo)跋觚。拓(tuo)跋珪不給，與后燕(yan)斷絕了外交。

兩(liang)年后，后燕軍攻打西(xi)燕，拓跋珪不念燕、魏從前(qian)同盟多年，積極(ji)出兵援助慕(mu)容永(yong)，此事令慕(mu)容垂很惱火。

滅西燕(yan)后，慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)本已身染重(zhong)病，不想用兵，但在慕容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)(bao)等人的(de)慫恿下(xia)，于建興(xing)十年（395）五月派慕容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)(bao)、慕容(rong)(rong)農、慕容(rong)(rong)麟率(lv)領(ling)大(da)軍(jun)八(ba)萬伐魏，又(you)讓慕容(rong)(rong)德(de)、慕容(rong)(rong)紹另(ling)率(lv)步騎兵一萬八(ba)千人做后繼(ji)。散(san)騎常(chang)侍高湖(hu)苦諫，惹得慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)大(da)怒，免了他(ta)的(de)官。

慕(mu)容寶的(de)軍隊開(kai)到五(wu)原（今內蒙古包(bao)頭西(xi)北）的(de)黃河(he)(he)北岸(an)(an)，南(nan)岸(an)(an)的(de)拓跋(ba)珪(gui)先派(pai)人在中(zhong)山到五(wu)原的(de)路上(shang)截(jie)獲后(hou)燕(yan)傳(chuan)送消(xiao)息(xi)的(de)使者，使得連續幾個月慕(mu)容垂的(de)消(xiao)息(xi)都無法傳(chuan)到后(hou)燕(yan)大軍營中(zhong)。拓跋(ba)珪(gui)又(you)拉上(shang)抓來的(de)后(hou)燕(yan)使者到黃河(he)(he)岸(an)(an)邊喊(han)話：“你老爹已死，還(huan)不早早回去！”慕(mu)容寶等人此(ci)時又(you)擔心(xin)又(you)害怕，后(hou)燕(yan)的(de)士兵(bing)們更是(shi)軍心(xin)動搖。?

后燕的軍隊處境(jing)艱難，這邊(bian)拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)珪則(ze)安排停當，他(ta)派拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)虔、拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)儀各領數萬(wan)騎兵駐扎在河東(dong)(dong)、河北，又讓拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)遵領了(le)七萬(wan)騎兵悄(qiao)悄(qiao)地繞到(dao)了(le)燕軍的東(dong)(dong)南(nan)面，也就是燕軍的退路上(shang)。

從(cong)(cong)九月開始，燕軍和魏軍在五(wu)原(yuan)一(yi)(yi)帶相持近一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)(bao)的軍隊從(cong)(cong)一(yi)(yi)支驕兵變成了羸兵，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)(bao)雖然(ran)心中發虛，卻沒有撤退的意思(si)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟手下有個(ge)(ge)叫做慕(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)(yu)嵩(song)的部將(jiang)覺得慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)是真的死了，糾(jiu)合部將(jiang)作(zuo)亂，擁立(li)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟做皇(huang)帝。事情敗露，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)(bao)把慕(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)(yu)嵩(song)等人(ren)給殺了，寶(bao)(bao)、麟兩人(ren)由(you)此互相猜忌。

燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)就在這樣的狀況下支撐到了十月底，此時的五原(yuan)地區已是寒風(feng)凜(lin)冽，冬(dong)日來臨，慕(mu)容寶(bao)下令燒(shao)掉(diao)渡船(chuan)撤(che)(che)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。當時的黃河水還未(wei)結(jie)冰，慕(mu)容寶(bao)認定魏軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)沒有足夠的船(chuan)只，不可能渡河追(zhui)擊，無須采取任(ren)何防備措施，燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)一(yi)路向東撤(che)(che)去(qu)。拓跋(ba)珪(gui)在南岸并(bing)未(wei)馬上(shang)行動，燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)撤(che)(che)退(tui)后的第八天，天氣突變(bian)，刮起暴(bao)風(feng)，河水迅速(su)凍(dong)合。拓跋(ba)珪(gui)大喜過望(wang)，留下所有輜(zi)重，連夜點(dian)起二萬精銳騎兵，全速(su)沖過黃河，朝著(zhu)燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)撤(che)(che)退(tui)的方向追(zhui)去(qu)。

疲憊不(bu)堪(kan)、士(shi)(shi)氣(qi)低落的(de)(de)(de)(de)后燕軍隊走到參(can)合陂（今內(nei)蒙古(gu)涼城(cheng)岱海），已近傍(bang)晚時分(fen)。“天有不(bu)測風(feng)云(yun)”，這(zhe)個(ge)時候一(yi)(yi)陣大風(feng)平地(di)而起，只(zhi)見(jian)一(yi)(yi)道黑氣(qi)如長堤一(yi)(yi)般，自(zi)燕軍身后鋪卷而來(lai)，最后完(wan)全罩住了整個(ge)軍隊。士(shi)(shi)兵(bing)們(men)本已十分(fen)脆弱的(de)(de)(de)(de)心靈又蒙上一(yi)(yi)層陰影，一(yi)(yi)個(ge)名叫支曇(tan)(tan)猛(meng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)和尚(shang)頓覺不(bu)安(an)，向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容寶進言：“狂風(feng)暴虐(nve)，乃是(shi)魏兵(bing)將要來(lai)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)征兆(zhao)，我軍應當作好抵御準(zhun)備(bei)。”滿以(yi)為魏軍早被拋下(xia)很遠(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容寶只(zhi)笑不(bu)答。支曇(tan)(tan)猛(meng)再(zai)三請求，在旁邊聽(ting)得(de)不(bu)耐煩的(de)(de)(de)(de)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容麟(lin)氣(qi)呼呼地(di)說(shuo)：“以(yi)殿(dian)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)神(shen)武，我軍的(de)(de)(de)(de)強盛(sheng)，足以(yi)橫行沙漠(mo)，小小的(de)(de)(de)(de)索(suo)虜（燕人鄙視同宗的(de)(de)(de)(de)北魏，罵其為索(suo)虜）豈(qi)敢(gan)遠(yuan)(yuan)道追(zhui)來(lai)？應該(gai)把這(zhe)該(gai)死的(de)(de)(de)(de)和尚(shang)斬(zhan)首示眾以(yi)消顧慮(lv)！”支曇(tan)(tan)猛(meng)痛哭流涕：“苻堅擁百萬(wan)雄(xiong)師(shi)，卻大敗于(yu)(yu)淮(huai)南，正(zheng)是(shi)由于(yu)(yu)恃眾輕敵，不(bu)相信天道的(de)(de)(de)(de)緣(yuan)故啊！”司(si)徒(tu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容德見(jian)此情景，支曇(tan)(tan)猛(meng)也(ye)算一(yi)(yi)片忠(zhong)心，于(yu)(yu)是(shi)也(ye)勸(quan)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容寶聽(ting)從支曇(tan)(tan)猛(meng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)話(hua)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容寶這(zhe)才讓慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容麟(lin)帶(dai)上三萬(wan)騎兵(bing)殿(dian)后以(yi)防(fang)萬(wan)一(yi)(yi)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容麟(lin)根本不(bu)信支曇(tan)(tan)猛(meng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)胡話(hua)，在大軍后面放縱士(shi)(shi)兵(bing)四處(chu)游獵，不(bu)做(zuo)好設(she)防(fang)準(zhun)備(bei)。

魏軍(jun)(jun)(jun)晝夜兼(jian)程、連(lian)日(ri)急行軍(jun)(jun)(jun)追趕。乙酉，魏軍(jun)(jun)(jun)在暮色里終(zhong)于趕到(dao)參合(he)(he)陂西面。燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)又走(zou)了(le)一(yi)(yi)段路，就停下(xia)(xia)腳步，在參合(he)(he)陂東邊的(de)(de)(de)蟠羊山(shan)南面依水(shui)扎營。拓(tuo)跋珪(gui)發(fa)現燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)近(jin)在咫尺，連(lian)夜部(bu)署進(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)計(ji)(ji)劃，各(ge)將領分別帶兵(bing)，士兵(bing)銜(xian)枚，戰馬束口，暗暗向燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)靠(kao)近(jin)。第二天日(ri)出時(shi)分，魏軍(jun)(jun)(jun)全部(bu)登(deng)上山(shan)頂，腳下(xia)(xia)便是燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)大營。這時(shi)燕(yan)(yan)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)士兵(bing)們正(zheng)伸著懶腰，緩步走(zou)出營寨，準備(bei)向東進(jin)發(fa)，猛(meng)一(yi)(yi)回(hui)頭，眼前竟是嚴陣以(yi)待(dai)的(de)(de)(de)北(bei)魏軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊。燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)頓時(shi)慌作(zuo)一(yi)(yi)團。拓(tuo)跋珪(gui)手一(yi)(yi)抬，二萬(wan)精(jing)騎(qi)兵(bing)以(yi)排山(shan)倒海之(zhi)勢(shi)沖殺過來。燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)紛紛逃(tao)入(ru)水(shui)中，人(ren)馬相互踐踏(ta)，踩死的(de)(de)(de)、淹(yan)死的(de)(de)(de)數以(yi)萬(wan)計(ji)(ji)。拓(tuo)跋遵率部(bu)轉到(dao)燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)前方進(jin)行阻截，燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)最后一(yi)(yi)道心理防線終(zhong)于崩潰，四(si)五萬(wan)人(ren)全部(bu)乖乖地放下(xia)(xia)武器，舉手投降。從亂軍(jun)(jun)(jun)中逃(tao)出的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)足數千(qian)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)農、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德(de)等人(ren)憑著馬快，才撿(jian)了(le)性(xing)命。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂的(de)(de)(de)侄子燕(yan)(yan)右仆陳(chen)留悼(dao)王慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)紹也不(bu)幸(xing)戰死，其余被(bei)生俘的(de)(de)(de)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)氏等文武將吏數千(qian)人(ren)。魏軍(jun)(jun)(jun)獲得燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)數以(yi)萬(wan)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)甲糧貨。

拓跋珪大獲全勝，他從燕(yan)軍(jun)的(de)(de)俘虜中挑了(le)(le)些可用之(zhi)才留在北魏，其余的(de)(de)人(ren)準備悉數發還(huan)衣物(wu)糧食，遣送回(hui)國(guo)，也是(shi)借機招攬中原(yuan)人(ren)心。他的(de)(de)中部大人(ren)王(wang)(wang)建說：“燕(yan)國(guo)強(qiang)盛，這次傾全國(guo)之(zhi)力(li)前來，我軍(jun)僥(jiao)幸取勝，不(bu)如(ru)殺掉降卒，將(jiang)來它們(men)再無可用之(zhi)兵(bing)，打敗(bai)他們(men)就易如(ru)反掌了(le)(le)！”拓跋珪嘆道：“若(ruo)聽從你(ni)的(de)(de)話，只(zhi)怕我將(jiang)陷于(yu)不(bu)仁不(bu)義之(zhi)地。”然而魏國(guo)的(de)(de)將(jiang)領對后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)尚心有余悸，都認為(wei)王(wang)(wang)建說得有理，拓跋珪便下一(yi)道命令，將(jiang)四五萬后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)士兵(bing)全部活埋(mai)！

慕容(rong)(rong)寶回(hui)到(dao)中山，向父親(qin)陳(chen)述失敗的(de)慘狀，竭力請求再次伐魏。旁邊慕容(rong)(rong)德又(you)說(shuo)：“索虜碰巧打(da)了這場(chang)勝仗(zhang)，打(da)心眼瞧不(bu)上太子了，如(ru)果不(bu)以(yi)陛下的(de)神武(wu)把他們制服(fu)，恐怕后患(huan)無窮(qiong)。”七十歲的(de)慕容(rong)(rong)垂聽了這話，決定親(qin)自(zi)出征，為身后的(de)燕國謀取生存的(de)空間。他讓慕容(rong)(rong)隆和慕容(rong)(rong)盛調集舊都(dou)龍城的(de)精兵來(lai)到(dao)中山，約定次年(nian)（396）大舉(ju)西征，攻打(da)北魏。

軍容(rong)(rong)(rong)精(jing)整的(de)(de)龍(long)城(cheng)(cheng)精(jing)騎進(jin)入中山，后燕(yan)的(de)(de)士氣(qi)重新振作。三月，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂親率燕(yan)軍秘(mi)密出發，鑿開太行山道，出其不(bu)意地(di)直逼北魏(wei)占據的(de)(de)平(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)（今山西大(da)同）。拓(tuo)(tuo)跋虔(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)三萬軍馬駐守此地(di)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂派慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農和慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)隆率領龍(long)城(cheng)(cheng)精(jing)兵充(chong)當前鋒，突襲平(ping)城(cheng)(cheng)。拓(tuo)(tuo)跋虔(qian)(qian)(qian)一(yi)向(xiang)不(bu)設防備，看到燕(yan)軍來攻，才倉促出戰，龍(long)城(cheng)(cheng)兵是燕(yan)國戰斗力最強的(de)(de)鮮(xian)卑舊部(bu)(bu)，一(yi)個(ge)個(ge)奮勇爭先，如下山猛虎，魏(wei)軍招(zhao)架不(bu)住，拓(tuo)(tuo)跋虔(qian)(qian)(qian)戰死，殘部(bu)(bu)全部(bu)(bu)被后燕(yan)收編。拓(tuo)(tuo)跋虔(qian)(qian)(qian)是拓(tuo)(tuo)跋珪(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)弟(di)弟(di)，在北魏(wei)威望不(bu)小，他的(de)(de)死訊傳來，拓(tuo)(tuo)跋珪(gui)(gui)大(da)驚失色，就想逃走，北魏(wei)各部(bu)(bu)都開始心(xin)懷二意，拓(tuo)(tuo)跋珪(gui)(gui)竟不(bu)知(zhi)往哪(na)里逃。

病重身亡

燕(yan)軍一(yi)路前(qian)行，慕(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)來(lai)到了昔日(ri)戰場參合陂。萬人(ren)坑(keng)上的(de)泥土猶(you)新，曾經還(huan)是生龍活虎的(de)數(shu)萬士卒(zu)已成堆積如山(shan)的(de)尸骨(gu)，無數(shu)冤魂仿佛(fo)還(huan)在(zai)山(shan)間(jian)飄(piao)蕩。燕(yan)軍設下(xia)祭壇，死難將士的(de)父兄一(yi)起放聲(sheng)(sheng)痛(tong)哭，聲(sheng)(sheng)音響徹(che)山(shan)谷。白發蒼蒼的(de)慕(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)面對此情此景，心中又慚又恨，那最后(hou)一(yi)點戰斗的(de)氣神再也無法堅持(chi)下(xia)去，哇(wa)的(de)一(yi)口鮮血吐(tu)了出來(lai)，舊疾發作，乘著馬輿前(qian)進，在(zai)平城(cheng)西北(bei)三十里休(xiu)整。慕(mu)容寶等人(ren)的(de)前(qian)軍也只好全(quan)部撤退(tui)。拓跋珪(gui)得到后(hou)燕(yan)叛卒(zu)的(de)消息，本想(xiang)乘隙追(zhui)趕，聽說平城(cheng)淪陷，便引兵(bing)退(tui)回(hui)陰山(shan)。

慕容(rong)垂在平城停留了十天(tian)，修了座燕昌城（欲昌則不昌），便匆匆返(fan)回，他在歸途中病逝于(yu)上谷郡的沮(ju)陽（今(jin)河北懷來東南），終年七十一歲。

主要成就

慕(mu)容垂13歲即隨父征戰(zhan)，才兼文武(wu)，勇猛多(duo)謀。前(qian)燕慕(mu)容皝十(shi)一年（344），慕(mu)容垂任(ren)前(qian)鋒都督，建(jian)鋒將軍。次年，率(lv)兵(bing)2萬自(zi)東道(dao)出徒河(he)（今錦(jin)州）南(nan)(nan)下，與(yu)(yu)燕王慕(mu)容儁等(deng)會師，攻(gong)取后趙幽州（治今北京城西南(nan)(nan)）等(deng)地，并勸(quan)燕王勿殺降卒，以(yi)服人心。元(yuan)璽三年（354），受封為(wei)吳(wu)王。光(guang)壽元(yuan)年（357），參與(yu)(yu)攻(gong)討敕勒(le)，俘斬十(shi)余萬人。建(jian)熙六年（365），與(yu)(yu)太宰(zai)慕(mu)容恪合力攻(gong)占東晉洛(luo)陽（今河(he)南(nan)(nan)洛(luo)陽東北）后，任(ren)征南(nan)(nan)大(da)將軍、荊州牧等(deng)職，領兵(bing)萬人，鎮魯(lu)陽（今魯(lu)山）。十(shi)年，在(zai)桓溫攻(gong)前(qian)燕之戰(zhan)中，大(da)敗晉軍，威名大(da)振。

是年十(shi)一月，因前(qian)(qian)(qian)燕(yan)(yan)內訌，西(xi)投前(qian)(qian)(qian)秦(qin)(qin)，為(wei)秦(qin)(qin)主苻(fu)堅所賞識，任(ren)冠軍將(jiang)軍。十(shi)一年，前(qian)(qian)(qian)秦(qin)(qin)滅前(qian)(qian)(qian)燕(yan)(yan)，慕(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)至(zhi)鄴(ye)(ye)（今(jin)(jin)河北(bei)臨漳西(xi)南），密圖興復。后(hou)轉京兆尹(yin)，參加(jia)征(zheng)(zheng)伐，皆有(you)大(da)功，但為(wei)前(qian)(qian)(qian)秦(qin)(qin)權貴(gui)猜忌(ji)、壓抑(yi)。前(qian)(qian)(qian)秦(qin)(qin)建(jian)元十(shi)八年（382），不顧多數(shu)朝臣的反(fan)對(dui)，力勸苻(fu)堅進(jin)攻(gong)(gong)東(dong)晉(jin)(jin)。十(shi)九年七月，東(dong)晉(jin)(jin)車騎(qi)將(jiang)軍桓沖攻(gong)(gong)襄陽（今(jin)(jin)屬湖北(bei)襄樊），征(zheng)(zheng)南將(jiang)軍苻(fu)叡率步騎(qi)5萬援(yuan)救，慕(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)為(wei)前(qian)(qian)(qian)鋒。垂(chui)(chui)命(ming)士卒多燃火(huo)炬，光照數(shu)十(shi)里，嚇退晉(jin)(jin)軍。是年，淝(fei)水(shui)之戰，秦(qin)(qin)兵慘敗，唯慕(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)軍3萬屯據鄖城(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)安陸）無損。苻(fu)堅率所剩(sheng)千(qian)余騎(qi)往赴，慕(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)悉以兵歸堅。旋丁零族翟(zhai)斌(bin)起(qi)兵反(fan)秦(qin)(qin)，謀攻(gong)(gong)洛陽，慕(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)受命(ming)進(jin)討。二(er)十(shi)年，至(zhi)滎陽（今(jin)(jin)河南滎陽東(dong)北(bei)），起(qi)兵反(fan)秦(qin)(qin)，稱(cheng)燕(yan)(yan)王（史(shi)稱(cheng)后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)），率眾攻(gong)(gong)鄴(ye)(ye)，拔外(wai)城(cheng)。苻(fu)丕求援(yuan)于東(dong)晉(jin)(jin)。后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)燕(yan)(yan)元二(er)年（385）四月，兵敗后(hou)伺(si)機反(fan)擊，大(da)破援(yuan)鄴(ye)(ye)之晉(jin)(jin)軍。十(shi)二(er)月，定(ding)都中(zhong)山（今(jin)(jin)河北(bei)定(ding)州）。

建興(xing)二年(nian)（387），發兵(bing)(bing)討溫詳等叛軍，迫叛眾3萬(wan)余(yu)(yu)(yu)戶歸后燕。又(you)遣兵(bing)(bing)南(nan)下，進(jin)占歷城(cheng)（今(jin)濟南(nan)），迫使(shi)青、兗、徐三州郡縣(xian)多數壁(bi)壘出降(jiang)。七年(nian)六月，攻(gong)討丁零族(zu)翟釗于黎(li)陽（今(jin)河南(nan)浚縣(xian)東(dong)北(bei)），以牛皮(pi)船百余(yu)(yu)(yu)艘，偽(wei)列(lie)兵(bing)(bing)仗，溯(su)流西(xi)上，而潛軍于東(dong)夜渡，營于河南(nan)，堅壁(bi)不(bu)(bu)戰，使(shi)翟釗兵(bing)(bing)往來疲(pi)憊，再行(xing)夾(jia)擊，盡(jin)獲其(qi)眾。九(jiu)年(nian)，攻(gong)西(xi)燕主(zhu)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)永(yong)(yong)，先分處置疑兵(bing)(bing)以誘(you)敵，自率(lv)大(da)(da)軍屯鄴城(cheng)西(xi)南(nan)，月余(yu)(yu)(yu)不(bu)(bu)進(jin)；待慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)永(yong)(yong)發兵(bing)(bing)分道(dao)拒守，即(ji)乘虛(xu)直入，連破西(xi)燕軍，進(jin)圍臺壁(bi)（今(jin)山(shan)西(xi)襄垣東(dong)北(bei)）。繼又(you)佯退，誘(you)其(qi)追(zhui)入設伏地帶，實行(xing)圍擊，大(da)(da)破慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)永(yong)(yong)，滅亡西(xi)燕。十年(nian)，遣子慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶率(lv)軍9.8萬(wan)攻(gong)北(bei)魏(wei)，在參合陂之戰遭(zao)慘敗(bai)。次年(nian)三月，親自率(lv)軍攻(gong)北(bei)魏(wei)。閏三月，襲取(qu)平城(cheng)（今(jin)山(shan)西(xi)大(da)(da)同東(dong)北(bei)），大(da)(da)敗(bai)魏(wei)軍，收其(qi)部落3萬(wan)余(yu)(yu)(yu)家。

歷史評價

崔浩：“垂藉父兄之資，修復舊業，國(guo)人歸之，若夜(ye)蟲之就火(huo)，少加倚(yi)仗，易以立功。”

房玄齡等《晉(jin)(jin)(jin)書》：“慕容(rong)垂天資英杰(jie)，威震本朝，以(yi)雄略見(jian)猜而庇身寬政(zheng)，永固受(shou)之(zhi)而以(yi)禮，道(dao)明(ming)事之(zhi)而畢力。然而隼質(zhi)難羈，狼心(xin)自野。淮南(nan)失(shi)律(lv)，三甥(sheng)之(zhi)謀已(yi)構；河朔分麾，五(wu)木之(zhi)祥(xiang)云(yun)(yun)啟。斬飛龍而遐舉，逾石門而長邁，遂使翟(zhai)氏景從，鄴師宵逸，收羅趙(zhao)、魏，驅駕英雄。叩(kou)囊(nang)余(yu)奇(qi)，摧五(wu)萬(wan)于(yu)(yu)(yu)河曲；浮船秘策(ce)，招七郡于(yu)(yu)(yu)黎(li)陽。返遼陰之(zhi)舊物(wu)，創中山之(zhi)新社，類帝禋宗，僭擬(ni)斯備。夫以(yi)重(zhong)耳歸晉(jin)(jin)(jin)，賴五(wu)臣之(zhi)功；句踐紿吳，資五(wu)千之(zhi)卒。惡有業殊二霸(ba)，眾(zhong)微一旅，掎拔(ba)而傾山岳(yue)，騰嘯(xiao)而御(yu)風云(yun)(yun)！雖衛人忘亡(wang)復傳于(yu)(yu)(yu)東國(guo)，任好余(yu)裕伊愧于(yu)(yu)(yu)西鄰，信苻氏之(zhi)奸回，非(fei)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)室之(zhi)鯨(jing)鯢(ni)矣。”

蔡東藩《兩晉(jin)演義(yi)》：“慕(mu)容垂才(cai)略過人，卒(zu)能恢復燕祚，不(bu)可謂非一世雄(xiong)，其(qi)獨擇子不(bu)明(ming)，失之(zhi)于太子寶，反(fan)以段后(hou)所言為營私。”

趣聞軼事

墜馬傷齒

慕容霸小時候很愛出游打獵。有一回，慕容霸在騎馬射獵時不小心從馬背上栽落倒地，竟然還磕掉了牙齒。慕容霸盡管庶出，自小卻很受父親嘉獎與寵愛，他異母嫡兄慕容儁便對他忌恨不已。慕容儁即位燕王后，為報復奚落慕容霸，抖落他早年磕牙的糗事，便讓他改名“