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傳奇少年

咸康五年(nian)(nian)（前燕六年(nian)(nian)，339年(nian)(nian)），慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)霸13歲。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)(huang)擊高(gao)(gao)句麗，兵及新城(cheng)，高(gao)(gao)句麗王(wang)釗乞盟，乃(nai)還。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)(huang)又使授予慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)霸為騎都尉，令其跟隨其兄長(chang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪（慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)(huang)第四子）擊宇文別(bie)部。時年(nian)(nian)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)霸年(nian)(nian)僅(jin)十(shi)三(san)歲，卻勇冠(guan)三(san)軍。

慕容霸甚(shen)得父(fu)親(qin)寵愛，甚(shen)至比起身為世子的(de)哥哥慕容儁(jun)(jun)更多，故此慕容儁(jun)(jun)忿忿不平(ping)。

屢立戰功

咸康八年（前燕九年，342年），慕容霸16歲。燕王慕容皝(huang)(huang)率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)攻(gong)高(gao)句麗(li)。時前(qian)燕(yan)與高(gao)句麗(li)相(xiang)鄰，慕(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)(huang)常(chang)懼其乘(cheng)虛(xu) 入，視為心腹(fu)之患，遂(sui)于十一月(yue)采用庶兄(xiong)、建(jian)威將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)容(rong)翰(han)之策略，分兵(bing)兩路進攻(gong)高(gao)句麗(li)。慕(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)(huang)自率(lv)主力(li)精(jing)銳4萬從(cong)南(nan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)進攻(gong)，而(er)慕(mu)容(rong)霸則與慕(mu)容(rong)翰(han)為前(qian)鋒。慕(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)(huang)還另命長史(shi)王寓等率(lv)兵(bing)1.5萬從(cong)北道(dao)(dao)(dao)進攻(gong)。高(gao)句麗(li)王高(gao)釗聞知，判斷(duan)燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)主力(li)必(bi)從(cong)北道(dao)(dao)(dao)而(er)來，乃使其弟高(gao)武率(lv)精(jing)兵(bing)5萬防守北道(dao)(dao)(dao)，自率(lv)弱旅防南(nan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)。前(qian)燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)在南(nan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)大敗高(gao)句麗(li)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)，乘(cheng)勝追入丸都（高(gao)句麗(li)都城，今吉林集安(an)西(xi)），高(gao)釗只身逃走。

東晉建元(yuan)二年(nian)（前(qian)燕(yan)十一年(nian)，344年(nian)），慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸(ba)(ba)18歲。二月，燕(yan)王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝親自(zi)帶兵(bing)攻宇(yu)文(wen)逸(yi)豆歸(gui)，以(yi)建威將軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰(han)為(wei)(wei)前(qian)鋒將軍(jun)，劉佩(pei)為(wei)(wei)副(fu)將；并命慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸(ba)(ba)與慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)軍(jun)、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪及折沖將軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)輿根等率兵(bing)分三(san)路并進。宇(yu)文(wen)逸(yi)豆歸(gui)派(pai)南(nan)羅城大(da)（即(ji)城主(zhu)）涉(she)夜干(gan)率精兵(bing)迎擊(ji)；慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰(han)出戰(zhan)涉(she)夜干(gan)，兩軍(jun)激戰(zhan)之時(shi)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸(ba)(ba)則率軍(jun)從側翼殺出，殺涉(she)夜干(gan)，宇(yu)文(wen)軍(jun)不戰(zhan)自(zi)潰(kui)，燕(yan)軍(jun)乘(cheng)勝追擊(ji)，攻克宇(yu)文(wen)氏(shi)都(dou)城紫蒙川（今(jin)遼寧朝陽西北(bei)）。宇(yu)文(wen)逸(yi)豆歸(gui)敗逃，死于漠北(bei)。宇(yu)文(wen)氏(shi)從此(ci)散亡(wang)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝收(shou)其畜產，徙其部(bu)眾5000余(yu)落于昌黎(li)，辟地千余(yu)里，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸(ba)(ba)因功(gong)被封為(wei)(wei)都(dou)鄉侯。

東(dong)(dong)晉永(yong)和元年（345年），后(hou)趙將(jiang)領鄧(deng)恒(heng)領兵(bing)數萬駐屯樂(le)安（今河北樂(le)亭縣東(dong)(dong)北），意圖(tu)并吞前(qian)燕。慕容(rong)皝以慕容(rong)霸為(wei)平(ping)狄將(jiang)軍(jun)，駐軍(jun)徒(tu)河（今遼寧錦州(zhou)西北），鄧(deng)恒(heng)因為(wei)畏(wei)懼(ju)慕容(rong)霸而不敢(gan)進犯。

東(dong)晉永和四年(nian)（348年(nian)），時(shi)年(nian)22歲，燕(yan)王慕容(rong)皝(huang)去世，慕容(rong)皝(huang)次子慕容(rong)俊(jun)即燕(yan)王位，就(jiu)以慕容(rong)霸曾經墮(duo)馬而撞斷了牙齒為由改其(qi)名為“慕容(rong)夬(guai)(guai)“，后更去“夬(guai)(guai)”而改名慕容(rong)垂。

永和五(wu)年（349年），后趙(zhao)主石(shi)虎死，后趙(zhao)大(da)(da)亂(luan)。可慕容(rong)(rong)俊卻認為(wei)后趙(zhao)新遭大(da)(da)喪，未同意進取中原。慕容(rong)(rong)霸急至龍城（今(jin)遼寧朝陽），親自(zi)對慕容(rong)(rong)儁說(shuo)：“難得而(er)易失者(zhe)，時也。萬一石(shi)氏衰而(er)復(fu)興，或有英雄據(ju)其成資，豈惟(wei)失此大(da)(da)利，亦恐更(geng)為(wei)后患。”于是，在(zai)封(feng)奕等人的支持下，慕容(rong)(rong)儁以(yi)慕容(rong)(rong)垂為(wei)前鋒都督、建鋒將軍，選二十多萬精兵準備伐趙(zhao)。

永和六年(nian)(nian)（350年(nian)(nian)）二月，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)命慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂領(ling)二萬兵(bing)經(jing)(jing)循東路經(jing)(jing)徒河(he)伐趙(zhao)(zhao)，另遣慕(mu)(mu)輿于出(chu)西道，自率(lv)中軍，兵(bing)分三路伐趙(zhao)(zhao)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂到(dao)三陘（今(jin)河(he)北撫(fu)寧縣矛(mao)石山），鄧恒驚懼而燒(shao)倉庫出(chu)逃，退保薊城（今(jin)北京）。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂到(dao)后盡收(shou)樂安(an)、北平(ping)兩郡(jun)兵(bing)糧(liang)，與慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)會合(he)共攻(gong)(gong)(gong)薊城。三月，燕軍攻(gong)(gong)(gong)下薊城，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂勸止了(le)(le)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)盡坑后趙(zhao)(zhao)士(shi)卒的決(jue)定。不久慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)又親率(lv)軍隊進攻(gong)(gong)(gong)鄧恒，至清梁(liang)（今(jin)河(he)北清苑縣西南(nan)）時趙(zhao)(zhao)將鹿勃早(zao)率(lv)數千人夜襲燕軍，突(tu)入慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂幕下，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂于是奮力反擊(ji)(ji)，手刃了(le)(le)十多人，遏(e)制(zhi)了(le)(le)鹿勃早(zao)的攻(gong)(gong)(gong)擊(ji)(ji)，及后慕(mu)(mu)輿根等人領(ling)兵(bing)擊(ji)(ji)敗鹿勃早(zao)，成功擊(ji)(ji)退了(le)(le)來襲。

永和(he)八年（352年）三(san)月，趙立義(yi)將軍(jun)段勤聚(ju)胡、羯萬余人保(bao)據繹幕，自(zi)稱趙帝(di)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)霸(ba)率軍(jun)前去攻打，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)霸(ba)軍(jun)至(zhi)繹幕，段勤與弟段思(si)陪舉城(cheng)投降。由于燕衛將軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪、撫(fu)軍(jun)將軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)軍(jun)、左將軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)彪等屢(lv)薦(jian)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)霸(ba)有命(ming)世之(zhi)才，宜當(dang)大任。燕主慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)俊遂于同年以慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)霸(ba)為使持節(jie)、安(an)東將軍(jun)、北(bei)冀州(zhou)剌史，鎮常(chang)山(shan)。

永和十(shi)年(nian)（354年(nian)）四月(yue)，慕(mu)容(rong)俊稱帝，建號元璽，史稱前燕。慕(mu)容(rong)霸(ba)因訓練軍(jun)隊之時，座騎受驚而墜馬(ma)，進而折齒，更(geng)名為慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)。慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)被封(feng)為吳王(wang)，遷鎮信都，以(yi)侍中、右禁將軍(jun)錄留臺事，大收東北之利。這(zhe)便慕(mu)容(rong)俊更(geng)加忌(ji)妒慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)，下詔將其召還(huan)。

升平元(yuan)(yuan)年（前(qian)燕光壽元(yuan)(yuan)年，357年），前(qian)燕發兵(bing)進攻(gong)塞(sai)北(bei)（長城(cheng)以北(bei)）敕(chi)勒(le)。敕(chi)勒(le)，又名(ming)丁(ding)零，高車(che)。魏(wei)晉南北(bei)朝(chao)時，大(da)批敕(chi)勒(le)人入塞(sai)與(yu)其他少(shao)數(shu)民族雜居(ju)，留(liu)居(ju)漠北(bei)草原的敕(chi)勒(le)則(ze)在四世紀日益強大(da)，不(bu)斷侵擾中(zhong)原。前(qian)燕入居(ju)中(zhong)原后(hou)，經常遭(zao)到敕(chi)勒(le)人襲擾。同(tong)年五月，慕(mu)容俊(jun)派遣(qian)慕(mu)容垂（時為(wei)撫(fu)軍(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)）與(yu)中(zhong)軍(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)慕(mu)容虔、護軍(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)平熙率步騎8萬(wan)(wan)進軍(jun)塞(sai)北(bei)，攻(gong)敕(chi)勒(le)，大(da)敗之，俘(fu)斬達(da)10余萬(wan)(wan)人，獲馬(ma)13萬(wan)(wan)匹、牛羊無數(shu)。北(bei)部邊境復安。

為兄所忌

升平二年(nian)（358年(nian)），慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)娶(qu)段(duan)(duan)末柸女(nv)段(duan)(duan)氏，段(duan)(duan)氏生子(zi)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)令(ling)、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶。段(duan)(duan)氏才高(gao)(gao)性烈(lie)，與(yu)(yu)(yu)皇(huang)(huang)(huang)后(hou)可足(zu)渾氏不(bu)睦，皇(huang)(huang)(huang)后(hou)引(yin)以(yi)為恨。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)俊向來(lai)對慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)不(bu)滿(man)，時有人奉可足(zu)渾之令(ling)告段(duan)(duan)氏及吳國典書(shu)令(ling)遼東(dong)高(gao)(gao)弼(bi)為巫蠱(gu)，想借此把(ba)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)牽(qian)連進(jin)來(lai)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)俊將段(duan)(duan)氏及高(gao)(gao)弼(bi)下(xia)獄(yu)，進(jin)行拷(kao)問(wen)。但(dan)二人“志氣確然，終(zhong)無撓辭(ci)”（《晉書(shu)·慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)載記》）。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)心(xin)痛(tong)，暗(an)中(zhong)派(pai)人對段(duan)(duan)氏說：“人生會當一死，何(he)堪楚毒如此！不(bu)若引(yin)服。”段(duan)(duan)氏嘆息道(dao)：“吾(wu)豈(qi)愛(ai)死者耶！若自誣以(yi)惡逆(ni)，上辱祖宗，下(xia)累于王，固不(bu)為也！”（《晉書(shu)·慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)載記》）后(hou)段(duan)(duan)氏死于獄(yu)中(zhong)，而慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)也因此得免。出(chu)平州(zhou)刺史，鎮遼東(dong)。并(bing)以(yi)段(duan)(duan)氏之妹(mei)為繼室，皇(huang)(huang)(huang)后(hou)又(you)將其(qi)黜之，并(bing)將其(qi)妹(mei)嫁與(yu)(yu)(yu)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)心(xin)中(zhong)不(bu)滿(man)，這使他與(yu)(yu)(yu)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)俊關系更加惡劣。

升平三年（359年）十二月，慕容俊病危，召慕容垂回鄴城（今(jin)河北臨(lin)漳西南）。

升平四年（360年）正月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)俊病逝，太子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)暐即位(wei)。二月(yue)，尊可(ke)足渾后(hou)為(wei)皇太后(hou)，以太原王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪為(wei)太宰，專(zhuan)錄朝(chao)(chao)政；上(shang)庸王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評為(wei)太傅，陽騖為(wei)太保，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)(yu)根為(wei)太師(shi)，參輔(fu)朝(chao)(chao)政。時慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)(yu)根自恃先朝(chao)(chao)元勛，心不服慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪，舉動(dong)倨(ju)傲。時太后(hou)可(ke)足渾氏也頗干(gan)預外事。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)(yu)根想要(yao)謀反(fan)(fan)，便(bian)勸(quan)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪一(yi)起謀反(fan)(fan)，遭到拒(ju)絕(jue)。后(hou)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪將(jiang)此(ci)事告(gao)之(zhi)于慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)便(bian)勸(quan)其誅殺慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)(yu)根，但慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪以大(da)局(ju)為(wei)重，沒有同意。后(hou)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)(yu)根密謀誅殺慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評，二人聞后(hou)，遂將(jiang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)(yu)根誅殺。三月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪以慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)為(wei)使持(chi)節(jie)、征(zheng)南(nan)將(jiang)軍、都(dou)督河南(nan)諸(zhu)軍事、兗州牧、荊(jing)州刺史(shi)，鎮梁(liang)國之(zhi)蠡臺。

興寧三(san)年（365年）二月(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)隨慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)共(gong)攻(gong)洛陽。三(san)月(yue)(yue)，克之，俘殺(sha)揚(yang)武將(jiang)軍沈勁(jing)。隨即慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)略(lve)地至崤、澠，關中大震，秦王苻(fu)堅(jian)屯(tun)陜城以(yi)(yi)防(fang)燕軍。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)以(yi)(yi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)為(wei)都督荊、揚(yang)、洛、徐、兗、豫、雍、益(yi)、涼、秦十州(zhou)諸(zhu)軍事、征南大將(jiang)軍、荊州(zhou)牧(mu)，配兵(bing)一萬，鎮魯(lu)陽。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)變現出來的(de)軍事才能大為(wei)驚奇，甚為(wei)倚重(zhong)(zhong)。后慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)病重(zhong)(zhong)，深慮慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)暐手中無權，而慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)又(you)多猜忌。五月(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)病逝，臨(lin)終(zhong)前(qian)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)暐親臨(lin)問以(yi)(yi)后事，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)再次向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)暐推薦慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)。

枋頭大捷

慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪病死后，太和(he)四(si)(si)年(nian)（前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)建熙(xi)十年(nian)，369年(nian)）四(si)(si)月，東(dong)(dong)(dong)晉(jin)(jin)大司馬桓(huan)(huan)溫親(qin)率(lv)(lv)步騎5萬開(kai)始(shi)北(bei)伐前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)（參(can)見晉(jin)(jin)攻前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)戰(zhan)）。東(dong)(dong)(dong)晉(jin)(jin)建威將軍(jun)檀玄攻克湖陸（今(jin)(jin)山(shan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)魚臺東(dong)(dong)(dong)南），俘燕(yan)(yan)(yan)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)忠。前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)下邳王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)厲(li)為征討(tao)大都督和(he)晉(jin)(jin)軍(jun)戰(zhan)于黃墟（今(jin)(jin)河(he)南開(kai)封東(dong)(dong)(dong)），燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)大敗，燕(yan)(yan)(yan)高平(ping)太守(shou)徐翻舉(ju)郡降晉(jin)(jin)。晉(jin)(jin)鄧(deng)遐和(he)朱序又打敗燕(yan)(yan)(yan)將傅顏(yan)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐于是派(pai)散騎常侍李(li)鳳去前(qian)(qian)秦求援。七(qi)月，桓(huan)(huan)溫進駐(zhu)武(wu)陽(yang)（今(jin)(jin)山(shan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)莘縣(xian)東(dong)(dong)(dong)南），前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)孫元率(lv)(lv)宗族起兵響應，桓(huan)(huan)溫到達(da)枋(fang)頭(tou)（今(jin)(jin)河(he)南浚縣(xian)西(xi)南）。東(dong)(dong)(dong)晉(jin)(jin)大軍(jun)連戰(zhan)連勝(sheng)，使(shi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐和(he)太傅慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評十分恐懼，商議欲逃故(gu)都和(he)龍（今(jin)(jin)遼寧朝陽(yang)）。這時，吳王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂請求率(lv)(lv)兵抗晉(jin)(jin)，他說(shuo)：“不(bu)然。臣請擊(ji)之(zhi)，若戰(zhan)不(bu)捷，走未晚也。”（《晉(jin)(jin)書·慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐載記》）慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐以慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂代(dai)替(ti)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)臧(zang)為南討(tao)大都督，率(lv)(lv)征南將軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德等5萬步騎抵(di)御桓(huan)(huan)溫。

慕容暐又(you)派散騎(qi)侍郎(lang)樂嵩往前(qian)秦求(qiu)救，并答應以割，讓虎牢（今(jin)河南滎陽(yang)西北汜水(shui)鎮(zhen)）以西的(de)土地給秦為(wei)條件。前(qian)秦王苻(fu)堅召(zhao)集群臣(chen)商議(yi)，采納王猛先援弱擊強，后再乘燕衰而取(qu)的(de)建議(yi)。八月，派將軍茍池和洛州刺史鄧羌率(lv)領步騎(qi)2萬救援前(qian)燕。援軍從秦洛州（今(jin)河南）出發，出洛陽(yang)進屯(tun)潁川(chuan)（今(jin)河南許昌東），又(you)派散騎(qi)侍郎(lang)姜(jiang)撫(fu)去燕國(guo)報信。

桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)接連失利，糧草中斷(duan)，又聽說前秦援兵將要到達，遂(sui)下令(ling)焚燒戰船，丟下輜重、鎧仗，率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)從陸路(lu)撤(che)(che)回。桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)從東(dong)(dong)燕(yan)(yan)（治(zhi)今河南汲縣東(dong)(dong)南）出(chu)發，撤(che)(che)退途中恐(kong)前燕(yan)(yan)追(zhui)兵在上(shang)游放毒，命士(shi)卒鑿井取水(shui)飲(yin)用，這樣一(yi)直(zhi)行走了700里。前燕(yan)(yan)諸將爭欲追(zhui)擊(ji)(ji)，慕(mu)容垂(chui)說：“不(bu)可。溫(wen)(wen)(wen)初(chu)退惶恐(kong)，必嚴設(she)警備，簡精銳為后(hou)(hou)拒(ju)，擊(ji)(ji)之(zhi)未必得志(zhi)，不(bu)如緩(huan)之(zhi)。彼(bi)幸吾(wu)未至，必晝(zhou)夜(ye)疾趨(qu)；俟其士(shi)眾力盡(jin)氣衰，然(ran)后(hou)(hou)擊(ji)(ji)之(zhi)，無不(bu)克矣(yi)。”（《資治(zhi)通(tong)(tong)鑒·卷第一(yi)百二(er)》）于是，慕(mu)容垂(chui)親率(lv)騎兵8000尾隨桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)軍(jun)(jun)行進。桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)果然(ran)加(jia)速(su)退兵，幾天以后(hou)(hou)，慕(mu)容垂(chui)告諸將曰：“溫(wen)(wen)(wen)可擊(ji)(ji)矣(yi)。”（《資治(zhi)通(tong)(tong)鑒·卷第一(yi)百二(er)》）遂(sui)令(ling)諸將急進，在襄邑（今河南睢縣）追(zhui)上(shang)桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)。慕(mu)容德先率(lv)領4000名(ming)精銳騎兵埋伏于襄邑東(dong)(dong)澗中，和慕(mu)容垂(chui)東(dong)(dong)西夾擊(ji)(ji)桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)，大(da)敗(bai)晉軍(jun)(jun)，斬首3萬人。

時秦將(jiang)茍池又于(yu)譙郡截擊桓溫(wen)(wen)，晉軍死者復以萬計。晉將(jiang)孫(sun)元據守武陽抵抗燕(yan)軍，被燕(yan)左衛將(jiang)軍孟高擒獲。十(shi)月，天氣漸冷，桓溫(wen)(wen)收集(ji)余眾，屯于(yu)山陽（今江蘇淮(huai)安）。至此，桓溫(wen)(wen)攻燕(yan)以失敗告終。

出奔前秦

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)大(da)敗桓溫，威名大(da)振，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)(ping)(ping)對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)是又忌又恨。后慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)提(ti)出獎勵麾下將士，但被(bei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)(ping)(ping)壓住不(bu)報(bao)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)大(da)為不(bu)滿，與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)(ping)(ping)相(xiang)爭。太后可(ke)(ke)足渾氏素恨慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)，遂毀其戰功，與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)(ping)(ping)相(xiang)謀，欲殺(sha)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪之(zhi)子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷及慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)舅蘭建知道后，告訴(su)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)說(shuo)：“先發制人(ren)，但除(chu)評(ping)(ping)(ping)及樂安(an)王臧，馀無能(neng)為矣。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)心中不(bu)忍(ren)，說(shuo)：“骨肉相(xiang)殘而(er)(er)首亂于國，吾(wu)有死而(er)(er)已，不(bu)忍(ren)為也(ye)。”（《資治通(tong)鑒·卷第一(yi)百(bai)二(er)》）不(bu)久，二(er)人(ren)又告訴(su)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)說(shuo)：“內意已決，不(bu)可(ke)(ke)不(bu)早發。” 慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)說(shuo)：“必不(bu)可(ke)(ke)彌縫，吾(wu)寧避之(zhi)于外，馀非所(suo)議。”（《資治通(tong)鑒·卷第一(yi)百(bai)二(er)》）

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)心中憂慮，未敢將(jiang)此事(shi)告訴諸(zhu)子(zi)，同(tong)時(shi)也是怕(pa)引(yin)起諸(zhu)子(zi)的(de)騷動。世子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)(ling)說(shuo)(shuo)：“尊(zun)比(bi)者如有憂色，豈非以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)主(zhu)上幼沖，太傅(fu)疾賢，功(gong)高望(wang)重，愈(yu)見猜邪？”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)說(shuo)(shuo)：“然(ran)(ran)。吾竭力致命以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)破強寇(kou)，本欲保全(quan)(quan)家國，豈知功(gong)成之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后，返(fan)令(ling)(ling)身無所(suo)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)。汝既知吾心，何以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)為吾謀？”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)(ling)說(shuo)(shuo)：“主(zhu)上暗弱，委任太傅(fu)，一(yi)旦禍(huo)發，疾于駭機。今欲保族全(quan)(quan)身，不(bu)(bu)(bu)失大義，莫若逃之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)龍城(cheng)(cheng)，遜辭(ci)謝罪(zui)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)待主(zhu)上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)察，若周公之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)居(ju)東，庶幾可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)感寤而得還，此幸(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大者也。如其不(bu)(bu)(bu)然(ran)(ran)，則內撫(fu)燕、代(dai)，外懷群夷，守肥如之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)險(xian)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)自(zi)保，亦(yi)其次(ci)也。”（《資治(zhi)通鑒·卷(juan)第一(yi)百(bai)二》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)覺得這個辦法(fa)很好，遂(sui)同(tong)意(yi)。十一(yi)月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)打獵為由，微服出鄴(ye)，準備回(hui)故都(dou)龍城(cheng)(cheng)。到(dao)邯鄲時(shi)，卻出了(le)意(yi)外，幼子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟向來不(bu)(bu)(bu)為慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)所(suo)寵愛，便向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)告狀，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)左右(you)也多有離去。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)知道后，在慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)面前盡說(shuo)(shuo)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)壞話，遂(sui)派(pai)西(xi)平公慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)強率精騎追之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，到(dao)范陽（今北京(jing)）時(shi)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)派(pai)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)(ling)斷后，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)強不(bu)(bu)(bu)敢追趕。時(shi)天將(jiang)晚慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)(ling)對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)說(shuo)(shuo)：“本欲保東都(dou)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)自(zi)全(quan)(quan)，今事(shi)已泄，謀不(bu)(bu)(bu)及設。秦(qin)主(zhu)方招延英杰，不(bu)(bu)(bu)如往歸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)說(shuo)(shuo)：“如今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)計(ji)，舍(she)此安之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”（《資治(zhi)通鑒·卷(juan)第一(yi)百(bai)二》）

慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)“乃散騎滅跡，傍南(nan)山復(fu)還鄴(ye)(ye)，隱于趙(zhao)之(zhi)(zhi)顯原陵”（《資治(zhi)通(tong)鑒(jian)·卷第一百(bai)二(er)》）。又殺白馬(ma)以祭(ji)天(tian)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)令(ling)(ling)對(dui)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)說(shuo)：“太傅忌賢疾(ji)能，構(gou)事(shi)以來，人尤忿恨。今(jin)鄴(ye)(ye)城之(zhi)(zhi)中，莫知(zhi)尊處，如嬰兒之(zhi)(zhi)思母，夷、夏同之(zhi)(zhi)。若(ruo)順(shun)眾心，襲(xi)其無(wu)備，取之(zhi)(zhi)如指掌耳。事(shi)定之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，革弊簡能，大匡(kuang)朝政(zheng)，以輔主上，安國存家，功之(zhi)(zhi)大者(zhe)也。現(xian)今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)便，誠(cheng)不(bu)可(ke)失(shi)，愿(yuan)給騎數人，足以辦之(zhi)(zhi)。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)說(shuo)：“如汝之(zhi)(zhi)謀(mou)，事(shi)成誠(cheng)為大福，不(bu)成悔之(zhi)(zhi)何及！不(bu)如西奔(ben)，可(ke)以萬全(quan)。”（《資治(zhi)通(tong)鑒(jian)·卷第一百(bai)二(er)》）慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)遂(sui)率部西行，至河陽，斬津吏而渡(du)。遂(sui)自洛(luo)陽與段(duan)夫人，子慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)令(ling)(ling)、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)農、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)隆，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪之(zhi)(zhi)子慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷，舅蘭建，郎中令(ling)(ling)高弼一起投奔(ben)前(qian)秦，只(zhi)留可(ke)足渾氏于鄴(ye)(ye)。乙泉戌(xu)主吳歸(gui)率兵追擊，被慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)令(ling)(ling)擊退。

自慕(mu)容恪(ke)死后，前(qian)秦王苻堅便有(you)伐(fa)燕之(zhi)意，但一(yi)直未成(cheng)，一(yi)是因(yin)內亂，二(er)是忌憚(dan)慕(mu)容垂之(zhi)威名(ming)。苻堅聞慕(mu)容垂來歸，大(da)喜，親自到郊外迎接，執其手說(shuo)：“天(tian)生賢杰(jie)，必相與共成(cheng)大(da)功(gong)，此(ci)自然之(zhi)數(shu)也。要當與卿共定天(tian)下，告(gao)成(cheng)岱宗，然后還(huan)卿本邦，世封幽州，使卿去國不(bu)失為子之(zhi)孝，歸朕不(bu)失事君之(zhi)忠，不(bu)亦美乎！”慕(mu)容垂感謝(xie)地說(shuo)：“羈旅之(zhi)臣，免罪(zui)為幸。本邦之(zhi)榮(rong)，非所敢望！”（《資治通鑒·卷第一(yi)百二(er)》）苻堅愛(ai)慕(mu)容令及慕(mu)容楷之(zhi)才，皆厚相待，賞(shang)賜巨萬(wan)，每次(ci)進見，都(dou)屬目(mu)觀之(zhi)。關中士(shi)民素聞慕(mu)容垂父子名(ming)，皆向慕(mu)之(zhi)。

秦相王(wang)猛深知(zhi)慕(mu)(mu)容垂有雄略，怕將來引以(yi)(yi)為(wei)患，便(bian)對苻堅(jian)說(shuo)(shuo)：“慕(mu)(mu)容垂，燕之(zhi)戚(qi)屬，世(shi)雄東夏，寬仁(ren)惠下(xia)，恩結士庶，燕、趙之(zhi)間(jian)咸有奉(feng)戴(dai)之(zhi)意(yi)。觀其(qi)才略，權智無(wu)方，兼其(qi)諸子明(ming)毅有干藝(yi)，人(ren)之(zhi)杰(jie)也。蛟龍猛獸(shou)，非可(ke)馴(xun)之(zhi)物，不如除之(zhi)。”苻堅(jian)未(wei)從，說(shuo)(shuo)：“吾(wu)方以(yi)(yi)義致英豪，建不世(shi)之(zhi)功(gong)。且其(qi)初(chu)至，吾(wu)告之(zhi)至誠，今而(er)害之(zhi)，人(ren)將謂(wei)我何！”（《晉書·苻堅(jian)載(zai)記》）并以(yi)(yi)慕(mu)(mu)容垂為(wei)冠軍(jun)將軍(jun)，封賓都侯，食華陰五百戶。

時前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)(yan)綱(gang)頹紀紊，日益腐敗。桓溫攻燕(yan)(yan)結束后(hou)，前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)(yan)反(fan)悔(hui)食言(yan)，未將虎牢（今河南(nan)滎陽西北汜水鎮）以西土(tu)地割讓給前(qian)(qian)秦，前(qian)(qian)秦遂(sui)以此為借口(kou)，于十一月派(pai)王猛(meng)統將軍梁(liang)成、鄧羌等率步騎3萬，進攻前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)(yan)（參見前(qian)(qian)秦滅前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)(yan)之戰(zhan)），并以慕容令為參軍，充當向導。

慕容(rong)(rong)令(ling)(ling)逃回前燕后，因忽(hu)叛忽(hu)歸，而(er)慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)又無恙，反(fan)而(er)受(shou)到(dao)猜疑。燕廷將(jiang)慕容(rong)(rong)令(ling)(ling)變(bian)相發配，派到(dao)極(ji)北的沙(sha)城去戍守，嚴加監視。慕容(rong)(rong)令(ling)(ling)欲在(zai)沙(sha)城聯絡(luo)舊部，準備起事，又被(bei)(bei)慕容(rong)(rong)麟告了(le)密，慕容(rong)(rong)令(ling)(ling)被(bei)(bei)誅殺。（參(can)見金(jin)刀計）

太(tai)(tai)和四(si)年(nian)（369年(nian)）十一(yi)(yi)月，王(wang)(wang)(wang)猛滅(mie)前(qian)燕，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)隨苻堅(jian)入鄴，收(shou)集(ji)諸(zhu)(zhu)子，相對(dui)而哭(ku)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)見(jian)燕公卿大夫及故時僚吏(li)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)想起當(dang)年(nian)的窘(jiong)迫，有(you)(you)不(bu)悅之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)色。前(qian)郎中令高(gao)弼暗中對(dui)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)曰：“大王(wang)(wang)(wang)以命(ming)(ming)世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)姿，遭無妄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)運，迍邅凄伏，艱亦至矣。天啟嘉會(hui)，靈命(ming)(ming)暫(zan)遷，此乃鴻漸(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始，龍變之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初(chu)，深愿(yuan)(yuan)仁慈有(you)(you)以慰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。且夫高(gao)世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)略必懷遺俗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)規，方(fang)當(dang)網漏吞舟(zhou)，以弘(hong)苞養(yang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義；收(shou)納舊(jiu)臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)胄，以成為山(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功，奈何以一(yi)(yi)怒捐(juan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)？竊(qie)為大王(wang)(wang)(wang)不(bu)取。”（《晉書(shu)·慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)載(zai)記》）慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)深納其言。但(dan)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)對(dui)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評卻怨氣難消，咸安二年(nian)（372）二月，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)便對(dui)苻堅(jian)說：“臣叔父評，燕之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)惡來輩(bei)也，不(bu)宜復污圣(sheng)朝，愿(yuan)(yuan)陛下為燕戮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”但(dan)苻堅(jian)未同意，還(huan)讓(rang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評為范陽太(tai)(tai)守，前(qian)燕諸(zhu)(zhu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)也悉補(bu)邊(bian)郡。

時苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)已統一(yi)中國(guo)北方大部，而鮮卑人(ren)(ren)(ren)的勢力也逐(zhu)漸(jian)增大，這引起了一(yi)些(xie)氐族(zu)貴族(zu)的不安(an)，寧康二(er)年(nian)(nian)（373年(nian)(nian)），有(you)(you)彗(hui)星出現(xian)，太史令張孟認為(wei)(wei)不詳，便對(dui)苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)說(shuo)：“彗(hui)起尾箕，而掃東井(jing)，此燕滅秦(qin)之象。”（《晉(jin)(jin)書(shu)·苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)載記》）并勸苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)誅(zhu)殺慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)氏(shi)(shi)，苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)未(wei)(wei)從。并以慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)暐為(wei)(wei)尚(shang)書(shu)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)為(wei)(wei)京兆尹(yin)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)沖為(wei)(wei)平陽太守。寧康二(er)年(nian)(nian)（374年(nian)(nian)）十二(er)月，也許是處于(yu)王猛或者苻(fu)(fu)(fu)氏(shi)(shi)重臣的授(shou)意，社會(hui)上(shang)謠言四起，說(shuo)鮮卑人(ren)(ren)(ren)圖謀(mou)復(fu)國(guo)。甚至有(you)(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)闖入明光殿大呼(hu)：“甲申乙酉，魚羊（魚羊即(ji)為(wei)(wei)鮮卑的鮮字(zi)）食(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)，悲哉無(wu)復(fu)遺。”（《晉(jin)(jin)書(shu)·苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)載記》）秘(mi)書(shu)監(jian)朱肜(rong)、秘(mi)書(shu)侍郎略陽趙整等乘機請苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)誅(zhu)殺諸鮮卑人(ren)(ren)(ren)，但苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)未(wei)(wei)聽。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)再逃一(yi)劫。

慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)及(ji)鮮卑人就這樣如履薄冰般的(de)(de)過了幾年(nian)，至到寧康二年(nian)（375）七月，王猛病逝，才得以(yi)解脫。王猛的(de)(de)死，對(dui)苻(fu)堅是個很大(da)的(de)(de)打擊。當(dang)(dang)時(shi)在前秦(qin)雖處(chu)于(yu)鼎盛時(shi)期(qi)，但鼎盛的(de)(de)后面，卻潛伏著社會危(wei)(wei)機。王猛死后不久，前秦(qin)的(de)(de)社會危(wei)(wei)機逐漸暴露(lu)出來(lai)了。太元元年(nian)（376），陽(yang)平(ping)國常侍(shi)慕容(rong)(rong)紹覺(jue)察(cha)到這種(zhong)變化，對(dui)其兄慕容(rong)(rong)楷說(shuo)：“秦(qin)恃其強(qiang)大(da)，務勝不休(xiu)，北戍云中，南守蜀(shu)、漢，轉運萬里(li)，道殣相(xiang)望。兵疲于(yu)外，民(min)困(kun)于(yu)內，危(wei)(wei)亡(wang)近矣(yi)。冠(guan)軍叔（慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)）仁智(zhi)度(du)英拔，必(bi)能恢復燕祚(zuo)，吾屬但當(dang)(dang)愛身以(yi)待時(shi)耳！”（《資治通鑒·卷第一百四(si)》）太元二年(nian)（377），慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)子慕容(rong)(rong)農也(ye)暗中對(dui)慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)說(shuo)：“自(zi)王猛之(zhi)(zhi)死，秦(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)法制，日以(yi)頹靡，今又重之(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)奢侈，殃(yang)將至矣(yi)，圖讖之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)，行當(dang)(dang)有驗(yan)。大(da)王宜(yi)結納英杰以(yi)承天意，時(shi)不可失也(ye)！”慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)此時(shi)已有此意，為防外泄，便笑著說(shuo)：“天下事非爾所(suo)及(ji)”。

太元三年(nian)（378年(nian)），苻堅為實現統一中(zhong)國的愿望(wang)，在滅涼、并代，解后顧之憂后，又經(jing)一年(nian)的休整，開始對(dui)東晉用(yong)兵(bing)。二月，苻堅派征南(nan)大將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)、都督征討(tao)諸(zhu)軍(jun)(jun)事、長(chang)樂(le)公(gong)苻丕和武(wu)(wu)衛(wei)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)茍萇、尚(shang)書(shu)慕容暐率(lv)步(bu)騎7萬進攻(gong)東晉襄陽(yang)，并以(yi)荊州刺吏楊安率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)作為先鋒(feng)。征虜將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)石越率(lv)精騎1萬出(chu)魯陽(yang)關（今(jin)河(he)南(nan)平頂山(shan)西）；領軍(jun)(jun)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)茍池、右將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)毛當(dang)、強(qiang)弩(nu)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)王顯(xian)率(lv)4萬人出(chu)武(wu)(wu)當(dang)（今(jin)湖北丹(dan)江(jiang)口市西北）；而京兆尹慕容垂則(ze)與揚(yang)武(wu)(wu)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)姚萇率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)5萬出(chu)南(nan)鄉（今(jin)河(he)南(nan)浙川(chuan)西南(nan)）攻(gong)南(nan)陽(yang)，各(ge)軍(jun)(jun)會攻(gong)襄陽(yang)（今(jin)屬湖北）。

由于晉軍(jun)襄(xiang)(xiang)陽守將朱序頑強防御，致(zhi)秦軍(jun)久(jiu)(jiu)攻(gong)不下(xia)(xia)。后慕(mu)容垂(chui)攻(gong)克了南陽（今屬(shu)河南），與苻(fu)丕會于襄(xiang)(xiang)陽。襄(xiang)(xiang)陽久(jiu)(jiu)攻(gong)不下(xia)(xia)，前秦朝野(ye)嘩然(ran)。十二月，苻(fu)堅(jian)派(pai)黃(huang)門侍郎韋華持節(jie)見苻(fu)丕，賜(si)給他一把劍，如果(guo)來年春(chun)天仍(reng)攻(gong)不下(xia)(xia)襄(xiang)(xiang)陽，令其(qi)自(zi)殺。次(ci)年正月，苻(fu)丕在苻(fu)堅(jian)催逼(bi)下(xia)(xia)，命諸軍(jun)全力攻(gong)襄(xiang)(xiang)陽。三月初(chu)六，克襄(xiang)(xiang)陽，俘朱序。苻(fu)堅(jian)沒(mei)殺朱序，以(yi)其(qi)為(wei)度支尚書。

太元七(qi)年（382年）十月，前秦王(wang)苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)長安（今西安西北）與群臣(chen)(chen)(chen)商議進攻(gong)東晉(jin)(jin)的事宜。苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)此(ci)時躊躇滿志(zhi)，他(ta)(ta)認為前秦可(ke)以(yi)動(dong)員97萬(wan)大軍，并準備親自出(chu)討，以(yi)統一(yi)天(tian)(tian)下，朝臣(chen)(chen)(chen)多(duo)反對(dui)。苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)本來還是比較能(neng)夠納諫的，但在(zai)伐(fa)晉(jin)(jin)這個問題上，變得異常固執，聽不進任何不同意見。后(hou)來，雖然太子(zi)苻(fu)宏、釋道安、寵妃張夫人、愛子(zi)苻(fu)詵以(yi)及朝中許多(duo)大臣(chen)(chen)(chen)都(dou)一(yi)再進諫，但苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)主(zhu)意既定(ding)，不為所動(dong)。時慕容(rong)垂(chui)已(yi)有二心，便力主(zhu)苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)攻(gong)晉(jin)(jin)，他(ta)(ta)對(dui)苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)說：“弱(ruo)并于強，小并于大，此(ci)理勢(shi)自然，非難(nan)知也(ye)。以(yi)陛(bi)下神武(wu)應期(qi)，威加(jia)海外，虎旅百萬(wan)，韓、白滿朝，而(er)蕞(zui)爾江(jiang)南，獨(du)(du)違王(wang)命，豈可(ke)復留(liu)之以(yi)遺子(zi)孫哉！《詩》云：‘謀夫孔多(duo)，是用不集(ji)。’陛(bi)下斷自圣心足矣，何必廣詢朝眾(zhong)！晉(jin)(jin)武(wu)平吳，所仗者(zhe)張、杜二三臣(chen)(chen)(chen)而(er)已(yi)，若(ruo)從朝眾(zhong)之言，豈有混壹之功乎！”苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)聞后(hou)大悅，說：“與吾共定(ding)天(tian)(tian)下者(zhe)，獨(du)(du)卿(qing)而(er)已(yi)。”（《資治通鑒·卷第一(yi)百四》）并賜帛五百匹。

慕容垂東走

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)逃出樊籠，如(ru)魚(yu)得水(shui)(shui)。而權(quan)翼則秘密派(pai)兵在慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)經過(guo)的橋下埋(mai)伏，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)已起疑心，自(zi)涼馬臺扎草筏渡河(he)而去。十二月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)至安陽(yang)，派(pai)參軍田山(shan)拿信去見鎮(zhen)守鄴城的長樂公(gong)苻(fu)(fu)丕(pi)。苻(fu)(fu)丕(pi)聞慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)北來，雖懷疑其欲(yu)叛秦，但仍然前去迎接。趙秋勸(quan)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)乘機殺(sha)死苻(fu)(fu)丕(pi)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)認為(wei)自(zi)己羽翼未豐，沒有同(tong)意。而苻(fu)(fu)丕(pi)也想殺(sha)死慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)，后(hou)侍(shi)郎天水(shui)(shui)姜讓(rang)勸(quan)阻說(shuo)：“垂(chui)(chui)反形未著，而明(ming)公(gong)擅殺(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)，非臣子之(zhi)(zhi)義(yi)；不如(ru)待以上賓之(zhi)(zhi)禮，嚴兵衛之(zhi)(zhi)，密表情(qing)狀，聽敕而后(hou)圖之(zhi)(zhi)。”苻(fu)(fu)丕(pi)認為(wei)姜讓(rang)之(zhi)(zhi)言(yan)有理。

苻(fu)丕(pi)讓慕容垂(chui)(chui)住(zhu)在鄴西，并與(yu)其相(xiang)見，慕容垂(chui)(chui)將(jiang)兵敗之事詳細告訴了苻(fu)丕(pi)。苻(fu)丕(pi)走(zou)后，慕容垂(chui)(chui)與(yu)前(qian)燕舊臣暗中聯系，準(zhun)備重建(jian)燕國(guo)。時洛(luo)陽附近的(de)丁零人(ren)翟(zhai)斌起兵叛秦(qin)，準(zhun)備攻豫州牧(mu)、平原(yuan)公苻(fu)暉于(yu)洛(luo)陽，翟(zhai)斌部中有大批的(de)前(qian)燕人(ren)，苻(fu)堅便(bian)派慕容垂(chui)(chui)前(qian)去平叛。

慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)想入鄴(ye)城參拜宗(zong)廟，苻(fu)丕不(bu)許，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)著便服入城，但被亭吏(li)阻攔(lan)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)大(da)(da)怒，殺吏(li)燒亭而(er)去。石(shi)越對(dui)苻(fu)丕說：“垂(chui)之在燕，破國亂家，及投(tou)命圣朝，蒙(meng)超常之遇，忽敢輕侮方(fang)鎮(zhen)，殺吏(li)焚亭，反形已(yi)露，終(zhong)為亂階。將老兵(bing)疲，可(ke)襲而(er)取之矣。”苻(fu)丕優(you)柔寡斷，說：“淮(huai)南之敗，眾散親離，而(er)垂(chui)侍衛圣躬，誠不(bu)可(ke)忘(wang)。”石(shi)越又說：“垂(chui)既不(bu)忠于燕，其(qi)(qi)肯盡忠于我乎(hu)！且其(qi)(qi)亡(wang)虜也，主(zhu)上寵(chong)同(tong)功舊，不(bu)能(neng)銘澤誓(shi)忠，而(er)首(shou)謀為亂，今不(bu)擊之，必為后害。”（《晉書(shu)·慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)載記》）苻(fu)丕未(wei)從。石(shi)越出(chu)來后對(dui)別人說：“公父子好存小仁，不(bu)顧天下(xia)大(da)(da)計，吾屬終(zhong)當為鮮卑(bei)虜矣。”（《晉書(shu)·慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)載記》）

慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂留(liu)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)農、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)楷、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)紹(shao)于鄴城，行至安陽湯池，閔(min)亮、李毘自(zi)鄴城趕來，將苻丕與苻飛龍之言(yan)告訴了慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂乘(cheng)機以(yi)此激怒其(qi)眾，說：“吾盡忠于苻氏，而彼專欲圖吾父子，吾雖(sui)欲已，得乎(hu)？”（《資治通鑒·卷(juan)第一百五(wu)》）于是便以(yi)兵(bing)(bing)少為由，于河內(nei)募兵(bing)(bing)，幾天時間(jian)便達至8000人。

平原公苻(fu)(fu)暉遣(qian)使責備慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)，讓其(qi)趕緊進兵(bing)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)便(bian)對苻(fu)(fu)飛(fei)(fei)龍(long)說：“今(jin)寇(kou)賊(zei)不(bu)遠，當晝止夜行，襲其(qi)不(bu)意。”（《資治通鑒·卷第一百五》）苻(fu)(fu)飛(fei)(fei)龍(long)覺得有理，便(bian)同意了。一日夜，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)派慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)寶(bao)率兵(bing)居前(qian)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)隆(long)率兵(bing)跟隨自己，并(bing)把氐(di)(di)兵(bing)分(fen)散編入隊伍，并(bing)與(yu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)寶(bao)擊鼓為(wei)號，一起動手。半夜，鼓聲響(xiang)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)部(bu)前(qian)后合擊，全殲擊苻(fu)(fu)飛(fei)(fei)龍(long)與(yu)氐(di)(di)兵(bing)。并(bing)給苻(fu)(fu)堅寫信，告訴其(qi)殺苻(fu)(fu)飛(fei)(fei)龍(long)的(de)原因(yin)。

當(dang)初(chu)，其子(zi)(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟(lin)曾(ceng)告發慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)投秦(qin)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)一怒之(zhi)下殺其母，但未(wei)忍心殺慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟(lin)。時(shi)殺苻飛(fei)龍，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟(lin)屢(lv)獻(xian)計謀，啟(qi)發慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)非常(chang)高興(xing)，遂待其諸子(zi)(zi)一樣。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)鳳(feng)(feng)及(ji)前燕舊(jiu)臣之(zhi)子(zi)(zi)燕郡王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)騰、遼(liao)西段延等聞翟斌起兵(bing)(bing)，各(ge)帥(shuai)其部前去(qu)歸附。平原(yuan)公苻暉使武平武侯毛當(dang)去(qu)討伐翟斌。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)鳳(feng)(feng)說：“鳳(feng)(feng)今(jin)將雪先王(wang)之(zhi)恥(chi)，請(qing)為斬此氐(di)奴。”（《資治(zhi)通鑒(jian)·卷第一百五》）遂出兵(bing)(bing)擊毛當(dang)，大敗秦(qin)兵(bing)(bing)，斬毛當(dang)。 癸未(wei)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)渡河焚橋(qiao)，已(yi)有兵(bing)(bing)3萬人(ren)，下令說：“吾本外假秦(qin)聲，內(nei)規興(xing)復。亂法者軍有常(chang)刑，奉命者賞不逾(yu)日，天下既定，封爵有差(cha)，不相負也。”（《晉書·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)載(zai)記》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)留遼(liao)東(dong)鮮卑(bei)可足(zu)渾潭集兵(bing)(bing)于(yu)河內(nei)的沙城(cheng)(cheng)，派田山(shan)至(zhi)鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)，將起兵(bing)(bing)之(zhi)事告之(zhi)于(yu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農等，讓(rang)其起兵(bing)(bing)相應。時(shi)天色已(yi)晚，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷留宿鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)紹(shao)先出城(cheng)(cheng)至(zhi)蒲池(chi)，盜符丕駿馬(ma)數百匹，等候慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷。月末(mo)，二人(ren)率(lv)數十騎微服出鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)紹(shao)會合，逃往列(lie)人(ren)（今(jin)河北邯鄲市東(dong)）。

太元九年(nian)（384年(nian)）正(zheng)月，慕容鳳(feng)、王(wang)騰(teng)、段延皆勸翟(zhai)(zhai)斌奉(feng)慕容垂(chui)(chui)為盟(meng)主，翟(zhai)(zhai)斌從(cong)之(zhi)。時(shi)慕容垂(chui)(chui)欲襲洛陽，不(bu)知翟(zhai)(zhai)斌來(lai)(lai)降是(shi)真是(shi)假，便(bian)拒之(zhi)，說：“吾(wu)(wu)父子(zi)寄命(ming)秦朝，危而獲濟，荷主上不(bu)世之(zhi)恩(en)，蒙更生之(zhi)惠，雖曰君(jun)臣(chen)，義(yi)深父子(zi)，豈可因其(qi)小(xiao)隙(xi)，便(bian)懷(huai)二三。吾(wu)(wu)本救豫州，不(bu)赴君(jun)等，何(he)為斯議而及于(yu)我？”（《晉(jin)書·慕容垂(chui)(chui)載(zai)記》）慕容垂(chui)(chui)至(zhi)洛陽，平原公符(fu)暉(hui)聞其(qi)殺(sha)苻飛龍，閉門拒守(shou)。翟(zhai)(zhai)斌見慕容垂(chui)(chui)對自(zi)己不(bu)來(lai)(lai)歸有懷(huai)疑，便(bian)派長史郭通(tong)(tong)前去勸說慕容垂(chui)(chui)，慕容垂(chui)(chui)還是(shi)不(bu)信，后郭通(tong)(tong)說：“將軍所(suo)以(yi)(yi)拒通(tong)(tong)者，豈非(fei)以(yi)(yi)翟(zhai)(zhai)斌兄(xiong)弟山(shan)野異(yi)類，無奇才(cai)遠略，必無所(suo)成故邪？獨不(bu)念將軍現(xian)今(jin)憑(ping)之(zhi)，可以(yi)(yi)濟大業乎？”（《資治通(tong)(tong)鑒·卷(juan)第(di)一百五(wu)》）慕容垂(chui)(chui)這才(cai)相信，翟(zhai)(zhai)斌歸附后，便(bian)勸慕容垂(chui)(chui)稱王(wang)，慕容垂(chui)(chui)沒同意，說：“新興(xing)侯，國之(zhi)正(zheng)統，孤之(zhi)君(jun)也(ye)。若以(yi)(yi)諸君(jun)之(zhi)力(li)，得(de)平關東(dong)，當以(yi)(yi)大義(yi)喻秦，奉(feng)迎反正(zheng)。無上自(zi)尊，非(fei)孤心(xin)也(ye)。”（《晉(jin)書·慕容垂(chui)(chui)載(zai)記》）慕容垂(chui)(chui)認為：“洛陽四面受(shou)敵(di)，北阻大河(he)，至(zhi)于(yu)控馭燕、趙，非(fei)形勝之(zhi)便(bian)，不(bu)如北取鄴都，據之(zhi)而制(zhi)天下。”（《晉(jin)書·慕容垂(chui)(chui)載(zai)記》）眾人同意，遂回師向(xiang)東(dong)。

故扶余(yu)(yu)王余(yu)(yu)蔚(yu)為滎(ying)陽(yang)太(tai)守，率眾投降(jiang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)軍(jun)至滎(ying)陽(yang)，稱燕王，封(feng)官拜爵，以其弟慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德為車騎大將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)，封(feng)范陽(yang)王；其侄慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷為征(zheng)西大將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)，封(feng)太(tai)原王；翟斌為建義大將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)，封(feng)河(he)南王；余(yu)(yu)蔚(yu)為征(zheng)東(dong)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)，統府左司(si)馬，封(feng)扶余(yu)(yu)王；衛駒為鷹揚將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)鳳(feng)為建策將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)。親率20余(yu)(yu)萬軍(jun)隊(dui)，從石門（今(jin)河(he)南滎(ying)陽(yang)石門）渡(du)黃河(he)，長驅(qu)攻(gong)前(qian)秦鄴城。

慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)到(dao)河(he)北列(lie)人后(hou)，召集(ji)鮮卑、烏桓等部眾，舉兵(bing)反叛。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)號(hao)令(ling)嚴(yan)整(zheng)，沿途(tu)招(zhao)兵(bing)買馬，攻城(cheng)(cheng)掠地(di)，兵(bing)至數萬。苻(fu)丕派(pai)石(shi)越率(lv)步騎兵(bing)萬余討(tao)伐慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)，石(shi)越率(lv)軍到(dao)達列(lie)人西(xi)面，被(bei)燕將(jiang)趙(zhao)秋及參軍綦母滕擊敗(bai)，石(shi)越設圍自守。諸將(jiang)勸(quan)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)乘勝快速(su)進(jin)擊。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)認為秦軍裝備精良，如(ru)果白天與之(zhi)交戰，燕軍易(yi)生懼，不如(ru)待(dai)天黑以(yi)(yi)后(hou)進(jin)攻，遂命令(ling)部隊(dui)嚴(yan)陣(zhen)以(yi)(yi)待(dai)。待(dai)到(dao)天黑，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)率(lv)軍在城(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)列(lie)陣(zhen)，先派(pai)400名壯士突破(po)敵陣(zhen)，大軍隨后(hou)沖(chong)擊，秦兵(bing)大敗(bai)，石(shi)越被(bei)斬，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)將(jiang)其(qi)首級送給慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂。石(shi)越與毛當都是前(qian)秦驍將(jiang)，所以(yi)(yi)苻(fu)堅派(pai)二人幫助(zhu)二子鎮守要地(di)，如(ru)今相繼(ji)被(bei)殺，前(qian)秦上(shang)下人心浮(fu)動。

康臺略馬

后燕(yan)燕(yan)元(yuan)元(yuan)年(nian)（東(dong)晉(jin)孝武帝(di)太(tai)元(yuan)九年(nian)，384年(nian)）正(zheng)月，前秦(qin)大將(jiang)慕(mu)容(rong)垂叛秦(qin)復燕(yan)。遣三子慕(mu)容(rong)農(nong)在(zai)康臺(tai)澤（今邱(qiu)縣邱(qiu)城(cheng)東(dong)南五里）略取前秦(qin)牧馬數千匹。自此步騎云集(ji)，奠(dian)定后燕(yan)立國基礎。

中興后燕

不久，慕(mu)容垂到達鄴城附(fu)近(jin)，改前(qian)秦(qin)建(jian)元二十年(nian)(nian)為燕元年(nian)(nian)。以前(qian)岷山(shan)公庫傉官偉為左長史，前(qian)尚(shang)書段崇(chong)為右長史，滎陽鄭豁等為從事中郎，并立慕(mu)容寶(bao)為太子。慕(mu)容農也率軍與之會合。

慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)遂(sui)招集前燕舊(jiu)將與各路大(da)(da)軍會(hui)攻(gong)鄴城(cheng)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)指揮大(da)(da)軍攻(gong)城(cheng)，克外城(cheng)。苻丕(pi)退守中城(cheng)。二月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)又率(lv)領包(bao)括(kuo)丁(ding)零、烏桓等各少數民(min)族部眾共(gong)20多萬人(ren)用云梯、挖地道攻(gong)城(cheng)，均未攻(gong)下。遂(sui)修筑長圍，與秦軍相持，并(bing)把老弱(ruo)轉(zhuan)移(yi)到肥鄉（今河北肥鄉西南），又修筑新興城(cheng)，用來放置輜重。四月(yue)，燕軍久(jiu)攻(gong)鄴城(cheng)不下，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)召集群臣商議對策(ce)，右司馬(ma)封(feng)衡建議引漳水灌(guan)城(cheng)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)贊同。時慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)打獵(lie)，于華林(lin)園飲酒，前秦知道后，派兵(bing)偷襲，矢下如雨，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)幾乎不得(de)而出，多虧冠(guan)軍大(da)(da)將軍慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)隆(long)率(lv)騎(qi)兵(bing)打退秦軍，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)才得(de)以幸免(mian)。七月(yue)，翟(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)恃功驕縱(zong)，索求無厭。時鄴城(cheng)久(jiu)功不下，翟(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)漸有叛心。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶請(qing)求將其(qi)(qi)殺(sha)掉，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)說：“河南之(zhi)(zhi)盟，不可負也(ye)。若其(qi)(qi)為難，罪(zui)由于斌(bin)。今事(shi)未有形而殺(sha)之(zhi)(zhi)，人(ren)必謂我忌憚其(qi)(qi)功能(neng)(neng)；吾(wu)方收攬豪杰(jie)以隆(long)大(da)(da)業，不可示人(ren)以狹(xia)，失天下之(zhi)(zhi)望也(ye)。藉彼有謀，吾(wu)以智防之(zhi)(zhi)，無能(neng)(neng)為也(ye)。”范陽王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德、陳留王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)紹、驃騎(qi)大(da)(da)將軍慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農都說：“翟(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)兄弟(di)恃功而驕，必為國(guo)患。”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)說：“驕則速敗，焉能(neng)(neng)為患？彼有大(da)(da)功，當聽(ting)其(qi)(qi)自斃(bi)耳。”（《資治通鑒·卷第(di)一(yi)百五》）對其(qi)(qi)禮遇(yu)更重。

翟斌還想當尚書令，慕容垂說：“翟王之功，宜居上輔；但臺既未建，此官不可遽(ju)置耳。”（《資治通(tong)鑒·卷(juan)第一百五》）翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)斌大(da)(da)怒，遂反，暗中與鄴城內苻丕聯(lian)絡，又(you)派(pai)(pai)丁(ding)零兵決堤放水(shui)，解(jie)除鄴城被淹的危險。事泄(xie)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂殺(sha)翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)斌兄弟，余者皆免(mian)。翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)斌侄翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)真(zhen)乘夜逃往邯(han)鄲（今屬(shu)河(he)北(bei)）。太原(yuan)(yuan)王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)楷和(he)陳留王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)紹(shao)對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂說：“丁(ding)零非有(you)大(da)(da)志，但寵過為(wei)亂耳。今急之(zhi)則屯(tun)聚為(wei)寇，緩之(zhi)則自散。散而擊之(zhi)，無(wu)不克矣。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂從(cong)之(zhi)。八月(yue)，翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)真(zhen)率(lv)部從(cong)邯(han)鄲逃走。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂派(pai)(pai)太原(yuan)(yuan)王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)楷和(he)驃騎大(da)(da)將軍慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)農(nong)(nong)率(lv)騎兵追擊。追至下(xia)邑(yi)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)楷見敵陣不整，欲(yu)出戰，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)農(nong)(nong)認為(wei)，翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)真(zhen)營陣只見老弱，不見壯士，必有(you)埋伏(fu)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)楷不納，下(xia)令攻擊，燕(yan)軍大(da)(da)敗。翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)真(zhen)繼(ji)續(xu)北(bei)進，直趨(qu)中山（今河(he)北(bei)定州(zhou)）。后翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)真(zhen)為(wei)其司馬鮮(xian)于乞(qi)所(suo)殺(sha)。

時前秦鄴城守軍長期(qi)被圍，糧(liang)草(cao)漸盡。慕(mu)容垂認為(wei)：“苻丕窮寇，必守死不降。丁零叛(pan)擾，乃我腹心之患(huan)。吾欲遷師新城，開其逸路，進以(yi)謝秦主(zhu)疇昔之恩，退(tui)(tui)以(yi)嚴擊(ji)真之備。”（《晉書·慕(mu)容垂載記》）燕軍遂解圍退(tui)(tui)至新興城，另派慕(mu)容農到(dao)清(qing)河、平原(yuan)一帶征收租賦(fu)，得到(dao)大批軍用(yong)物(wu)資。

十(shi)二月，前燕帝慕容(rong)暐欲殺(sha)(sha)苻堅，事(shi)泄被殺(sha)(sha)。群僚聞后，勸慕容(rong)垂(chui)稱帝，慕容(rong)垂(chui)以“慕容(rong)沖稱號關中(zhong)”（《晉書(shu)·慕容(rong)垂(chui)載記》）為由，未許。

苻(fu)丕(pi)仍然保據鄴(ye)城，沒(mei)有離開之意(yi)。慕容垂復率兵包圍(wei)鄴(ye)城，只(zhi)留出苻(fu)丕(pi)西走之路。苻(fu)丕(pi)勢窮糧竭(jie)，急忙向東晉謝玄求援。謝玄派(pai)劉牢之、滕(teng)恬之等率領2萬人馬救(jiu)援鄴(ye)城，并(bing)從(cong)水陸運米2000斛(hu)接濟苻(fu)丕(pi)。

太元十年（385年）二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，劉(liu)(liu)牢(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)至(zhi)枋頭（今(jin)(jin)(jin)河南(nan)浚縣(xian)西(xi)南(nan)）。苻(fu)丕(pi)發(fa)(fa)覺部(bu)(bu)將楊膺(ying)、姜讓(rang)曾上(shang)表晉(jin)(jin)廷，許(xu)諾若(ruo)晉(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)來(lai)援(yuan)，當(dang)稱臣于(yu)(yu)晉(jin)(jin)，遂(sui)殺膺(ying)、讓(rang)。劉(liu)(liu)牢(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)獲悉(xi)，徘徊不(bu)進(jin)。三月(yue)(yue)(yue)，燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)攻(gong)鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)不(bu)下，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)將北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)去冀(ji)州，命令(ling)(ling)撫軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)大(da)將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟屯(tun)駐(zhu)信都（今(jin)(jin)(jin)河北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)冀(ji)縣(xian)），樂(le)浪(lang)王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)溫屯(tun)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)河北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)定州），召驃(piao)騎(qi)(qi)大(da)將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農回(hui)鄴(ye)(ye)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)溫派(pai)遣萬(wan)(wan)余名士(shi)兵(bing)(bing)為(wei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)遠送軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)糧(liang)，并(bing)(bing)在中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)營(ying)造宮室。就(jiu)(jiu)在同(tong)月(yue)(yue)(yue)劉(liu)(liu)牢(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)攻(gong)駐(zhu)守(shou)孫(sun)就(jiu)(jiu)柵（今(jin)(jin)(jin)河南(nan)浚縣(xian)境內）的(de)后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)黎(li)陽太守(shou)劉(liu)(liu)撫，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)親自(zi)率(lv)(lv)兵(bing)(bing)救(jiu)援(yuan)。苻(fu)丕(pi)聞(wen)后(hou)，乘(cheng)機(ji)偷襲，但(dan)被(bei)(bei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)敗。劉(liu)(liu)牢(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)交戰(zhan)，也被(bei)(bei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)退，于(yu)(yu)是(shi)退屯(tun)黎(li)陽（今(jin)(jin)(jin)河南(nan)浚縣(xian)東(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)）。四月(yue)(yue)(yue)，劉(liu)(liu)牢(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)敗慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)退至(zhi)新城(cheng)。不(bu)久，又(you)(you)從(cong)新城(cheng)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)退。劉(liu)(liu)牢(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)予苻(fu)丕(pi)打(da)招呼，便率(lv)(lv)兵(bing)(bing)追擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，苻(fu)丕(pi)得(de)(de)知此事，也發(fa)(fa)兵(bing)(bing)跟進(jin)。時(shi)(shi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)情緊急(ji)(ji)，燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)連戰(zhan)不(bu)勝(sheng)，士(shi)氣低落，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)認為(wei)：“秦、晉(jin)(jin)瓦合，相待為(wei)強。一(yi)勝(sheng)則(ze)俱豪，一(yi)失則(ze)俱潰，非(fei)同(tong)心也。今(jin)(jin)(jin)兩軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)相繼，勢(shi)既(ji)未合，宜急(ji)(ji)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)。”劉(liu)(liu)牢(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)急(ji)(ji)行軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)200里，在五(wu)橋(qiao)澤（今(jin)(jin)(jin)河北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)廣宗北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)）急(ji)(ji)奪后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)戰(zhan)備物資時(shi)(shi)，被(bei)(bei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)打(da)得(de)(de)大(da)敗，死數千人(ren)(ren)。劉(liu)(liu)牢(lao)(lao)(lao)(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)單騎(qi)(qi)逃走，適逢苻(fu)丕(pi)率(lv)(lv)援(yuan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)來(lai)救(jiu)，得(de)(de)以入(ru)鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)，收集散兵(bing)(bing)，軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)勢(shi)稍振，旋(xuan)被(bei)(bei)召回(hui)。時(shi)(shi)鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)守(shou)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)糧(liang)盡(jin)，無力堅持(chi)。苻(fu)丕(pi)率(lv)(lv)眾西(xi)出(chu)(chu)尋找糧(liang)食。燕(yan)(yan)、秦兩軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)相持(chi)經年，幽(you)、冀(ji)兩州發(fa)(fa)生饑荒，燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)多有餓死者，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)為(wei)了以桑椹充軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)糧(liang)，于(yu)(yu)是(shi)下令(ling)(ling)禁止農民養(yang)蠶(can)。丁零翟(zhai)(zhai)真被(bei)(bei)鮮(xian)于(yu)(yu)乞(qi)所(suo)殺后(hou)，丁零人(ren)(ren)又(you)(you)殺鮮(xian)于(yu)(yu)乞(qi)并(bing)(bing)立翟(zhai)(zhai)真的(de)堂弟翟(zhai)(zhai)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)首領(ling)。五(wu)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)至(zhi)常山(shan)(shan)(shan)，將翟(zhai)(zhai)成(cheng)(cheng)圍于(yu)(yu)行唐(tang)。并(bing)(bing)命帶方王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)佐(zuo)鎮守(shou)龍城(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)遼(liao)(liao)寧朝(chao)陽）。六月(yue)(yue)(yue)，高(gao)句(ju)麗(li)進(jin)攻(gong)遼(liao)(liao)東(dong)（郡(jun)治遼(liao)(liao)陽東(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)）。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)佐(zuo)派(pai)司馬(ma)郝(hao)景率(lv)(lv)兵(bing)(bing)救(jiu)援(yuan)，被(bei)(bei)高(gao)句(ju)麗(li)打(da)敗。高(gao)句(ju)麗(li)乘(cheng)勝(sheng)追擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，連克遼(liao)(liao)東(dong)、玄(xuan)菟（郡(jun)治今(jin)(jin)(jin)沈陽東(dong)）。七月(yue)(yue)(yue)，苻(fu)堅返回(hui)鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)。時(shi)(shi)余巖叛(pan)燕(yan)(yan)，自(zi)武邑（今(jin)(jin)(jin)屬河北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)）北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)攻(gong)幽(you)州（治薊，今(jin)(jin)(jin)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)京西(xi)南(nan)）。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)派(pai)人(ren)(ren)至(zhi)幽(you)州告訴守(shou)將平規：“但(dan)固守(shou)勿戰(zhan)，比破丁零，吾當(dang)自(zi)討(tao)之(zhi)(zhi)。”（《晉(jin)(jin)書·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)載記(ji)》）平規未聽(ting)，出(chu)(chu)戰(zhan)，果為(wei)余巖所(suo)敗。余巖入(ru)薊，掠(lve)千余戶而(er)去，遂(sui)占據(ju)令(ling)(ling)支(zhi)(zhi)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)河北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)遷安西(xi)）。不(bu)久，翟(zhai)(zhai)成(cheng)(cheng)長史鮮(xian)于(yu)(yu)得(de)(de)斬成(cheng)(cheng)出(chu)(chu)城(cheng)投(tou)降(jiang)(jiang)；慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)屠行唐(tang)，盡(jin)坑翟(zhai)(zhai)成(cheng)(cheng)部(bu)(bu)眾。八月(yue)(yue)(yue)，苻(fu)堅為(wei)姚(yao)萇所(suo)殺。苻(fu)丕(pi)率(lv)(lv)領(ling)城(cheng)中(zhong)男女共6萬(wan)(wan)余人(ren)(ren)撤(che)出(chu)(chu)，西(xi)赴潞川（今(jin)(jin)(jin)山(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)濁漳(zhang)河），苻(fu)丕(pi)聞(wen)苻(fu)堅死，遂(sui)即皇帝位(wei)。燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)也乘(cheng)機(ji)入(ru)鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)以魯王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)和為(wei)南(nan)中(zhong)郎(lang)將，鎮守(shou)鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)，后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)攻(gong)鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)結(jie)束。并(bing)(bing)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農率(lv)(lv)眾穿過蠮螉塞（今(jin)(jin)(jin)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)京西(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)居庸關）北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)上(shang)，經凡城(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)河北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)平泉(quan)南(nan)），直搗(dao)龍城(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)遼(liao)(liao)寧朝(chao)陽），討(tao)伐余巖。十一(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農至(zhi)龍城(cheng)，就(jiu)(jiu)地休整，十余日后(hou)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農率(lv)(lv)步(bu)騎(qi)(qi)3萬(wan)(wan)至(zhi)令(ling)(ling)支(zhi)(zhi)，余巖眾震駭，不(bu)少人(ren)(ren)相繼逾城(cheng)投(tou)降(jiang)(jiang)，余巖計窮(qiong)而(er)降(jiang)(jiang)，為(wei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農所(suo)殺。隨(sui)即率(lv)(lv)步(bu)騎(qi)(qi)3萬(wan)(wan)反(fan)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)高(gao)句(ju)麗(li)，大(da)敗之(zhi)(zhi)，收復遼(liao)(liao)東(dong)和玄(xuan)菟二(er)郡(jun)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)以慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農為(wei)使持(chi)節、都督幽(you)、平二(er)州、北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)狄(di)諸(zhu)(zhu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事、幽(you)州牧，鎮守(shou)龍城(cheng)。十二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)至(zhi)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)，對諸(zhu)(zhu)將曰：“樂(le)浪(lang)王招流散，實倉(cang)廩，外給軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)糧(liang)，內營(ying)宮室，雖(sui)蕭何(he)何(he)以加之(zhi)(zhi)！”不(bu)久，定都中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)。

太元(yuan)十(shi)一年（386年）正(zheng)月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)自立(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)帝，改元(yuan)建(jian)興，史(shi)稱(cheng)后(hou)(hou)燕（？）。“立(li)寶為(wei)(wei)(wei)太子(zi)。以(yi)(yi)其(qi)左長史(shi)庫辱官偉、右長史(shi)段崇、龍驤(xiang)張(zhang)崇，中山(shan)尹封衡為(wei)(wei)(wei)吏部(bu)尚(shang)書(shu)(shu)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德為(wei)(wei)(wei)侍(shi)中、都督中外諸(zhu)軍(jun)事、領(ling)司隸校尉，撫軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟為(wei)(wei)(wei)衛大將軍(jun)，其(qi)余拜(bai)授(shou)有(you)差。追(zhui)尊母(mu)蘭(lan)氏(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)文昭皇后(hou)(hou)，遷皝(huang)后(hou)(hou)段氏(shi)，以(yi)(yi)蘭(lan)氏(shi)配饗。博士劉詳、董謐議以(yi)(yi)堯母(mu)妃位第三，不以(yi)(yi)貴陵姜(jiang)嫄，明圣(sheng)王(wang)之(zhi)道(dao)以(yi)(yi)至公為(wei)(wei)(wei)先(xian)(xian)。垂(chui)(chui)不從。”（《晉(jin)書(shu)(shu)·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載記(ji)》）六月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)遣太原(yuan)王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷、趙王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟、陳留王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)紹、章武王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)宙等攻(gong)秦苻定、苻紹、苻謨(mo)、苻亮等部(bu)；慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷先(xian)(xian)先(xian)(xian)寫(xie)信給眾人，陳述利(li)害，苻定等遂降。八月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)留太子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶守中山(shan)，以(yi)(yi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟為(wei)(wei)(wei)尚(shang)書(shu)(shu)右仆射，錄留臺。自己(ji)率領(ling)范陽王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德等向南略取土地。十(shi)月(yue)，后(hou)(hou)燕宦官吳深在清河（郡治(zhi)清陽，今屬(shu)河北(bei)）反叛后(hou)(hou)燕，后(hou)(hou)燕主慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)發(fa)兵攻(gong)打(da)，不克。十(shi)二月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)攻(gong)吳深壘，拔(ba)之(zhi)，吳深單騎而逃。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)進屯聊城之(zhi)逢關(guan)陂。

太元(yuan)十二年（387年）正月，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)舉行閱兵式。高(gao)陽王(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)隆向慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)建議：“溫(wen)詳(xiang)之徒，皆白(bai)面儒生，烏合為群，徒恃長(chang)河(he)以(yi)自(zi)固，若大軍(jun)(jun)濟(ji)河(he)，必望(wang)旗震壞，不(bu)待(dai)戰也。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)從(cong)之。溫(wen)詳(xiang)原為燕臣，后(hou)降于東晉(jin)，晉(jin)任為濟(ji)北太守(shou)，屯東阿（今(jin)(jin)山東陽谷東北阿城(cheng)(cheng)鎮）。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)命鎮北將軍(jun)(jun)蘭汗和(he)護軍(jun)(jun)將軍(jun)(jun)平(ping)幼率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)進攻(gong)溫(wen)詳(xiang)。后(hou)燕軍(jun)(jun)于碻磝（古(gu)津渡，今(jin)(jin)山東茌(chi)平(ping)西南古(gu)黃河(he)南岸）西40里處渡過(guo)黃河(he)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)隆率(lv)大軍(jun)(jun)于北岸列陣以(yi)待(dai)。溫(wen)詳(xiang)部將溫(wen)攀、溫(wen)楷見之即逃往東阿，平(ping)幼部追擊，大破(po)之。溫(wen)詳(xiang)攜(xie)家(jia)人(ren)夜逃彭城(cheng)(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)江蘇徐(xu)州(zhou)），其(qi)部眾3萬余(yu)戶(hu)向后(hou)燕軍(jun)(jun)投(tou)降。此后(hou)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)以(yi)太原王(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷為兗州(zhou)刺史，鎮守(shou)東阿，以(yi)加強(qiang)該地(di)統治(zhi)。

太(tai)元十三年（388年）二(er)月(yue)(yue)，丁零翟真(zhen)之子翟遼遣(qian)司馬眭(sui)瓊向后(hou)燕(yan)謝罪，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂認(ren)為其反復(fu)無常，斬(zhan)司馬眭(sui)瓊。翟遼索性自稱(cheng)魏(wei)天(tian)王(wang)(wang)，改元建光，并(bing)置(zhi)百官。三月(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂以(yi)太(tai)子慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)錄(lu)尚書事，政(zheng)事都(dou)讓其處理，自己則總(zong)大(da)綱而已。四(si)月(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂立(li)夫人(ren)段(duan)氏為皇后(hou)，以(yi)太(tai)子慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)領大(da)單于。追謚前(qian)妃段(duan)氏為成昭(zhao)皇后(hou)。八月(yue)(yue)，燕(yan)護軍(jun)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)平(ping)幼與章武(wu)王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)宙(zhou)共(gong)同發兵攻(gong)打(da)吳(wu)深，吳(wu)深敗走。九月(yue)(yue)，張(zhang)申攻(gong)廣(guang)平(ping)（今河(he)北雞澤東南）、王(wang)(wang)祖攻(gong)樂陵（今山東樂陵南），燕(yan)高陽王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)隆(long)(long)發兵攻(gong)討(tao)。至(zhi)十二(er)月(yue)(yue)，太(tai)原王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷、趙(zhao)王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟與慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)隆(long)(long)三路(lu)大(da)軍(jun)會師于合口（今河(he)北滄(cang)州市西南），攻(gong)張(zhang)申。王(wang)(wang)祖為救援夜(ye)襲燕(yan)軍(jun)，遭(zao)燕(yan)軍(jun)反擊大(da)敗而逃。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷和慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟繼續(xu)圍攻(gong)張(zhang)申，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)隆(long)(long)與部將(jiang)(jiang)平(ping)幼兵分兩路(lu)乘夜(ye)追擊，及至(zhi)天(tian)明，后(hou)燕(yan)軍(jun)大(da)獲全勝，將(jiang)(jiang)所斬(zhan)首級懸(xuan)掛于張(zhang)申陣前(qian)。張(zhang)申見大(da)勢(shi)已去，遂繳械投(tou)降，王(wang)(wang)祖亦歸降。次年五月(yue)(yue)，清河(he)民(min)孔金斬(zhan)吳(wu)深，將(jiang)(jiang)其首級送中山（今河(he)北定州）。

太元十四年（389年）正月，慕(mu)(mu)容垂召慕(mu)(mu)容農為侍中、司隸校尉。以高(gao)陽王慕(mu)(mu)容隆為都(dou)督幽(you)、平(ping)二州諸軍(jun)事、征(zheng)(zheng)北(bei)大將軍(jun)、幽(you)州牧(mu)，建留臺(tai)于龍城，以慕(mu)(mu)容隆錄留臺(tai)尚書(shu)事。又以護軍(jun)將軍(jun)平(ping)幼為征(zheng)(zheng)北(bei)長(chang)史，散(san)騎常侍封(feng)孚為司馬(ma)，并兼留臺(tai)尚書(shu)。

鮮(xian)卑賀(he)(he)蘭部(bu)(bu)賀(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)(ne)、賀(he)(he)染(ran)干(gan)兄弟為爭奪本部(bu)(bu)統治權而發生(sheng)內亂(luan)，而后(hou)(hou)(hou)燕及(ji)鐵弗劉衛(wei)辰也極力與(yu)魏(wei)(wei)(wei)爭奪對賀(he)(he)蘭部(bu)(bu)的控制(zhi)權。太(tai)元十(shi)五年(nian)（390年(nian)），劉衛(wei)辰派軍(jun)攻賀(he)(he)蘭部(bu)(bu)，拓跋珪(gui)出兵(bing)擊退之(zhi)(zhi)，遷賀(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)(ne)部(bu)(bu)眾(zhong)(zhong)于魏(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)東境，與(yu)后(hou)(hou)(hou)燕毗鄰。慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)乘機對賀(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)(ne)軟硬兼(jian)施(shi)，誘逼其(qi)叛魏(wei)(wei)(wei)降(jiang)燕，封為歸善(shan)王。賀(he)(he)染(ran)干(gan)聞(wen)訊，頗嫉(ji)其(qi)兄賀(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)(ne)飛(fei)黃(huang)騰達，謀攻殺而代之(zhi)(zhi)。太(tai)元十(shi)六年(nian)（391年(nian)）正月，賀(he)(he)染(ran)干(gan)與(yu)賀(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)(ne)舉(ju)兵(bing)相攻。拓跋珪(gui)請后(hou)(hou)(hou)燕討伐之(zhi)(zhi)。四月，后(hou)(hou)(hou)燕鎮北將軍(jun)蘭汗率兵(bing)大破賀(he)(he)染(ran)干(gan)于牛(niu)都(dou)（其(qi)地(di)在牛(niu)川，放(fang)(fang)牧聚會謂之(zhi)(zhi)都(dou)）。六月，慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)遣趙王慕(mu)(mu)容麟率軍(jun)擊賀(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)(ne)，生(sheng)擒賀(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)(ne)于赤城（今內蒙(meng)古托克托縣(xian)東南黃(huang)河(he)西(xi)岸），降(jiang)其(qi)部(bu)(bu)眾(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)萬。后(hou)(hou)(hou)燕主慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)命(ming)釋放(fang)(fang)賀(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)(ne)，并還其(qi)部(bu)(bu)眾(zhong)(zhong)于原(yuan)地(di)，而徙賀(he)(he)染(ran)干(gan)及(ji)其(qi)部(bu)(bu)眾(zhong)(zhong)于中山（今河(he)北定州），企(qi)圖(tu)完全(quan)控制(zhi)賀(he)(he)蘭部(bu)(bu)，并用以牽(qian)制(zhi)北魏(wei)(wei)(wei)。

傲視關東

前秦被消滅的時候，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)已經將關東七州(zhou)緊緊地握(wo)于手中。按理(li)說，和(he)胡戎眾生的關中隴西地區比起(qi)來，關東的形勢應該要(yao)簡明很(hen)多(duo)。但由于西燕慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)永這慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)家旁支的徙入，加上在河南(nan)一(yi)(yi)帶不停叛(pan)亂的丁零(ling)翟氏、悄然崛起(qi)的鮮卑別(bie)部拓跋氏，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)統一(yi)(yi)關東的步伐邁得并不輕松。

后(hou)燕建興(xing)元年(nian)（386年(nian)）八月，慕容垂在(zai)剛(gang)(gang)剛(gang)(gang)稱帝不久便親自率軍南下，其前鋒(feng)直(zhi)指青(qing)、兗(yan)、徐等在(zai)淝(fei)水之(zhi)戰后(hou)剛(gang)(gang)剛(gang)(gang)被東(dong)晉收復的州郡(jun)。這些(xie)地方可以說是南北(bei)對(dui)峙時期(qi)的緩沖地帶，后(hou)燕大(da)軍一到，紛紛投降。慕容垂重新(xin)將(jiang)勢(shi)力推進至淮北(bei)。

后燕的(de)北方(fang)這時出了(le)亂子(zi)。劉(liu)顯跟拓(tuo)(tuo)跋珪翻了(le)臉，想方(fang)設法要消滅拓(tuo)(tuo)跋珪的(de)力量(liang)。為了(le)籠絡(luo)人心，他派(pai)弟弟劉(liu)亢埿(ni)把什翼犍小兒子(zi)拓(tuo)(tuo)跋窟咄迎接來。

慕(mu)(mu)容麟(lin)很(hen)有心計（慕(mu)(mu)容麟(lin)很(hen)會(hui)耍小聰明(ming)，即(ji)使曾經在慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)出(chu)逃(tao)時出(chu)賣(mai)過(guo)父兄(xiong)，也(ye)沒有失去(qu)慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)對他的(de)(de)(de)喜愛，后燕(yan)的(de)(de)(de)新都(dou)中山就是由(you)他統(tong)軍攻下來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)。慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)建立后燕(yan)后常(chang)常(chang)把帶兵打仗的(de)(de)(de)重任交給他），他讓安(an)同趕緊跑到拓跋(ba)珪那里(li)報告燕(yan)軍的(de)(de)(de)消息。北魏(wei)的(de)(de)(de)將士(shi)們得知援軍將至，果然恢復了不少士(shi)氣(qi)，抵(di)擋住了拓跋(ba)窟(ku)(ku)咄的(de)(de)(de)進逼。慕(mu)(mu)容麟(lin)與拓跋(ba)珪會(hui)合(he)，一(yi)仗就把拓跋(ba)窟(ku)(ku)咄殺得大敗，拓跋(ba)窟(ku)(ku)咄逃(tao)到鐵(tie)弗劉(liu)衛辰那里(li)，劉(liu)衛辰豈會(hui)忘記當初兩(liang)部之仇，也(ye)不顧他與拓跋(ba)珪為(wei)敵，將拓跋(ba)窟(ku)(ku)咄殺死了。

拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪(gui)在這一仗中感受到了(le)燕(yan)軍的厲害(hai)。一年之后，他乘著(zhu)劉(liu)(liu)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)部(bu)兄弟(di)相爭，再次向慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)借兵，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)又(you)讓慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)麟(lin)出兵相助。劉(liu)(liu)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)把(ba)劉(liu)(liu)衛辰上貢后燕(yan)的馬匹給搶(qiang)了(le)下來，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)對(dui)此大(da)(da)怒，派侄子太原王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)楷增援慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)麟(lin)。楷、麟(lin)與拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪(gui)會戰劉(liu)(liu)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)，大(da)(da)獲全勝，劉(liu)(liu)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)逃到西燕(yan)。后燕(yan)奪得了(le)劉(liu)(liu)顯(xian)(xian)(xian)的部(bu)眾和牲(sheng)畜(chu)，拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪(gui)則基本(ben)收(shou)復了(le)什翼犍(jian)時期的代國地盤。

慕容(rong)垂接下來花了(le)五年時間(jian)經營自(zi)己的北方領土，這期間(jian)他(ta)消滅河北一帶的叛(pan)軍，收復清河、渤海等(deng)地，征服了(le)北方比較強大的賀蘭部，加上這之前(qian)慕容(rong)農已經率軍擊敗高句(ju)麗(li)，占據遼東，后燕鞏固了(le)自(zi)身統治(zhi)，成為北方強國。

攻滅翟魏

轉眼到了(le)建興(xing)七年(nian)（392年(nian)），他也(ye)年(nian)近古稀。鑒于河(he)(he)(he)南(nan)一(yi)帶丁零(ling)翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)氏的朝(chao)三暮四、一(yi)再叛獨，慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)親自帶兵征討丁零(ling)翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)釗(zhao)(zhao)（翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)魏天王(wang)翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)遼之子(zi)）。翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)釗(zhao)(zhao)向(xiang)慕(mu)容(rong)永(yong)求援(yuan)，但慕(mu)容(rong)永(yong)聽從(cong)尚(shang)書郎鮑遵的話，坐山觀虎斗，未(wei)曾向(xiang)翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)釗(zhao)(zhao)發(fa)兵相救。慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)先把營(ying)寨遷到黃河(he)(he)(he)上(shang)游(you)四十(shi)里處的西(xi)津，造了(le)數百艘牛皮船(chuan)，載上(shang)一(yi)些兵士車仗，開始渡(du)(du)河(he)(he)(he)。丁零(ling)翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)釗(zhao)(zhao)在下游(you)聽說(shuo)這一(yi)消息(xi)，果然(ran)帶了(le)軍(jun)隊前(qian)往西(xi)津抵抗(kang)。這時(shi)慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)才派留在黎陽慕(mu)容(rong)鎮的軍(jun)隊連夜渡(du)(du)過(guo)黃河(he)(he)(he)，在河(he)(he)(he)南(nan)扎營(ying)。第二天早(zao)上(shang)，后(hou)燕的軍(jun)隊已經(jing)在河(he)(he)(he)南(nan)駐(zhu)了(le)不少人的大營(ying)了(le)。翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)釗(zhao)(zhao)得知此事又趕到下游(you)打慕(mu)容(rong)鎮，慕(mu)容(rong)鎮堅守一(yi)段時(shi)間后(hou)，上(shang)游(you)的后(hou)燕大軍(jun)也(ye)已乘機渡(du)(du)過(guo)了(le)黃河(he)(he)(he)，燕軍(jun)兩路(lu)夾擊，翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)釗(zhao)(zhao)全(quan)軍(jun)潰敗而(er)走，慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)率軍(jun)追(zhui)擊，翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)釗(zhao)(zhao)只身(shen)逃到西(xi)燕，后(hou)又被(bei)慕(mu)容(rong)永(yong)殺死(si)。

消滅西燕

建興八年(nian)（393年(nian)），慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂開始(shi)籌(chou)備攻打西燕(yan)(yan)(yan)。后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)將領又顯(xian)得顧(gu)慮重重，認為后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)士(shi)兵連(lian)年(nian)征討，十(shi)分疲憊，有待休整。只有范陽王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)德同(tong)意伐西燕(yan)(yan)(yan)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂很(hen)高(gao)興地說：“吾計決矣(yi)。且吾投(tou)老(lao)，扣囊(nang)底智，足以(yi)(yi)克之，不復留逆(ni)賊以(yi)(yi)累子孫(sun)也！”以(yi)(yi)確立后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)的正統性與(yu)后(hou)(hou)世安定。

建興九年（394年），慕容垂大軍在鄴城西南集結，卻一個多月不向西燕(yan)(yan)境內(nei)進發。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)永開始疑神疑鬼(gui)，懷(huai)疑慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂會從(cong)太行山(shan)山(shan)道突入其境，趕緊分(fen)兵去封鎖太行山(shan)口(kou)，在正(zheng)面防御(yu)點臺壁只(zhi)留(liu)下一支軍(jun)(jun)隊。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂等見(jian)此情景，遣部(bu)從(cong)臺壁進攻(gong)，兩軍(jun)(jun)一交手(shou)，西燕(yan)(yan)潰敗(bai)(bai)，臺壁遭圍。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)永只(zhi)得又從(cong)太行山(shan)召回守軍(jun)(jun)五萬多人(ren)(ren)，然而(er)刁云、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)鐘軍(jun)(jun)無斗志，投降(jiang)了后燕(yan)(yan)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂在臺壁以南擺下陣(zhen)勢，與慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)永會戰，事先(xian)還安排了驍(xiao)騎將軍(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)國的精銳騎兵做埋伏。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂假裝敗(bai)(bai)退，將西燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)引(yin)入包圍圈，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)國從(cong)其背后殺出，一場(chang)大戰，西燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)光被斬首的人(ren)(ren)數(shu)就達八(ba)千(qian)，重(zhong)鎮晉陽也跟著丟失。?

慕(mu)容永退守國都長(chang)子，向東(dong)晉和北魏求(qiu)救(jiu)。兩方(fang)的(de)援軍尚未(wei)趕到(dao)，西燕別部的(de)大逸豆歸手下(xia)的(de)將領(ling)便打(da)開城(cheng)門迎入慕(mu)容垂。慕(mu)容垂將慕(mu)容永和西燕的(de)公卿大臣悉數(shu)斬首，西燕滅亡。

燕魏交兵

主詞(ci)目：參合陂之戰

后(hou)(hou)燕在滅翟(zhai)魏吞(tun)西燕后(hou)(hou)，慕容垂建立的后(hou)(hou)燕也隨之轉盛而衰。

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂在(zai)南(nan)征北(bei)戰(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)過程中留下了一(yi)內一(yi)外兩大(da)隱(yin)患(huan)(huan)。其內部的(de)(de)(de)隱(yin)患(huan)(huan)，便是慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)家好內斗。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鮮卑在(zai)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂及(ji)其子(zi)侄這兩代可謂人才(cai)濟濟，如慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂異母(mu)弟范陽(yang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)，兒子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)、趙王(wang)(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟(lin)、遼(liao)西(xi)王(wang)(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農、高陽(yang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆，侄子(zi)太(tai)原王(wang)(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷、陳留王(wang)(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹。這些人在(zai)后燕(yan)(yan)平(ping)定北(bei)方時各自叱咤一(yi)方。后燕(yan)(yan)國土占據(ju)著半個北(bei)中國，其東北(bei)是慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農，東南(nan)是慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)，西(xi)北(bei)是慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟(lin)，又慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷分(fen)別居于東、南(nan)、西(xi)，中央需要較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)向心力(li)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂年(nian)紀已大(da)，把(ba)國事大(da)事交(jiao)給(gei)太(tai)子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)才(cai)大(da)智粗，不堪其任(ren)。后燕(yan)(yan)外部的(de)(de)(de)隱(yin)患(huan)(huan)源(yuan)自與北(bei)魏的(de)(de)(de)外交(jiao)。后燕(yan)(yan)消滅丁零翟氏(shi)的(de)(de)(de)前一(yi)年(nian)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂為了平(ping)定北(bei)方，再次出(chu)兵幫(bang)助了臣服于后燕(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)拓跋(ba)珪(gui)。拓跋(ba)珪(gui)憑借后燕(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)援兵，與劉衛(wei)(wei)辰展開決戰(zhan)，一(yi)舉將其擊潰，并乘勝占據(ju)了鐵(tie)弗部的(de)(de)(de)領地(di)。劉衛(wei)(wei)辰在(zai)亂軍中被殺(sha)，五(wu)千多(duo)劉氏(shi)宗族被拓跋(ba)珪(gui)全部斬(zhan)首(shou)，扔進黃河。

拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)珪(gui)(gui)(gui)驅走鐵弗(fu)，掠奪百萬計(ji)的(de)牛羊馬(ma)，勢(shi)力大增(zeng)，逐(zhu)漸(jian)萌(meng)生問(wen)鼎中(zhong)(zhong)原的(de)野心(xin)。388年八月，拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)珪(gui)(gui)(gui)專門派(pai)自(zi)己(ji)的(de)堂兄(xiong)拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)儀(yi)前往中(zhong)(zhong)山探聽虛實。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)接見了拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)儀(yi)，詰問(wen)他：“魏王(wang)(wang)怎么不(bu)自(zi)己(ji)來？”拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)儀(yi)答道：“我(wo)們拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)氏自(zi)先(xian)人以(yi)來，居(ju)住在(zai)北方，現(xian)今(jin)仍是如此(ci)。當(dang)年先(xian)王(wang)(wang)拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)猗(yi)盧(lu)被晉朝(chao)皇帝封為代王(wang)(wang)，與你們的(de)祖(zu)先(xian)共事一(yi)朝(chao)，彼此(ci)都是兄(xiong)弟。如今(jin)我(wo)奉命出(chu)使，并無失禮(li)之處。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)又(you)問(wen)：“朕兵(bing)強(qiang)馬(ma)壯，威加(jia)四海，你們主公竟敢不(bu)來見朕，怎么可以(yi)說沒有(you)(you)失禮(li)之處呢(ni)？”拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)儀(yi)搖頭道：“燕(yan)國如若不(bu)修文德，以(yi)為靠著強(qiang)大的(de)軍力就能(neng)夠稱霸天下的(de)話(hua)(hua)，那就得問(wen)問(wen)我(wo)國的(de)將帥，輪不(bu)到我(wo)這個(ge)使臣來說話(hua)(hua)了。”拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)儀(yi)一(yi)席話(hua)(hua)說得有(you)(you)理有(you)(you)節，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)就放了他。拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)儀(yi)回來對拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)珪(gui)(gui)(gui)說：“燕(yan)國皇帝年老(lao)，太子暗(an)(an)弱(ruo)，范陽王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德又(you)很自(zi)負，恐(kong)怕不(bu)會安心(xin)做少主的(de)臣子。只(zhi)要慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)一(yi)死，燕(yan)國必(bi)有(you)(you)內亂(luan)，到時候(hou)(hou)天下自(zi)然是我(wo)們的(de)，現(xian)今(jin)還不(bu)是動手(shou)的(de)時候(hou)(hou)。”拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)珪(gui)(gui)(gui)很是高(gao)興，便暗(an)(an)中(zhong)(zhong)積蓄力量，以(yi)待天時。

事件導(dao)火線(xian)始于慕容(rong)子(zi)弟(di)強行扣(kou)留拓跋(ba)(ba)觚(gu)(gu)(gu)。建興七年(nian)(nian)（391）七月，拓跋(ba)(ba)觚(gu)(gu)(gu)出使燕(yan)國，當(dang)時慕容(rong)垂年(nian)(nian)已衰老，慕容(rong)氏子(zi)弟(di)主持著一些政務，為了要(yao)求北(bei)魏進獻良馬，強行扣(kou)留了拓跋(ba)(ba)觚(gu)(gu)(gu)。拓跋(ba)(ba)珪不(bu)給(gei)，與(yu)后燕(yan)斷絕了外交。

兩年(nian)(nian)后(hou)，后(hou)燕(yan)軍攻(gong)打(da)西燕(yan)，拓跋珪不(bu)念燕(yan)、魏從前同(tong)盟多(duo)年(nian)(nian)，積極出兵援助(zhu)慕容永(yong)，此事令慕容垂很惱火。

滅西燕后，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)本已身染重病，不想用兵，但在慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)寶(bao)等人的慫恿下(xia)，于(yu)建興十年（395）五月派慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)寶(bao)、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)農、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)麟率領大(da)軍八萬伐魏，又(you)讓(rang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)德、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)紹另(ling)率步騎兵一萬八千人做后繼。散騎常(chang)侍高湖苦諫(jian)，惹得慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)大(da)怒(nu)，免了他的官。

慕(mu)(mu)容寶的(de)軍隊開到(dao)五原（今內蒙(meng)古(gu)包頭西北）的(de)黃河北岸，南岸的(de)拓(tuo)(tuo)跋珪先派(pai)人(ren)在中(zhong)山到(dao)五原的(de)路上截獲后燕(yan)(yan)傳送(song)消息的(de)使(shi)(shi)(shi)者，使(shi)(shi)(shi)得連續幾個月慕(mu)(mu)容垂的(de)消息都無法傳到(dao)后燕(yan)(yan)大軍營中(zhong)。拓(tuo)(tuo)跋珪又(you)拉(la)上抓來的(de)后燕(yan)(yan)使(shi)(shi)(shi)者到(dao)黃河岸邊(bian)喊話：“你老爹已死，還不早早回去！”慕(mu)(mu)容寶等人(ren)此時又(you)擔心又(you)害(hai)怕(pa)，后燕(yan)(yan)的(de)士兵們更是軍心動搖。?

后(hou)燕的(de)(de)軍(jun)隊處境艱難，這邊拓跋(ba)珪則安排(pai)停當(dang)，他派(pai)拓跋(ba)虔、拓跋(ba)儀各領(ling)數萬(wan)(wan)騎兵駐扎在河(he)東、河(he)北，又讓拓跋(ba)遵領(ling)了七萬(wan)(wan)騎兵悄悄地繞到了燕軍(jun)的(de)(de)東南面，也就是(shi)燕軍(jun)的(de)(de)退路上。

從九月(yue)開始(shi)，燕軍和魏軍在五原一帶(dai)相持近一個(ge)月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)的(de)軍隊從一支驕兵變(bian)成了羸兵，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)雖然心中發虛，卻沒(mei)有(you)撤退的(de)意思。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟手下有(you)個(ge)叫做慕(mu)(mu)輿嵩(song)的(de)部(bu)將(jiang)覺(jue)得慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂是真(zhen)的(de)死了，糾合部(bu)將(jiang)作(zuo)亂，擁立慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟做皇帝。事情敗露，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)把慕(mu)(mu)輿嵩(song)等人(ren)給殺了，寶(bao)、麟兩(liang)人(ren)由此互相猜忌。

燕(yan)軍就在這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)況下(xia)支撐到了十月底，此時的(de)(de)(de)(de)五原地區已是寒風凜冽，冬日來臨(lin)，慕容(rong)寶下(xia)令燒(shao)掉渡船撤軍。當時的(de)(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)河(he)水(shui)還未(wei)結冰，慕容(rong)寶認定魏軍沒有(you)足夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)船只，不(bu)可能(neng)渡河(he)追(zhui)擊，無(wu)須(xu)采取任何防備措施(shi)，燕(yan)軍一路(lu)向東撤去(qu)。拓(tuo)跋珪在南岸并未(wei)馬上(shang)行(xing)動(dong)，燕(yan)軍撤退(tui)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)八(ba)天(tian)(tian)，天(tian)(tian)氣突變，刮(gua)起暴風，河(he)水(shui)迅(xun)速(su)凍合。拓(tuo)跋珪大喜過望，留下(xia)所有(you)輜(zi)重，連夜點起二萬精(jing)銳騎兵(bing)，全(quan)速(su)沖過黃(huang)河(he)，朝著燕(yan)軍撤退(tui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向追(zhui)去(qu)。

疲憊(bei)不(bu)堪、士氣低落(luo)的(de)后(hou)燕軍(jun)(jun)隊(dui)走到參合陂（今內蒙古(gu)涼城岱海），已近傍晚時分。“天有不(bu)測風(feng)云”，這(zhe)個時候一(yi)(yi)陣大風(feng)平地(di)而(er)起，只見一(yi)(yi)道黑氣如長堤一(yi)(yi)般，自燕軍(jun)(jun)身后(hou)鋪卷(juan)而(er)來(lai)，最后(hou)完全罩住(zhu)了整個軍(jun)(jun)隊(dui)。士兵(bing)們(men)本(ben)已十分脆弱的(de)心(xin)靈又蒙上(shang)一(yi)(yi)層陰影(ying)，一(yi)(yi)個名叫支曇猛的(de)和尚頓(dun)覺不(bu)安，向(xiang)慕(mu)容(rong)寶(bao)進(jin)言：“狂風(feng)暴虐，乃是魏(wei)(wei)兵(bing)將要來(lai)到的(de)征(zheng)兆，我軍(jun)(jun)應當作好抵(di)御準備(bei)。”滿以(yi)為(wei)魏(wei)(wei)軍(jun)(jun)早被拋下很遠(yuan)的(de)慕(mu)容(rong)寶(bao)只笑(xiao)不(bu)答。支曇猛再三(san)請求(qiu)，在(zai)旁邊聽得不(bu)耐(nai)煩的(de)慕(mu)容(rong)麟氣呼呼地(di)說：“以(yi)殿下的(de)神武，我軍(jun)(jun)的(de)強盛，足以(yi)橫行(xing)沙漠，小小的(de)索虜（燕人鄙視同宗的(de)北魏(wei)(wei)，罵其為(wei)索虜）豈敢(gan)遠(yuan)道追來(lai)？應該把這(zhe)該死的(de)和尚斬首示眾以(yi)消顧慮(lv)！”支曇猛痛哭流涕：“苻(fu)堅(jian)擁百萬(wan)(wan)雄師，卻(que)大敗(bai)于淮南，正是由于恃眾輕敵，不(bu)相信(xin)天道的(de)緣(yuan)故啊！”司徒慕(mu)容(rong)德見此情景(jing)，支曇猛也算一(yi)(yi)片忠(zhong)心(xin)，于是也勸慕(mu)容(rong)寶(bao)聽從支曇猛的(de)話(hua)，慕(mu)容(rong)寶(bao)這(zhe)才讓慕(mu)容(rong)麟帶上(shang)三(san)萬(wan)(wan)騎兵(bing)殿后(hou)以(yi)防萬(wan)(wan)一(yi)(yi)。慕(mu)容(rong)麟根(gen)本(ben)不(bu)信(xin)支曇猛的(de)胡話(hua)，在(zai)大軍(jun)(jun)后(hou)面(mian)放縱(zong)士兵(bing)四處游獵，不(bu)做好設防準備(bei)。

魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)晝夜兼(jian)程(cheng)、連日(ri)急行(xing)軍(jun)(jun)追趕。乙酉，魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)在暮色里(li)終于(yu)趕到參合陂西面(mian)(mian)。燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)又(you)走(zou)了一段路，就(jiu)停(ting)下腳步，在參合陂東邊(bian)的(de)(de)(de)蟠羊山南面(mian)(mian)依水扎(zha)營。拓(tuo)跋珪發現燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)近在咫尺(chi)，連夜部(bu)署進軍(jun)(jun)計劃，各將領(ling)分別帶兵(bing)，士兵(bing)銜(xian)枚，戰馬束口，暗暗向燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)靠近。第二天日(ri)出(chu)時分，魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)全(quan)部(bu)登上山頂，腳下便(bian)是(shi)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)大(da)營。這時燕(yan)(yan)(yan)國的(de)(de)(de)士兵(bing)們正伸(shen)著懶腰，緩步走(zou)出(chu)營寨，準備(bei)向東進發，猛一回頭，眼前(qian)竟是(shi)嚴陣以待的(de)(de)(de)北魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)隊(dui)。燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)頓時慌作一團(tuan)。拓(tuo)跋珪手一抬，二萬(wan)(wan)精騎兵(bing)以排(pai)山倒(dao)海(hai)之勢(shi)沖(chong)殺(sha)過來。燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)紛(fen)紛(fen)逃入水中(zhong)，人(ren)馬相互踐(jian)踏，踩死的(de)(de)(de)、淹死的(de)(de)(de)數以萬(wan)(wan)計。拓(tuo)跋遵率部(bu)轉到燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)前(qian)方進行(xing)阻截，燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)最后一道心理防線(xian)終于(yu)崩潰，四五萬(wan)(wan)人(ren)全(quan)部(bu)乖(guai)(guai)乖(guai)(guai)地放下武器，舉手投降。從(cong)亂軍(jun)(jun)中(zhong)逃出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)足數千，慕(mu)容(rong)寶、慕(mu)容(rong)農、慕(mu)容(rong)麟、慕(mu)容(rong)德等人(ren)憑著馬快，才(cai)撿(jian)了性命(ming)。慕(mu)容(rong)垂的(de)(de)(de)侄子燕(yan)(yan)(yan)右仆(pu)陳留悼王慕(mu)容(rong)紹也不(bu)幸戰死，其余(yu)被生俘的(de)(de)(de)慕(mu)容(rong)氏等文武將吏數千人(ren)。魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)獲得(de)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)數以萬(wan)(wan)計的(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)甲糧(liang)貨。

拓(tuo)跋珪大(da)獲全勝，他從燕軍的(de)俘(fu)虜中(zhong)挑了些(xie)可(ke)用之(zhi)才留在北魏，其(qi)余的(de)人(ren)準備(bei)悉數發還(huan)衣物糧(liang)食，遣送回國，也是借機招攬中(zhong)原人(ren)心。他的(de)中(zhong)部大(da)人(ren)王建說(shuo)：“燕國強盛，這次傾全國之(zhi)力(li)前(qian)來，我軍僥幸取(qu)勝，不如(ru)殺掉降卒，將(jiang)來它們(men)再無可(ke)用之(zhi)兵，打敗他們(men)就易如(ru)反掌了！”拓(tuo)跋珪嘆道：“若(ruo)聽從你的(de)話(hua)，只怕我將(jiang)陷于(yu)不仁(ren)不義之(zhi)地(di)。”然(ran)而魏國的(de)將(jiang)領對(dui)后燕尚心有余悸，都(dou)認為王建說(shuo)得有理，拓(tuo)跋珪便下一道命令，將(jiang)四五萬后燕士兵全部活埋！

慕(mu)(mu)容寶回到(dao)中山，向父(fu)親陳述失敗的(de)(de)(de)慘狀，竭力請求再次伐魏。旁邊(bian)慕(mu)(mu)容德又說(shuo)：“索(suo)虜碰巧打了(le)這(zhe)場勝仗，打心眼瞧(qiao)不上太子了(le)，如(ru)果不以(yi)陛下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)神武把他們(men)制服，恐怕后(hou)(hou)患無窮(qiong)。”七十歲的(de)(de)(de)慕(mu)(mu)容垂聽了(le)這(zhe)話，決(jue)定親自出征(zheng)(zheng)，為身(shen)后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)燕國謀(mou)取(qu)生存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)空間。他讓慕(mu)(mu)容隆和慕(mu)(mu)容盛調集舊都龍城的(de)(de)(de)精兵來到(dao)中山，約定次年（396）大舉西征(zheng)(zheng)，攻打北魏。

軍(jun)(jun)(jun)容(rong)(rong)精整的龍城(cheng)精騎進入中(zhong)山(shan)，后燕(yan)的士氣重新振作。三(san)(san)月，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)親率燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)秘密出(chu)發，鑿開太行(xing)山(shan)道，出(chu)其不意地(di)直(zhi)逼北(bei)(bei)魏占(zhan)據的平城(cheng)（今山(shan)西大(da)同）。拓(tuo)(tuo)跋虔的三(san)(san)萬(wan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)馬(ma)駐守此地(di)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)派慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)農和慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)隆(long)率領龍城(cheng)精兵充(chong)當前鋒，突(tu)襲平城(cheng)。拓(tuo)(tuo)跋虔一(yi)向不設防備(bei)，看(kan)到燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)來(lai)攻，才倉(cang)促出(chu)戰，龍城(cheng)兵是燕(yan)國戰斗力最(zui)強的鮮卑舊部，一(yi)個(ge)個(ge)奮勇爭先(xian)，如(ru)下山(shan)猛虎，魏軍(jun)(jun)(jun)招架不住，拓(tuo)(tuo)跋虔戰死，殘部全(quan)部被后燕(yan)收編。拓(tuo)(tuo)跋虔是拓(tuo)(tuo)跋珪的弟(di)弟(di)，在北(bei)(bei)魏威望不小，他(ta)的死訊傳來(lai)，拓(tuo)(tuo)跋珪大(da)驚失色(se)，就想(xiang)逃走，北(bei)(bei)魏各(ge)部都開始(shi)心(xin)懷二(er)意，拓(tuo)(tuo)跋珪竟(jing)不知往哪里逃。

病重身亡

燕(yan)軍一(yi)路前行(xing)，慕(mu)容垂(chui)來(lai)(lai)到了(le)昔日戰場參合陂。萬人坑上的(de)(de)泥土猶(you)新，曾經還是生龍活(huo)虎的(de)(de)數(shu)萬士卒(zu)已(yi)成堆積如山(shan)的(de)(de)尸骨(gu)，無數(shu)冤魂仿佛(fo)還在(zai)山(shan)間飄蕩。燕(yan)軍設(she)下祭壇，死難將士的(de)(de)父兄一(yi)起放聲痛哭，聲音響(xiang)徹山(shan)谷(gu)。白發(fa)(fa)蒼蒼的(de)(de)慕(mu)容垂(chui)面對此情此景，心中又慚又恨，那最后(hou)一(yi)點戰斗的(de)(de)氣(qi)神再也無法堅(jian)持下去，哇的(de)(de)一(yi)口鮮血吐(tu)了(le)出來(lai)(lai)，舊疾(ji)發(fa)(fa)作，乘著馬輿前進，在(zai)平城(cheng)(cheng)西北三十里休整。慕(mu)容寶等人的(de)(de)前軍也只好全(quan)部撤退。拓(tuo)跋珪得到后(hou)燕(yan)叛卒(zu)的(de)(de)消(xiao)息，本(ben)想乘隙追趕(gan)，聽說(shuo)平城(cheng)(cheng)淪陷，便引兵退回陰(yin)山(shan)。

慕(mu)容垂在(zai)平城停留了十天，修(xiu)了座燕昌城（欲(yu)昌則不昌），便匆(cong)匆(cong)返回，他在(zai)歸(gui)途中病逝于(yu)上谷郡的沮陽（今河北(bei)懷(huai)來(lai)東(dong)南(nan)），終年七(qi)十一歲。

主要成就

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)13歲即(ji)隨父征戰(zhan)，才兼(jian)文武(wu)，勇猛多謀。前(qian)燕(yan)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝十一年(nian)（344），慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)任(ren)前(qian)鋒都督，建鋒將(jiang)軍(jun)。次(ci)年(nian)，率兵(bing)2萬自東(dong)道(dao)出徒河（今錦州）南下，與燕(yan)王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁(jun)等會師，攻(gong)取(qu)后(hou)趙幽州（治今北(bei)京城(cheng)西南）等地，并勸燕(yan)王(wang)勿殺降(jiang)卒，以服人心。元璽三(san)年(nian)（354），受封為吳(wu)王(wang)。光壽元年(nian)（357），參與攻(gong)討敕勒，俘斬(zhan)十余萬人。建熙六年(nian)（365），與太宰慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪合力(li)攻(gong)占東(dong)晉洛陽(yang)（今河南洛陽(yang)東(dong)北(bei)）后(hou)，任(ren)征南大將(jiang)軍(jun)、荊(jing)州牧等職，領兵(bing)萬人，鎮魯(lu)陽(yang)（今魯(lu)山）。十年(nian)，在桓溫(wen)攻(gong)前(qian)燕(yan)之戰(zhan)中(zhong)，大敗晉軍(jun)，威名大振。

是年十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一月(yue)，因前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)(yan)內(nei)訌，西投前(qian)(qian)秦(qin)(qin)，為秦(qin)(qin)主(zhu)苻堅所(suo)賞(shang)識(shi)，任冠軍將(jiang)軍。十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一年，前(qian)(qian)秦(qin)(qin)滅前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)(yan)，慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)至鄴(ye)（今(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)臨漳西南(nan)），密圖興復。后轉京(jing)兆尹，參加征伐，皆有(you)大(da)功，但為前(qian)(qian)秦(qin)(qin)權貴猜忌(ji)、壓抑。前(qian)(qian)秦(qin)(qin)建元十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八年（382），不(bu)顧多數朝臣的反(fan)對，力勸苻堅進攻東(dong)晉。十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九(jiu)年七月(yue)，東(dong)晉車騎將(jiang)軍桓沖攻襄陽（今(jin)屬湖北(bei)(bei)(bei)襄樊），征南(nan)將(jiang)軍苻叡率步騎5萬援救，慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)為前(qian)(qian)鋒。垂(chui)(chui)命士(shi)卒多燃火炬，光照(zhao)數十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)里，嚇退晉軍。是年，淝水之戰(zhan)，秦(qin)(qin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)慘(can)敗，唯慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)軍3萬屯據鄖城（今(jin)安陸）無損。苻堅率所(suo)剩千余騎往赴，慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)悉以兵(bing)(bing)(bing)歸堅。旋(xuan)丁零族翟斌(bin)起(qi)(qi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)反(fan)秦(qin)(qin)，謀攻洛(luo)陽，慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)受命進討。二十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)年，至滎陽（今(jin)河(he)南(nan)滎陽東(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)），起(qi)(qi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)反(fan)秦(qin)(qin)，稱燕(yan)(yan)王（史稱后燕(yan)(yan)），率眾攻鄴(ye)，拔外城。苻丕(pi)求援于東(dong)晉。后燕(yan)(yan)燕(yan)(yan)元二年（385）四月(yue)，兵(bing)(bing)(bing)敗后伺機反(fan)擊，大(da)破(po)援鄴(ye)之晉軍。十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二月(yue)，定都中山（今(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)定州）。

建(jian)興(xing)二年（387），發兵(bing)(bing)討溫詳等叛軍(jun)(jun)，迫叛眾(zhong)3萬余(yu)戶歸后(hou)燕。又遣(qian)(qian)兵(bing)(bing)南(nan)下(xia)，進(jin)占歷城(cheng)（今(jin)濟南(nan)），迫使青(qing)、兗、徐三(san)(san)州郡縣多數壁(bi)壘出降。七年六月，攻討丁零族翟釗(zhao)(zhao)于黎陽（今(jin)河(he)南(nan)浚縣東(dong)北），以(yi)牛皮(pi)船百余(yu)艘，偽列兵(bing)(bing)仗，溯流(liu)西(xi)上，而潛軍(jun)(jun)于東(dong)夜(ye)渡(du)，營于河(he)南(nan)，堅壁(bi)不(bu)戰，使翟釗(zhao)(zhao)兵(bing)(bing)往來疲(pi)憊，再行(xing)夾擊，盡獲(huo)其眾(zhong)。九年，攻西(xi)燕主(zhu)慕(mu)容(rong)永，先分(fen)處置(zhi)疑兵(bing)(bing)以(yi)誘(you)敵，自率大軍(jun)(jun)屯鄴城(cheng)西(xi)南(nan)，月余(yu)不(bu)進(jin)；待慕(mu)容(rong)永發兵(bing)(bing)分(fen)道拒守，即(ji)乘(cheng)虛直入，連破(po)西(xi)燕軍(jun)(jun)，進(jin)圍臺壁(bi)（今(jin)山西(xi)襄垣(yuan)東(dong)北）。繼又佯退，誘(you)其追入設伏(fu)地帶，實行(xing)圍擊，大破(po)慕(mu)容(rong)永，滅亡西(xi)燕。十(shi)年，遣(qian)(qian)子慕(mu)容(rong)寶率軍(jun)(jun)9.8萬攻北魏(wei)，在參合(he)陂之戰遭慘敗(bai)。次年三(san)(san)月，親自率軍(jun)(jun)攻北魏(wei)。閏(run)三(san)(san)月，襲取平(ping)城(cheng)（今(jin)山西(xi)大同東(dong)北），大敗(bai)魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)，收其部落3萬余(yu)家。

歷史評價

崔浩(hao)：“垂(chui)藉(jie)父兄之資，修復舊(jiu)業，國人歸之，若夜蟲之就火，少加倚仗，易(yi)以立功。”

房玄(xuan)齡(ling)等《晉(jin)書》：“慕容垂(chui)天(tian)資英(ying)杰(jie)，威(wei)震本朝，以雄(xiong)略見猜(cai)而(er)(er)庇身(shen)寬政，永固受(shou)之(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)以禮，道明(ming)事之(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)畢力(li)。然而(er)(er)隼質難羈，狼心自野。淮南(nan)失律，三甥(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)謀已構；河(he)朔分(fen)麾，五木之(zhi)(zhi)祥云啟(qi)。斬(zhan)飛龍而(er)(er)遐舉，逾石門而(er)(er)長邁，遂使翟氏景從，鄴師(shi)宵逸，收羅(luo)趙(zhao)、魏，驅駕(jia)英(ying)雄(xiong)。叩囊余(yu)奇，摧五萬于河(he)曲；浮船秘(mi)策(ce)，招(zhao)七(qi)郡于黎陽。返(fan)遼陰之(zhi)(zhi)舊物，創中山之(zhi)(zhi)新(xin)社，類帝禋宗，僭(jian)擬(ni)斯備。夫(fu)以重耳歸晉(jin)，賴五臣之(zhi)(zhi)功(gong)；句踐紿吳(wu)，資五千(qian)之(zhi)(zhi)卒(zu)。惡有業(ye)殊二霸，眾微一旅，掎(ji)拔而(er)(er)傾山岳，騰嘯而(er)(er)御風云！雖衛人忘(wang)亡復(fu)傳于東(dong)國，任好余(yu)裕伊愧(kui)于西鄰(lin)，信苻氏之(zhi)(zhi)奸回，非(fei)晉(jin)室之(zhi)(zhi)鯨鯢矣。”

蔡東藩《兩晉演義》：“慕容(rong)垂才略過人，卒能恢復燕祚，不可謂(wei)非一(yi)世雄，其獨擇子不明(ming)，失之(zhi)于(yu)太子寶(bao)，反以段(duan)后(hou)所言為營(ying)私。”

趣聞軼事

墜馬傷齒

慕容霸小時候很愛出游打獵。有一回，慕容霸在騎馬射獵時不小心從馬背上栽落倒地，竟然還磕掉了牙齒。慕容霸盡管庶出，自小卻很受父親嘉獎與寵愛，他異母嫡兄慕容儁便對他忌恨不已。慕容儁即位燕王后，為報復奚落慕容霸，抖落他早年磕牙的糗事，便讓他改名“