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傳奇少年

咸康五年(nian)（前燕六年(nian)，339年(nian)），慕(mu)容(rong)霸(ba)13歲(sui)。慕(mu)容(rong)皝擊(ji)(ji)高(gao)句麗，兵(bing)及新城，高(gao)句麗王釗乞盟(meng)，乃還(huan)。慕(mu)容(rong)皝又使授予慕(mu)容(rong)霸(ba)為騎都尉，令(ling)其跟隨其兄長(chang)慕(mu)容(rong)恪（慕(mu)容(rong)皝第四子）擊(ji)(ji)宇文別(bie)部。時年(nian)慕(mu)容(rong)霸(ba)年(nian)僅十三歲(sui)，卻勇冠三軍。

慕(mu)容霸甚得(de)父(fu)親寵愛，甚至比起身為(wei)世(shi)子的哥哥慕(mu)容儁更多，故此慕(mu)容儁忿(fen)忿(fen)不平。

屢立戰功

咸康八年（前燕九年，342年），慕容霸16歲。燕王慕容皝(huang)(huang)率軍(jun)攻(gong)(gong)高句(ju)麗(li)(li)。時前燕與高句(ju)麗(li)(li)相鄰(lin)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)常懼(ju)其(qi)乘虛(xu) 入，視為心(xin)腹之患，遂于十一(yi)月采用庶(shu)兄(xiong)、建威將軍(jun)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰之策略，分兵(bing)兩路進攻(gong)(gong)高句(ju)麗(li)(li)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)自率主力精銳4萬從(cong)南道(dao)(dao)進攻(gong)(gong)，而慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸則與慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰為前鋒。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)還另(ling)命長史王(wang)(wang)寓等率兵(bing)1.5萬從(cong)北(bei)道(dao)(dao)進攻(gong)(gong)。高句(ju)麗(li)(li)王(wang)(wang)高釗(zhao)聞知，判斷(duan)燕軍(jun)主力必(bi)從(cong)北(bei)道(dao)(dao)而來(lai)，乃使其(qi)弟(di)高武率精兵(bing)5萬防守北(bei)道(dao)(dao)，自率弱旅(lv)防南道(dao)(dao)。前燕軍(jun)在南道(dao)(dao)大(da)敗高句(ju)麗(li)(li)軍(jun)，乘勝追入丸都（高句(ju)麗(li)(li)都城，今吉(ji)林(lin)集(ji)安(an)西），高釗(zhao)只身逃走(zou)。

東晉建(jian)(jian)元二年(nian)（前(qian)燕十一年(nian)，344年(nian)），慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)霸(ba)(ba)18歲。二月，燕王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝親自帶兵(bing)攻宇(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)逸(yi)豆歸(gui)，以建(jian)(jian)威將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)翰(han)為前(qian)鋒將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)，劉佩為副將(jiang)(jiang)；并(bing)命慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)霸(ba)(ba)與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)軍(jun)(jun)、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪及折沖將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根等率兵(bing)分三(san)路并(bing)進。宇(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)逸(yi)豆歸(gui)派南羅城(cheng)大（即城(cheng)主）涉夜(ye)干率精兵(bing)迎擊(ji)；慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)翰(han)出(chu)戰涉夜(ye)干，兩(liang)軍(jun)(jun)激戰之(zhi)時，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)霸(ba)(ba)則(ze)率軍(jun)(jun)從側翼殺出(chu)，殺涉夜(ye)干，宇(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)軍(jun)(jun)不戰自潰(kui)，燕軍(jun)(jun)乘勝追擊(ji)，攻克宇(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)氏都城(cheng)紫(zi)蒙(meng)川(chuan)（今遼寧朝陽西北）。宇(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)逸(yi)豆歸(gui)敗逃(tao)，死(si)于漠北。宇(yu)(yu)(yu)文(wen)氏從此散亡，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)皝收其畜產(chan)，徙其部眾5000余落(luo)于昌黎，辟地千余里，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)霸(ba)(ba)因(yin)功(gong)被(bei)封為都鄉(xiang)侯(hou)。

東(dong)晉永和元年(nian)（345年(nian)），后趙將(jiang)領鄧恒(heng)領兵數(shu)萬駐(zhu)屯(tun)樂安(an)（今河(he)北樂亭縣東(dong)北），意圖并吞前燕。慕(mu)容(rong)皝以慕(mu)容(rong)霸為(wei)平狄將(jiang)軍，駐(zhu)軍徒(tu)河(he)（今遼(liao)寧錦(jin)州西北），鄧恒(heng)因為(wei)畏(wei)懼慕(mu)容(rong)霸而不(bu)敢進犯。

東(dong)晉永和(he)四年（348年），時年22歲，燕王慕容(rong)皝去世，慕容(rong)皝次子慕容(rong)俊即燕王位，就(jiu)以(yi)慕容(rong)霸(ba)曾經墮馬而撞(zhuang)斷了牙(ya)齒為由改其名為“慕容(rong)夬“，后更去“夬”而改名慕容(rong)垂。

永和(he)五年（349年），后趙主石虎死(si)，后趙大(da)亂。可慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)俊(jun)卻認為(wei)后趙新(xin)遭(zao)大(da)喪，未同意進取(qu)中(zhong)原(yuan)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)霸急至龍城（今(jin)遼寧(ning)朝陽），親自對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁(jun)說：“難得而易失者，時也(ye)。萬一(yi)石氏衰而復興，或有英雄據其成資，豈惟失此大(da)利，亦恐(kong)更為(wei)后患(huan)。”于是，在封奕等人(ren)的(de)支持下，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁(jun)以慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂為(wei)前(qian)鋒(feng)(feng)都督、建鋒(feng)(feng)將軍，選二十(shi)多萬精兵準備伐(fa)趙。

永(yong)和六年（350年）二(er)月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁命慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂領二(er)萬(wan)兵(bing)經(jing)(jing)循東(dong)路經(jing)(jing)徒河(he)伐趙(zhao)(zhao)，另遣慕(mu)(mu)(mu)輿于出(chu)西(xi)道，自(zi)率(lv)中軍(jun)，兵(bing)分三(san)路伐趙(zhao)(zhao)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂到三(san)陘（今河(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)撫(fu)寧縣矛石山），鄧(deng)恒(heng)驚懼而燒(shao)倉庫出(chu)逃，退保薊(ji)城（今北(bei)(bei)(bei)京）。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂到后盡收樂安、北(bei)(bei)(bei)平兩(liang)郡(jun)兵(bing)糧，與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁會合共攻(gong)(gong)薊(ji)城。三(san)月，燕(yan)軍(jun)攻(gong)(gong)下(xia)薊(ji)城，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂勸止了(le)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁盡坑后趙(zhao)(zhao)士(shi)卒(zu)的決(jue)定。不久慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁又親率(lv)軍(jun)隊進(jin)攻(gong)(gong)鄧(deng)恒(heng)，至清(qing)梁（今河(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)清(qing)苑(yuan)縣西(xi)南）時趙(zhao)(zhao)將鹿(lu)勃早(zao)(zao)率(lv)數千人夜襲燕(yan)軍(jun)，突入慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂幕下(xia)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂于是奮力(li)反擊(ji)(ji)，手刃了(le)十多人，遏制了(le)鹿(lu)勃早(zao)(zao)的攻(gong)(gong)擊(ji)(ji)，及后慕(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根等人領兵(bing)擊(ji)(ji)敗鹿(lu)勃早(zao)(zao)，成功(gong)擊(ji)(ji)退了(le)來襲。

永和八年（352年）三(san)月，趙立(li)義將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)段(duan)勤聚胡、羯萬余人保據(ju)繹幕，自稱趙帝。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸(ba)率軍(jun)(jun)(jun)前(qian)去攻打，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸(ba)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)至繹幕，段(duan)勤與弟段(duan)思陪(pei)舉城投降。由于燕(yan)衛將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪、撫軍(jun)(jun)(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)、左將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)彪等屢薦慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸(ba)有命世(shi)之才，宜當大任。燕(yan)主慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)俊遂(sui)于同(tong)年以慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸(ba)為使持節、安(an)東將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)、北冀州剌史，鎮常山。

永和十(shi)年(nian)（354年(nian)）四月(yue)，慕容(rong)俊稱帝，建號(hao)元璽(xi)，史稱前燕。慕容(rong)霸因訓練軍隊之時，座騎受驚而(er)墜(zhui)馬，進(jin)而(er)折齒，更名(ming)為慕容(rong)垂。慕容(rong)垂被封為吳(wu)王(wang)，遷鎮信都，以侍中、右禁(jin)將(jiang)軍錄留臺事，大收東北之利。這(zhe)便(bian)慕容(rong)俊更加忌(ji)妒(du)慕容(rong)垂，下詔將(jiang)其召還(huan)。

升平元年(nian)（前(qian)燕(yan)光壽(shou)元年(nian)，357年(nian)），前(qian)燕(yan)發兵進(jin)攻(gong)(gong)塞(sai)北（長(chang)城以北）敕(chi)勒(le)(le)。敕(chi)勒(le)(le)，又名丁零(ling)，高車。魏晉南北朝(chao)時(shi)，大批敕(chi)勒(le)(le)人(ren)入塞(sai)與其他(ta)少(shao)數(shu)民族雜居，留(liu)居漠北草原的(de)敕(chi)勒(le)(le)則在四(si)世紀日(ri)益強(qiang)大，不斷(duan)侵(qin)擾(rao)中(zhong)原。前(qian)燕(yan)入居中(zhong)原后，經常(chang)遭(zao)到敕(chi)勒(le)(le)人(ren)襲(xi)擾(rao)。同年(nian)五月(yue)，慕(mu)容俊派遣(qian)慕(mu)容垂（時(shi)為(wei)撫軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)）與中(zhong)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)容虔、護(hu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)將軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)平熙率步騎8萬(wan)進(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)塞(sai)北，攻(gong)(gong)敕(chi)勒(le)(le)，大敗之(zhi)，俘斬達10余萬(wan)人(ren)，獲馬13萬(wan)匹(pi)、牛羊無數(shu)。北部邊境(jing)復安。

為兄所忌

升(sheng)平二年（358年），慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)娶段(duan)(duan)末(mo)柸(pei)女段(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)，段(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)生子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)令、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶。段(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)才(cai)高性烈，與皇(huang)(huang)后可足(zu)渾(hun)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)睦，皇(huang)(huang)后引以(yi)為恨。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)俊向來(lai)對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)不(bu)(bu)滿，時有人(ren)奉可足(zu)渾(hun)之(zhi)(zhi)令告(gao)段(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)及(ji)吳國典書(shu)令遼(liao)東高弼為巫蠱，想(xiang)借此把慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)牽連進來(lai)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)俊將段(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)及(ji)高弼下獄，進行(xing)拷(kao)問。但二人(ren)“志(zhi)氣確(que)然，終無(wu)撓辭”（《晉(jin)書(shu)·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載記(ji)》）。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)心(xin)(xin)痛，暗中派(pai)人(ren)對段(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)說(shuo)：“人(ren)生會當一(yi)死，何堪楚毒如此！不(bu)(bu)若(ruo)引服。”段(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)嘆(tan)息(xi)道(dao)：“吾豈愛(ai)死者耶！若(ruo)自(zi)誣以(yi)惡逆，上辱祖宗，下累(lei)于王，固不(bu)(bu)為也(ye)！”（《晉(jin)書(shu)·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載記(ji)》）后段(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)死于獄中，而慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)也(ye)因此得免。出平州刺史，鎮遼(liao)東。并以(yi)段(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)妹為繼室(shi)，皇(huang)(huang)后又將其黜之(zhi)(zhi)，并將其妹嫁與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)心(xin)(xin)中不(bu)(bu)滿，這使他(ta)與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)俊關(guan)系更(geng)加(jia)惡劣。

升(sheng)平三年(nian)（359年(nian)）十(shi)二月，慕(mu)容(rong)俊病危(wei)，召慕(mu)容(rong)垂回鄴城（今河北臨(lin)漳(zhang)西南）。

升平四年（360年）正(zheng)月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)俊(jun)病逝，太(tai)(tai)(tai)子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)暐即位。二月，尊(zun)可足(zu)渾后為(wei)(wei)皇太(tai)(tai)(tai)后，以(yi)太(tai)(tai)(tai)原王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)為(wei)(wei)太(tai)(tai)(tai)宰，專錄朝(chao)政；上庸王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評(ping)為(wei)(wei)太(tai)(tai)(tai)傅(fu)，陽騖為(wei)(wei)太(tai)(tai)(tai)保，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)根為(wei)(wei)太(tai)(tai)(tai)師，參輔朝(chao)政。時慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)根自(zi)恃(shi)先朝(chao)元勛，心(xin)不(bu)服慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)，舉動倨傲。時太(tai)(tai)(tai)后可足(zu)渾氏(shi)也頗干(gan)預外事。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)根想要謀(mou)反(fan)，便(bian)勸慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)一起謀(mou)反(fan)，遭(zao)到拒絕。后慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)將此事告之(zhi)于慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂便(bian)勸其(qi)誅(zhu)殺慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)根，但(dan)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)以(yi)大(da)局為(wei)(wei)重，沒有同意。后慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)根密謀(mou)誅(zhu)殺慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評(ping)，二人聞后，遂(sui)將慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)根誅(zhu)殺。三月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)以(yi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂為(wei)(wei)使持節、征南(nan)將軍、都督河南(nan)諸軍事、兗州(zhou)(zhou)牧、荊(jing)州(zhou)(zhou)刺(ci)史，鎮梁(liang)國之(zhi)蠡臺。

興寧三(san)(san)年（365年）二月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)隨(sui)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)共攻洛(luo)陽。三(san)(san)月，克之，俘殺揚(yang)武將(jiang)軍沈勁。隨(sui)即(ji)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)略地至(zhi)崤、澠，關(guan)中(zhong)(zhong)大震，秦王(wang)苻堅屯(tun)陜城以防燕軍。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)以慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)為(wei)都督荊、揚(yang)、洛(luo)、徐、兗、豫、雍(yong)、益、涼、秦十(shi)州諸(zhu)軍事、征南大將(jiang)軍、荊州牧(mu)，配(pei)兵(bing)一萬，鎮魯陽。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)對(dui)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)變(bian)現出來的軍事才能大為(wei)驚奇，甚為(wei)倚重。后慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)病重，深(shen)慮慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)暐手中(zhong)(zhong)無權，而慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評又多猜(cai)忌(ji)。五月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)病逝，臨終前，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)暐親臨問以后事，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)再次(ci)向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)暐推(tui)薦(jian)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)。

枋頭大捷

慕容恪病死后，太和(he)四年(nian)（前(qian)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)建熙(xi)十年(nian)，369年(nian)）四月，東(dong)(dong)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)大(da)司馬桓(huan)(huan)溫(wen)親率步騎(qi)5萬開(kai)始(shi)北伐前(qian)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)（參見晉(jin)(jin)(jin)攻(gong)前(qian)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)之戰）。東(dong)(dong)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)建威(wei)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)檀(tan)玄攻(gong)克湖陸（今(jin)山東(dong)(dong)魚(yu)臺東(dong)(dong)南），俘燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)慕容忠。前(qian)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)下邳王慕容厲為征討大(da)都(dou)督和(he)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)軍(jun)戰于(yu)(yu)黃墟(xu)（今(jin)河南開(kai)封(feng)東(dong)(dong)），燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)大(da)敗(bai)，燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)高平太守徐翻舉郡降晉(jin)(jin)(jin)。晉(jin)(jin)(jin)鄧遐和(he)朱序(xu)又(you)打敗(bai)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)將(jiang)(jiang)傅顏。慕容暐于(yu)(yu)是派散(san)騎(qi)常侍李(li)鳳(feng)去前(qian)秦求(qiu)援。七(qi)月，桓(huan)(huan)溫(wen)進(jin)駐武陽（今(jin)山東(dong)(dong)莘縣東(dong)(dong)南），前(qian)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)孫元率宗族起兵響(xiang)應(ying)，桓(huan)(huan)溫(wen)到達枋(fang)頭（今(jin)河南浚縣西(xi)南）。東(dong)(dong)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)大(da)軍(jun)連(lian)戰連(lian)勝，使慕容暐和(he)太傅慕容評十分(fen)恐懼，商議欲逃故都(dou)和(he)龍（今(jin)遼寧(ning)朝陽）。這時(shi)，吳王慕容垂請(qing)求(qiu)率兵抗晉(jin)(jin)(jin)，他說：“不然。臣請(qing)擊之，若戰不捷，走未晚也。”（《晉(jin)(jin)(jin)書·慕容暐載記》）慕容暐以(yi)慕容垂代替(ti)慕容臧為南討大(da)都(dou)督，率征南將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)慕容德(de)等5萬步騎(qi)抵(di)御桓(huan)(huan)溫(wen)。

慕容(rong)暐(wei)又派散騎(qi)侍(shi)(shi)郎樂嵩往前秦(qin)求救，并答(da)應以(yi)割，讓虎牢（今(jin)河南(nan)滎陽西(xi)北汜(si)水鎮）以(yi)西(xi)的土(tu)地給(gei)秦(qin)為條件。前秦(qin)王(wang)苻堅召集群臣商議(yi)，采納王(wang)猛先(xian)援弱擊(ji)強，后(hou)再乘燕(yan)(yan)衰(shuai)而取的建議(yi)。八(ba)月，派將軍(jun)茍池和洛(luo)州(zhou)刺史(shi)鄧羌率領步(bu)騎(qi)2萬救援前燕(yan)(yan)。援軍(jun)從(cong)秦(qin)洛(luo)州(zhou)（今(jin)河南(nan)）出(chu)發，出(chu)洛(luo)陽進屯(tun)潁(ying)川（今(jin)河南(nan)許昌東(dong)），又派散騎(qi)侍(shi)(shi)郎姜撫去燕(yan)(yan)國報信(xin)。

桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)接(jie)連失利(li)，糧(liang)草中斷(duan)，又聽說前秦援兵(bing)將(jiang)要到達，遂(sui)下令焚燒戰船，丟下輜(zi)重(zhong)、鎧仗(zhang)，率軍(jun)從陸路撤回。桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)從東燕（治今河南汲縣東南）出(chu)發，撤退(tui)途中恐前燕追兵(bing)在上(shang)游放毒，命士卒鑿井取水飲用，這樣(yang)一(yi)直(zhi)行走了700里(li)。前燕諸將(jiang)爭欲追擊(ji)，慕(mu)容垂說：“不(bu)(bu)可。溫(wen)(wen)(wen)初退(tui)惶恐，必(bi)嚴設警備，簡精銳為后(hou)拒，擊(ji)之未必(bi)得志，不(bu)(bu)如緩之。彼幸吾未至，必(bi)晝夜疾趨；俟其士眾(zhong)力盡氣衰，然后(hou)擊(ji)之，無不(bu)(bu)克矣。”（《資治通鑒(jian)·卷第一(yi)百二(er)》）于是，慕(mu)容垂親率騎兵(bing)8000尾(wei)隨桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)軍(jun)行進。桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)果然加速退(tui)兵(bing)，幾(ji)天以后(hou)，慕(mu)容垂告(gao)諸將(jiang)曰：“溫(wen)(wen)(wen)可擊(ji)矣。”（《資治通鑒(jian)·卷第一(yi)百二(er)》）遂(sui)令諸將(jiang)急進，在襄(xiang)邑(yi)（今河南睢縣）追上(shang)桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)。慕(mu)容德先率領4000名(ming)精銳騎兵(bing)埋伏于襄(xiang)邑(yi)東澗(jian)中，和(he)慕(mu)容垂東西夾擊(ji)桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)，大敗(bai)晉軍(jun)，斬首3萬人。

時(shi)秦將茍池又(you)于譙郡截擊桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)，晉軍死(si)者(zhe)復以(yi)萬計(ji)。晉將孫元(yuan)據守(shou)武陽抵抗(kang)燕軍，被燕左衛將軍孟高擒獲。十月(yue)，天氣漸冷，桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)收集余(yu)眾，屯于山陽（今江蘇淮安）。至此，桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)攻(gong)燕以(yi)失敗(bai)告終。

出奔前秦

慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)大敗桓溫(wen)，威(wei)名大振，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)評對(dui)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)是又忌(ji)又恨。后(hou)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)提出獎勵麾下將士，但被(bei)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)評壓住不(bu)(bu)報(bao)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)大為(wei)不(bu)(bu)滿，與慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)評相(xiang)(xiang)爭。太后(hou)可足渾氏(shi)素恨慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)，遂(sui)毀(hui)其戰功，與慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)評相(xiang)(xiang)謀，欲殺慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪之子慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷及(ji)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)舅(jiu)蘭建(jian)知道(dao)后(hou)，告訴(su)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)說：“先發制人，但除(chu)評及(ji)樂安(an)王(wang)臧，馀無(wu)能為(wei)矣。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)心(xin)中(zhong)不(bu)(bu)忍(ren)(ren)，說：“骨肉相(xiang)(xiang)殘而首亂于國，吾(wu)有死(si)而已，不(bu)(bu)忍(ren)(ren)為(wei)也。”（《資治通鑒·卷第一(yi)百(bai)二》）不(bu)(bu)久，二人又告訴(su)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)說：“內意已決，不(bu)(bu)可不(bu)(bu)早發。” 慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)說：“必不(bu)(bu)可彌縫(feng)，吾(wu)寧(ning)避之于外，馀非所(suo)議。”（《資治通鑒·卷第一(yi)百(bai)二》）

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)心(xin)中憂(you)慮，未敢將此(ci)事(shi)告(gao)訴諸子(zi)(zi)，同時也(ye)(ye)是怕引(yin)起諸子(zi)(zi)的騷動。世子(zi)(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令說(shuo)：“尊比者如有憂(you)色，豈非以(yi)(yi)主(zhu)上(shang)(shang)幼(you)沖(chong)，太傅疾賢，功高望重(zhong)，愈(yu)見猜邪(xie)？”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)說(shuo)：“然。吾(wu)竭力致(zhi)命(ming)以(yi)(yi)破強寇，本(ben)欲(yu)保全(quan)家國，豈知(zhi)(zhi)功成之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后，返令身(shen)無所(suo)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)。汝既知(zhi)(zhi)吾(wu)心(xin)，何(he)以(yi)(yi)為吾(wu)謀？”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令說(shuo)：“主(zhu)上(shang)(shang)暗弱，委任(ren)太傅，一(yi)旦禍發(fa)，疾于駭機。今欲(yu)保族全(quan)身(shen)，不(bu)(bu)失大義，莫若逃之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)龍城，遜辭謝罪(zui)，以(yi)(yi)待主(zhu)上(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)察，若周公之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)居東(dong)，庶幾可以(yi)(yi)感寤而(er)得(de)還，此(ci)幸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大者也(ye)(ye)。如其不(bu)(bu)然，則內撫燕、代，外懷群(qun)夷，守肥如之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)險以(yi)(yi)自保，亦(yi)其次也(ye)(ye)。”（《資(zi)(zi)治通(tong)鑒·卷第(di)(di)一(yi)百二》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)覺得(de)這個辦法很好，遂(sui)同意。十(shi)一(yi)月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)以(yi)(yi)打獵為由，微服出鄴(ye)，準備回(hui)故都龍城。到邯鄲時，卻出了意外，幼(you)子(zi)(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟向(xiang)來不(bu)(bu)為慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)所(suo)寵愛(ai)，便向(xiang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評告(gao)狀，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)左(zuo)右也(ye)(ye)多(duo)有離去。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評知(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)后，在慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)面前盡說(shuo)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)壞話，遂(sui)派西平公慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)強率精騎追之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，到范陽（今北京）時，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)派慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令斷后，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)強不(bu)(bu)敢追趕。時天將晚(wan)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)說(shuo)：“本(ben)欲(yu)保東(dong)都以(yi)(yi)自全(quan)，今事(shi)已(yi)泄，謀不(bu)(bu)及設(she)。秦主(zhu)方招延(yan)英杰，不(bu)(bu)如往歸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)說(shuo)：“如今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)計(ji)，舍此(ci)安之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”（《資(zi)(zi)治通(tong)鑒·卷第(di)(di)一(yi)百二》）

慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂“乃散(san)騎(qi)滅(mie)跡，傍南山復(fu)還鄴(ye)，隱(yin)于趙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)顯(xian)原(yuan)陵”（《資治通(tong)鑒·卷第一百二》）。又(you)殺白馬(ma)以(yi)祭(ji)天。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)令對慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂說(shuo)：“太(tai)傅忌(ji)賢疾能，構(gou)事以(yi)來，人尤忿恨。今鄴(ye)城之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)，莫知尊處，如嬰兒(er)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)思母，夷(yi)、夏同之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。若順眾心，襲其無備(bei)，取之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)如指掌耳(er)。事定之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后，革弊簡(jian)能，大匡朝(chao)政，以(yi)輔主上，安國存家，功之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大者也(ye)。現今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)便，誠(cheng)不可失，愿(yuan)給騎(qi)數(shu)人，足以(yi)辦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂說(shuo)：“如汝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謀，事成(cheng)誠(cheng)為大福，不成(cheng)悔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何及！不如西(xi)奔，可以(yi)萬全(quan)。”（《資治通(tong)鑒·卷第一百二》）慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂遂(sui)率部(bu)西(xi)行，至河陽，斬津吏而渡。遂(sui)自(zi)洛(luo)陽與(yu)段(duan)夫人，子慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)令、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)隆，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷，舅蘭建，郎中(zhong)令高弼一起投奔前秦(qin)，只留可足渾氏于鄴(ye)。乙泉戌主吳歸(gui)率兵(bing)追擊，被慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)令擊退(tui)。

自(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪死后，前秦王苻堅便有(you)伐燕之(zhi)意，但(dan)一直(zhi)未(wei)成(cheng)(cheng)，一是(shi)(shi)因內亂，二(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)忌憚慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂之(zhi)威名。苻堅聞慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂來歸，大喜(xi)，親(qin)自(zi)到郊外迎接，執其手說：“天(tian)生賢杰，必相(xiang)與(yu)共成(cheng)(cheng)大功，此自(zi)然之(zhi)數也(ye)。要(yao)當(dang)與(yu)卿共定天(tian)下(xia)，告(gao)成(cheng)(cheng)岱宗，然后還卿本邦，世封幽州，使卿去國(guo)不失為子(zi)之(zhi)孝，歸朕不失事君之(zhi)忠，不亦美乎！”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂感謝地說：“羈(ji)旅之(zhi)臣，免罪為幸。本邦之(zhi)榮，非所敢望！”（《資(zi)治通(tong)鑒·卷第一百二(er)(er)》）苻堅愛慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)令(ling)及(ji)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)楷之(zhi)才，皆厚相(xiang)待(dai)，賞賜巨萬，每(mei)次(ci)進(jin)見(jian)，都屬目觀之(zhi)。關中士民素聞慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂父子(zi)名，皆向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)之(zhi)。

秦(qin)相王猛深知慕容(rong)垂有(you)(you)雄略，怕(pa)將(jiang)來引以為(wei)患，便對苻(fu)堅說：“慕容(rong)垂，燕(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)戚屬，世雄東夏，寬(kuan)仁惠下(xia)，恩結士庶，燕(yan)、趙之(zhi)(zhi)間咸有(you)(you)奉戴之(zhi)(zhi)意。觀其才略，權智(zhi)無(wu)方(fang)，兼(jian)其諸(zhu)子明毅有(you)(you)干藝，人之(zhi)(zhi)杰(jie)也(ye)。蛟(jiao)龍猛獸，非(fei)可馴(xun)之(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)，不(bu)如除之(zhi)(zhi)。”苻(fu)堅未從，說：“吾方(fang)以義(yi)致英豪，建不(bu)世之(zhi)(zhi)功。且其初(chu)至，吾告(gao)之(zhi)(zhi)至誠(cheng)，今(jin)而(er)害之(zhi)(zhi)，人將(jiang)謂我何！”（《晉書·苻(fu)堅載(zai)記》）并以慕容(rong)垂為(wei)冠軍將(jiang)軍，封(feng)賓都侯，食華陰五百戶。

時(shi)前(qian)(qian)(qian)燕(yan)綱頹紀(ji)紊，日益腐敗(bai)。桓溫攻燕(yan)結束后，前(qian)(qian)(qian)燕(yan)反(fan)悔食言(yan)，未將(jiang)虎牢（今河南滎陽西北汜(si)水鎮）以(yi)西土地割讓給前(qian)(qian)(qian)秦(qin)(qin)，前(qian)(qian)(qian)秦(qin)(qin)遂以(yi)此為借口，于十一月派王猛統將(jiang)軍梁成(cheng)、鄧羌等率步騎3萬，進攻前(qian)(qian)(qian)燕(yan)（參見前(qian)(qian)(qian)秦(qin)(qin)滅前(qian)(qian)(qian)燕(yan)之戰），并以(yi)慕(mu)容令為參軍，充當向導。

慕(mu)容(rong)令(ling)逃回前(qian)燕后，因忽叛忽歸，而慕(mu)容(rong)垂又無恙，反而受(shou)到猜(cai)疑。燕廷將慕(mu)容(rong)令(ling)變相發配(pei)，派到極北的沙城(cheng)去(qu)戍守，嚴加(jia)監視(shi)。慕(mu)容(rong)令(ling)欲在沙城(cheng)聯絡舊(jiu)部，準備起事，又被慕(mu)容(rong)麟告了密，慕(mu)容(rong)令(ling)被誅(zhu)殺(sha)。（參見金刀計）

太和四(si)年（369年）十一月，王猛滅前燕(yan)(yan)(yan)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)隨苻(fu)堅入鄴，收(shou)集諸子(zi)，相對(dui)(dui)而(er)哭。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)見燕(yan)(yan)(yan)公卿大夫及故時(shi)僚(liao)吏，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)想起當(dang)年的窘(jiong)迫，有(you)不(bu)悅之(zhi)色。前郎中(zhong)令高弼(bi)暗中(zhong)對(dui)(dui)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)曰(yue)：“大王以(yi)命(ming)世之(zhi)姿，遭無妄(wang)之(zhi)運，迍邅凄伏，艱亦至(zhi)矣。天(tian)啟嘉會，靈命(ming)暫遷，此乃鴻漸之(zhi)始(shi)，龍變之(zhi)初，深愿仁慈有(you)以(yi)慰之(zhi)。且夫高世之(zhi)略必懷(huai)遺俗之(zhi)規，方當(dang)網漏吞舟，以(yi)弘(hong)苞養之(zhi)義；收(shou)納(na)舊(jiu)臣之(zhi)胄，以(yi)成為(wei)山之(zhi)功，奈(nai)何以(yi)一怒捐之(zhi)？竊為(wei)大王不(bu)取。”（《晉書·慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載記》）慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)深納(na)其言。但慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)對(dui)(dui)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)評(ping)(ping)卻怨(yuan)氣難消(xiao)，咸(xian)安二年（372）二月，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)便對(dui)(dui)苻(fu)堅說(shuo)：“臣叔父評(ping)(ping)，燕(yan)(yan)(yan)之(zhi)惡來輩(bei)也，不(bu)宜復污圣朝，愿陛(bi)下為(wei)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)戮之(zhi)。”但苻(fu)堅未同意(yi)，還讓慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)評(ping)(ping)為(wei)范陽(yang)太守，前燕(yan)(yan)(yan)諸王也悉補邊郡。

時苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)已(yi)統(tong)一(yi)中國(guo)北方大(da)(da)部，而鮮(xian)卑(bei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)勢(shi)力也逐漸增大(da)(da)，這引起了一(yi)些氐族貴族的(de)不(bu)安，寧康二年（373年），有(you)彗(hui)星出(chu)現，太(tai)史令(ling)張孟認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)不(bu)詳(xiang)，便對苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)說：“彗(hui)起尾箕，而掃東井(jing)，此燕滅秦之象。”（《晉書(shu)(shu)·苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)載(zai)記》）并(bing)(bing)勸苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)誅殺(sha)(sha)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)氏，苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)未(wei)從(cong)。并(bing)(bing)以慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)暐為(wei)(wei)(wei)尚(shang)書(shu)(shu)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)京兆尹，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)沖為(wei)(wei)(wei)平陽太(tai)守。寧康二年（374年）十(shi)二月，也許是處(chu)于王猛或(huo)者苻(fu)(fu)氏重臣(chen)的(de)授意，社會上謠言四起，說鮮(xian)卑(bei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)圖謀(mou)復(fu)(fu)國(guo)。甚至有(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren)闖入明光殿(dian)大(da)(da)呼：“甲(jia)申乙酉，魚羊（魚羊即為(wei)(wei)(wei)鮮(xian)卑(bei)的(de)鮮(xian)字）食人(ren)(ren)(ren)，悲哉(zai)無復(fu)(fu)遺。”（《晉書(shu)(shu)·苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)載(zai)記》）秘書(shu)(shu)監(jian)朱肜、秘書(shu)(shu)侍郎略陽趙整等乘機(ji)請苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)誅殺(sha)(sha)諸鮮(xian)卑(bei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)，但苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)未(wei)聽。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)再逃一(yi)劫。

慕(mu)容垂及鮮卑人就這樣如履(lv)薄冰般的過了幾年(nian)，至到寧康(kang)二年(nian)（375）七月，王(wang)(wang)猛(meng)病逝，才得(de)以解脫。王(wang)(wang)猛(meng)的死(si)(si)，對苻堅是個很大(da)的打擊。當(dang)時(shi)在前(qian)(qian)秦(qin)(qin)雖處于(yu)鼎(ding)盛時(shi)期，但鼎(ding)盛的后面，卻潛伏著社會危(wei)機。王(wang)(wang)猛(meng)死(si)(si)后不久，前(qian)(qian)秦(qin)(qin)的社會危(wei)機逐漸暴露出來了。太元元年(nian)（376），陽平(ping)國(guo)常侍慕(mu)容紹(shao)覺(jue)察到這種變化，對其兄慕(mu)容楷說(shuo)：“秦(qin)(qin)恃其強大(da)，務勝不休，北(bei)戍云中，南守(shou)蜀、漢，轉運(yun)萬里(li)，道殣相望。兵疲(pi)于(yu)外(wai)(wai)，民困于(yu)內，危(wei)亡(wang)近矣。冠軍(jun)叔（慕(mu)容垂）仁智(zhi)度英拔(ba)，必能恢(hui)復燕祚，吾屬但當(dang)愛身以待時(shi)耳！”（《資治通鑒·卷第一百四》）太元二年(nian)（377），慕(mu)容垂子慕(mu)容農也(ye)暗中對慕(mu)容垂說(shuo)：“自王(wang)(wang)猛(meng)之(zhi)(zhi)死(si)(si)，秦(qin)(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)法制，日以頹靡(mi)，今又重之(zhi)(zhi)以奢侈，殃將至矣，圖讖之(zhi)(zhi)言，行當(dang)有驗。大(da)王(wang)(wang)宜結納英杰以承天(tian)意，時(shi)不可失也(ye)！”慕(mu)容垂此時(shi)已有此意，為防外(wai)(wai)泄，便笑著說(shuo)：“天(tian)下事非爾所及”。

太元三年（378年），苻堅(jian)為(wei)實現(xian)統一中(zhong)國(guo)的愿望，在滅涼、并代，解(jie)后顧之憂(you)后，又(you)經一年的休整，開始對東(dong)晉用兵。二月，苻堅(jian)派(pai)征(zheng)南(nan)(nan)大將軍(jun)、都督征(zheng)討諸軍(jun)事、長樂公苻丕和武衛將軍(jun)茍萇、尚(shang)書慕容(rong)(rong)暐率(lv)步騎7萬進攻東(dong)晉襄陽(yang)，并以荊州刺(ci)吏楊安率(lv)軍(jun)作為(wei)先鋒。征(zheng)虜將軍(jun)石(shi)越率(lv)精騎1萬出魯陽(yang)關（今(jin)(jin)河南(nan)(nan)平頂山西(xi)）；領軍(jun)將軍(jun)茍池(chi)、右(you)將軍(jun)毛當、強弩將軍(jun)王顯率(lv)4萬人出武當（今(jin)(jin)湖(hu)北丹江(jiang)口(kou)市西(xi)北）；而京兆(zhao)尹慕容(rong)(rong)垂則與揚武將軍(jun)姚萇率(lv)軍(jun)5萬出南(nan)(nan)鄉（今(jin)(jin)河南(nan)(nan)浙(zhe)川西(xi)南(nan)(nan)）攻南(nan)(nan)陽(yang)，各軍(jun)會攻襄陽(yang)（今(jin)(jin)屬湖(hu)北）。

由于(yu)晉軍襄(xiang)陽守將朱序頑強防御(yu)，致秦(qin)軍久(jiu)攻(gong)不下。后慕容垂攻(gong)克(ke)了南(nan)陽（今(jin)屬河南(nan)），與苻丕會于(yu)襄(xiang)陽。襄(xiang)陽久(jiu)攻(gong)不下，前秦(qin)朝野(ye)嘩然。十二月，苻堅派黃門侍郎韋(wei)華持節見苻丕，賜給他一把劍(jian)，如果來年(nian)春天仍攻(gong)不下襄(xiang)陽，令其(qi)自殺。次年(nian)正月，苻丕在(zai)苻堅催逼下，命諸軍全力攻(gong)襄(xiang)陽。三(san)月初六，克(ke)襄(xiang)陽，俘朱序。苻堅沒殺朱序，以(yi)其(qi)為度(du)支尚書。

太元七(qi)年（382年）十月，前秦(qin)(qin)王苻(fu)堅(jian)在(zai)長安（今西安西北）與群臣商(shang)議進(jin)攻東晉(jin)的事宜。苻(fu)堅(jian)此時(shi)(shi)躊躇滿志，他認為(wei)前秦(qin)(qin)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)動(dong)員(yuan)97萬大(da)軍，并(bing)(bing)準備親自出討，以(yi)(yi)(yi)統一(yi)天下(xia)，朝臣多(duo)反對。苻(fu)堅(jian)本來還是比較能夠(gou)納諫的，但在(zai)伐晉(jin)這個問題上，變得(de)異常固(gu)執，聽不(bu)(bu)進(jin)任(ren)何不(bu)(bu)同意(yi)見。后(hou)來，雖然(ran)太子(zi)苻(fu)宏、釋道安、寵妃張(zhang)夫(fu)人、愛子(zi)苻(fu)詵以(yi)(yi)(yi)及朝中許多(duo)大(da)臣都一(yi)再進(jin)諫，但苻(fu)堅(jian)主意(yi)既定，不(bu)(bu)為(wei)所(suo)動(dong)。時(shi)(shi)慕(mu)容(rong)垂已有(you)二(er)心，便力主苻(fu)堅(jian)攻晉(jin)，他對苻(fu)堅(jian)說：“弱并(bing)(bing)于(yu)強，小并(bing)(bing)于(yu)大(da)，此理勢自然(ran)，非難(nan)知也。以(yi)(yi)(yi)陛(bi)下(xia)神武應期，威加海外，虎旅百萬，韓、白滿朝，而(er)蕞爾江南，獨(du)違王命，豈可復留之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)遺子(zi)孫哉！《詩》云：‘謀夫(fu)孔多(duo)，是用不(bu)(bu)集(ji)。’陛(bi)下(xia)斷自圣(sheng)心足矣，何必廣詢朝眾！晉(jin)武平吳，所(suo)仗者張(zhang)、杜二(er)三臣而(er)已，若從朝眾之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言，豈有(you)混壹之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功乎(hu)！”苻(fu)堅(jian)聞后(hou)大(da)悅，說：“與吾共定天下(xia)者，獨(du)卿(qing)而(er)已。”（《資治通(tong)鑒·卷第一(yi)百四》）并(bing)(bing)賜(si)帛(bo)五百匹。

慕容垂東走

慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)逃出樊籠，如(ru)魚得水(shui)。而(er)權(quan)翼則(ze)秘密派(pai)(pai)兵在慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)經過的橋(qiao)下埋(mai)伏，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)已起疑心，自(zi)涼馬(ma)臺(tai)扎草(cao)筏渡河(he)而(er)去。十二月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)至安陽(yang)，派(pai)(pai)參軍田山拿(na)信去見鎮守鄴城的長樂公(gong)苻(fu)丕(pi)。苻(fu)丕(pi)聞慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)北來，雖懷疑其欲叛(pan)秦(qin)，但仍然(ran)前去迎接。趙秋勸慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)乘機殺死苻(fu)丕(pi)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)認(ren)(ren)為自(zi)己羽翼未(wei)豐(feng)，沒(mei)有同意。而(er)苻(fu)丕(pi)也(ye)想殺死慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)，后(hou)侍郎天水(shui)姜(jiang)讓勸阻說：“垂(chui)反形(xing)未(wei)著，而(er)明公(gong)擅殺之(zhi)(zhi)，非臣子之(zhi)(zhi)義；不如(ru)待以上(shang)賓之(zhi)(zhi)禮，嚴兵衛之(zhi)(zhi)，密表情狀，聽敕而(er)后(hou)圖之(zhi)(zhi)。”苻(fu)丕(pi)認(ren)(ren)為姜(jiang)讓之(zhi)(zhi)言有理。

苻(fu)丕讓慕(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)住在(zai)鄴(ye)西，并與(yu)其相見，慕(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)將兵敗之事詳(xiang)細告訴了苻(fu)丕。苻(fu)丕走后，慕(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)與(yu)前(qian)燕舊(jiu)臣暗中聯系，準備重建燕國。時洛(luo)陽附(fu)近的丁零人翟(zhai)斌(bin)起兵叛秦，準備攻豫州牧、平(ping)原公苻(fu)暉于洛(luo)陽，翟(zhai)斌(bin)部(bu)中有大批(pi)的前(qian)燕人，苻(fu)堅便派慕(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)前(qian)去平(ping)叛。

慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)想入鄴城(cheng)參拜(bai)宗廟，苻(fu)丕(pi)(pi)不(bu)許(xu)，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)著便服入城(cheng)，但被亭吏(li)(li)阻(zu)攔。慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)大(da)怒，殺吏(li)(li)燒亭而(er)(er)去。石越(yue)對苻(fu)丕(pi)(pi)說：“垂(chui)(chui)之(zhi)在燕，破(po)國亂(luan)家，及(ji)投命圣朝，蒙超常之(zhi)遇，忽(hu)敢輕(qing)侮(wu)方鎮(zhen)，殺吏(li)(li)焚亭，反形已露，終為(wei)亂(luan)階。將老兵疲，可(ke)襲而(er)(er)取(qu)之(zhi)矣(yi)。”苻(fu)丕(pi)(pi)優(you)柔寡斷，說：“淮南之(zhi)敗，眾散親離，而(er)(er)垂(chui)(chui)侍衛(wei)圣躬，誠不(bu)可(ke)忘。”石越(yue)又(you)說：“垂(chui)(chui)既不(bu)忠于(yu)燕，其肯盡忠于(yu)我乎！且(qie)其亡虜(lu)(lu)也，主(zhu)上寵同功(gong)舊(jiu)，不(bu)能銘(ming)澤誓忠，而(er)(er)首謀為(wei)亂(luan)，今不(bu)擊之(zhi)，必為(wei)后害(hai)。”（《晉(jin)書·慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載記》）苻(fu)丕(pi)(pi)未(wei)從。石越(yue)出來后對別人說：“公父子(zi)好(hao)存小仁(ren)，不(bu)顧天(tian)下大(da)計，吾屬終當(dang)為(wei)鮮卑虜(lu)(lu)矣(yi)。”（《晉(jin)書·慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載記》）

慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)留慕(mu)(mu)容農、慕(mu)(mu)容楷、慕(mu)(mu)容紹于鄴城，行至安陽(yang)湯(tang)池，閔亮、李(li)毘自鄴城趕來，將苻(fu)丕與苻(fu)飛(fei)龍之言告(gao)訴了慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)。慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)乘機以此(ci)激怒其(qi)眾(zhong)，說：“吾盡忠于苻(fu)氏，而(er)彼專欲圖(tu)吾父子(zi)，吾雖欲已，得乎？”（《資治通(tong)鑒(jian)·卷第(di)一(yi)百五》）于是便(bian)以兵(bing)(bing)少為(wei)由，于河內募兵(bing)(bing)，幾天時間便(bian)達(da)至8000人。

平原公苻暉(hui)遣使(shi)責備慕容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)，讓其(qi)趕緊進(jin)兵(bing)(bing)，慕容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)便(bian)對苻飛(fei)龍(long)說：“今寇賊不遠，當(dang)晝止夜行，襲其(qi)不意。”（《資(zi)治(zhi)通(tong)鑒·卷第一(yi)(yi)百(bai)五》）苻飛(fei)龍(long)覺得有理，便(bian)同(tong)意了。一(yi)(yi)日夜，慕容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)派慕容(rong)寶(bao)率兵(bing)(bing)居前(qian)，慕容(rong)隆率兵(bing)(bing)跟隨自(zi)己，并(bing)把氐(di)兵(bing)(bing)分散(san)編入隊伍，并(bing)與(yu)慕容(rong)寶(bao)擊鼓(gu)為(wei)號，一(yi)(yi)起動手(shou)。半夜，鼓(gu)聲響，慕容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)部前(qian)后(hou)合擊，全殲擊苻飛(fei)龍(long)與(yu)氐(di)兵(bing)(bing)。并(bing)給(gei)苻堅寫信，告訴其(qi)殺苻飛(fei)龍(long)的原因。

當(dang)(dang)(dang)初，其子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟(lin)曾告發慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂投秦(qin)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂一怒(nu)之(zhi)下殺其母，但(dan)未忍心殺慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟(lin)。時殺苻飛龍，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟(lin)屢(lv)獻計謀(mou)，啟發慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂非常高興，遂待其諸子一樣。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鳳(feng)及前燕(yan)舊臣(chen)之(zhi)子燕(yan)郡王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)騰(teng)、遼(liao)西段(duan)延(yan)等聞翟(zhai)斌起兵，各帥其部前去歸附。平原公苻暉使武平武侯毛當(dang)(dang)(dang)去討(tao)伐翟(zhai)斌。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鳳(feng)說：“鳳(feng)今將(jiang)雪先王之(zhi)恥(chi)，請為斬此氐奴(nu)。”（《資治通鑒·卷第(di)一百(bai)(bai)五》）遂出兵擊毛當(dang)(dang)(dang)，大(da)敗秦(qin)兵，斬毛當(dang)(dang)(dang)。 癸未，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂渡河焚橋，已有(you)兵3萬人(ren)(ren)，下令(ling)說：“吾(wu)本外假(jia)秦(qin)聲，內規興復(fu)。亂(luan)法者(zhe)軍有(you)常刑，奉命者(zhe)賞不逾(yu)日，天(tian)下既定(ding)，封爵(jue)有(you)差，不相負也。”（《晉書·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂載記》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂留遼(liao)東鮮卑可足渾潭集兵于(yu)河內的沙城(cheng)，派田山至鄴(ye)城(cheng)，將(jiang)起兵之(zhi)事告之(zhi)于(yu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)等，讓其起兵相應。時天(tian)色已晚(wan)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷留宿(su)鄴(ye)城(cheng)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹先出城(cheng)至蒲池，盜符丕(pi)駿馬數(shu)百(bai)(bai)匹，等候慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷。月末，二人(ren)(ren)率數(shu)十(shi)騎微服出鄴(ye)城(cheng)與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹會合，逃往列人(ren)(ren)（今河北邯(han)鄲(dan)市東）。

太元九年（384年）正月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)鳳、王騰、段(duan)延皆勸(quan)翟(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)(bin)奉(feng)(feng)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)為(wei)盟主，翟(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)(bin)從之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。時慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)欲襲洛(luo)(luo)陽(yang)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知翟(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)(bin)來降是真是假，便拒(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，說(shuo)：“吾父(fu)(fu)子(zi)寄(ji)命(ming)秦朝，危而獲濟，荷主上不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)恩，蒙更生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)惠(hui)，雖曰君臣，義深父(fu)(fu)子(zi)，豈可因其小隙，便懷二三。吾本救(jiu)豫州，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)赴君等，何為(wei)斯議(yi)而及于(yu)我？”（《晉書(shu)·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)載(zai)記》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)至洛(luo)(luo)陽(yang)，平原公符暉聞其殺苻飛(fei)龍，閉門拒(ju)守。翟(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)(bin)見慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)對(dui)自己不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)來歸(gui)有懷疑，便派長史郭通(tong)(tong)(tong)前(qian)去勸(quan)說(shuo)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)還(huan)是不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)信，后(hou)郭通(tong)(tong)(tong)說(shuo)：“將軍(jun)所以(yi)拒(ju)通(tong)(tong)(tong)者，豈非(fei)以(yi)翟(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)(bin)兄(xiong)弟(di)山野異類，無(wu)奇才(cai)遠略，必無(wu)所成故邪？獨不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)念將軍(jun)現今憑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，可以(yi)濟大(da)業乎？”（《資治通(tong)(tong)(tong)鑒(jian)·卷(juan)第一百五》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)這才(cai)相信，翟(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)(bin)歸(gui)附后(hou)，便勸(quan)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)稱王，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)沒同意，說(shuo)：“新興侯，國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正統，孤之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君也。若以(yi)諸(zhu)君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力，得平關東，當以(yi)大(da)義喻秦，奉(feng)(feng)迎(ying)反正。無(wu)上自尊，非(fei)孤心也。”（《晉書(shu)·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)載(zai)記》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)認為(wei)：“洛(luo)(luo)陽(yang)四面受敵，北(bei)阻大(da)河，至于(yu)控馭燕、趙(zhao)，非(fei)形勝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)便，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)如北(bei)取鄴都，據之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而制天下。”（《晉書(shu)·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)載(zai)記》）眾人同意，遂回師(shi)向東。

故扶(fu)余王(wang)(wang)余蔚為(wei)(wei)(wei)滎陽(yang)太守，率眾投降慕容垂。慕容垂軍(jun)(jun)至(zhi)滎陽(yang)，稱(cheng)燕王(wang)(wang)，封(feng)官拜爵，以其弟慕容德為(wei)(wei)(wei)車騎大將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)，封(feng)范陽(yang)王(wang)(wang)；其侄慕容楷為(wei)(wei)(wei)征西(xi)大將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)，封(feng)太原王(wang)(wang)；翟(zhai)斌為(wei)(wei)(wei)建義大將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)，封(feng)河(he)南王(wang)(wang)；余蔚為(wei)(wei)(wei)征東將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)，統府左司馬，封(feng)扶(fu)余王(wang)(wang)；衛駒(ju)為(wei)(wei)(wei)鷹揚將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)，慕容鳳為(wei)(wei)(wei)建策將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)。親率20余萬軍(jun)(jun)隊，從石門（今河(he)南滎陽(yang)石門）渡黃河(he)，長驅攻前秦(qin)鄴城。

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)農(nong)(nong)到河(he)北列人后(hou)，召集(ji)鮮卑、烏桓等部眾，舉兵(bing)反叛。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)農(nong)(nong)號令(ling)嚴(yan)整(zheng)，沿途招(zhao)兵(bing)買馬，攻城(cheng)掠地，兵(bing)至數萬。苻(fu)丕派(pai)石(shi)越率步騎(qi)兵(bing)萬余討伐慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)農(nong)(nong)，石(shi)越率軍(jun)(jun)(jun)到達(da)列人西(xi)面，被(bei)燕(yan)將(jiang)(jiang)趙秋及參軍(jun)(jun)(jun)綦母滕擊敗，石(shi)越設圍自守。諸將(jiang)(jiang)勸(quan)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)農(nong)(nong)乘勝(sheng)快速進擊。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)農(nong)(nong)認為秦(qin)(qin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)裝備精良，如果白天(tian)(tian)與(yu)之交(jiao)戰，燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)易生懼，不如待天(tian)(tian)黑以后(hou)進攻，遂命令(ling)部隊(dui)嚴(yan)陣(zhen)以待。待到天(tian)(tian)黑，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)農(nong)(nong)率軍(jun)(jun)(jun)在城(cheng)西(xi)列陣(zhen)，先派(pai)400名壯士突破敵陣(zhen)，大軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隨后(hou)沖擊，秦(qin)(qin)兵(bing)大敗，石(shi)越被(bei)斬，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)農(nong)(nong)將(jiang)(jiang)其首級(ji)送給慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂。石(shi)越與(yu)毛當都是前秦(qin)(qin)驍將(jiang)(jiang)，所(suo)以苻(fu)堅派(pai)二(er)人幫助二(er)子鎮守要(yao)地，如今(jin)相繼被(bei)殺，前秦(qin)(qin)上下人心浮動(dong)。

康臺略馬

后(hou)燕燕元(yuan)(yuan)元(yuan)(yuan)年（東晉孝(xiao)武帝太元(yuan)(yuan)九年，384年）正月，前秦(qin)大將慕容垂叛秦(qin)復燕。遣三子慕容農在康臺澤（今邱縣邱城(cheng)東南五里(li)）略取前秦(qin)牧馬數千匹。自此步騎云集(ji)，奠定后(hou)燕立國基(ji)礎。

中興后燕

不久，慕(mu)容垂到達鄴(ye)城附近，改前秦建元(yuan)二十年(nian)為燕元(yuan)年(nian)。以前岷山公庫(ku)傉(ru)官偉為左(zuo)長史，前尚書段崇(chong)為右長史，滎陽鄭豁等為從(cong)事中郎，并立慕(mu)容寶為太子。慕(mu)容農也率軍與(yu)之會合。

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)遂招集(ji)前燕(yan)舊將與(yu)各(ge)路大軍會攻鄴城(cheng)(cheng)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)指揮大軍攻城(cheng)(cheng)，克外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)。苻丕退守(shou)中城(cheng)(cheng)。二月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)又率領包括丁零、烏桓(huan)等各(ge)少數民族部(bu)眾共20多(duo)(duo)萬人(ren)(ren)用云(yun)梯(ti)、挖地道攻城(cheng)(cheng)，均未攻下(xia)。遂修筑(zhu)長(chang)圍，與(yu)秦(qin)軍相(xiang)持，并把老弱轉移(yi)到肥鄉（今河北肥鄉西(xi)南），又修筑(zhu)新興城(cheng)(cheng)，用來放置輜重(zhong)。四月(yue)，燕(yan)軍久攻鄴城(cheng)(cheng)不下(xia)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)召集(ji)群臣商議對策(ce)，右司馬封衡建議引漳(zhang)水灌城(cheng)(cheng)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)贊同。時慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)打獵(lie)，于華林園飲酒(jiu)，前秦(qin)知(zhi)道后(hou)，派兵偷襲，矢下(xia)如雨(yu)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)幾乎不得而出(chu)，多(duo)(duo)虧冠軍大將軍慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)隆率騎兵打退秦(qin)軍，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)才得以(yi)(yi)幸免。七月(yue)，翟(zhai)斌恃(shi)功(gong)驕(jiao)(jiao)縱，索求無(wu)厭(yan)。時鄴城(cheng)(cheng)久功(gong)不下(xia)，翟(zhai)斌漸有叛心(xin)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶請求將其殺掉，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)說(shuo)：“河南之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盟，不可負也。若其為(wei)難，罪由于斌。今事未有形而殺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，人(ren)(ren)必(bi)謂我忌憚其功(gong)能；吾方收攬(lan)豪杰(jie)以(yi)(yi)隆大業，不可示(shi)人(ren)(ren)以(yi)(yi)狹，失(shi)天下(xia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)望也。藉彼有謀，吾以(yi)(yi)智防之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，無(wu)能為(wei)也。”范(fan)陽王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德、陳留(liu)王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)紹、驃騎大將軍慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農都(dou)說(shuo)：“翟(zhai)斌兄弟恃(shi)功(gong)而驕(jiao)(jiao)，必(bi)為(wei)國(guo)患。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)說(shuo)：“驕(jiao)(jiao)則速敗，焉能為(wei)患？彼有大功(gong)，當聽其自斃耳。”（《資(zi)治通鑒·卷第一百五》）對其禮遇(yu)更重(zhong)。

翟斌還想當尚書令，慕容垂說：“翟王之功，宜居上輔；但臺既未建，此(ci)官不(bu)(bu)可(ke)遽置耳(er)。”（《資(zi)治通鑒·卷(juan)第一百五》）翟(zhai)(zhai)斌大(da)怒(nu)，遂反，暗中與鄴城(cheng)內(nei)苻丕聯絡(luo)，又派丁零(ling)兵(bing)決(jue)堤放水(shui)，解除鄴城(cheng)被淹的危險。事(shi)泄，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂殺翟(zhai)(zhai)斌兄弟，余(yu)者(zhe)皆免。翟(zhai)(zhai)斌侄翟(zhai)(zhai)真(zhen)(zhen)乘夜逃往邯鄲(dan)(dan)（今(jin)(jin)屬河北(bei)）。太(tai)原王(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷和陳留王(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)紹對慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂說：“丁零(ling)非有大(da)志，但寵過為(wei)亂耳(er)。今(jin)(jin)急之(zhi)(zhi)則屯聚為(wei)寇，緩(huan)之(zhi)(zhi)則自散。散而(er)擊之(zhi)(zhi)，無(wu)不(bu)(bu)克矣(yi)。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂從之(zhi)(zhi)。八月，翟(zhai)(zhai)真(zhen)(zhen)率(lv)部(bu)從邯鄲(dan)(dan)逃走。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂派太(tai)原王(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷和驃(piao)騎(qi)大(da)將軍慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農率(lv)騎(qi)兵(bing)追擊。追至(zhi)下(xia)邑，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷見(jian)敵陣不(bu)(bu)整，欲出戰(zhan)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農認(ren)為(wei)，翟(zhai)(zhai)真(zhen)(zhen)營陣只見(jian)老弱，不(bu)(bu)見(jian)壯士，必有埋(mai)伏，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷不(bu)(bu)納，下(xia)令攻擊，燕軍大(da)敗。翟(zhai)(zhai)真(zhen)(zhen)繼續北(bei)進，直趨中山（今(jin)(jin)河北(bei)定州）。后(hou)翟(zhai)(zhai)真(zhen)(zhen)為(wei)其司(si)馬鮮于(yu)乞(qi)所殺。

時(shi)前(qian)秦鄴城(cheng)守(shou)軍(jun)長期被圍，糧(liang)草漸(jian)盡(jin)。慕(mu)容垂認為：“苻(fu)丕(pi)窮寇(kou)，必守(shou)死不降。丁零叛擾，乃我腹心之患。吾欲遷(qian)師新(xin)城(cheng)，開其逸路，進以(yi)謝秦主疇昔(xi)之恩，退以(yi)嚴擊真(zhen)之備。”（《晉書·慕(mu)容垂載記》）燕軍(jun)遂解(jie)圍退至(zhi)新(xin)興城(cheng)，另派慕(mu)容農到清河、平(ping)原(yuan)一帶征收租賦，得(de)到大批軍(jun)用(yong)物資。

十二月，前燕帝慕(mu)容(rong)暐欲殺(sha)苻堅(jian)，事泄被殺(sha)。群僚聞后，勸慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)稱帝，慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)以“慕(mu)容(rong)沖稱號關中”（《晉書·慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載記》）為由，未許。

苻丕仍然保據鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)，沒(mei)有離開(kai)之(zhi)意。慕容垂復率兵包圍(wei)鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)，只留出苻丕西走之(zhi)路。苻丕勢窮糧竭(jie)，急忙向(xiang)東晉謝(xie)(xie)玄(xuan)求援(yuan)。謝(xie)(xie)玄(xuan)派劉牢之(zhi)、滕恬之(zhi)等(deng)率領2萬人馬救援(yuan)鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)，并從水陸運米2000斛接濟(ji)苻丕。

太(tai)元十年（385年）二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，劉(liu)(liu)牢之(zhi)進(jin)至枋頭（今(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)(he)(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)浚縣西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)）。苻(fu)丕(pi)發覺(jue)部(bu)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)楊(yang)膺、姜讓曾上(shang)(shang)表晉廷(ting)，許諾若(ruo)晉軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)來(lai)援(yuan)，當(dang)稱臣于(yu)晉，遂殺(sha)(sha)膺、讓。劉(liu)(liu)牢之(zhi)獲悉，徘徊不(bu)(bu)進(jin)。三(san)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)攻(gong)鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)(bu)下，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)北(bei)(bei)(bei)去冀(ji)(ji)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)，命令撫軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)大將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟屯駐信都(dou)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)冀(ji)(ji)縣），樂浪王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)溫屯中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)定州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)），召(zhao)(zhao)驃(piao)騎大將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)回鄴(ye)(ye)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)溫派遣(qian)萬(wan)余(yu)(yu)(yu)名士兵(bing)(bing)為(wei)(wei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)遠送軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)糧，并(bing)在(zai)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)營造(zao)宮室。就在(zai)同月(yue)(yue)(yue)劉(liu)(liu)牢之(zhi)進(jin)攻(gong)駐守(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)孫就柵（今(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)(he)(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)浚縣境內(nei)）的后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)黎(li)陽(yang)太(tai)守(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)劉(liu)(liu)撫，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)親自率(lv)(lv)(lv)兵(bing)(bing)救(jiu)援(yuan)。苻(fu)丕(pi)聞后(hou)，乘機(ji)偷襲，但被慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)擊(ji)敗(bai)(bai)。劉(liu)(liu)牢之(zhi)進(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)交戰(zhan)，也(ye)被慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)擊(ji)退(tui)，于(yu)是退(tui)屯黎(li)陽(yang)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)(he)(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)浚縣東北(bei)(bei)(bei)）。四月(yue)(yue)(yue)，劉(liu)(liu)牢之(zhi)于(yu)鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擊(ji)敗(bai)(bai)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)退(tui)至新(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。不(bu)(bu)久，又從新(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)(bei)(bei)退(tui)。劉(liu)(liu)牢之(zhi)不(bu)(bu)予苻(fu)丕(pi)打招呼，便率(lv)(lv)(lv)兵(bing)(bing)追擊(ji)，苻(fu)丕(pi)得(de)知(zhi)此事，也(ye)發兵(bing)(bing)跟進(jin)。時(shi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)情緊急(ji)，燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)連(lian)戰(zhan)不(bu)(bu)勝，士氣(qi)低落，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)認為(wei)(wei)：“秦(qin)、晉瓦合(he)，相(xiang)(xiang)待(dai)為(wei)(wei)強。一(yi)勝則(ze)俱豪，一(yi)失則(ze)俱潰，非(fei)同心也(ye)。今(jin)(jin)(jin)兩(liang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)相(xiang)(xiang)繼，勢既(ji)未合(he)，宜(yi)急(ji)擊(ji)之(zhi)。”劉(liu)(liu)牢之(zhi)急(ji)行軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)200里，在(zai)五橋澤（今(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)廣宗北(bei)(bei)(bei)）急(ji)奪(duo)后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)戰(zhan)備物資時(shi)，被慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)打得(de)大敗(bai)(bai)，死數(shu)千人。劉(liu)(liu)牢之(zhi)單(dan)騎逃走，適逢苻(fu)丕(pi)率(lv)(lv)(lv)援(yuan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)來(lai)救(jiu)，得(de)以(yi)入(ru)鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，收集散兵(bing)(bing)，軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)勢稍振，旋被召(zhao)(zhao)回。時(shi)鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)守(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)糧盡(jin)，無(wu)力堅持(chi)。苻(fu)丕(pi)率(lv)(lv)(lv)眾西(xi)(xi)出尋找糧食。燕(yan)(yan)(yan)、秦(qin)兩(liang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)相(xiang)(xiang)持(chi)經(jing)年，幽(you)、冀(ji)(ji)兩(liang)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)發生饑荒，燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)多有(you)餓死者(zhe)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)為(wei)(wei)了以(yi)桑椹(shen)充軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)糧，于(yu)是下令禁止農(nong)民養蠶(can)。丁(ding)零(ling)翟(zhai)(zhai)真被鮮于(yu)乞所(suo)(suo)殺(sha)(sha)后(hou)，丁(ding)零(ling)人又殺(sha)(sha)鮮于(yu)乞并(bing)立翟(zhai)(zhai)真的堂弟翟(zhai)(zhai)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)首領(ling)。五月(yue)(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)至常山(shan)(shan)，將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)翟(zhai)(zhai)成(cheng)圍于(yu)行唐。并(bing)命帶方王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)佐鎮(zhen)(zhen)守(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)龍城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)遼(liao)(liao)寧(ning)朝陽(yang)）。六月(yue)(yue)(yue)，高(gao)句麗(li)進(jin)攻(gong)遼(liao)(liao)東（郡治遼(liao)(liao)陽(yang)東北(bei)(bei)(bei)）。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)佐派司馬(ma)郝景率(lv)(lv)(lv)兵(bing)(bing)救(jiu)援(yuan)，被高(gao)句麗(li)打敗(bai)(bai)。高(gao)句麗(li)乘勝追擊(ji)，連(lian)克(ke)遼(liao)(liao)東、玄菟(tu)（郡治今(jin)(jin)(jin)沈(shen)陽(yang)東）。七月(yue)(yue)(yue)，苻(fu)堅返回鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。時(shi)余(yu)(yu)(yu)巖(yan)(yan)叛燕(yan)(yan)(yan)，自武邑(yi)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)屬河(he)(he)(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)）北(bei)(bei)(bei)攻(gong)幽(you)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)（治薊，今(jin)(jin)(jin)北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)）。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)派人至幽(you)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)告訴守(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)平規(gui)：“但固守(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)勿戰(zhan)，比(bi)破丁(ding)零(ling)，吾當(dang)自討(tao)之(zhi)。”（《晉書·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)載記》）平規(gui)未聽，出戰(zhan)，果為(wei)(wei)余(yu)(yu)(yu)巖(yan)(yan)所(suo)(suo)敗(bai)(bai)。余(yu)(yu)(yu)巖(yan)(yan)入(ru)薊，掠千余(yu)(yu)(yu)戶而去，遂占據令支（今(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)遷安西(xi)(xi)）。不(bu)(bu)久，翟(zhai)(zhai)成(cheng)長(chang)史鮮于(yu)得(de)斬成(cheng)出城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)投降；慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)屠行唐，盡(jin)坑翟(zhai)(zhai)成(cheng)部(bu)眾。八(ba)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，苻(fu)堅為(wei)(wei)姚萇所(suo)(suo)殺(sha)(sha)。苻(fu)丕(pi)率(lv)(lv)(lv)領(ling)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)男女(nv)共6萬(wan)余(yu)(yu)(yu)人撤出，西(xi)(xi)赴潞川（今(jin)(jin)(jin)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)濁漳河(he)(he)(he)(he)），苻(fu)丕(pi)聞苻(fu)堅死，遂即皇帝位。燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)也(ye)乘機(ji)入(ru)鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)以(yi)魯王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)和(he)(he)為(wei)(wei)南(nan)(nan)(nan)中(zhong)郎將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)，鎮(zhen)(zhen)守(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)攻(gong)鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)戰(zhan)結束(shu)。并(bing)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)眾穿過(guo)蠮(ye)螉塞（今(jin)(jin)(jin)北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)居庸關）北(bei)(bei)(bei)上(shang)(shang)，經(jing)凡城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)平泉(quan)南(nan)(nan)(nan)），直搗龍城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)遼(liao)(liao)寧(ning)朝陽(yang)），討(tao)伐(fa)余(yu)(yu)(yu)巖(yan)(yan)。十一(yi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)至龍城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，就地休整(zheng)，十余(yu)(yu)(yu)日后(hou)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)步騎3萬(wan)至令支，余(yu)(yu)(yu)巖(yan)(yan)眾震駭，不(bu)(bu)少人相(xiang)(xiang)繼逾城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)投降，余(yu)(yu)(yu)巖(yan)(yan)計(ji)窮而降，為(wei)(wei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)所(suo)(suo)殺(sha)(sha)。隨即率(lv)(lv)(lv)步騎3萬(wan)反擊(ji)高(gao)句麗(li)，大敗(bai)(bai)之(zhi)，收復遼(liao)(liao)東和(he)(he)玄菟(tu)二(er)(er)郡。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)以(yi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)為(wei)(wei)使持(chi)節、都(dou)督幽(you)、平二(er)(er)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、北(bei)(bei)(bei)狄諸軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事、幽(you)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)牧，鎮(zhen)(zhen)守(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)龍城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。十二(er)(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)至中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)，對諸將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)曰：“樂浪王(wang)招流散，實倉廩(lin)，外(wai)給軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)糧，內(nei)營宮室，雖(sui)蕭何何以(yi)加之(zhi)！”不(bu)(bu)久，定都(dou)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)。

太(tai)(tai)元(yuan)十(shi)(shi)一年（386年）正月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)自立為(wei)帝，改元(yuan)建(jian)興，史(shi)稱后(hou)燕(yan)（？）。“立寶為(wei)太(tai)(tai)子。以(yi)(yi)其左長(chang)史(shi)庫(ku)辱官(guan)偉、右長(chang)史(shi)段崇、龍驤張崇，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)尹封衡為(wei)吏(li)部尚書(shu)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德為(wei)侍(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、都督(du)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外諸軍事、領司隸校(xiao)尉，撫軍慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟為(wei)衛大將軍，其余拜授有差。追尊母蘭(lan)氏為(wei)文(wen)昭皇后(hou)，遷皝后(hou)段氏，以(yi)(yi)蘭(lan)氏配(pei)饗(xiang)。博士劉詳、董謐(mi)議以(yi)(yi)堯母妃位(wei)第三，不以(yi)(yi)貴(gui)陵(ling)姜嫄，明圣王(wang)(wang)(wang)之道以(yi)(yi)至公為(wei)先(xian)。垂(chui)(chui)不從。”（《晉書(shu)·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載記》）六月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)遣太(tai)(tai)原王(wang)(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷、趙王(wang)(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟、陳(chen)(chen)留王(wang)(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹、章(zhang)武王(wang)(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)宙等(deng)攻(gong)秦苻(fu)定、苻(fu)紹、苻(fu)謨、苻(fu)亮等(deng)部；慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷先(xian)先(xian)寫(xie)信給(gei)眾人，陳(chen)(chen)述利害，苻(fu)定等(deng)遂降。八(ba)月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)留太(tai)(tai)子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶守中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)，以(yi)(yi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟為(wei)尚書(shu)右仆射(she)，錄留臺。自己率領范陽(yang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德等(deng)向南略取土地。十(shi)(shi)月，后(hou)燕(yan)宦(huan)官(guan)吳(wu)深(shen)在清河（郡治(zhi)清陽(yang)，今屬(shu)河北(bei)）反叛后(hou)燕(yan)，后(hou)燕(yan)主慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)發兵攻(gong)打(da)，不克。十(shi)(shi)二(er)月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)攻(gong)吳(wu)深(shen)壘，拔(ba)之，吳(wu)深(shen)單騎而逃。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)進屯聊城之逢關陂。

太(tai)元十二年(nian)（387年(nian)）正月，慕(mu)容(rong)垂舉行閱兵式(shi)。高陽(yang)王慕(mu)容(rong)隆向慕(mu)容(rong)垂建議：“溫詳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)徒，皆白面儒生，烏(wu)合為(wei)群，徒恃長河以(yi)自固，若大(da)(da)軍濟河，必(bi)望旗震(zhen)壞，不待(dai)戰也。”慕(mu)容(rong)垂從之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。溫詳原為(wei)燕臣，后(hou)降于東(dong)(dong)晉，晉任為(wei)濟北(bei)(bei)太(tai)守，屯東(dong)(dong)阿（今(jin)山東(dong)(dong)陽(yang)谷東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)阿城鎮）。慕(mu)容(rong)垂命鎮北(bei)(bei)將軍蘭汗和護(hu)軍將軍平幼(you)率軍進(jin)攻溫詳。后(hou)燕軍于碻磝（古津(jin)渡，今(jin)山東(dong)(dong)茌平西南古黃(huang)河南岸）西40里處渡過(guo)黃(huang)河，慕(mu)容(rong)隆率大(da)(da)軍于北(bei)(bei)岸列陣以(yi)待(dai)。溫詳部將溫攀(pan)、溫楷見之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)即(ji)逃往東(dong)(dong)阿，平幼(you)部追擊(ji)，大(da)(da)破之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。溫詳攜家人夜逃彭城（今(jin)江蘇(su)徐州），其部眾3萬余(yu)戶向后(hou)燕軍投(tou)降。此后(hou)，慕(mu)容(rong)垂以(yi)太(tai)原王慕(mu)容(rong)楷為(wei)兗州刺(ci)史，鎮守東(dong)(dong)阿，以(yi)加(jia)強該地統治。

太元(yuan)十三年(nian)（388年(nian)）二月(yue)(yue)，丁(ding)零翟真之子翟遼(liao)遣司馬眭瓊(qiong)向(xiang)后(hou)燕謝罪(zui)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂認(ren)為(wei)其(qi)反復(fu)無(wu)常(chang)，斬(zhan)司馬眭瓊(qiong)。翟遼(liao)索性自稱魏天王，改元(yuan)建光，并置百官(guan)。三月(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂以(yi)太子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)寶錄尚書(shu)事，政事都讓(rang)其(qi)處理，自己則總大綱而(er)已(yi)。四月(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂立夫(fu)人段氏為(wei)皇后(hou)，以(yi)太子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)寶領(ling)大單于。追謚前妃段氏為(wei)成昭皇后(hou)。八月(yue)(yue)，燕護軍將(jiang)軍平(ping)(ping)幼與章武王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)宙(zhou)共同發兵(bing)攻(gong)打(da)吳(wu)深，吳(wu)深敗(bai)走。九月(yue)(yue)，張(zhang)申(shen)攻(gong)廣平(ping)(ping)（今河(he)北(bei)雞澤東南(nan)）、王祖(zu)攻(gong)樂陵(ling)（今山東樂陵(ling)南(nan)），燕高陽王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)隆(long)(long)發兵(bing)攻(gong)討(tao)。至十二月(yue)(yue)，太原(yuan)王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)楷、趙王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)麟與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)隆(long)(long)三路大軍會師于合(he)口（今河(he)北(bei)滄州市西南(nan)），攻(gong)張(zhang)申(shen)。王祖(zu)為(wei)救援夜(ye)(ye)襲燕軍，遭(zao)燕軍反擊(ji)大敗(bai)而(er)逃。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)楷和(he)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)麟繼續(xu)圍攻(gong)張(zhang)申(shen)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)隆(long)(long)與部(bu)將(jiang)平(ping)(ping)幼兵(bing)分兩路乘夜(ye)(ye)追擊(ji)，及至天明，后(hou)燕軍大獲全勝(sheng)，將(jiang)所(suo)斬(zhan)首級(ji)懸(xuan)掛于張(zhang)申(shen)陣前。張(zhang)申(shen)見(jian)大勢已(yi)去，遂繳械投降，王祖(zu)亦(yi)歸降。次年(nian)五月(yue)(yue)，清(qing)河(he)民孔金斬(zhan)吳(wu)深，將(jiang)其(qi)首級(ji)送中山（今河(he)北(bei)定州）。

太元十四年（389年）正(zheng)月(yue)，慕(mu)容垂召慕(mu)容農為侍中、司隸校尉。以高陽王慕(mu)容隆(long)為都督幽、平二(er)州(zhou)諸(zhu)軍事(shi)、征(zheng)北大(da)將軍、幽州(zhou)牧，建留(liu)臺于龍(long)城，以慕(mu)容隆(long)錄(lu)留(liu)臺尚書事(shi)。又以護軍將軍平幼為征(zheng)北長史(shi)，散騎常侍封孚為司馬，并兼(jian)留(liu)臺尚書。

鮮卑賀(he)(he)蘭(lan)部(bu)賀(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)(ne)、賀(he)(he)染(ran)(ran)干(gan)兄弟(di)為爭奪本(ben)部(bu)統(tong)治(zhi)權(quan)而發生內亂(luan)，而后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)及(ji)鐵弗(fu)劉(liu)衛(wei)辰也極力與(yu)魏(wei)爭奪對(dui)賀(he)(he)蘭(lan)部(bu)的控(kong)制權(quan)。太元(yuan)十五年(nian)（390年(nian)），劉(liu)衛(wei)辰派軍攻(gong)賀(he)(he)蘭(lan)部(bu)，拓跋珪(gui)出兵(bing)擊(ji)退之，遷賀(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)(ne)部(bu)眾(zhong)于(yu)(yu)魏(wei)之東境，與(yu)后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)毗鄰。慕(mu)(mu)容垂乘機對(dui)賀(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)(ne)軟(ruan)硬兼施，誘(you)逼(bi)其(qi)(qi)叛(pan)魏(wei)降燕(yan)(yan)，封為歸善王(wang)。賀(he)(he)染(ran)(ran)干(gan)聞訊(xun)，頗嫉其(qi)(qi)兄賀(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)(ne)飛黃騰(teng)達，謀攻(gong)殺而代之。太元(yuan)十六年(nian)（391年(nian)）正(zheng)月(yue)，賀(he)(he)染(ran)(ran)干(gan)與(yu)賀(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)(ne)舉兵(bing)相攻(gong)。拓跋珪(gui)請(qing)后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)討(tao)伐之。四月(yue)，后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)鎮(zhen)北將(jiang)軍蘭(lan)汗率(lv)(lv)兵(bing)大(da)破賀(he)(he)染(ran)(ran)干(gan)于(yu)(yu)牛都(dou)（其(qi)(qi)地在牛川，放(fang)牧聚會謂之都(dou)）。六月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)容垂遣(qian)趙(zhao)王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容麟率(lv)(lv)軍擊(ji)賀(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)(ne)，生擒(qin)賀(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)(ne)于(yu)(yu)赤城（今(jin)內蒙古(gu)托克托縣東南黃河(he)西(xi)岸），降其(qi)(qi)部(bu)眾(zhong)數萬。后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)主(zhu)慕(mu)(mu)容垂命釋(shi)放(fang)賀(he)(he)訥(ne)(ne)(ne)，并還其(qi)(qi)部(bu)眾(zhong)于(yu)(yu)原地，而徙(xi)賀(he)(he)染(ran)(ran)干(gan)及(ji)其(qi)(qi)部(bu)眾(zhong)于(yu)(yu)中山（今(jin)河(he)北定(ding)州），企(qi)圖完全控(kong)制賀(he)(he)蘭(lan)部(bu)，并用以牽制北魏(wei)。

傲視關東

前秦(qin)被消滅的(de)(de)(de)時候，慕(mu)容垂已經將(jiang)關東七(qi)州緊(jin)緊(jin)地握于手中。按理說(shuo)，和胡戎(rong)眾(zhong)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)關中隴(long)西地區比起(qi)(qi)來，關東的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)勢應該要簡明很(hen)多。但由于西燕慕(mu)容永(yong)這慕(mu)容家旁支的(de)(de)(de)徙入，加上在河(he)南一帶不停叛亂的(de)(de)(de)丁零翟氏(shi)(shi)、悄然崛起(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)鮮卑別部(bu)拓跋氏(shi)(shi)，慕(mu)容垂統(tong)一關東的(de)(de)(de)步伐邁(mai)得并不輕松。

后燕(yan)建興元年（386年）八月(yue)，慕容垂(chui)在剛(gang)剛(gang)稱帝不久(jiu)便親自率(lv)軍南下(xia)，其前鋒直指(zhi)青(qing)、兗、徐等在淝(fei)水之戰后剛(gang)剛(gang)被東晉收(shou)復的州郡。這(zhe)些地方可以(yi)說是南北對峙時期的緩(huan)沖(chong)地帶(dai)，后燕(yan)大軍一到(dao)，紛(fen)紛(fen)投降(jiang)。慕容垂(chui)重新將勢力推進至淮北。

后燕的北方這(zhe)時出了(le)(le)亂子(zi)。劉(liu)顯(xian)跟拓跋(ba)珪翻了(le)(le)臉，想方設法要消滅拓跋(ba)珪的力量。為(wei)了(le)(le)籠絡人心(xin)，他派弟弟劉(liu)亢(kang)埿把(ba)什(shen)翼(yi)犍小兒子(zi)拓跋(ba)窟咄(duo)迎接來(lai)。

慕容(rong)麟很有(you)心計（慕容(rong)麟很會(hui)耍小聰(cong)明(ming)，即使曾經(jing)在(zai)慕容(rong)垂出逃時出賣過父兄，也沒有(you)失去慕容(rong)垂對他(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)喜愛，后燕的(de)(de)新(xin)都中(zhong)山就(jiu)是由他(ta)(ta)統軍(jun)攻下來的(de)(de)。慕容(rong)垂建(jian)立后燕后常常把帶兵打(da)仗的(de)(de)重(zhong)任交給他(ta)(ta)），他(ta)(ta)讓安同趕緊(jin)跑到(dao)拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)珪那(nei)里報告燕軍(jun)的(de)(de)消息。北魏的(de)(de)將(jiang)士們得知(zhi)援軍(jun)將(jiang)至，果然(ran)恢復了不(bu)少士氣，抵擋住了拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)窟(ku)(ku)咄(duo)的(de)(de)進逼。慕容(rong)麟與拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)珪會(hui)合(he)，一仗就(jiu)把拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)窟(ku)(ku)咄(duo)殺(sha)得大敗(bai)，拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)窟(ku)(ku)咄(duo)逃到(dao)鐵弗劉衛辰那(nei)里，劉衛辰豈(qi)會(hui)忘記當(dang)初兩(liang)部之(zhi)仇，也不(bu)顧他(ta)(ta)與拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)珪為敵，將(jiang)拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)窟(ku)(ku)咄(duo)殺(sha)死了。

拓跋珪在(zai)這一仗中感受(shou)到(dao)了燕(yan)(yan)軍的厲害。一年之后，他乘著劉(liu)(liu)顯(xian)部兄(xiong)弟(di)相爭(zheng)，再(zai)次(ci)向慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)借(jie)兵，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)又讓慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟出(chu)兵相助。劉(liu)(liu)顯(xian)把劉(liu)(liu)衛辰上貢(gong)后燕(yan)(yan)的馬匹給(gei)搶了下(xia)來，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)對此(ci)大怒，派侄子太(tai)原(yuan)王慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷增援(yuan)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟。楷、麟與(yu)拓跋珪會戰劉(liu)(liu)顯(xian)，大獲全勝(sheng)，劉(liu)(liu)顯(xian)逃到(dao)西(xi)燕(yan)(yan)。后燕(yan)(yan)奪(duo)得(de)了劉(liu)(liu)顯(xian)的部眾和牲畜，拓跋珪則(ze)基本收復了什翼犍時期的代國(guo)地盤(pan)。

慕容(rong)垂接下(xia)來(lai)花了五(wu)年時間經營自(zi)己的北方(fang)領(ling)土，這期間他消滅河北一帶的叛軍，收復清(qing)河、渤(bo)海等地，征服(fu)了北方(fang)比較強大的賀蘭部，加上這之前慕容(rong)農已經率軍擊敗高句麗(li)，占據(ju)遼東(dong)，后燕鞏固了自(zi)身統(tong)治，成為北方(fang)強國。

攻滅翟魏

轉眼到了建興七年（392年），他也(ye)年近古稀(xi)。鑒(jian)于河(he)(he)(he)(he)南(nan)(nan)一(yi)帶(dai)丁(ding)零翟(zhai)氏的(de)(de)朝三(san)暮四、一(yi)再(zai)叛獨，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)親自帶(dai)兵征討丁(ding)零翟(zhai)釗(zhao)(zhao)（翟(zhai)魏天王翟(zhai)遼(liao)之子）。翟(zhai)釗(zhao)(zhao)向(xiang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)永求援(yuan)，但慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)永聽從尚書(shu)郎(lang)鮑遵的(de)(de)話，坐(zuo)山觀(guan)虎斗，未曾向(xiang)翟(zhai)釗(zhao)(zhao)發(fa)兵相救。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)先(xian)把營(ying)(ying)(ying)寨遷到黃河(he)(he)(he)(he)上(shang)游(you)四十里處的(de)(de)西津，造了數百艘牛皮(pi)船(chuan)，載上(shang)一(yi)些(xie)兵士車仗，開始渡河(he)(he)(he)(he)。丁(ding)零翟(zhai)釗(zhao)(zhao)在下游(you)聽說這一(yi)消息，果然帶(dai)了軍隊前(qian)往西津抵抗。這時(shi)(shi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)才派留在黎陽慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)鎮(zhen)的(de)(de)軍隊連夜渡過黃河(he)(he)(he)(he)，在河(he)(he)(he)(he)南(nan)(nan)扎營(ying)(ying)(ying)。第二(er)天早上(shang)，后(hou)燕(yan)的(de)(de)軍隊已經在河(he)(he)(he)(he)南(nan)(nan)駐了不(bu)少人的(de)(de)大營(ying)(ying)(ying)了。翟(zhai)釗(zhao)(zhao)得知此事又趕到下游(you)打慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)鎮(zhen)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)鎮(zhen)堅(jian)守(shou)一(yi)段時(shi)(shi)間(jian)后(hou)，上(shang)游(you)的(de)(de)后(hou)燕(yan)大軍也(ye)已乘機渡過了黃河(he)(he)(he)(he)，燕(yan)軍兩路夾擊，翟(zhai)釗(zhao)(zhao)全軍潰(kui)敗而走，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)率軍追擊，翟(zhai)釗(zhao)(zhao)只身逃到西燕(yan)，后(hou)又被慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)永殺死(si)。

消滅西燕

建興八年(nian)(nian)（393年(nian)(nian)），慕容垂開始(shi)籌備攻打西(xi)燕(yan)。后(hou)燕(yan)將領又顯得顧慮重重，認為后(hou)燕(yan)士兵連年(nian)(nian)征(zheng)討(tao)，十分(fen)疲憊，有(you)待休整。只(zhi)有(you)范陽王慕容德同(tong)意伐西(xi)燕(yan)。慕容垂很高興地(di)說：“吾計決矣。且吾投老，扣囊(nang)底智(zhi)，足以(yi)克之，不復(fu)留逆賊以(yi)累子孫也！”以(yi)確立后(hou)燕(yan)的正(zheng)統(tong)性與后(hou)世(shi)安定。

建興九年（394年），慕容垂大軍在鄴城西南集結，卻一個多月不向西(xi)燕(yan)境內進(jin)發(fa)。慕(mu)容永開始疑(yi)神(shen)疑(yi)鬼，懷(huai)疑(yi)慕(mu)容垂(chui)會從(cong)(cong)太(tai)行山(shan)山(shan)道突入(ru)其境，趕(gan)緊分兵(bing)去封鎖太(tai)行山(shan)口，在正面防御點臺壁(bi)只留下一(yi)(yi)支軍(jun)隊。慕(mu)容垂(chui)等見此情景，遣部從(cong)(cong)臺壁(bi)進(jin)攻，兩軍(jun)一(yi)(yi)交手，西(xi)燕(yan)潰敗，臺壁(bi)遭圍。慕(mu)容永只得(de)又從(cong)(cong)太(tai)行山(shan)召回(hui)守(shou)軍(jun)五萬多人，然而刁云(yun)、慕(mu)容鐘軍(jun)無(wu)斗志，投(tou)降了(le)后燕(yan)。慕(mu)容垂(chui)在臺壁(bi)以南(nan)擺(bai)下陣(zhen)勢，與慕(mu)容永會戰，事先還安(an)排了(le)驍騎將(jiang)軍(jun)慕(mu)容國的精銳騎兵(bing)做埋伏。慕(mu)容垂(chui)假(jia)裝敗退，將(jiang)西(xi)燕(yan)軍(jun)引入(ru)包(bao)圍圈，慕(mu)容國從(cong)(cong)其背后殺出，一(yi)(yi)場大(da)戰，西(xi)燕(yan)軍(jun)光(guang)被斬首的人數就達八千，重鎮晉陽也(ye)跟(gen)著丟失。?

慕(mu)容(rong)永退守國(guo)都長子，向東晉和北(bei)魏求救。兩方的(de)援(yuan)軍(jun)尚未(wei)趕到，西(xi)燕別部的(de)大逸豆歸手下的(de)將(jiang)領便打開城門迎入慕(mu)容(rong)垂。慕(mu)容(rong)垂將(jiang)慕(mu)容(rong)永和西(xi)燕的(de)公卿大臣悉(xi)數(shu)斬首(shou)，西(xi)燕滅亡。

燕魏交兵

主(zhu)詞目(mu)：參合陂之戰

后燕(yan)(yan)在滅翟(zhai)魏吞西(xi)燕(yan)(yan)后，慕容垂建立的后燕(yan)(yan)也隨之轉盛(sheng)而衰。

慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)在(zai)南征北戰的過(guo)程中(zhong)留(liu)下了一(yi)(yi)內(nei)一(yi)(yi)外兩(liang)大(da)隱(yin)患(huan)。其內(nei)部的隱(yin)患(huan)，便是慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)家好(hao)內(nei)斗。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鮮卑在(zai)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)及其子(zi)(zi)侄這兩(liang)代可謂人才濟濟，如(ru)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)異母弟范陽王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德，兒(er)子(zi)(zi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶、趙王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟、遼西(xi)王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農、高陽王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆，侄子(zi)(zi)太(tai)原王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷、陳(chen)留(liu)王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹。這些人在(zai)后燕(yan)平定北方時(shi)各自叱咤一(yi)(yi)方。后燕(yan)國(guo)土占據著(zhu)半(ban)個北中(zhong)國(guo)，其東北是慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農，東南是慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德，西(xi)北是慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟，又慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷分(fen)別居于(yu)東、南、西(xi)，中(zhong)央需要較大(da)的向心(xin)力。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)年紀已大(da)，把國(guo)事(shi)大(da)事(shi)交給太(tai)子(zi)(zi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶才大(da)智粗，不堪其任。后燕(yan)外部的隱(yin)患(huan)源自與北魏的外交。后燕(yan)消滅丁(ding)零翟氏的前(qian)一(yi)(yi)年，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)為了平定北方，再次(ci)出兵幫(bang)助了臣服于(yu)后燕(yan)的拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪。拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪憑(ping)借后燕(yan)的援兵，與劉(liu)(liu)衛(wei)辰(chen)展開決(jue)戰，一(yi)(yi)舉將(jiang)其擊(ji)潰，并(bing)乘(cheng)勝(sheng)占據了鐵弗部的領地(di)。劉(liu)(liu)衛(wei)辰(chen)在(zai)亂軍中(zhong)被殺，五千多劉(liu)(liu)氏宗族(zu)被拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪全(quan)部斬首，扔進黃河。

拓跋珪(gui)驅走鐵(tie)弗，掠奪百萬計的(de)牛羊馬(ma)，勢力大增，逐漸萌生問(wen)鼎中原的(de)野心。388年(nian)(nian)八(ba)月，拓跋珪(gui)專門派自(zi)己(ji)(ji)的(de)堂兄拓跋儀(yi)(yi)前往(wang)中山探聽虛實(shi)。慕(mu)(mu)容垂接見(jian)了拓跋儀(yi)(yi)，詰問(wen)他(ta)：“魏王(wang)(wang)怎(zen)(zen)么不(bu)(bu)(bu)自(zi)己(ji)(ji)來(lai)(lai)(lai)？”拓跋儀(yi)(yi)答道：“我們拓跋氏自(zi)先(xian)(xian)人以(yi)來(lai)(lai)(lai)，居住在(zai)北方，現今仍是(shi)(shi)如此。當(dang)年(nian)(nian)先(xian)(xian)王(wang)(wang)拓跋猗盧被晉(jin)朝皇帝(di)封為代王(wang)(wang)，與你們的(de)祖(zu)先(xian)(xian)共事一(yi)朝，彼此都是(shi)(shi)兄弟。如今我奉命出使，并無(wu)失(shi)禮(li)(li)之處。”慕(mu)(mu)容垂又問(wen)：“朕兵強馬(ma)壯(zhuang)，威加四海，你們主公(gong)竟(jing)敢不(bu)(bu)(bu)來(lai)(lai)(lai)見(jian)朕，怎(zen)(zen)么可以(yi)說沒有失(shi)禮(li)(li)之處呢？”拓跋儀(yi)(yi)搖頭道：“燕國(guo)如若(ruo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)修文德，以(yi)為靠著強大的(de)軍(jun)力就(jiu)能夠(gou)稱霸天(tian)下的(de)話，那就(jiu)得(de)問(wen)問(wen)我國(guo)的(de)將帥，輪不(bu)(bu)(bu)到我這個使臣來(lai)(lai)(lai)說話了。”拓跋儀(yi)(yi)一(yi)席話說得(de)有理(li)有節，慕(mu)(mu)容垂就(jiu)放了他(ta)。拓跋儀(yi)(yi)回來(lai)(lai)(lai)對拓跋珪(gui)說：“燕國(guo)皇帝(di)年(nian)(nian)老，太子暗弱，范陽王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容德又很自(zi)負，恐(kong)怕(pa)不(bu)(bu)(bu)會安心做少主的(de)臣子。只要(yao)慕(mu)(mu)容垂一(yi)死，燕國(guo)必有內亂，到時候(hou)(hou)天(tian)下自(zi)然是(shi)(shi)我們的(de)，現今還(huan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)動(dong)手的(de)時候(hou)(hou)。”拓跋珪(gui)很是(shi)(shi)高興，便(bian)暗中積(ji)蓄力量，以(yi)待天(tian)時。

事(shi)件(jian)導火線始于慕容子(zi)(zi)弟(di)強行扣留(liu)拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)觚。建興七(qi)年(nian)（391）七(qi)月，拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)觚出使燕(yan)國，當(dang)時(shi)慕容垂(chui)年(nian)已衰老，慕容氏子(zi)(zi)弟(di)主持著一(yi)些(xie)政務，為了(le)要求北魏進獻良馬，強行扣留(liu)了(le)拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)觚。拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)珪不給，與后(hou)燕(yan)斷絕了(le)外(wai)交。

兩年后，后燕軍攻(gong)打西燕，拓跋珪不念(nian)燕、魏從(cong)前同盟(meng)多年，積(ji)極出兵援助慕容(rong)(rong)永，此事(shi)令慕容(rong)(rong)垂很惱火(huo)。

滅西(xi)燕(yan)后(hou)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂本已身染重(zhong)病，不想用兵，但(dan)在慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶等(deng)人(ren)的慫恿下，于建興十(shi)年（395）五月派慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟率領大軍(jun)八(ba)萬伐魏，又(you)讓慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)紹另率步騎兵一萬八(ba)千人(ren)做后(hou)繼。散騎常侍高湖苦諫，惹得慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂大怒，免了他的官。

慕(mu)容寶(bao)的(de)(de)(de)軍(jun)隊開到(dao)(dao)五原（今內(nei)蒙古(gu)包頭西(xi)北）的(de)(de)(de)黃河北岸(an)，南(nan)岸(an)的(de)(de)(de)拓跋(ba)珪(gui)先(xian)派人在中(zhong)山(shan)到(dao)(dao)五原的(de)(de)(de)路上截獲后燕傳(chuan)送消息的(de)(de)(de)使者(zhe)，使得連(lian)續幾個月慕(mu)容垂的(de)(de)(de)消息都無法傳(chuan)到(dao)(dao)后燕大軍(jun)營中(zhong)。拓跋(ba)珪(gui)又拉上抓來的(de)(de)(de)后燕使者(zhe)到(dao)(dao)黃河岸(an)邊喊話：“你老(lao)爹(die)已死，還不(bu)早(zao)早(zao)回去！”慕(mu)容寶(bao)等人此時又擔心又害怕，后燕的(de)(de)(de)士兵們更是軍(jun)心動搖。?

后(hou)燕(yan)的軍(jun)隊處境艱難，這邊拓跋(ba)(ba)珪(gui)則(ze)安排停當，他派拓跋(ba)(ba)虔、拓跋(ba)(ba)儀各領(ling)數萬騎兵駐(zhu)扎在河(he)東(dong)、河(he)北，又讓拓跋(ba)(ba)遵(zun)領(ling)了七萬騎兵悄悄地繞到了燕(yan)軍(jun)的東(dong)南(nan)面，也就是燕(yan)軍(jun)的退路(lu)上。

從(cong)九月(yue)開始(shi)，燕(yan)軍和魏軍在五原一帶相持近一個月(yue)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)軍隊從(cong)一支驕兵變成了(le)(le)羸(lei)兵，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)(bao)雖然心中發(fa)虛，卻沒有撤(che)退的(de)(de)意思。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟手下有個叫做(zuo)慕(mu)輿嵩(song)的(de)(de)部將覺(jue)得慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂是(shi)真的(de)(de)死了(le)(le)，糾合(he)部將作亂(luan)，擁立慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟做(zuo)皇(huang)帝。事情敗露，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)(bao)把(ba)慕(mu)輿嵩(song)等人給(gei)殺了(le)(le)，寶(bao)(bao)、麟兩人由此互相猜忌。

燕軍(jun)就(jiu)在(zai)這樣的(de)(de)狀況(kuang)下支撐到(dao)了十(shi)月底(di)，此時(shi)的(de)(de)五(wu)原(yuan)地區已是寒(han)風凜冽(lie)，冬(dong)日來臨，慕容寶(bao)下令燒掉渡(du)船(chuan)撤軍(jun)。當時(shi)的(de)(de)黃(huang)河(he)水還未結(jie)冰(bing)，慕容寶(bao)認定(ding)魏軍(jun)沒(mei)有足夠的(de)(de)船(chuan)只，不可能渡(du)河(he)追擊，無(wu)須采(cai)取任何(he)防備措施，燕軍(jun)一路向東撤去。拓跋珪(gui)在(zai)南岸并(bing)未馬(ma)上行動，燕軍(jun)撤退后(hou)的(de)(de)第八天，天氣突變，刮(gua)起暴風，河(he)水迅速凍合。拓跋珪(gui)大喜過望，留下所有輜(zi)重(zhong)，連(lian)夜點起二萬精銳騎(qi)兵，全速沖(chong)過黃(huang)河(he)，朝(chao)著(zhu)燕軍(jun)撤退的(de)(de)方(fang)向追去。

疲(pi)憊不(bu)(bu)堪、士(shi)氣(qi)低落(luo)的(de)(de)(de)后燕軍(jun)隊(dui)走到參合陂（今內蒙(meng)(meng)古涼城岱海），已(yi)近傍晚時(shi)分(fen)。“天有不(bu)(bu)測(ce)風云”，這個(ge)時(shi)候一(yi)陣大(da)(da)風平地(di)而(er)起，只(zhi)見(jian)一(yi)道(dao)黑氣(qi)如(ru)長(chang)堤一(yi)般，自燕軍(jun)身(shen)后鋪(pu)卷(juan)而(er)來(lai)(lai)，最后完全罩住了整個(ge)軍(jun)隊(dui)。士(shi)兵(bing)們本已(yi)十分(fen)脆弱(ruo)的(de)(de)(de)心靈又蒙(meng)(meng)上一(yi)層陰(yin)影，一(yi)個(ge)名叫(jiao)支(zhi)(zhi)曇(tan)(tan)猛(meng)(meng)的(de)(de)(de)和尚(shang)頓覺不(bu)(bu)安，向慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)(bao)進言：“狂(kuang)風暴虐，乃(nai)是(shi)魏(wei)(wei)兵(bing)將要來(lai)(lai)到的(de)(de)(de)征兆，我軍(jun)應當作(zuo)好(hao)抵御準備(bei)(bei)。”滿以為(wei)魏(wei)(wei)軍(jun)早被拋下很遠的(de)(de)(de)慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)(bao)只(zhi)笑(xiao)不(bu)(bu)答(da)。支(zhi)(zhi)曇(tan)(tan)猛(meng)(meng)再三請求，在(zai)旁邊聽得(de)不(bu)(bu)耐煩的(de)(de)(de)慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟氣(qi)呼(hu)呼(hu)地(di)說：“以殿下的(de)(de)(de)神武，我軍(jun)的(de)(de)(de)強盛，足以橫行(xing)沙漠，小小的(de)(de)(de)索(suo)虜(lu)（燕人鄙(bi)視同(tong)宗的(de)(de)(de)北魏(wei)(wei)，罵其為(wei)索(suo)虜(lu)）豈敢遠道(dao)追來(lai)(lai)？應該把這該死(si)的(de)(de)(de)和尚(shang)斬首示眾(zhong)以消顧(gu)慮(lv)！”支(zhi)(zhi)曇(tan)(tan)猛(meng)(meng)痛哭流涕：“苻(fu)堅(jian)擁百(bai)萬雄師，卻大(da)(da)敗于淮南，正是(shi)由(you)于恃眾(zhong)輕敵，不(bu)(bu)相(xiang)信天道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)緣故啊！”司徒慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)德見(jian)此情景，支(zhi)(zhi)曇(tan)(tan)猛(meng)(meng)也算一(yi)片(pian)忠心，于是(shi)也勸慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)(bao)聽從支(zhi)(zhi)曇(tan)(tan)猛(meng)(meng)的(de)(de)(de)話，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶(bao)(bao)這才讓慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟帶上三萬騎兵(bing)殿后以防萬一(yi)。慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟根本不(bu)(bu)信支(zhi)(zhi)曇(tan)(tan)猛(meng)(meng)的(de)(de)(de)胡話，在(zai)大(da)(da)軍(jun)后面放縱士(shi)兵(bing)四處(chu)游獵，不(bu)(bu)做好(hao)設防準備(bei)(bei)。

魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)晝夜兼程(cheng)、連(lian)日急行軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)追趕。乙酉，魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)在暮(mu)色里(li)終(zhong)于(yu)趕到參(can)合陂西面。燕軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)又走了一(yi)段路，就停(ting)下(xia)腳步，在參(can)合陂東邊的蟠羊山南面依(yi)水(shui)扎(zha)營(ying)。拓跋(ba)珪發現燕軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)近在咫尺，連(lian)夜部(bu)署進(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)計(ji)(ji)劃，各將(jiang)領分別(bie)帶兵(bing)(bing)(bing)，士(shi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)銜枚，戰(zhan)馬束口，暗(an)暗(an)向燕軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)靠近。第二天日出時分，魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)全(quan)(quan)部(bu)登上山頂，腳下(xia)便是(shi)燕軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)大(da)營(ying)。這時燕國的士(shi)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)們(men)正伸著懶(lan)腰，緩步走出營(ying)寨(zhai)，準備向東進(jin)發，猛(meng)一(yi)回頭，眼(yan)前竟(jing)是(shi)嚴陣以(yi)待的北(bei)魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊。燕軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)頓(dun)時慌作一(yi)團。拓跋(ba)珪手(shou)一(yi)抬，二萬(wan)精騎兵(bing)(bing)(bing)以(yi)排山倒海之勢沖殺過來(lai)。燕軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)紛(fen)紛(fen)逃(tao)入水(shui)中(zhong)，人(ren)馬相互(hu)踐踏，踩死的、淹死的數以(yi)萬(wan)計(ji)(ji)。拓跋(ba)遵率部(bu)轉到燕軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)前方(fang)進(jin)行阻截，燕軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)最(zui)后一(yi)道心理(li)防線終(zhong)于(yu)崩(beng)潰，四五萬(wan)人(ren)全(quan)(quan)部(bu)乖(guai)乖(guai)地放下(xia)武(wu)器，舉手(shou)投降(jiang)。從亂軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)中(zhong)逃(tao)出的不(bu)足數千，慕容寶、慕容農、慕容麟、慕容德(de)等人(ren)憑著馬快，才撿了性命。慕容垂的侄子燕右仆陳(chen)留悼王慕容紹也(ye)不(bu)幸(xing)戰(zhan)死，其余被生俘(fu)的慕容氏等文武(wu)將(jiang)吏數千人(ren)。魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)獲得燕軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)數以(yi)萬(wan)計(ji)(ji)的兵(bing)(bing)(bing)甲糧貨。

拓跋珪(gui)大(da)獲全(quan)勝，他從(cong)(cong)燕軍(jun)的(de)俘虜(lu)中挑了些可用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)才留在北魏(wei)，其(qi)余的(de)人準備悉數發還衣物糧(liang)食，遣送回國(guo)(guo)，也是(shi)借機招攬中原(yuan)人心。他的(de)中部大(da)人王(wang)建說(shuo)(shuo)：“燕國(guo)(guo)強盛，這次傾全(quan)國(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)力前來，我軍(jun)僥幸(xing)取勝，不(bu)(bu)如殺(sha)掉降卒，將(jiang)(jiang)來它們(men)再無可用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)兵(bing)，打敗(bai)他們(men)就易如反(fan)掌了！”拓跋珪(gui)嘆道：“若(ruo)聽(ting)從(cong)(cong)你的(de)話，只怕(pa)我將(jiang)(jiang)陷(xian)于不(bu)(bu)仁(ren)不(bu)(bu)義之(zhi)(zhi)地。”然而魏(wei)國(guo)(guo)的(de)將(jiang)(jiang)領對(dui)后燕尚(shang)心有(you)余悸(ji)，都(dou)認(ren)為王(wang)建說(shuo)(shuo)得有(you)理，拓跋珪(gui)便下(xia)一(yi)道命(ming)令，將(jiang)(jiang)四五萬后燕士兵(bing)全(quan)部活埋(mai)！

慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶回到中(zhong)山(shan)，向(xiang)父親陳述失敗的慘(can)狀，竭(jie)力請求再次伐魏。旁邊慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德又說：“索(suo)虜碰巧打了(le)這場(chang)勝仗(zhang)，打心眼(yan)瞧(qiao)不上太子(zi)了(le)，如果不以陛下(xia)的神(shen)武把他(ta)們制服(fu)，恐怕后患無窮。”七(qi)十歲的慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂聽了(le)這話，決定(ding)親自出(chu)征，為身后的燕國謀取生(sheng)存的空間。他(ta)讓慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)隆和慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)盛調(diao)集舊都(dou)龍城的精兵來到中(zhong)山(shan)，約定(ding)次年（396）大舉西征，攻打北(bei)魏。

軍容(rong)精(jing)整的龍城精(jing)騎(qi)進入中山，后燕的士(shi)氣重(zhong)新振(zhen)作。三月，慕(mu)容(rong)垂親率燕軍秘密出發(fa)，鑿開(kai)太行山道(dao)，出其不(bu)意地直逼北(bei)(bei)魏占據的平城（今山西大(da)同）。拓跋(ba)虔(qian)的三萬軍馬駐守此(ci)地。慕(mu)容(rong)垂派慕(mu)容(rong)農(nong)和(he)慕(mu)容(rong)隆率領龍城精(jing)兵(bing)充當前(qian)鋒，突襲平城。拓跋(ba)虔(qian)一(yi)(yi)向不(bu)設防備，看到燕軍來(lai)攻，才倉(cang)促出戰(zhan)，龍城兵(bing)是(shi)燕國戰(zhan)斗(dou)力(li)最強的鮮(xian)卑舊部(bu)(bu)，一(yi)(yi)個(ge)個(ge)奮(fen)勇爭先，如下山猛虎，魏軍招(zhao)架不(bu)住(zhu)，拓跋(ba)虔(qian)戰(zhan)死(si)，殘部(bu)(bu)全部(bu)(bu)被后燕收編。拓跋(ba)虔(qian)是(shi)拓跋(ba)珪(gui)的弟(di)弟(di)，在北(bei)(bei)魏威望(wang)不(bu)小(xiao)，他的死(si)訊傳來(lai)，拓跋(ba)珪(gui)大(da)驚失色(se)，就想逃走，北(bei)(bei)魏各部(bu)(bu)都開(kai)始心懷二意，拓跋(ba)珪(gui)竟不(bu)知往哪里逃。

病重身亡

燕軍一路(lu)前行，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)來到了昔(xi)日戰場(chang)參合(he)陂。萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)坑上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)泥(ni)土猶新，曾經還(huan)是生(sheng)龍活虎的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)萬(wan)士卒(zu)已成堆積如(ru)山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尸骨，無數(shu)冤魂仿佛還(huan)在山(shan)(shan)間飄蕩。燕軍設下祭壇(tan)，死難將士的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)父兄(xiong)一起放聲痛哭，聲音響徹山(shan)(shan)谷(gu)。白發蒼(cang)蒼(cang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)面對此(ci)情此(ci)景，心中又慚又恨(hen)，那最(zui)后(hou)一點戰斗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣神(shen)再也無法堅持下去，哇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一口鮮血(xue)吐(tu)了出來，舊疾發作，乘著馬輿前進，在平城(cheng)西北(bei)三十里(li)休(xiu)整。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶等人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前軍也只(zhi)好全部撤退(tui)。拓跋珪得到后(hou)燕叛卒(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消息，本想乘隙追趕，聽(ting)說平城(cheng)淪(lun)陷，便引兵退(tui)回陰(yin)山(shan)(shan)。

慕容垂在平城(cheng)停留了十(shi)天，修了座燕(yan)昌城(cheng)（欲昌則不昌），便匆匆返(fan)回，他在歸途中(zhong)病(bing)逝(shi)于上(shang)谷郡的沮陽（今河北懷(huai)來(lai)東南），終年七十(shi)一歲。

主要成就

慕容垂13歲即(ji)隨父征(zheng)戰(zhan)，才兼文武，勇猛多(duo)謀。前(qian)燕慕容皝十(shi)一年（344），慕容垂任(ren)前(qian)鋒都(dou)督，建鋒將軍(jun)(jun)。次年，率兵2萬(wan)自東(dong)道出徒河(he)（今錦州(zhou)）南下，與燕王慕容儁等(deng)會(hui)師，攻(gong)取(qu)后趙(zhao)幽州(zhou)（治今北京(jing)城西南）等(deng)地，并(bing)勸(quan)燕王勿殺降卒，以服人心。元璽三年（354），受封(feng)為吳(wu)王。光壽(shou)元年（357），參(can)與攻(gong)討(tao)敕勒，俘(fu)斬(zhan)十(shi)余萬(wan)人。建熙六年（365），與太(tai)宰慕容恪合力攻(gong)占東(dong)晉洛(luo)陽(yang)（今河(he)南洛(luo)陽(yang)東(dong)北）后，任(ren)征(zheng)南大將軍(jun)(jun)、荊州(zhou)牧等(deng)職，領兵萬(wan)人，鎮魯(lu)陽(yang)（今魯(lu)山）。十(shi)年，在桓溫攻(gong)前(qian)燕之(zhi)戰(zhan)中，大敗晉軍(jun)(jun)，威名大振。

是年十一(yi)月，因前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)內訌，西投(tou)前(qian)(qian)秦(qin)(qin)，為秦(qin)(qin)主苻(fu)堅所(suo)賞(shang)識，任冠軍將(jiang)軍。十一(yi)年，前(qian)(qian)秦(qin)(qin)滅前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)，慕容垂至(zhi)鄴（今(jin)河北臨漳西南(nan)），密圖興復。后轉(zhuan)京兆(zhao)尹，參(can)加征(zheng)伐，皆有大功，但(dan)為前(qian)(qian)秦(qin)(qin)權貴猜(cai)忌、壓抑。前(qian)(qian)秦(qin)(qin)建元十八(ba)年（382），不(bu)顧多數朝臣的反(fan)(fan)對，力勸苻(fu)堅進攻(gong)東(dong)晉。十九年七(qi)月，東(dong)晉車騎將(jiang)軍桓沖攻(gong)襄(xiang)陽(yang)（今(jin)屬湖北襄(xiang)樊），征(zheng)南(nan)將(jiang)軍苻(fu)叡(rui)率(lv)步騎5萬援(yuan)救，慕容垂為前(qian)(qian)鋒。垂命士卒多燃火炬，光(guang)照數十里，嚇退晉軍。是年，淝水之戰，秦(qin)(qin)兵(bing)慘敗，唯慕容垂軍3萬屯據鄖(yun)城（今(jin)安陸）無損。苻(fu)堅率(lv)所(suo)剩千余騎往赴，慕容垂悉以兵(bing)歸堅。旋丁零族翟斌起(qi)兵(bing)反(fan)(fan)秦(qin)(qin)，謀攻(gong)洛(luo)陽(yang)，慕容垂受命進討(tao)。二(er)十年，至(zhi)滎陽(yang)（今(jin)河南(nan)滎陽(yang)東(dong)北），起(qi)兵(bing)反(fan)(fan)秦(qin)(qin)，稱燕(yan)王（史稱后燕(yan)），率(lv)眾攻(gong)鄴，拔外城。苻(fu)丕(pi)求援(yuan)于東(dong)晉。后燕(yan)燕(yan)元二(er)年（385）四(si)月，兵(bing)敗后伺機反(fan)(fan)擊，大破援(yuan)鄴之晉軍。十二(er)月，定都(dou)中山(shan)（今(jin)河北定州）。

建興二(er)年（387），發(fa)(fa)兵(bing)討溫詳等(deng)叛軍(jun)(jun)，迫叛眾(zhong)3萬(wan)(wan)余(yu)戶歸后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)。又遣兵(bing)南(nan)(nan)(nan)下，進(jin)(jin)占歷城（今(jin)濟南(nan)(nan)(nan)），迫使青、兗、徐三州郡(jun)縣(xian)多數壁壘(lei)出降。七年六月(yue)，攻討丁零族翟釗于黎陽（今(jin)河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)浚(jun)縣(xian)東(dong)北(bei)(bei)），以牛(niu)皮船(chuan)百余(yu)艘，偽(wei)列(lie)兵(bing)仗，溯流(liu)西(xi)(xi)上，而潛(qian)軍(jun)(jun)于東(dong)夜(ye)渡，營于河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)，堅壁不戰(zhan)，使翟釗兵(bing)往來疲憊，再(zai)行(xing)夾擊(ji)，盡獲其眾(zhong)。九年，攻西(xi)(xi)燕(yan)(yan)主慕(mu)容(rong)永，先分處置疑兵(bing)以誘敵，自率大(da)軍(jun)(jun)屯鄴(ye)城西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)，月(yue)余(yu)不進(jin)(jin)；待慕(mu)容(rong)永發(fa)(fa)兵(bing)分道拒守(shou)，即乘虛直入，連(lian)破西(xi)(xi)燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)，進(jin)(jin)圍(wei)臺(tai)壁（今(jin)山西(xi)(xi)襄垣東(dong)北(bei)(bei)）。繼又佯退，誘其追(zhui)入設伏(fu)地帶，實行(xing)圍(wei)擊(ji)，大(da)破慕(mu)容(rong)永，滅亡(wang)西(xi)(xi)燕(yan)(yan)。十年，遣子慕(mu)容(rong)寶率軍(jun)(jun)9.8萬(wan)(wan)攻北(bei)(bei)魏，在參合陂之戰(zhan)遭慘敗。次年三月(yue)，親自率軍(jun)(jun)攻北(bei)(bei)魏。閏三月(yue)，襲取平城（今(jin)山西(xi)(xi)大(da)同(tong)東(dong)北(bei)(bei)），大(da)敗魏軍(jun)(jun)，收其部(bu)落3萬(wan)(wan)余(yu)家。

歷史評價

崔浩：“垂藉父(fu)兄之資，修復(fu)舊業，國人(ren)歸(gui)之，若(ruo)夜(ye)蟲(chong)之就火，少加倚(yi)仗，易以(yi)立功。”

房玄齡等《晉書》：“慕(mu)容垂(chui)天(tian)資英杰，威(wei)震本(ben)朝，以(yi)雄略見猜(cai)而(er)庇身寬政(zheng)，永固受(shou)之(zhi)而(er)以(yi)禮，道明(ming)事之(zhi)而(er)畢力。然而(er)隼(sun)質難(nan)羈(ji)，狼心自野。淮南失(shi)律(lv)，三甥之(zhi)謀已構；河朔分麾，五(wu)(wu)木之(zhi)祥云(yun)(yun)啟(qi)。斬飛龍而(er)遐舉(ju)，逾石(shi)門而(er)長邁，遂使(shi)翟(zhai)氏景從，鄴師宵(xiao)逸(yi)，收羅(luo)趙、魏，驅(qu)駕英雄。叩囊余(yu)奇，摧(cui)五(wu)(wu)萬于河曲；浮船秘(mi)策(ce)，招七郡(jun)于黎陽。返遼陰之(zhi)舊(jiu)物，創中山之(zhi)新(xin)社，類帝禋宗，僭擬(ni)斯(si)備。夫以(yi)重耳歸晉，賴(lai)五(wu)(wu)臣之(zhi)功；句踐紿吳，資五(wu)(wu)千之(zhi)卒。惡有(you)業殊二霸，眾(zhong)微一旅(lv)，掎(ji)拔而(er)傾山岳，騰嘯而(er)御風云(yun)(yun)！雖衛人忘亡復傳于東(dong)國(guo)，任好余(yu)裕伊愧于西鄰，信苻氏之(zhi)奸回，非晉室(shi)之(zhi)鯨(jing)鯢矣。”

蔡東藩《兩晉演義》：“慕容(rong)垂(chui)才略過人，卒能恢(hui)復燕祚，不(bu)可(ke)謂非一世雄，其獨擇子(zi)不(bu)明，失(shi)之于太子(zi)寶，反以段后所言為營私(si)。”

趣聞軼事

墜馬傷齒

慕容霸小時候很愛出游打獵。有一回，慕容霸在騎馬射獵時不小心從馬背上栽落倒地，竟然還磕掉了牙齒。慕容霸盡管庶出，自小卻很受父親嘉獎與寵愛，他異母嫡兄慕容儁便對他忌恨不已。慕容儁即位燕王后，為報復奚落慕容霸，抖落他早年磕牙的糗事，便讓他改名“