芒果视频下载

人物生平

傳奇少年

咸(xian)康五(wu)年(nian)（前燕六年(nian)，339年(nian)），慕容霸(ba)13歲。慕容皝擊(ji)高(gao)句麗(li)，兵及新城，高(gao)句麗(li)王釗(zhao)乞(qi)盟，乃(nai)還。慕容皝又使(shi)授予慕容霸(ba)為(wei)騎都尉，令其跟隨其兄長慕容恪（慕容皝第四子）擊(ji)宇文別部。時(shi)年(nian)慕容霸(ba)年(nian)僅十三歲，卻勇冠三軍。

慕(mu)容霸甚得父(fu)親寵愛，甚至比起身為世子的哥哥慕(mu)容儁更(geng)多(duo)，故此慕(mu)容儁忿忿不(bu)平。

屢立戰功

咸康八年（前燕九年，342年），慕容霸16歲。燕王慕容皝率(lv)(lv)軍(jun)攻(gong)高(gao)句(ju)麗(li)(li)。時(shi)前燕與高(gao)句(ju)麗(li)(li)相鄰，慕(mu)(mu)容皝常懼其乘(cheng)虛 入，視為心腹之(zhi)患(huan)，遂于十一(yi)月(yue)采用庶兄、建(jian)威將軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)容翰(han)之(zhi)策(ce)略，分兵兩路進攻(gong)高(gao)句(ju)麗(li)(li)。慕(mu)(mu)容皝自率(lv)(lv)主力精銳4萬(wan)從南(nan)道(dao)(dao)進攻(gong)，而慕(mu)(mu)容霸則(ze)與慕(mu)(mu)容翰(han)為前鋒。慕(mu)(mu)容皝還(huan)另命長(chang)史王寓等率(lv)(lv)兵1.5萬(wan)從北(bei)(bei)道(dao)(dao)進攻(gong)。高(gao)句(ju)麗(li)(li)王高(gao)釗聞知，判斷燕軍(jun)主力必從北(bei)(bei)道(dao)(dao)而來，乃使其弟高(gao)武率(lv)(lv)精兵5萬(wan)防(fang)守北(bei)(bei)道(dao)(dao)，自率(lv)(lv)弱(ruo)旅防(fang)南(nan)道(dao)(dao)。前燕軍(jun)在南(nan)道(dao)(dao)大敗高(gao)句(ju)麗(li)(li)軍(jun)，乘(cheng)勝追入丸都(dou)（高(gao)句(ju)麗(li)(li)都(dou)城，今吉(ji)林集安西），高(gao)釗只身逃走(zou)。

東晉建(jian)元二(er)年（前燕十一年，344年），慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸18歲(sui)。二(er)月，燕王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝親自帶(dai)兵攻宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)逸(yi)豆歸(gui)，以建(jian)威將(jiang)軍慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰(han)(han)為(wei)前鋒(feng)將(jiang)軍，劉佩為(wei)副將(jiang)；并命慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸與(yu)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)軍、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪及折沖將(jiang)軍慕(mu)(mu)輿根等率(lv)兵分三路并進。宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)逸(yi)豆歸(gui)派(pai)南羅(luo)城(cheng)大(da)（即城(cheng)主）涉夜(ye)干(gan)(gan)率(lv)精兵迎擊；慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)翰(han)(han)出戰(zhan)涉夜(ye)干(gan)(gan)，兩軍激戰(zhan)之時，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸則率(lv)軍從側(ce)翼殺出，殺涉夜(ye)干(gan)(gan)，宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)軍不戰(zhan)自潰，燕軍乘勝(sheng)追擊，攻克宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)氏都(dou)城(cheng)紫蒙川（今遼(liao)寧朝陽西北(bei)）。宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)逸(yi)豆歸(gui)敗逃，死于漠北(bei)。宇(yu)文(wen)(wen)氏從此散亡，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝收其畜產，徙其部(bu)眾5000余落于昌(chang)黎，辟地(di)千余里，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸因功(gong)被封為(wei)都(dou)鄉侯。

東晉永和元年（345年），后趙將領鄧(deng)恒領兵數萬(wan)駐(zhu)屯樂安（今河(he)北樂亭縣東北），意圖并吞前燕。慕(mu)容(rong)皝以慕(mu)容(rong)霸為平狄(di)將軍，駐(zhu)軍徒(tu)河(he)（今遼寧錦州(zhou)西北），鄧(deng)恒因為畏懼慕(mu)容(rong)霸而不敢進犯。

東晉永和四年(nian)（348年(nian)），時年(nian)22歲，燕王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)去(qu)世，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝(huang)(huang)次子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)俊即燕王(wang)位，就(jiu)以(yi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸曾經墮(duo)馬而撞斷了(le)牙(ya)齒為由改其名(ming)為“慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)夬“，后更去(qu)“夬”而改名(ming)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂。

永和五年（349年），后(hou)(hou)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)主石(shi)虎死(si)，后(hou)(hou)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)大(da)(da)亂。可慕(mu)(mu)容俊卻認(ren)為后(hou)(hou)趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)新遭大(da)(da)喪，未同(tong)意(yi)進取中原。慕(mu)(mu)容霸急至龍城（今遼寧朝陽），親(qin)自對慕(mu)(mu)容儁說：“難得而(er)易失者，時也。萬(wan)一石(shi)氏衰(shuai)而(er)復興，或有英雄據其(qi)成資，豈惟(wei)失此大(da)(da)利，亦恐更(geng)為后(hou)(hou)患。”于(yu)是，在封奕等人的(de)支持下，慕(mu)(mu)容儁以慕(mu)(mu)容垂為前(qian)鋒都(dou)督、建(jian)鋒將(jiang)軍，選二十多萬(wan)精兵準備(bei)伐趙(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)。

永和六年（350年）二月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁命慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)領(ling)(ling)二萬兵經(jing)循(xun)東路經(jing)徒河(he)(he)伐(fa)趙，另遣慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿于出西(xi)道，自(zi)率中軍(jun)，兵分三(san)路伐(fa)趙。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)到三(san)陘（今河(he)(he)北撫寧縣矛(mao)石山），鄧恒驚懼而燒倉庫出逃(tao)，退保薊(ji)城(cheng)（今北京）。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)到后盡收樂(le)安、北平兩郡兵糧，與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁會(hui)合(he)共攻(gong)薊(ji)城(cheng)。三(san)月，燕(yan)軍(jun)攻(gong)下薊(ji)城(cheng)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)勸(quan)止了(le)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁盡坑后趙士(shi)卒的決定(ding)。不久慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁又親率軍(jun)隊進攻(gong)鄧恒，至清梁（今河(he)(he)北清苑縣西(xi)南）時趙將(jiang)鹿(lu)勃(bo)早(zao)(zao)率數千人(ren)(ren)夜(ye)襲(xi)燕(yan)軍(jun)，突入慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)幕下，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)于是奮(fen)力反擊，手(shou)刃了(le)十多人(ren)(ren)，遏(e)制了(le)鹿(lu)勃(bo)早(zao)(zao)的攻(gong)擊，及后慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根等人(ren)(ren)領(ling)(ling)兵擊敗鹿(lu)勃(bo)早(zao)(zao)，成(cheng)功(gong)擊退了(le)來襲(xi)。

永和八年（352年）三(san)月，趙立義將(jiang)軍(jun)段勤(qin)(qin)聚胡、羯萬余人(ren)保據繹(yi)幕，自(zi)稱趙帝。慕容(rong)(rong)霸(ba)率軍(jun)前去攻打，慕容(rong)(rong)霸(ba)軍(jun)至繹(yi)幕，段勤(qin)(qin)與弟(di)段思(si)陪舉城(cheng)投降。由于燕衛(wei)將(jiang)軍(jun)慕容(rong)(rong)恪、撫軍(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)慕容(rong)(rong)軍(jun)、左將(jiang)軍(jun)慕容(rong)(rong)彪等屢(lv)薦(jian)慕容(rong)(rong)霸(ba)有命世之才，宜當大任。燕主(zhu)慕容(rong)(rong)俊遂于同年以慕容(rong)(rong)霸(ba)為使持(chi)節(jie)、安(an)東將(jiang)軍(jun)、北冀州(zhou)剌史，鎮常山(shan)。

永和(he)十年(nian)（354年(nian)）四(si)月(yue)，慕容(rong)俊稱(cheng)(cheng)帝，建號元璽(xi)，史稱(cheng)(cheng)前燕。慕容(rong)霸因(yin)訓練軍隊之(zhi)時，座騎(qi)受驚而墜(zhui)馬，進(jin)而折(zhe)齒，更名為慕容(rong)垂(chui)。慕容(rong)垂(chui)被(bei)封為吳王，遷鎮信都，以侍中、右禁(jin)將軍錄留(liu)臺(tai)事(shi)，大收(shou)東北之(zhi)利。這(zhe)便慕容(rong)俊更加忌(ji)妒慕容(rong)垂(chui)，下詔將其召還。

升平(ping)元年(nian)（前燕(yan)光壽元年(nian)，357年(nian)），前燕(yan)發兵(bing)進攻塞(sai)北（長城以北）敕(chi)勒。敕(chi)勒，又名丁零，高車。魏(wei)晉(jin)南北朝時，大批敕(chi)勒人入塞(sai)與(yu)其他少數(shu)民(min)族雜(za)居(ju)，留居(ju)漠(mo)北草原(yuan)的(de)敕(chi)勒則在四世(shi)紀日益強(qiang)大，不斷(duan)侵擾(rao)中原(yuan)。前燕(yan)入居(ju)中原(yuan)后，經常(chang)遭到敕(chi)勒人襲擾(rao)。同年(nian)五月，慕容(rong)俊派遣慕容(rong)垂（時為(wei)撫(fu)軍(jun)(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)）與(yu)中軍(jun)(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)慕容(rong)虔、護軍(jun)(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)平(ping)熙率步騎8萬(wan)(wan)進軍(jun)(jun)塞(sai)北，攻敕(chi)勒，大敗之(zhi)，俘(fu)斬(zhan)達10余萬(wan)(wan)人，獲馬13萬(wan)(wan)匹、牛羊(yang)無數(shu)。北部邊境復安。

為兄所忌

升平二年(nian)(nian)（358年(nian)(nian)），慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)娶段(duan)(duan)(duan)末柸女(nv)段(duan)(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)，段(duan)(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)生(sheng)子慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)令、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶。段(duan)(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)才高(gao)性烈，與皇(huang)后可足(zu)渾氏(shi)(shi)不睦，皇(huang)后引(yin)以(yi)為恨。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)俊(jun)向來(lai)對慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)不滿，時(shi)有人奉(feng)可足(zu)渾之(zhi)令告段(duan)(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)及(ji)吳國典書令遼(liao)東(dong)高(gao)弼為巫蠱，想借此(ci)(ci)把慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)牽(qian)連進來(lai)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)俊(jun)將段(duan)(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)及(ji)高(gao)弼下(xia)獄(yu)，進行拷問。但二人“志(zhi)氣確然，終無撓辭”（《晉書·慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載記》）。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)心痛，暗中派(pai)人對段(duan)(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)說：“人生(sheng)會(hui)當一死，何堪楚毒如此(ci)(ci)！不若引(yin)服。”段(duan)(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)嘆息道：“吾豈(qi)愛死者耶！若自誣以(yi)惡(e)逆，上(shang)辱祖宗，下(xia)累于王，固不為也！”（《晉書·慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載記》）后段(duan)(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)死于獄(yu)中，而慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)也因此(ci)(ci)得免。出(chu)平州(zhou)刺(ci)史，鎮遼(liao)東(dong)。并以(yi)段(duan)(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)之(zhi)妹為繼室，皇(huang)后又將其(qi)黜之(zhi)，并將其(qi)妹嫁(jia)與慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)心中不滿，這使他(ta)與慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)俊(jun)關(guan)系(xi)更加惡(e)劣。

升平三年(nian)（359年(nian)）十二月，慕容俊病危，召慕容垂回(hui)鄴城（今河北臨(lin)漳西南(nan)）。

升(sheng)平(ping)四年（360年）正月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)俊病(bing)逝，太(tai)(tai)子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)暐即位。二月(yue)，尊可足渾后(hou)(hou)為皇太(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)，以太(tai)(tai)原王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪(ke)為太(tai)(tai)宰，專錄朝政；上庸王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)評(ping)為太(tai)(tai)傅，陽騖(wu)為太(tai)(tai)保(bao)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根(gen)(gen)(gen)為太(tai)(tai)師，參輔(fu)朝政。時慕(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根(gen)(gen)(gen)自(zi)恃先朝元勛，心不服慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪(ke)，舉動(dong)倨傲。時太(tai)(tai)后(hou)(hou)可足渾氏也(ye)頗(po)干(gan)預外事。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根(gen)(gen)(gen)想要(yao)謀反，便勸慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪(ke)一起謀反，遭到(dao)拒(ju)絕。后(hou)(hou)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪(ke)將此事告之于(yu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂便勸其誅殺(sha)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根(gen)(gen)(gen)，但慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪(ke)以大局為重，沒有同意。后(hou)(hou)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根(gen)(gen)(gen)密謀誅殺(sha)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪(ke)與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)評(ping)，二人聞后(hou)(hou)，遂將慕(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根(gen)(gen)(gen)誅殺(sha)。三月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪(ke)以慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂為使(shi)持節、征(zheng)南(nan)將軍、都督河南(nan)諸軍事、兗(yan)州牧、荊州刺史，鎮(zhen)梁國(guo)之蠡臺。

興寧三(san)年（365年）二月，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)隨慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)共攻洛陽(yang)。三(san)月，克(ke)之，俘殺揚武將軍(jun)沈(shen)勁。隨即慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)略地至崤、澠，關中(zhong)大震，秦(qin)王苻堅(jian)屯陜城(cheng)以防燕軍(jun)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)以慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)為(wei)都督荊、揚、洛、徐(xu)、兗、豫、雍、益、涼、秦(qin)十州(zhou)諸(zhu)軍(jun)事、征(zheng)南大將軍(jun)、荊州(zhou)牧，配兵一(yi)萬，鎮(zhen)魯陽(yang)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)對(dui)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)變現出(chu)來的軍(jun)事才能(neng)大為(wei)驚奇，甚為(wei)倚(yi)重(zhong)。后慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)病重(zhong)，深慮慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)手(shou)中(zhong)無(wu)權，而慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評又多猜忌。五(wu)月，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)病逝，臨終(zhong)前(qian)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)親(qin)臨問以后事，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)再(zai)次向慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)推薦慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)。

枋頭大捷

慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪病死后，太(tai)和(he)四年（前(qian)燕(yan)(yan)建(jian)熙(xi)十年，369年）四月，東(dong)(dong)(dong)晉(jin)大(da)司馬桓溫(wen)(wen)親率步騎5萬(wan)開始北(bei)伐前(qian)燕(yan)(yan)（參(can)見(jian)晉(jin)攻前(qian)燕(yan)(yan)之戰）。東(dong)(dong)(dong)晉(jin)建(jian)威將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)檀玄攻克(ke)湖(hu)陸（今(jin)山東(dong)(dong)(dong)魚臺東(dong)(dong)(dong)南），俘燕(yan)(yan)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)忠。前(qian)燕(yan)(yan)下邳王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)厲為(wei)征(zheng)討大(da)都督和(he)晉(jin)軍(jun)戰于黃墟（今(jin)河南開封(feng)東(dong)(dong)(dong)），燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)大(da)敗，燕(yan)(yan)高(gao)平太(tai)守徐(xu)翻舉郡降(jiang)晉(jin)。晉(jin)鄧遐和(he)朱序又打敗燕(yan)(yan)將(jiang)(jiang)傅(fu)顏。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)暐于是派散騎常(chang)侍李鳳去前(qian)秦求援。七月，桓溫(wen)(wen)進駐武陽（今(jin)山東(dong)(dong)(dong)莘縣(xian)(xian)東(dong)(dong)(dong)南），前(qian)燕(yan)(yan)孫(sun)元率宗族起兵響(xiang)應，桓溫(wen)(wen)到(dao)達枋頭(tou)（今(jin)河南浚縣(xian)(xian)西南）。東(dong)(dong)(dong)晉(jin)大(da)軍(jun)連(lian)戰連(lian)勝，使慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)暐和(he)太(tai)傅(fu)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評十分恐(kong)懼，商議欲(yu)逃故都和(he)龍(long)（今(jin)遼(liao)寧朝陽）。這時，吳王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂請求率兵抗晉(jin)，他說：“不(bu)然。臣請擊之，若戰不(bu)捷(jie)，走未晚也。”（《晉(jin)書·慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)暐載(zai)記》）慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)暐以(yi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂代替(ti)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)臧為(wei)南討大(da)都督，率征(zheng)南將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)等5萬(wan)步騎抵御桓溫(wen)(wen)。

慕容暐又派(pai)散騎(qi)侍郎樂嵩(song)往前秦(qin)求救，并答(da)應以割(ge)，讓虎牢（今河(he)南滎陽西北汜水鎮）以西的(de)土地給秦(qin)為條件。前秦(qin)王苻(fu)堅召集群臣商(shang)議，采(cai)納王猛先(xian)援(yuan)弱(ruo)擊強，后再(zai)乘燕(yan)(yan)衰而取的(de)建議。八月，派(pai)將軍茍(gou)池和(he)洛州刺史鄧(deng)羌率(lv)領步(bu)騎(qi)2萬(wan)救援(yuan)前燕(yan)(yan)。援(yuan)軍從秦(qin)洛州（今河(he)南）出(chu)發，出(chu)洛陽進(jin)屯潁川（今河(he)南許(xu)昌東(dong)），又派(pai)散騎(qi)侍郎姜(jiang)撫(fu)去燕(yan)(yan)國報信(xin)。

桓溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)接連失利，糧草(cao)中斷，又聽(ting)說(shuo)前秦援兵(bing)將(jiang)要到達，遂下令(ling)焚燒戰船(chuan)，丟下輜重、鎧仗，率軍(jun)從(cong)陸(lu)路(lu)撤回。桓溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)從(cong)東(dong)燕(yan)(yan)（治今河南(nan)汲縣東(dong)南(nan)）出發(fa)，撤退途中恐前燕(yan)(yan)追兵(bing)在上游放毒(du)，命士卒鑿井(jing)取水飲用(yong)，這樣一直行走了700里。前燕(yan)(yan)諸將(jiang)爭欲(yu)追擊(ji)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)說(shuo)：“不可。溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)初(chu)退惶恐，必(bi)嚴(yan)設警備，簡精(jing)銳為后(hou)(hou)(hou)拒，擊(ji)之(zhi)未(wei)必(bi)得(de)志，不如緩(huan)之(zhi)。彼(bi)幸吾(wu)未(wei)至，必(bi)晝夜疾趨；俟其士眾力盡氣衰，然后(hou)(hou)(hou)擊(ji)之(zhi)，無不克矣(yi)。”（《資(zi)治通鑒(jian)·卷第一百(bai)二》）于是，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)親率騎(qi)(qi)兵(bing)8000尾隨桓溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)軍(jun)行進。桓溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)果(guo)然加速退兵(bing)，幾天(tian)以(yi)后(hou)(hou)(hou)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)告(gao)諸將(jiang)曰：“溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)可擊(ji)矣(yi)。”（《資(zi)治通鑒(jian)·卷第一百(bai)二》）遂令(ling)諸將(jiang)急(ji)進，在襄(xiang)邑（今河南(nan)睢縣）追上桓溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)德先(xian)率領4000名(ming)精(jing)銳騎(qi)(qi)兵(bing)埋伏于襄(xiang)邑東(dong)澗中，和慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)東(dong)西夾擊(ji)桓溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)，大(da)敗晉軍(jun)，斬首3萬(wan)人。

時(shi)秦將茍池(chi)又于譙郡截(jie)擊桓溫，晉軍死者復(fu)以(yi)萬(wan)計。晉將孫元據守武陽抵抗燕軍，被燕左(zuo)衛將軍孟(meng)高擒獲。十月，天氣漸冷(leng)，桓溫收集余眾，屯于山(shan)陽（今江(jiang)蘇(su)淮安）。至(zhi)此(ci)，桓溫攻燕以(yi)失敗告終。

出奔前秦

慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)大(da)(da)(da)敗(bai)桓溫，威(wei)名大(da)(da)(da)振，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)評對慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)是又(you)(you)忌又(you)(you)恨(hen)。后慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)提出獎(jiang)勵麾(hui)下將士，但(dan)被慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)評壓住不報。慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)大(da)(da)(da)為不滿，與慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)評相爭(zheng)。太(tai)后可(ke)足渾氏素恨(hen)慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)，遂毀其(qi)戰功，與慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)評相謀，欲殺慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)。慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪之子慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷及(ji)(ji)慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)舅蘭建知道后，告訴慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)說(shuo)(shuo)：“先發(fa)制(zhi)人(ren)(ren)，但(dan)除評及(ji)(ji)樂安王臧，馀(yu)無能為矣。”慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)心中不忍，說(shuo)(shuo)：“骨肉相殘而首亂于(yu)國，吾有死而已(yi)，不忍為也(ye)。”（《資(zi)治通(tong)鑒·卷第一百二(er)》）不久，二(er)人(ren)(ren)又(you)(you)告訴慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)說(shuo)(shuo)：“內意已(yi)決(jue)，不可(ke)不早(zao)發(fa)。” 慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)說(shuo)(shuo)：“必不可(ke)彌縫(feng)，吾寧避之于(yu)外，馀(yu)非所(suo)議。”（《資(zi)治通(tong)鑒·卷第一百二(er)》）

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)心(xin)中(zhong)憂(you)慮(lv)，未敢(gan)將(jiang)此事告(gao)訴諸(zhu)子，同時(shi)(shi)也(ye)是怕引起(qi)諸(zhu)子的騷(sao)動。世子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)(ling)說(shuo)：“尊(zun)比(bi)者(zhe)如(ru)(ru)有(you)(you)憂(you)色，豈非以(yi)主上(shang)幼沖，太傅疾賢，功(gong)高(gao)望重，愈見猜邪？”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)說(shuo)：“然。吾(wu)竭(jie)力致(zhi)命(ming)以(yi)破強(qiang)(qiang)寇，本欲保(bao)(bao)全(quan)(quan)(quan)家國(guo)，豈知功(gong)成之后，返令(ling)(ling)身(shen)無所(suo)(suo)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)。汝既知吾(wu)心(xin)，何(he)以(yi)為吾(wu)謀？”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)(ling)說(shuo)：“主上(shang)暗弱，委任太傅，一旦(dan)禍發，疾于駭機。今欲保(bao)(bao)族全(quan)(quan)(quan)身(shen)，不(bu)(bu)失大義，莫若逃之龍(long)(long)城(cheng)，遜(xun)辭謝罪，以(yi)待主上(shang)之察，若周公(gong)之居東，庶幾可以(yi)感寤而(er)得還，此幸之大者(zhe)也(ye)。如(ru)(ru)其(qi)不(bu)(bu)然，則內撫(fu)燕(yan)、代，外懷群(qun)夷，守肥(fei)如(ru)(ru)之險(xian)以(yi)自(zi)保(bao)(bao)，亦其(qi)次也(ye)。”（《資(zi)治通鑒(jian)·卷第(di)一百(bai)二》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)覺得這個辦法(fa)很好，遂同意(yi)。十一月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)以(yi)打獵為由(you)，微服出(chu)鄴，準備回故都(dou)龍(long)(long)城(cheng)。到邯鄲時(shi)(shi)，卻出(chu)了意(yi)外，幼子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟向來不(bu)(bu)為慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)所(suo)(suo)寵愛，便向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評告(gao)狀，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)左右也(ye)多有(you)(you)離去。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評知道后，在慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐面前盡說(shuo)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)壞話，遂派西平公(gong)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)強(qiang)(qiang)率(lv)精騎追(zhui)之，到范陽（今北京）時(shi)(shi)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)派慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)(ling)斷后，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)強(qiang)(qiang)不(bu)(bu)敢(gan)追(zhui)趕。時(shi)(shi)天(tian)將(jiang)晚(wan)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)(ling)對(dui)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)說(shuo)：“本欲保(bao)(bao)東都(dou)以(yi)自(zi)全(quan)(quan)(quan)，今事已(yi)泄，謀不(bu)(bu)及設(she)。秦主方招(zhao)延英杰，不(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)往(wang)歸之。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)說(shuo)：“如(ru)(ru)今之計，舍此安之。”（《資(zi)治通鑒(jian)·卷第(di)一百(bai)二》）

慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂“乃散騎(qi)滅跡，傍南山復還鄴(ye)(ye)，隱于(yu)(yu)趙之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)顯原陵”（《資(zi)(zi)治通(tong)鑒(jian)(jian)·卷第(di)一百二》）。又殺白(bai)馬以(yi)祭天(tian)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)令對慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂說(shuo)：“太傅忌賢疾能(neng)，構事(shi)以(yi)來(lai)，人(ren)尤忿恨。今鄴(ye)(ye)城之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中，莫知(zhi)尊處，如(ru)嬰兒(er)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)思母，夷、夏同(tong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。若(ruo)順眾心(xin)，襲其無備，取之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)如(ru)指掌耳。事(shi)定之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，革弊簡(jian)能(neng)，大匡朝政，以(yi)輔主上，安國存家，功之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大者(zhe)也。現今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)便，誠不(bu)(bu)可失(shi)，愿給騎(qi)數人(ren)，足以(yi)辦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂說(shuo)：“如(ru)汝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謀，事(shi)成(cheng)誠為大福，不(bu)(bu)成(cheng)悔之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)何及！不(bu)(bu)如(ru)西(xi)奔(ben)，可以(yi)萬(wan)全。”（《資(zi)(zi)治通(tong)鑒(jian)(jian)·卷第(di)一百二》）慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂遂率部西(xi)行，至河陽，斬津吏而渡。遂自洛陽與(yu)段夫(fu)人(ren)，子慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)令、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)隆(long)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷，舅蘭建(jian)，郎中令高弼一起投(tou)奔(ben)前秦，只留可足渾氏于(yu)(yu)鄴(ye)(ye)。乙泉(quan)戌主吳歸(gui)率兵追擊(ji)，被(bei)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)令擊(ji)退。

自(zi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪死后，前秦王苻(fu)堅便有(you)伐(fa)燕之(zhi)意，但一(yi)直(zhi)未成，一(yi)是(shi)因內亂，二是(shi)忌(ji)憚(dan)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)之(zhi)威名。苻(fu)堅聞慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)來歸，大(da)喜，親自(zi)到郊外迎接，執其手說：“天(tian)生賢杰，必相(xiang)(xiang)與共成大(da)功，此自(zi)然之(zhi)數也。要當與卿共定(ding)天(tian)下(xia)，告成岱宗(zong)，然后還(huan)卿本(ben)邦，世封幽(you)州(zhou)，使卿去國不失(shi)為(wei)子(zi)之(zhi)孝，歸朕不失(shi)事(shi)君之(zhi)忠，不亦美乎！”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)感謝(xie)地(di)說：“羈旅(lv)之(zhi)臣，免(mian)罪為(wei)幸。本(ben)邦之(zhi)榮(rong)，非所敢望！”（《資治(zhi)通鑒(jian)·卷第一(yi)百二》）苻(fu)堅愛慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)令及(ji)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)楷之(zhi)才，皆(jie)厚(hou)相(xiang)(xiang)待，賞賜巨(ju)萬，每次進見，都屬目觀之(zhi)。關(guan)中(zhong)士民(min)素聞慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)父子(zi)名，皆(jie)向慕(mu)(mu)之(zhi)。

秦相王(wang)猛深知(zhi)慕容(rong)垂(chui)有(you)雄略(lve)，怕將來引以(yi)為(wei)(wei)患，便對苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)說：“慕容(rong)垂(chui)，燕之(zhi)(zhi)戚屬，世(shi)雄東夏，寬(kuan)仁惠(hui)下，恩(en)結士庶，燕、趙之(zhi)(zhi)間咸有(you)奉戴之(zhi)(zhi)意。觀其才略(lve)，權智無方，兼(jian)其諸子明毅有(you)干藝，人之(zhi)(zhi)杰也。蛟龍猛獸，非可馴之(zhi)(zhi)物，不(bu)如除之(zhi)(zhi)。”苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)未從，說：“吾方以(yi)義致英豪，建不(bu)世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)功。且其初至(zhi)，吾告之(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)誠(cheng)，今而害(hai)之(zhi)(zhi)，人將謂(wei)我(wo)何！”（《晉書(shu)·苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)載記》）并(bing)以(yi)慕容(rong)垂(chui)為(wei)(wei)冠軍將軍，封賓都侯，食華陰五百戶。

時(shi)前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)綱頹紀(ji)紊，日益腐敗。桓溫攻燕(yan)結束(shu)后，前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)反悔食言，未將虎(hu)牢(lao)（今河南滎陽西北汜水鎮）以(yi)(yi)西土地割讓(rang)給前(qian)(qian)秦(qin)，前(qian)(qian)秦(qin)遂以(yi)(yi)此為(wei)借口，于十一(yi)月(yue)派(pai)王猛統將軍梁成(cheng)、鄧羌等率步騎(qi)3萬，進攻前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)（參見(jian)前(qian)(qian)秦(qin)滅(mie)前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)之戰），并以(yi)(yi)慕容令為(wei)參軍，充當向導。

慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令逃回前燕后，因忽叛忽歸，而慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂又(you)無恙，反(fan)而受到猜疑(yi)。燕廷將慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令變相發配，派(pai)到極北的沙城去(qu)戍守，嚴加監視。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令欲在沙城聯(lian)絡舊(jiu)部，準(zhun)備(bei)起事，又(you)被慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟告了密，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令被誅殺。（參見金刀計）

太和(he)四年（369年）十一月，王猛滅前燕(yan)(yan)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)隨苻堅(jian)(jian)(jian)入鄴(ye)，收集諸(zhu)子，相對(dui)而哭。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)見燕(yan)(yan)公卿大夫及故時僚吏(li)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)想起當(dang)年的(de)窘迫，有(you)不悅(yue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)色。前郎中(zhong)令高弼暗中(zhong)對(dui)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)曰：“大王以(yi)命(ming)世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)姿，遭無妄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)運，迍(zhun)邅凄伏，艱(jian)亦(yi)至矣(yi)。天啟嘉會(hui)，靈命(ming)暫遷，此乃鴻漸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始，龍變之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初(chu)，深愿(yuan)仁慈有(you)以(yi)慰(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。且夫高世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)略必懷遺俗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)規，方當(dang)網漏吞舟，以(yi)弘苞養之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義；收納(na)舊臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)胄(zhou)，以(yi)成為(wei)山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功，奈何以(yi)一怒捐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)？竊(qie)為(wei)大王不取(qu)。”（《晉書·慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)載記》）慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)深納(na)其(qi)言。但慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)對(dui)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評卻怨氣難消，咸(xian)安(an)二年（372）二月，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)便對(dui)苻堅(jian)(jian)(jian)說：“臣叔父評，燕(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)惡來(lai)輩也(ye)，不宜復污圣朝(chao)，愿(yuan)陛下為(wei)燕(yan)(yan)戮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”但苻堅(jian)(jian)(jian)未同(tong)意，還讓慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評為(wei)范陽(yang)太守，前燕(yan)(yan)諸(zhu)王也(ye)悉補邊郡。

時(shi)苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)已統(tong)一中國(guo)北方(fang)大部，而鮮卑(bei)人的勢力也逐(zhu)漸(jian)增大，這引起了一些氐(di)族貴族的不安，寧(ning)(ning)康二年(nian)(nian)（373年(nian)(nian)），有(you)彗星出現(xian)，太史令張孟認為(wei)不詳，便對苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)說：“彗起尾箕(ji)，而掃(sao)東(dong)井，此燕滅秦之象。”（《晉書(shu)(shu)·苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)載記(ji)》）并(bing)勸(quan)苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)誅殺慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)氏(shi)，苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)未從(cong)。并(bing)以慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)暐為(wei)尚書(shu)(shu)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂為(wei)京兆(zhao)尹(yin)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)沖為(wei)平陽太守。寧(ning)(ning)康二年(nian)(nian)（374年(nian)(nian)）十二月，也許是處(chu)于(yu)王猛或者(zhe)苻(fu)(fu)氏(shi)重(zhong)臣的授意(yi)，社會(hui)上(shang)謠言四起，說鮮卑(bei)人圖謀復國(guo)。甚至有(you)人闖入(ru)明光(guang)殿大呼：“甲申乙酉，魚羊（魚羊即為(wei)鮮卑(bei)的鮮字(zi)）食人，悲哉無復遺。”（《晉書(shu)(shu)·苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)載記(ji)》）秘(mi)書(shu)(shu)監(jian)朱肜、秘(mi)書(shu)(shu)侍(shi)郎略(lve)陽趙整等乘機請苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)誅殺諸鮮卑(bei)人，但苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)未聽。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂再逃一劫。

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)及(ji)鮮卑人就這(zhe)樣如履薄冰般(ban)的(de)(de)(de)過了幾年，至(zhi)到寧康二年（375）七月，王(wang)猛病逝(shi)，才得以解脫。王(wang)猛的(de)(de)(de)死，對苻堅是個很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)打擊。當時在前秦雖(sui)處于(yu)鼎(ding)(ding)盛時期，但鼎(ding)(ding)盛的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)面(mian)，卻潛伏著社(she)會(hui)危(wei)機。王(wang)猛死后(hou)不久，前秦的(de)(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)危(wei)機逐漸暴露出來了。太元元年（376），陽平國常(chang)侍(shi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)紹覺察到這(zhe)種變(bian)化，對其兄慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)楷說(shuo)：“秦恃其強大(da)，務勝不休，北戍云中(zhong)，南守蜀(shu)、漢，轉運萬里(li)，道殣相望。兵疲(pi)于(yu)外(wai)，民(min)困于(yu)內，危(wei)亡近(jin)矣(yi)。冠軍叔（慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)）仁智度英拔，必能恢復燕(yan)祚，吾屬但當愛(ai)身(shen)以待(dai)時耳(er)！”（《資(zi)治通鑒·卷第一百四》）太元二年（377），慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)農也暗中(zhong)對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)說(shuo)：“自王(wang)猛之(zhi)死，秦之(zhi)法制(zhi)，日以頹(tui)靡，今又重之(zhi)以奢侈，殃將至(zhi)矣(yi)，圖讖之(zhi)言，行(xing)當有驗。大(da)王(wang)宜結納英杰以承天意(yi)，時不可(ke)失也！”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)此時已有此意(yi)，為防(fang)外(wai)泄，便笑(xiao)著說(shuo)：“天下事非爾(er)所及(ji)”。

太元三年(nian)（378年(nian)），苻(fu)堅為實(shi)現統一中(zhong)國(guo)的愿望，在滅涼(liang)、并(bing)代(dai)，解后顧之憂后，又經(jing)一年(nian)的休(xiu)整，開始對東(dong)晉(jin)用兵(bing)。二月，苻(fu)堅派征(zheng)南(nan)(nan)大(da)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)、都督征(zheng)討諸軍(jun)事、長樂公苻(fu)丕和(he)武衛(wei)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)茍(gou)萇、尚書慕容暐率(lv)(lv)(lv)步騎7萬進攻東(dong)晉(jin)襄陽，并(bing)以荊州(zhou)刺吏(li)楊安率(lv)(lv)(lv)軍(jun)作為先鋒。征(zheng)虜將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)石越率(lv)(lv)(lv)精(jing)騎1萬出魯陽關（今(jin)河南(nan)(nan)平頂(ding)山西）；領軍(jun)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)茍(gou)池、右(you)將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)毛當(dang)、強(qiang)弩將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)王顯率(lv)(lv)(lv)4萬人出武當(dang)（今(jin)湖(hu)北(bei)丹江(jiang)口(kou)市西北(bei)）；而京兆(zhao)尹(yin)慕容垂(chui)則與揚武將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)姚萇率(lv)(lv)(lv)軍(jun)5萬出南(nan)(nan)鄉（今(jin)河南(nan)(nan)浙川西南(nan)(nan)）攻南(nan)(nan)陽，各(ge)軍(jun)會攻襄陽（今(jin)屬湖(hu)北(bei)）。

由于晉軍(jun)(jun)襄(xiang)(xiang)陽守將朱(zhu)序(xu)頑強防御，致秦軍(jun)(jun)久攻(gong)不下。后慕容垂攻(gong)克了(le)南陽（今屬河南），與苻(fu)丕會于襄(xiang)(xiang)陽。襄(xiang)(xiang)陽久攻(gong)不下，前秦朝野嘩然(ran)。十(shi)二(er)月(yue)，苻(fu)堅派黃(huang)門侍郎韋(wei)華持節見苻(fu)丕，賜給他一把(ba)劍(jian)，如果來(lai)年(nian)春天仍攻(gong)不下襄(xiang)(xiang)陽，令其(qi)(qi)自殺(sha)。次年(nian)正月(yue)，苻(fu)丕在苻(fu)堅催(cui)逼下，命諸軍(jun)(jun)全力攻(gong)襄(xiang)(xiang)陽。三月(yue)初六，克襄(xiang)(xiang)陽，俘朱(zhu)序(xu)。苻(fu)堅沒殺(sha)朱(zhu)序(xu)，以(yi)其(qi)(qi)為度支尚(shang)書。

太(tai)(tai)元(yuan)七年（382年）十月，前(qian)秦王(wang)(wang)苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)在長安(an)(an)（今西(xi)安(an)(an)西(xi)北）與群(qun)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)商議(yi)進攻(gong)東(dong)晉(jin)的事宜。苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)此時躊躇滿志，他認為(wei)前(qian)秦可以動員97萬大軍，并準備親自出討，以統一(yi)天下，朝臣(chen)(chen)(chen)多(duo)反對。苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)本來還是(shi)(shi)比較能夠(gou)納諫的，但(dan)在伐晉(jin)這個(ge)問題上，變(bian)得(de)異常固執，聽(ting)不進任何不同意(yi)見。后來，雖然(ran)太(tai)(tai)子(zi)苻(fu)(fu)(fu)宏(hong)、釋道安(an)(an)、寵妃張夫人、愛子(zi)苻(fu)(fu)(fu)詵以及朝中許多(duo)大臣(chen)(chen)(chen)都一(yi)再進諫，但(dan)苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)主意(yi)既定，不為(wei)所動。時慕容垂已(yi)有二心，便力主苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)攻(gong)晉(jin)，他對苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)說(shuo)：“弱并于(yu)強(qiang)，小并于(yu)大，此理(li)勢(shi)自然(ran)，非(fei)難知也。以陛(bi)下神武應(ying)期(qi)，威加海外(wai)，虎(hu)旅百(bai)萬，韓(han)、白滿朝，而蕞爾(er)江南，獨違王(wang)(wang)命(ming)，豈(qi)可復留之以遺子(zi)孫(sun)哉(zai)！《詩》云：‘謀夫孔(kong)多(duo)，是(shi)(shi)用(yong)不集。’陛(bi)下斷自圣心足矣，何必廣詢朝眾(zhong)！晉(jin)武平吳，所仗(zhang)者張、杜(du)二三(san)臣(chen)(chen)(chen)而已(yi)，若(ruo)從朝眾(zhong)之言，豈(qi)有混壹之功(gong)乎(hu)！”苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)聞后大悅，說(shuo)：“與吾(wu)共(gong)定天下者，獨卿(qing)而已(yi)。”（《資治通鑒·卷第(di)一(yi)百(bai)四》）并賜帛五百(bai)匹。

慕容垂東走

慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂逃出樊籠，如魚得(de)水。而權翼則秘密(mi)派(pai)兵在慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂經過的橋下埋伏，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂已起疑心，自(zi)涼馬(ma)臺扎草筏渡河(he)而去。十二月(yue)，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂至(zhi)安陽，派(pai)參軍(jun)田山拿信去見(jian)鎮守鄴城的長樂公苻(fu)丕(pi)。苻(fu)丕(pi)聞慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂北來，雖懷疑其(qi)欲叛(pan)秦(qin)，但仍(reng)然前去迎接。趙(zhao)秋勸(quan)慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂乘(cheng)機殺死(si)苻(fu)丕(pi)，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂認為(wei)自(zi)己羽翼未(wei)豐，沒有(you)(you)同意。而苻(fu)丕(pi)也(ye)想(xiang)殺死(si)慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂，后侍郎(lang)天水姜讓(rang)勸(quan)阻說：“垂反形未(wei)著(zhu)，而明公擅(shan)殺之，非臣子之義；不如待以上賓之禮，嚴兵衛之，密(mi)表情狀，聽敕而后圖之。”苻(fu)丕(pi)認為(wei)姜讓(rang)之言有(you)(you)理。

苻(fu)丕(pi)讓慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)住在(zai)鄴西，并與其相(xiang)見，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)將兵(bing)敗(bai)之事詳細告訴了苻(fu)丕(pi)。苻(fu)丕(pi)走后，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)與前(qian)燕(yan)舊臣暗(an)中聯系，準備重建(jian)燕(yan)國(guo)。時洛(luo)陽附(fu)近(jin)的(de)(de)丁零人(ren)翟斌(bin)起(qi)兵(bing)叛秦，準備攻豫州牧(mu)、平原公苻(fu)暉于(yu)洛(luo)陽，翟斌(bin)部中有大批的(de)(de)前(qian)燕(yan)人(ren)，苻(fu)堅便派慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)前(qian)去平叛。

慕容(rong)垂想(xiang)入鄴城(cheng)參拜宗廟(miao)，苻丕(pi)不許(xu)，慕容(rong)垂著便服入城(cheng)，但被亭吏阻攔(lan)。慕容(rong)垂大怒，殺(sha)吏燒亭而去。石越對(dui)(dui)苻丕(pi)說(shuo)(shuo)：“垂之(zhi)在燕，破(po)國(guo)亂家，及投命(ming)圣朝，蒙(meng)超常(chang)之(zhi)遇，忽敢輕侮(wu)方鎮，殺(sha)吏焚亭，反(fan)形已露，終(zhong)(zhong)為亂階。將老兵疲，可襲(xi)而取之(zhi)矣(yi)。”苻丕(pi)優柔寡(gua)斷，說(shuo)(shuo)：“淮南之(zhi)敗，眾(zhong)散親離，而垂侍衛圣躬，誠不可忘。”石越又說(shuo)(shuo)：“垂既(ji)不忠于燕，其肯盡忠于我乎(hu)！且(qie)其亡虜(lu)也，主上寵同功舊，不能銘澤誓(shi)忠，而首謀為亂，今(jin)不擊之(zhi)，必為后(hou)害。”（《晉書·慕容(rong)垂載記(ji)(ji)》）苻丕(pi)未從。石越出(chu)來(lai)后(hou)對(dui)(dui)別人說(shuo)(shuo)：“公父子好(hao)存(cun)小仁，不顧天下大計，吾屬終(zhong)(zhong)當(dang)為鮮(xian)卑虜(lu)矣(yi)。”（《晉書·慕容(rong)垂載記(ji)(ji)》）

慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)留慕(mu)容(rong)農、慕(mu)容(rong)楷、慕(mu)容(rong)紹于(yu)鄴(ye)(ye)城，行至安陽湯池，閔(min)亮、李毘自鄴(ye)(ye)城趕來，將苻(fu)丕(pi)與苻(fu)飛龍之(zhi)言告(gao)訴了(le)慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)。慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)乘機以此(ci)激怒(nu)其(qi)眾，說：“吾盡忠于(yu)苻(fu)氏，而彼專欲圖(tu)吾父子，吾雖(sui)欲已(yi)，得乎？”（《資治通鑒·卷第一百(bai)五》）于(yu)是便以兵(bing)少為由，于(yu)河內募兵(bing)，幾天時間便達至8000人(ren)。

平(ping)原公苻暉遣(qian)使責備慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂，讓其(qi)(qi)趕緊進兵，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂便(bian)對苻飛(fei)龍說：“今(jin)寇(kou)賊不遠，當晝止夜(ye)行，襲其(qi)(qi)不意(yi)。”（《資治(zhi)通鑒·卷第一(yi)百五》）苻飛(fei)龍覺得有理，便(bian)同意(yi)了。一(yi)日夜(ye)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂派慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)寶(bao)率(lv)兵居前，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)隆率(lv)兵跟(gen)隨自己，并把(ba)氐(di)(di)兵分散(san)編入隊伍，并與慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)寶(bao)擊鼓為號，一(yi)起動(dong)手。半夜(ye)，鼓聲響(xiang)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂部前后合(he)擊，全殲擊苻飛(fei)龍與氐(di)(di)兵。并給苻堅寫信，告訴其(qi)(qi)殺苻飛(fei)龍的原因。

當初，其(qi)子慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟(lin)曾(ceng)告(gao)發(fa)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂投秦(qin)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂一怒(nu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下殺其(qi)母，但未忍心(xin)殺慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟(lin)。時殺苻飛龍，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟(lin)屢獻計謀，啟(qi)發(fa)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂非常高興(xing)，遂待(dai)其(qi)諸(zhu)子一樣。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鳳及(ji)前(qian)燕(yan)舊臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)子燕(yan)郡王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)騰(teng)、遼西段延等(deng)聞翟(zhai)(zhai)斌起兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)，各(ge)帥其(qi)部前(qian)去歸附。平(ping)原公苻暉使武(wu)平(ping)武(wu)侯毛(mao)當去討伐翟(zhai)(zhai)斌。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鳳說：“鳳今將雪先王(wang)(wang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)恥，請(qing)為斬此氐(di)奴。”（《資治通鑒·卷第一百五》）遂出(chu)(chu)(chu)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)擊(ji)毛(mao)當，大敗秦(qin)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)，斬毛(mao)當。 癸未，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂渡(du)河(he)(he)焚(fen)橋，已有兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)3萬人，下令(ling)說：“吾(wu)本(ben)外(wai)假秦(qin)聲(sheng)，內(nei)規興(xing)復。亂法者軍有常刑，奉命(ming)者賞不逾(yu)日，天(tian)下既定，封(feng)爵有差，不相(xiang)負也。”（《晉(jin)書·慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂載記》）慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂留遼東鮮卑可(ke)足渾潭集兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)于河(he)(he)內(nei)的沙城(cheng)，派田山(shan)至鄴城(cheng)，將起兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事告(gao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)等(deng)，讓其(qi)起兵(bing)(bing)(bing)(bing)相(xiang)應(ying)。時天(tian)色已晚，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)與(yu)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷(kai)留宿(su)鄴城(cheng)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹先出(chu)(chu)(chu)城(cheng)至蒲池，盜(dao)符(fu)丕駿馬(ma)數百匹，等(deng)候慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)與(yu)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷(kai)。月末，二人率(lv)數十騎微服出(chu)(chu)(chu)鄴城(cheng)與(yu)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹會合，逃往列人（今河(he)(he)北邯鄲市東）。

太元(yuan)九年(nian)（384年(nian)）正月(yue)，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)鳳、王騰、段延(yan)皆勸(quan)(quan)翟(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)奉慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)為(wei)盟主(zhu)(zhu)，翟(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)從(cong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。時慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)欲襲洛(luo)陽(yang)，不(bu)知(zhi)翟(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)來降是真(zhen)是假，便(bian)(bian)拒之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，說(shuo)(shuo)：“吾父子寄命秦(qin)朝，危而獲濟(ji)(ji)，荷(he)主(zhu)(zhu)上不(bu)世之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)恩(en)，蒙更(geng)生之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)惠，雖曰君臣，義深父子，豈可(ke)因(yin)其小隙，便(bian)(bian)懷(huai)二三。吾本救(jiu)豫(yu)州，不(bu)赴(fu)君等，何為(wei)斯議而及于(yu)我？”（《晉書(shu)·慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)載記(ji)(ji)》）慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)至洛(luo)陽(yang)，平(ping)原公符暉聞其殺苻飛龍，閉門(men)拒守。翟(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)見慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)對自(zi)己不(bu)來歸有(you)懷(huai)疑，便(bian)(bian)派長史郭通前去勸(quan)(quan)說(shuo)(shuo)慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)還是不(bu)信(xin)，后(hou)郭通說(shuo)(shuo)：“將軍所以(yi)拒通者，豈非(fei)(fei)以(yi)翟(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)兄弟山野異類，無奇才遠略，必無所成故(gu)邪(xie)？獨不(bu)念(nian)將軍現今憑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，可(ke)以(yi)濟(ji)(ji)大(da)(da)業乎？”（《資治通鑒(jian)·卷第一(yi)百五》）慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)這才相信(xin)，翟(zhai)斌(bin)(bin)歸附后(hou)，便(bian)(bian)勸(quan)(quan)慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)稱王，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)沒(mei)同(tong)(tong)意(yi)，說(shuo)(shuo)：“新興(xing)侯，國之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)正統(tong)，孤之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)君也(ye)。若以(yi)諸君之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力，得平(ping)關東，當以(yi)大(da)(da)義喻秦(qin)，奉迎(ying)反正。無上自(zi)尊(zun)，非(fei)(fei)孤心也(ye)。”（《晉書(shu)·慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)載記(ji)(ji)》）慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)認為(wei)：“洛(luo)陽(yang)四面(mian)受敵，北阻大(da)(da)河，至于(yu)控馭(yu)燕、趙，非(fei)(fei)形勝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)便(bian)(bian)，不(bu)如北取鄴都，據之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而制天下。”（《晉書(shu)·慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)載記(ji)(ji)》）眾人同(tong)(tong)意(yi)，遂(sui)回師向東。

故(gu)扶余王余蔚為(wei)滎陽(yang)太(tai)守(shou)，率(lv)眾(zhong)投降慕(mu)容垂。慕(mu)容垂軍(jun)(jun)至滎陽(yang)，稱燕王，封(feng)(feng)官拜爵，以(yi)其(qi)弟慕(mu)容德為(wei)車騎大將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)，封(feng)(feng)范(fan)陽(yang)王；其(qi)侄慕(mu)容楷為(wei)征(zheng)(zheng)西大將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)，封(feng)(feng)太(tai)原王；翟斌為(wei)建(jian)義大將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)，封(feng)(feng)河南王；余蔚為(wei)征(zheng)(zheng)東將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)，統府左司(si)馬，封(feng)(feng)扶余王；衛駒為(wei)鷹(ying)揚將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)，慕(mu)容鳳(feng)為(wei)建(jian)策將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)。親率(lv)20余萬軍(jun)(jun)隊(dui)，從石門（今河南滎陽(yang)石門）渡(du)黃河，長驅(qu)攻前秦鄴城。

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農(nong)到河北列(lie)人后，召集鮮卑、烏桓(huan)等部眾，舉兵(bing)(bing)反叛(pan)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農(nong)號令嚴整，沿途招兵(bing)(bing)買(mai)馬(ma)，攻(gong)(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)掠地(di)，兵(bing)(bing)至數萬。苻丕(pi)派(pai)石(shi)(shi)越(yue)率(lv)步(bu)騎兵(bing)(bing)萬余討伐慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農(nong)，石(shi)(shi)越(yue)率(lv)軍(jun)到達列(lie)人西面，被(bei)燕(yan)將(jiang)趙秋及參軍(jun)綦母滕擊(ji)敗，石(shi)(shi)越(yue)設圍自守(shou)。諸將(jiang)勸(quan)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農(nong)乘勝快速進擊(ji)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農(nong)認為(wei)秦(qin)軍(jun)裝備精良(liang)，如果白天(tian)與之交戰，燕(yan)軍(jun)易(yi)生懼，不如待(dai)天(tian)黑以(yi)后進攻(gong)(gong)，遂命令部隊嚴陣(zhen)以(yi)待(dai)。待(dai)到天(tian)黑，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農(nong)率(lv)軍(jun)在城(cheng)(cheng)西列(lie)陣(zhen)，先(xian)派(pai)400名壯士突破(po)敵陣(zhen)，大軍(jun)隨后沖(chong)擊(ji)，秦(qin)兵(bing)(bing)大敗，石(shi)(shi)越(yue)被(bei)斬，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農(nong)將(jiang)其首級送給慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂。石(shi)(shi)越(yue)與毛當都是前秦(qin)驍(xiao)將(jiang)，所以(yi)苻堅派(pai)二人幫(bang)助二子鎮守(shou)要地(di)，如今相繼被(bei)殺，前秦(qin)上(shang)下人心浮動。

康臺略馬

后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)燕(yan)(yan)元元年（東(dong)晉孝武帝太元九年，384年）正(zheng)月，前(qian)秦(qin)大將慕容垂叛秦(qin)復燕(yan)(yan)。遣三子慕容農在(zai)康臺澤（今邱縣(xian)邱城東(dong)南五里）略取前(qian)秦(qin)牧馬數千匹。自(zi)此步騎云(yun)集(ji)，奠定(ding)后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)立國(guo)基(ji)礎。

中興后燕

不久(jiu)，慕容垂(chui)到達鄴城附近，改前(qian)秦建元二十(shi)年為(wei)燕元年。以前(qian)岷(min)山(shan)公(gong)庫傉官偉(wei)為(wei)左長史，前(qian)尚(shang)書(shu)段崇(chong)為(wei)右長史，滎陽鄭豁等(deng)為(wei)從事(shi)中郎，并立慕容寶(bao)為(wei)太(tai)子。慕容農也(ye)率軍與之會合(he)。

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)遂(sui)招集前(qian)燕舊將與(yu)各路(lu)大(da)軍(jun)會攻(gong)(gong)鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)指(zhi)揮大(da)軍(jun)攻(gong)(gong)城(cheng)，克(ke)外城(cheng)。苻丕退(tui)守(shou)中城(cheng)。二月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)又(you)率(lv)領包括丁零、烏(wu)桓(huan)等各少數(shu)民(min)族部眾共20多萬人用(yong)云(yun)梯、挖(wa)地道攻(gong)(gong)城(cheng)，均未攻(gong)(gong)下(xia)(xia)。遂(sui)修(xiu)筑長(chang)圍，與(yu)秦軍(jun)相(xiang)持(chi)，并(bing)把(ba)老弱轉(zhuan)移到肥鄉（今河北肥鄉西(xi)南），又(you)修(xiu)筑新興城(cheng)，用(yong)來放置(zhi)輜重。四(si)月，燕軍(jun)久攻(gong)(gong)鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)不(bu)下(xia)(xia)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)召集群臣商議(yi)對策(ce)，右司(si)馬封衡建議(yi)引漳水灌城(cheng)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)贊同。時慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)打(da)獵，于華(hua)林園(yuan)飲酒，前(qian)秦知道后，派兵偷襲，矢(shi)下(xia)(xia)如雨(yu)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)幾(ji)乎(hu)不(bu)得(de)而出，多虧冠軍(jun)大(da)將軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)隆率(lv)騎(qi)兵打(da)退(tui)秦軍(jun)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)才得(de)以(yi)幸(xing)免。七月，翟(zhai)斌(bin)恃(shi)功驕縱，索求無厭。時鄴(ye)(ye)城(cheng)久功不(bu)下(xia)(xia)，翟(zhai)斌(bin)漸有叛心。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶請求將其殺掉(diao)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)說：“河南之盟，不(bu)可負也(ye)。若(ruo)其為(wei)難，罪由于斌(bin)。今事未有形而殺之，人必謂(wei)我忌憚其功能(neng)；吾方(fang)收(shou)攬豪杰以(yi)隆大(da)業，不(bu)可示人以(yi)狹，失天下(xia)(xia)之望也(ye)。藉(jie)彼有謀，吾以(yi)智防之，無能(neng)為(wei)也(ye)。”范陽王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德、陳留王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)紹、驃騎(qi)大(da)將軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農都說：“翟(zhai)斌(bin)兄弟(di)恃(shi)功而驕，必為(wei)國患。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)說：“驕則速(su)敗，焉能(neng)為(wei)患？彼有大(da)功，當聽其自斃耳。”（《資治通鑒·卷第一百五》）對其禮遇(yu)更重。

翟斌還想當尚書令，慕容垂說：“翟王之功，宜居上輔；但臺既未建，此(ci)官不可遽置耳(er)。”（《資治通(tong)鑒(jian)·卷第(di)一百五》）翟斌大怒，遂反，暗中與鄴城內苻丕聯絡，又(you)派(pai)丁(ding)零(ling)兵(bing)決堤放水，解除鄴城被淹的(de)危險。事泄，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)殺翟斌兄弟，余(yu)者皆免。翟斌侄翟真乘夜逃往邯鄲(dan)（今(jin)屬河北）。太原王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷(kai)(kai)和陳留(liu)王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)紹對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)說：“丁(ding)零(ling)非有大志，但寵(chong)過為(wei)亂耳(er)。今(jin)急之(zhi)則屯聚為(wei)寇，緩(huan)之(zhi)則自散。散而擊(ji)之(zhi)，無不克(ke)矣。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)從(cong)之(zhi)。八月，翟真率(lv)部(bu)從(cong)邯鄲(dan)逃走(zou)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)派(pai)太原王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷(kai)(kai)和驃騎(qi)大將(jiang)軍慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農率(lv)騎(qi)兵(bing)追(zhui)(zhui)擊(ji)。追(zhui)(zhui)至下邑，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷(kai)(kai)見(jian)敵陣(zhen)不整，欲出(chu)戰，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農認為(wei)，翟真營陣(zhen)只見(jian)老(lao)弱(ruo)，不見(jian)壯士，必(bi)有埋(mai)伏，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷(kai)(kai)不納，下令攻擊(ji)，燕軍大敗。翟真繼續北進，直趨中山（今(jin)河北定州）。后翟真為(wei)其司馬鮮于乞所殺。

時前秦鄴城(cheng)守(shou)(shou)軍(jun)長期(qi)被圍，糧草漸(jian)盡(jin)。慕容(rong)垂認為(wei)：“苻丕窮寇(kou)，必守(shou)(shou)死不降。丁零叛擾，乃(nai)我腹心之患(huan)。吾欲(yu)遷師新(xin)城(cheng)，開其(qi)逸路，進以謝(xie)秦主疇昔之恩，退以嚴擊真之備。”（《晉書·慕容(rong)垂載記》）燕軍(jun)遂(sui)解圍退至新(xin)興(xing)城(cheng)，另派(pai)慕容(rong)農到清河、平原一帶征收租賦，得到大批軍(jun)用物資。

十二月，前(qian)燕帝慕(mu)容(rong)暐欲殺苻堅，事泄被殺。群僚聞(wen)后，勸慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)稱帝，慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)以“慕(mu)容(rong)沖稱號關中”（《晉(jin)書·慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)載(zai)記(ji)》）為由，未許。

苻丕(pi)(pi)仍(reng)然(ran)保據鄴(ye)城(cheng)，沒(mei)有(you)離開之(zhi)(zhi)意(yi)。慕容(rong)垂復率兵包圍鄴(ye)城(cheng)，只(zhi)留出苻丕(pi)(pi)西(xi)走之(zhi)(zhi)路。苻丕(pi)(pi)勢(shi)窮糧竭，急忙向東晉(jin)謝玄求(qiu)援。謝玄派劉牢之(zhi)(zhi)、滕恬之(zhi)(zhi)等率領2萬人馬救援鄴(ye)城(cheng)，并從(cong)水(shui)陸運米2000斛接(jie)濟苻丕(pi)(pi)。

太元(yuan)十年(nian)（385年(nian)）二月，劉牢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)(jin)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)枋頭（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)南(nan)(nan)浚縣(xian)西南(nan)(nan)）。苻(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)丕(pi)(pi)發覺部將(jiang)(jiang)楊膺、姜讓曾(ceng)上表(biao)晉(jin)廷，許(xu)諾若晉(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)來援(yuan)，當稱臣于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)晉(jin)，遂(sui)殺(sha)(sha)膺、讓。劉牢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)獲悉，徘徊不(bu)(bu)(bu)進(jin)(jin)。三月，燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)攻(gong)鄴(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)下(xia)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)將(jiang)(jiang)北(bei)(bei)(bei)去(qu)冀(ji)州，命(ming)令(ling)撫軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)大將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟屯(tun)(tun)駐信都(dou)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)冀(ji)縣(xian)），樂(le)浪(lang)王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)溫(wen)屯(tun)(tun)中(zhong)山（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)定州），召驃騎(qi)大將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農回(hui)(hui)(hui)鄴(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)溫(wen)派(pai)(pai)遣萬(wan)余(yu)名士兵為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)遠送(song)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)糧，并(bing)在(zai)(zai)中(zhong)山營(ying)造宮(gong)室。就(jiu)在(zai)(zai)同(tong)月劉牢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)駐守孫就(jiu)柵（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)南(nan)(nan)浚縣(xian)境內）的后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)黎(li)陽(yang)太守劉撫，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)親自率(lv)(lv)兵救援(yuan)。苻(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)丕(pi)(pi)聞后(hou)，乘機偷(tou)襲，但被(bei)(bei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農擊(ji)敗(bai)(bai)。劉牢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)交戰(zhan)(zhan)，也(ye)被(bei)(bei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)擊(ji)退，于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是退屯(tun)(tun)黎(li)陽(yang)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)南(nan)(nan)浚縣(xian)東北(bei)(bei)(bei)）。四月，劉牢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)鄴(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)擊(ji)敗(bai)(bai)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)退至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)新城(cheng)(cheng)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)久，又(you)(you)從新城(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)(bei)(bei)退。劉牢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)予(yu)苻(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)丕(pi)(pi)打招呼，便率(lv)(lv)兵追(zhui)擊(ji)，苻(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)丕(pi)(pi)得知此(ci)事(shi)，也(ye)發兵跟(gen)進(jin)(jin)。時(shi)(shi)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)情緊(jin)急(ji)，燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)連戰(zhan)(zhan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)勝，士氣低落，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：“秦(qin)、晉(jin)瓦合，相待為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)強。一(yi)勝則(ze)俱(ju)豪，一(yi)失則(ze)俱(ju)潰，非同(tong)心(xin)也(ye)。今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)兩(liang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)相繼，勢(shi)既未合，宜急(ji)擊(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”劉牢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)急(ji)行(xing)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)200里，在(zai)(zai)五橋(qiao)澤（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)廣宗北(bei)(bei)(bei)）急(ji)奪后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)戰(zhan)(zhan)備物資時(shi)(shi)，被(bei)(bei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)打得大敗(bai)(bai)，死(si)數千(qian)人(ren)。劉牢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)單騎(qi)逃(tao)走，適逢苻(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)丕(pi)(pi)率(lv)(lv)援(yuan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)來救，得以(yi)入鄴(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)，收集(ji)散(san)兵，軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)勢(shi)稍振，旋(xuan)被(bei)(bei)召回(hui)(hui)(hui)。時(shi)(shi)鄴(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)守軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)糧盡(jin)，無力堅(jian)持(chi)。苻(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)丕(pi)(pi)率(lv)(lv)眾西出(chu)尋找糧食。燕(yan)(yan)、秦(qin)兩(liang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)相持(chi)經年(nian)，幽(you)(you)、冀(ji)兩(liang)州發生(sheng)饑(ji)荒，燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)多有餓死(si)者，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了以(yi)桑椹充軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)糧，于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)是下(xia)令(ling)禁止(zhi)農民養蠶(can)。丁零翟真被(bei)(bei)鮮于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)乞(qi)所(suo)殺(sha)(sha)后(hou)，丁零人(ren)又(you)(you)殺(sha)(sha)鮮于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)乞(qi)并(bing)立翟真的堂弟翟成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)首領。五月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)常(chang)山，將(jiang)(jiang)翟成(cheng)圍于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)行(xing)唐。并(bing)命(ming)帶方王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)佐鎮(zhen)守龍城(cheng)(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)寧(ning)朝(chao)陽(yang)）。六(liu)月，高句(ju)麗(li)進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)東（郡治遼(liao)(liao)(liao)陽(yang)東北(bei)(bei)(bei)）。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)佐派(pai)(pai)司馬(ma)郝景率(lv)(lv)兵救援(yuan)，被(bei)(bei)高句(ju)麗(li)打敗(bai)(bai)。高句(ju)麗(li)乘勝追(zhui)擊(ji)，連克遼(liao)(liao)(liao)東、玄(xuan)菟(tu)（郡治今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)沈陽(yang)東）。七月，苻(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)返回(hui)(hui)(hui)鄴(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)。時(shi)(shi)余(yu)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)叛燕(yan)(yan)，自武(wu)邑（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)屬河(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)）北(bei)(bei)(bei)攻(gong)幽(you)(you)州（治薊，今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)西南(nan)(nan)）。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)派(pai)(pai)人(ren)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)幽(you)(you)州告訴守將(jiang)(jiang)平規：“但固守勿戰(zhan)(zhan)，比破(po)丁零，吾當自討之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”（《晉(jin)書·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)載記》）平規未聽，出(chu)戰(zhan)(zhan)，果為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)余(yu)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)所(suo)敗(bai)(bai)。余(yu)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)入薊，掠千(qian)余(yu)戶而去(qu)，遂(sui)占據令(ling)支（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)遷安(an)西）。不(bu)(bu)(bu)久，翟成(cheng)長(chang)史鮮于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)得斬(zhan)成(cheng)出(chu)城(cheng)(cheng)投降(jiang)；慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)屠行(xing)唐，盡(jin)坑翟成(cheng)部眾。八月，苻(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)姚萇所(suo)殺(sha)(sha)。苻(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)丕(pi)(pi)率(lv)(lv)領城(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)男女共6萬(wan)余(yu)人(ren)撤出(chu)，西赴潞川（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)山西濁漳河(he)(he)），苻(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)丕(pi)(pi)聞苻(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)死(si)，遂(sui)即皇帝位。燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)也(ye)乘機入鄴(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)以(yi)魯王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)和(he)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)南(nan)(nan)中(zhong)郎(lang)將(jiang)(jiang)，鎮(zhen)守鄴(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)，后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)攻(gong)鄴(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)結束。并(bing)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農率(lv)(lv)眾穿(chuan)過蠮(ye)螉塞（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)北(bei)(bei)(bei)京(jing)西北(bei)(bei)(bei)居庸(yong)關(guan)）北(bei)(bei)(bei)上，經凡城(cheng)(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)河(he)(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)平泉南(nan)(nan)），直搗龍城(cheng)(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)遼(liao)(liao)(liao)寧(ning)朝(chao)陽(yang)），討伐(fa)余(yu)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)。十一(yi)月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)龍城(cheng)(cheng)，就(jiu)地休整(zheng)，十余(yu)日后(hou)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農率(lv)(lv)步(bu)騎(qi)3萬(wan)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)支，余(yu)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)眾震駭，不(bu)(bu)(bu)少人(ren)相繼逾城(cheng)(cheng)投降(jiang)，余(yu)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)計窮而降(jiang)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農所(suo)殺(sha)(sha)。隨即率(lv)(lv)步(bu)騎(qi)3萬(wan)反(fan)擊(ji)高句(ju)麗(li)，大敗(bai)(bai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，收復遼(liao)(liao)(liao)東和(he)玄(xuan)菟(tu)二郡。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)以(yi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)使持(chi)節、都(dou)督幽(you)(you)、平二州、北(bei)(bei)(bei)狄諸(zhu)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)事(shi)、幽(you)(you)州牧，鎮(zhen)守龍城(cheng)(cheng)。十二月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)山，對(dui)諸(zhu)將(jiang)(jiang)曰：“樂(le)浪(lang)王(wang)(wang)招流散(san)，實(shi)倉廩，外給軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)糧，內營(ying)宮(gong)室，雖蕭何(he)何(he)以(yi)加(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)！”不(bu)(bu)(bu)久，定都(dou)中(zhong)山。

太(tai)元(yuan)十(shi)一年（386年）正月(yue)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)自(zi)立(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)帝，改(gai)元(yuan)建(jian)興，史稱后燕（？）。“立(li)寶為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)太(tai)子(zi)。以其左長史庫辱官(guan)偉、右長史段崇、龍驤張崇，中(zhong)山(shan)尹封衡為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)吏部尚(shang)書(shu)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)侍中(zhong)、都督中(zhong)外諸軍(jun)事、領司隸校尉，撫軍(jun)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)衛大將軍(jun)，其余拜授有差(cha)。追尊母蘭(lan)氏(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)文昭皇后，遷(qian)皝后段氏(shi)，以蘭(lan)氏(shi)配饗。博士劉(liu)詳、董謐議以堯母妃位第三，不以貴(gui)陵姜嫄(yuan)，明圣(sheng)王(wang)之道(dao)以至公為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)先(xian)。垂(chui)(chui)不從。”（《晉書(shu)·慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載記》）六(liu)月(yue)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)遣太(tai)原(yuan)王(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷、趙王(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟、陳(chen)留王(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)紹、章武王(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)宙(zhou)等攻秦苻(fu)(fu)(fu)定(ding)、苻(fu)(fu)(fu)紹、苻(fu)(fu)(fu)謨(mo)、苻(fu)(fu)(fu)亮等部；慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷先(xian)先(xian)寫信給眾人，陳(chen)述利害，苻(fu)(fu)(fu)定(ding)等遂降(jiang)。八月(yue)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)留太(tai)子(zi)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶守中(zhong)山(shan)，以慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)尚(shang)書(shu)右仆射，錄留臺(tai)。自(zi)己率領范陽王(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德等向(xiang)南(nan)略取土地。十(shi)月(yue)，后燕宦(huan)官(guan)吳深(shen)在清河（郡治清陽，今屬河北）反叛后燕，后燕主(zhu)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)發兵攻打(da)，不克。十(shi)二月(yue)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)攻吳深(shen)壘，拔(ba)之，吳深(shen)單騎而逃。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)進屯聊城(cheng)之逢關陂。

太(tai)(tai)元(yuan)十二年(nian)（387年(nian)）正(zheng)月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂舉行閱兵式。高陽(yang)王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)隆向(xiang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂建議：“溫詳之徒(tu)，皆白面儒(ru)生，烏合(he)為(wei)群，徒(tu)恃長河(he)以(yi)自固，若大軍(jun)(jun)濟河(he)，必望旗震壞，不待戰也。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂從之。溫詳原為(wei)燕(yan)臣，后降于東(dong)(dong)晉(jin)，晉(jin)任為(wei)濟北太(tai)(tai)守，屯(tun)東(dong)(dong)阿（今山東(dong)(dong)陽(yang)谷東(dong)(dong)北阿城鎮(zhen)）。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂命鎮(zhen)北將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)蘭(lan)汗和護軍(jun)(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)平幼率軍(jun)(jun)進攻溫詳。后燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)于碻磝(ao)（古津渡(du)，今山東(dong)(dong)茌(chi)平西南古黃(huang)河(he)南岸）西40里處渡(du)過黃(huang)河(he)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)隆率大軍(jun)(jun)于北岸列陣以(yi)待。溫詳部(bu)(bu)將(jiang)溫攀、溫楷見之即逃往東(dong)(dong)阿，平幼部(bu)(bu)追擊，大破之。溫詳攜家人夜逃彭(peng)城（今江蘇徐州），其部(bu)(bu)眾3萬余戶向(xiang)后燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)投降。此后，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂以(yi)太(tai)(tai)原王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)楷為(wei)兗州刺史，鎮(zhen)守東(dong)(dong)阿，以(yi)加強該地統治。

太(tai)(tai)元(yuan)十三(san)年(nian)（388年(nian)）二(er)月(yue)(yue)，丁零翟(zhai)真之子翟(zhai)遼(liao)遣司馬(ma)眭(sui)瓊向(xiang)后(hou)燕(yan)謝(xie)罪，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂認為(wei)其(qi)反(fan)(fan)復(fu)無常，斬(zhan)司馬(ma)眭(sui)瓊。翟(zhai)遼(liao)索性自稱魏天王(wang)(wang)(wang)，改元(yuan)建光，并置百官。三(san)月(yue)(yue)，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂以太(tai)(tai)子慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶錄尚書事(shi)，政事(shi)都讓其(qi)處理，自己則(ze)總大綱而(er)已。四月(yue)(yue)，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂立(li)夫人(ren)段氏(shi)為(wei)皇后(hou)，以太(tai)(tai)子慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶領大單于。追(zhui)謚前妃(fei)段氏(shi)為(wei)成昭皇后(hou)。八(ba)月(yue)(yue)，燕(yan)護軍(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)平(ping)(ping)幼與章武王(wang)(wang)(wang)慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)宙共同發(fa)兵(bing)攻(gong)打吳(wu)深(shen)，吳(wu)深(shen)敗(bai)走。九月(yue)(yue)，張(zhang)申(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)攻(gong)廣(guang)平(ping)(ping)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)河北雞(ji)澤東南）、王(wang)(wang)(wang)祖(zu)攻(gong)樂陵(ling)（今(jin)(jin)(jin)山東樂陵(ling)南），燕(yan)高陽(yang)王(wang)(wang)(wang)慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆(long)發(fa)兵(bing)攻(gong)討。至十二(er)月(yue)(yue)，太(tai)(tai)原王(wang)(wang)(wang)慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷、趙王(wang)(wang)(wang)慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟(lin)與慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆(long)三(san)路(lu)(lu)大軍(jun)會師于合口（今(jin)(jin)(jin)河北滄州市西南），攻(gong)張(zhang)申(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)。王(wang)(wang)(wang)祖(zu)為(wei)救援(yuan)夜(ye)襲燕(yan)軍(jun)，遭(zao)燕(yan)軍(jun)反(fan)(fan)擊(ji)大敗(bai)而(er)逃(tao)。慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷和慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟(lin)繼續圍攻(gong)張(zhang)申(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆(long)與部將(jiang)平(ping)(ping)幼兵(bing)分兩路(lu)(lu)乘夜(ye)追(zhui)擊(ji)，及至天明，后(hou)燕(yan)軍(jun)大獲全勝(sheng)，將(jiang)所斬(zhan)首級懸掛于張(zhang)申(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)陣前。張(zhang)申(shen)(shen)(shen)(shen)見大勢(shi)已去，遂(sui)繳械(xie)投(tou)降(jiang)，王(wang)(wang)(wang)祖(zu)亦歸降(jiang)。次(ci)年(nian)五月(yue)(yue)，清河民孔金(jin)斬(zhan)吳(wu)深(shen)，將(jiang)其(qi)首級送中山（今(jin)(jin)(jin)河北定州）。

太元十四年（389年）正月，慕(mu)容垂召慕(mu)容農為侍(shi)中、司隸校尉。以(yi)高陽(yang)王(wang)慕(mu)容隆為都督幽、平(ping)二州諸(zhu)軍(jun)(jun)事、征(zheng)北大將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)、幽州牧，建留臺(tai)于龍城，以(yi)慕(mu)容隆錄留臺(tai)尚書(shu)事。又(you)以(yi)護軍(jun)(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)平(ping)幼為征(zheng)北長史，散騎常侍(shi)封孚為司馬，并(bing)兼留臺(tai)尚書(shu)。

鮮卑賀(he)蘭(lan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)賀(he)訥、賀(he)染(ran)干(gan)兄(xiong)弟為爭奪本部(bu)(bu)(bu)統(tong)治(zhi)權(quan)而(er)發生內亂，而(er)后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)及鐵弗(fu)劉衛辰也極力與(yu)魏(wei)爭奪對賀(he)蘭(lan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)的控制(zhi)權(quan)。太元十五年（390年），劉衛辰派軍(jun)攻(gong)賀(he)蘭(lan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)，拓(tuo)跋珪出(chu)兵擊(ji)退之，遷賀(he)訥部(bu)(bu)(bu)眾(zhong)于魏(wei)之東境，與(yu)后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)毗鄰。慕容垂乘機對賀(he)訥軟硬(ying)兼施，誘逼其(qi)(qi)叛(pan)魏(wei)降燕(yan)，封為歸善(shan)王。賀(he)染(ran)干(gan)聞訊，頗嫉其(qi)(qi)兄(xiong)賀(he)訥飛(fei)黃(huang)騰達，謀攻(gong)殺而(er)代(dai)之。太元十六(liu)年（391年）正月，賀(he)染(ran)干(gan)與(yu)賀(he)訥舉兵相(xiang)攻(gong)。拓(tuo)跋珪請后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)討伐之。四月，后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)鎮北(bei)將軍(jun)蘭(lan)汗率兵大破賀(he)染(ran)干(gan)于牛都（其(qi)(qi)地(di)在牛川，放牧聚(ju)會謂之都）。六(liu)月，慕容垂遣趙(zhao)王慕容麟率軍(jun)擊(ji)賀(he)訥，生擒賀(he)訥于赤(chi)城（今內蒙古托克托縣(xian)東南黃(huang)河西(xi)岸），降其(qi)(qi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)眾(zhong)數萬(wan)。后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)主慕容垂命釋放賀(he)訥，并還其(qi)(qi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)眾(zhong)于原地(di)，而(er)徙賀(he)染(ran)干(gan)及其(qi)(qi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)眾(zhong)于中山（今河北(bei)定州），企圖(tu)完(wan)全(quan)控制(zhi)賀(he)蘭(lan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)，并用以牽制(zhi)北(bei)魏(wei)。

傲視關東

前秦被消滅的時候，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)已(yi)經(jing)將(jiang)關東(dong)(dong)七州緊緊地握(wo)于(yu)手中(zhong)(zhong)。按(an)理(li)說，和胡戎眾生的關中(zhong)(zhong)隴西(xi)地區比起(qi)來，關東(dong)(dong)的形勢(shi)應該要簡(jian)明很多(duo)。但由于(yu)西(xi)燕慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)永這慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)家旁支(zhi)的徙入，加上在河南一(yi)(yi)帶不停(ting)叛亂的丁零翟氏(shi)、悄(qiao)然(ran)崛起(qi)的鮮(xian)卑別部拓跋氏(shi)，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)關東(dong)(dong)的步伐邁得并不輕(qing)松。

后燕(yan)建興元年（386年）八(ba)月(yue)，慕容(rong)垂在剛(gang)剛(gang)稱(cheng)帝不久便(bian)親自率軍(jun)南下，其(qi)前鋒直指青、兗、徐等(deng)在淝水之戰后剛(gang)剛(gang)被東晉收復(fu)的州郡(jun)。這些地(di)(di)方(fang)可以(yi)說是南北(bei)對峙時期的緩沖地(di)(di)帶，后燕(yan)大軍(jun)一到，紛(fen)紛(fen)投降。慕容(rong)垂重新將勢(shi)力推進至淮北(bei)。

后燕的北方(fang)這時出了亂(luan)子(zi)。劉(liu)顯(xian)跟拓跋珪(gui)翻了臉(lian)，想方(fang)設法要(yao)消滅拓跋珪(gui)的力量(liang)。為了籠絡人心，他(ta)派弟(di)弟(di)劉(liu)亢埿把什翼犍小兒子(zi)拓跋窟咄迎接來。

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟(lin)很有(you)心(xin)計（慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟(lin)很會(hui)耍小聰明，即使曾經在慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂出逃時出賣過(guo)父(fu)兄，也沒有(you)失去(qu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂對他的(de)喜愛，后(hou)燕的(de)新都(dou)中山就是(shi)由他統軍(jun)攻(gong)下來的(de)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂建(jian)立后(hou)燕后(hou)常常把帶兵打仗的(de)重任交給他），他讓安同趕緊(jin)跑(pao)到拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)珪(gui)(gui)那里報告燕軍(jun)的(de)消息。北魏的(de)將士(shi)們得(de)知援軍(jun)將至，果然恢復了不少士(shi)氣，抵擋住了拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)窟(ku)(ku)咄(duo)(duo)的(de)進逼。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟(lin)與(yu)拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)珪(gui)(gui)會(hui)合，一仗就把拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)窟(ku)(ku)咄(duo)(duo)殺得(de)大(da)敗，拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)窟(ku)(ku)咄(duo)(duo)逃到鐵弗劉衛(wei)(wei)辰那里，劉衛(wei)(wei)辰豈會(hui)忘(wang)記當初兩部之(zhi)仇，也不顧他與(yu)拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)珪(gui)(gui)為敵，將拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)(ba)窟(ku)(ku)咄(duo)(duo)殺死了。

拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)珪(gui)(gui)在這一(yi)仗中(zhong)感(gan)受到了(le)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)的(de)厲害。一(yi)年之(zhi)后，他(ta)乘著劉顯部兄弟相爭，再(zai)次向慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)借兵(bing)(bing)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)又讓(rang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟出兵(bing)(bing)相助。劉顯把劉衛(wei)辰上貢后燕(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)馬匹給(gei)搶了(le)下來，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)對(dui)此大怒，派侄子太原王慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷(kai)增援(yuan)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟。楷(kai)、麟與拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)珪(gui)(gui)會(hui)戰劉顯，大獲全勝，劉顯逃到西燕(yan)(yan)(yan)。后燕(yan)(yan)(yan)奪得了(le)劉顯的(de)部眾和牲畜(chu)，拓(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)珪(gui)(gui)則基本收復了(le)什翼犍(jian)時(shi)期的(de)代國地盤。

慕(mu)(mu)容垂接(jie)下(xia)來花(hua)了五年時(shi)間(jian)(jian)經(jing)營(ying)自己(ji)的北(bei)方(fang)領土，這期間(jian)(jian)他消滅河北(bei)一帶(dai)的叛軍，收復清河、渤海等(deng)地，征服了北(bei)方(fang)比(bi)較強(qiang)大的賀蘭部(bu)，加(jia)上這之前慕(mu)(mu)容農已經(jing)率軍擊敗高句麗，占據遼東，后燕鞏(gong)固(gu)了自身統(tong)治，成為北(bei)方(fang)強(qiang)國。

攻滅翟魏

轉眼到(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)(le)建興七年（392年），他也(ye)年近(jin)古稀。鑒(jian)于河(he)(he)(he)南一帶(dai)丁零翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)氏的(de)朝三暮四、一再叛(pan)獨(du)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)親自帶(dai)兵(bing)(bing)(bing)征(zheng)討丁零翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)釗(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)（翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)魏天王翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)遼之子(zi)）。翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)釗(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)永求援，但(dan)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)永聽(ting)從(cong)尚書郎(lang)鮑遵(zun)的(de)話(hua)，坐山(shan)觀虎斗，未曾向翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)釗(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)發兵(bing)(bing)(bing)相救。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)先把(ba)營寨遷到(dao)(dao)黃(huang)河(he)(he)(he)上游四十里處的(de)西津(jin)，造了(le)(le)(le)數百艘牛皮船，載上一些兵(bing)(bing)(bing)士車仗，開(kai)始(shi)渡(du)河(he)(he)(he)。丁零翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)釗(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)在下(xia)游聽(ting)說這一消(xiao)息，果然(ran)帶(dai)了(le)(le)(le)軍(jun)隊(dui)前往西津(jin)抵抗。這時慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)才(cai)派留在黎陽(yang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)鎮(zhen)(zhen)的(de)軍(jun)隊(dui)連夜渡(du)過(guo)黃(huang)河(he)(he)(he)，在河(he)(he)(he)南扎營。第二天早上，后燕的(de)軍(jun)隊(dui)已(yi)經在河(he)(he)(he)南駐(zhu)了(le)(le)(le)不少人的(de)大營了(le)(le)(le)。翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)釗(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)得知此(ci)事又(you)趕到(dao)(dao)下(xia)游打慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)鎮(zhen)(zhen)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)鎮(zhen)(zhen)堅守一段時間后，上游的(de)后燕大軍(jun)也(ye)已(yi)乘機(ji)渡(du)過(guo)了(le)(le)(le)黃(huang)河(he)(he)(he)，燕軍(jun)兩路夾擊(ji)(ji)，翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)釗(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)全軍(jun)潰敗而走，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)率軍(jun)追擊(ji)(ji)，翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)釗(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)只身逃到(dao)(dao)西燕，后又(you)被慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)永殺死。

消滅西燕

建興(xing)八年(nian)(nian)（393年(nian)(nian)），慕容(rong)垂開始籌備攻(gong)打西燕。后燕將領(ling)又(you)顯得顧(gu)慮重(zhong)重(zhong)，認(ren)為后燕士兵連年(nian)(nian)征討，十分(fen)疲憊，有待休(xiu)整。只有范陽王慕容(rong)德同(tong)意(yi)伐西燕。慕容(rong)垂很高(gao)興(xing)地(di)說(shuo)：“吾(wu)計(ji)決矣。且(qie)吾(wu)投老(lao)，扣囊底智，足以克之，不復留逆賊(zei)以累子孫也！”以確立后燕的正(zheng)統性與后世(shi)安定。

建興九年（394年），慕容垂大軍在鄴城西南集結，卻一個多月不向西燕境(jing)內進(jin)發。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)永(yong)(yong)開始(shi)疑(yi)神疑(yi)鬼，懷疑(yi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)會從太(tai)(tai)行(xing)山(shan)山(shan)道突(tu)入其(qi)境(jing)，趕緊分兵去封鎖太(tai)(tai)行(xing)山(shan)口，在正(zheng)面防御點(dian)臺(tai)(tai)壁(bi)只留下(xia)一支軍(jun)(jun)隊。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)等見此情景，遣部從臺(tai)(tai)壁(bi)進(jin)攻，兩軍(jun)(jun)一交手，西燕潰敗(bai)(bai)，臺(tai)(tai)壁(bi)遭(zao)圍。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)永(yong)(yong)只得(de)又從太(tai)(tai)行(xing)山(shan)召回守軍(jun)(jun)五萬多人(ren)，然(ran)而刁云(yun)、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)鐘軍(jun)(jun)無斗志，投降了后燕。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)在臺(tai)(tai)壁(bi)以南擺下(xia)陣勢，與(yu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)永(yong)(yong)會戰(zhan)，事先還(huan)安排(pai)了驍騎(qi)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)國的(de)精(jing)銳(rui)騎(qi)兵做埋伏(fu)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)假裝敗(bai)(bai)退，將(jiang)(jiang)西燕軍(jun)(jun)引(yin)入包圍圈，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)國從其(qi)背后殺出，一場大戰(zhan)，西燕軍(jun)(jun)光(guang)被斬首的(de)人(ren)數就達八千，重鎮(zhen)晉陽(yang)也跟著丟失。?

慕(mu)容永(yong)退守(shou)國(guo)都長子，向東晉(jin)和(he)(he)北魏求救。兩(liang)方的(de)(de)援軍尚未(wei)趕(gan)到，西(xi)燕別部的(de)(de)大逸豆歸手下的(de)(de)將領便打開城門(men)迎入(ru)慕(mu)容垂。慕(mu)容垂將慕(mu)容永(yong)和(he)(he)西(xi)燕的(de)(de)公卿大臣悉(xi)數斬首，西(xi)燕滅亡。

燕魏交兵

主詞目：參(can)合陂之戰

后(hou)燕(yan)在(zai)滅翟魏吞西燕(yan)后(hou)，慕容垂建立的后(hou)燕(yan)也隨之轉(zhuan)盛而衰。

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂在(zai)南征北(bei)戰的(de)過(guo)程中留下了(le)一內(nei)一外(wai)兩大隱(yin)患(huan)。其內(nei)部的(de)隱(yin)患(huan)，便(bian)是(shi)(shi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)家好內(nei)斗。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)鮮卑在(zai)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂及(ji)其子(zi)侄(zhi)這兩代可謂人(ren)才濟(ji)濟(ji)，如慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂異母弟范陽王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)德，兒子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)寶、趙王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)麟、遼西王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)農、高陽王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)隆(long)，侄(zhi)子(zi)太(tai)原(yuan)王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)楷、陳留王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)紹。這些人(ren)在(zai)后(hou)燕平定(ding)北(bei)方時(shi)各(ge)自叱(chi)咤一方。后(hou)燕國土占據著半(ban)個北(bei)中國，其東北(bei)是(shi)(shi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)農，東南是(shi)(shi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)德，西北(bei)是(shi)(shi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)麟，又慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)隆(long)、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)紹、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)楷分別(bie)居于東、南、西，中央需要較大的(de)向心力。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂年紀已大，把國事(shi)大事(shi)交給太(tai)子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)寶，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)寶才大智粗，不堪其任。后(hou)燕外(wai)部的(de)隱(yin)患(huan)源(yuan)自與北(bei)魏(wei)的(de)外(wai)交。后(hou)燕消(xiao)滅丁(ding)零(ling)翟氏的(de)前一年，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂為(wei)了(le)平定(ding)北(bei)方，再次出兵幫(bang)助了(le)臣服于后(hou)燕的(de)拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪。拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪憑借后(hou)燕的(de)援兵，與劉(liu)衛(wei)辰展開決戰，一舉將其擊(ji)潰，并乘勝占據了(le)鐵弗部的(de)領(ling)地。劉(liu)衛(wei)辰在(zai)亂軍(jun)中被(bei)殺，五千多劉(liu)氏宗族被(bei)拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪全部斬首，扔進黃河。

拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪(gui)(gui)驅走(zou)鐵(tie)弗，掠奪(duo)百萬計的(de)牛羊馬，勢力大(da)增，逐(zhu)漸萌生問鼎中(zhong)原的(de)野(ye)心。388年(nian)八月(yue)，拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪(gui)(gui)專門派自(zi)己(ji)(ji)的(de)堂兄拓(tuo)跋(ba)儀(yi)(yi)前(qian)往(wang)中(zhong)山探(tan)聽虛實。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂接見了(le)拓(tuo)跋(ba)儀(yi)(yi)，詰問他：“魏(wei)王(wang)(wang)怎么不(bu)自(zi)己(ji)(ji)來？”拓(tuo)跋(ba)儀(yi)(yi)答道：“我們(men)(men)拓(tuo)跋(ba)氏自(zi)先人以(yi)來，居住在北方，現(xian)今仍是(shi)(shi)如此。當年(nian)先王(wang)(wang)拓(tuo)跋(ba)猗盧被(bei)晉朝皇(huang)(huang)帝封(feng)為代王(wang)(wang)，與你(ni)(ni)們(men)(men)的(de)祖先共事一(yi)朝，彼此都是(shi)(shi)兄弟(di)。如今我奉命出使(shi)(shi)，并無失禮之(zhi)處。”慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂又問：“朕兵強馬壯，威加四海，你(ni)(ni)們(men)(men)主(zhu)(zhu)公(gong)竟敢(gan)不(bu)來見朕，怎么可以(yi)說(shuo)沒有失禮之(zhi)處呢？”拓(tuo)跋(ba)儀(yi)(yi)搖頭道：“燕國如若不(bu)修文德，以(yi)為靠(kao)著強大(da)的(de)軍力就(jiu)能(neng)夠稱霸天下的(de)話(hua)，那就(jiu)得問問我國的(de)將帥，輪不(bu)到(dao)我這(zhe)個使(shi)(shi)臣來說(shuo)話(hua)了(le)。”拓(tuo)跋(ba)儀(yi)(yi)一(yi)席話(hua)說(shuo)得有理有節，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂就(jiu)放(fang)了(le)他。拓(tuo)跋(ba)儀(yi)(yi)回(hui)來對(dui)拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪(gui)(gui)說(shuo)：“燕國皇(huang)(huang)帝年(nian)老，太子暗弱(ruo)，范(fan)陽(yang)王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)德又很(hen)自(zi)負，恐怕不(bu)會安(an)心做(zuo)少主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)臣子。只要慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂一(yi)死，燕國必有內亂，到(dao)時(shi)候(hou)天下自(zi)然(ran)是(shi)(shi)我們(men)(men)的(de)，現(xian)今還不(bu)是(shi)(shi)動手(shou)的(de)時(shi)候(hou)。”拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪(gui)(gui)很(hen)是(shi)(shi)高興，便暗中(zhong)積蓄力量(liang)，以(yi)待天時(shi)。

事件導火線始(shi)于(yu)慕(mu)容子弟強行扣(kou)留(liu)拓(tuo)跋(ba)觚。建(jian)興七年（391）七月，拓(tuo)跋(ba)觚出使燕(yan)國(guo)，當時(shi)慕(mu)容垂(chui)年已衰老，慕(mu)容氏子弟主(zhu)持著一些政(zheng)務，為了(le)要求北魏進獻良馬，強行扣(kou)留(liu)了(le)拓(tuo)跋(ba)觚。拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪不給，與(yu)后(hou)燕(yan)斷(duan)絕了(le)外交(jiao)。

兩年(nian)后(hou)，后(hou)燕軍(jun)攻(gong)打西燕，拓跋珪不念燕、魏從前同盟多年(nian)，積極出兵援(yuan)助慕容永，此(ci)事令(ling)慕容垂很惱火。

滅西燕后，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)本已(yi)身染(ran)重病，不想用(yong)兵，但在慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)寶等人(ren)的慫恿下，于(yu)建興(xing)十(shi)年（395）五(wu)月派慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)寶、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)農、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)麟率(lv)領大軍(jun)八萬伐魏(wei)，又(you)讓慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)德(de)、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)紹另(ling)率(lv)步騎兵一萬八千人(ren)做后繼。散騎常(chang)侍高湖苦(ku)諫，惹得慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)大怒，免了他的官。

慕(mu)容寶的軍(jun)隊開到(dao)五(wu)原（今(jin)內蒙古包頭西(xi)北）的黃(huang)河北岸(an)，南岸(an)的拓跋珪先(xian)派人在中山到(dao)五(wu)原的路上截獲后燕傳(chuan)送消息的使(shi)者，使(shi)得連續幾個月慕(mu)容垂的消息都無法(fa)傳(chuan)到(dao)后燕大軍(jun)營(ying)中。拓跋珪又(you)拉上抓(zhua)來的后燕使(shi)者到(dao)黃(huang)河岸(an)邊喊話：“你老爹已(yi)死(si)，還不早早回去！”慕(mu)容寶等人此(ci)時(shi)又(you)擔(dan)心又(you)害(hai)怕，后燕的士(shi)兵們(men)更(geng)是軍(jun)心動搖。?

后(hou)燕(yan)的(de)軍隊處(chu)境(jing)艱難，這邊拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪則安排停當，他派拓(tuo)跋(ba)虔、拓(tuo)跋(ba)儀各領數萬(wan)騎兵駐(zhu)扎在河東(dong)、河北(bei)，又(you)讓拓(tuo)跋(ba)遵(zun)領了(le)(le)七萬(wan)騎兵悄(qiao)悄(qiao)地(di)繞到了(le)(le)燕(yan)軍的(de)東(dong)南面，也就是燕(yan)軍的(de)退路上。

從九月開始，燕軍(jun)和魏軍(jun)在(zai)五原一(yi)帶相(xiang)持(chi)近(jin)一(yi)個月，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)寶(bao)(bao)的軍(jun)隊(dui)從一(yi)支驕兵變(bian)成了羸兵，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)寶(bao)(bao)雖然心(xin)中(zhong)發虛，卻沒有撤退的意思。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)麟(lin)手下有個叫(jiao)做慕(mu)(mu)輿(yu)嵩的部(bu)將覺(jue)得慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂是(shi)真的死(si)了，糾合部(bu)將作亂，擁立慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)麟(lin)做皇帝。事情敗露，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)寶(bao)(bao)把慕(mu)(mu)輿(yu)嵩等人(ren)給殺了，寶(bao)(bao)、麟(lin)兩人(ren)由(you)此互相(xiang)猜忌(ji)。

燕(yan)軍(jun)就在(zai)這樣的狀(zhuang)況下(xia)(xia)支撐到了十月底，此時的五原地區(qu)已(yi)是(shi)寒風(feng)凜(lin)冽，冬(dong)日(ri)來臨，慕(mu)容寶下(xia)(xia)令燒掉渡船撤(che)軍(jun)。當時的黃河(he)水還未結冰，慕(mu)容寶認(ren)定(ding)魏軍(jun)沒(mei)有(you)足夠的船只，不可能渡河(he)追擊(ji)，無(wu)須采取任何防備措(cuo)施，燕(yan)軍(jun)一路向(xiang)東撤(che)去(qu)。拓跋珪(gui)在(zai)南岸并未馬上行動(dong)，燕(yan)軍(jun)撤(che)退(tui)后(hou)的第八天，天氣突變，刮起(qi)暴風(feng)，河(he)水迅速凍合。拓跋珪(gui)大喜過望，留下(xia)(xia)所有(you)輜重，連(lian)夜點起(qi)二(er)萬精(jing)銳騎兵，全(quan)速沖(chong)過黃河(he)，朝著燕(yan)軍(jun)撤(che)退(tui)的方向(xiang)追去(qu)。

疲憊不(bu)(bu)堪、士氣低落的(de)(de)后燕軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊走到(dao)參(can)合陂(po)（今內蒙(meng)古涼(liang)城岱海），已近傍(bang)晚(wan)時(shi)分。“天有不(bu)(bu)測(ce)風云(yun)”，這個時(shi)候一陣大風平(ping)地(di)而起(qi)，只見一道(dao)黑氣如長堤一般，自燕軍(jun)(jun)(jun)身后鋪卷(juan)而來，最后完全罩住了整個軍(jun)(jun)(jun)隊。士兵(bing)們(men)本已十分脆弱的(de)(de)心(xin)靈又蒙(meng)上(shang)(shang)一層陰(yin)影，一個名叫支(zhi)曇(tan)(tan)猛(meng)(meng)的(de)(de)和尚頓覺不(bu)(bu)安(an)，向(xiang)慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶進言：“狂風暴虐，乃(nai)是魏兵(bing)將要來到(dao)的(de)(de)征兆，我軍(jun)(jun)(jun)應當作好抵御準備。”滿(man)以(yi)為(wei)魏軍(jun)(jun)(jun)早被(bei)拋下很(hen)遠的(de)(de)慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶只笑不(bu)(bu)答。支(zhi)曇(tan)(tan)猛(meng)(meng)再三請求(qiu)，在(zai)旁邊聽得不(bu)(bu)耐煩的(de)(de)慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟(lin)(lin)氣呼呼地(di)說(shuo)：“以(yi)殿下的(de)(de)神(shen)武(wu)，我軍(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)強盛，足(zu)以(yi)橫行沙漠，小(xiao)小(xiao)的(de)(de)索(suo)虜(lu)（燕人(ren)鄙視同宗的(de)(de)北魏，罵其為(wei)索(suo)虜(lu)）豈(qi)敢遠道(dao)追來？應該(gai)把這該(gai)死的(de)(de)和尚斬首示眾以(yi)消顧慮！”支(zhi)曇(tan)(tan)猛(meng)(meng)痛哭(ku)流涕：“苻堅擁(yong)百萬(wan)雄(xiong)師，卻大敗于(yu)淮南，正是由于(yu)恃眾輕敵，不(bu)(bu)相信(xin)天道(dao)的(de)(de)緣故啊(a)！”司徒慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)德見此情景，支(zhi)曇(tan)(tan)猛(meng)(meng)也(ye)算一片忠心(xin)，于(yu)是也(ye)勸慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶聽從支(zhi)曇(tan)(tan)猛(meng)(meng)的(de)(de)話(hua)，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶這才(cai)讓慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟(lin)(lin)帶上(shang)(shang)三萬(wan)騎兵(bing)殿后以(yi)防萬(wan)一。慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟(lin)(lin)根本不(bu)(bu)信(xin)支(zhi)曇(tan)(tan)猛(meng)(meng)的(de)(de)胡話(hua)，在(zai)大軍(jun)(jun)(jun)后面放(fang)縱士兵(bing)四處游獵，不(bu)(bu)做好設防準備。

魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)晝夜兼(jian)程、連日急行(xing)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)追趕(gan)。乙(yi)酉，魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)在暮色里終于(yu)趕(gan)到(dao)參合(he)陂西面。燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)又走了(le)一(yi)段路，就停下腳步，在參合(he)陂東(dong)邊(bian)的(de)蟠(pan)羊山(shan)南面依水扎(zha)營。拓跋(ba)珪發現燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)近在咫尺，連夜部署進(jin)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)計(ji)劃，各將領分別帶(dai)兵，士兵銜枚，戰馬(ma)束口，暗(an)暗(an)向燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)靠(kao)近。第二天(tian)日出時分，魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)全部登上山(shan)頂(ding)，腳下便(bian)是(shi)燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)大營。這時燕(yan)(yan)國的(de)士兵們正伸(shen)著(zhu)懶腰，緩步走出營寨，準備向東(dong)進(jin)發，猛一(yi)回頭，眼(yan)前(qian)竟是(shi)嚴陣以(yi)待的(de)北魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊。燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)頓時慌作(zuo)一(yi)團。拓跋(ba)珪手一(yi)抬(tai)，二萬精騎兵以(yi)排山(shan)倒海之勢(shi)沖殺過來。燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)紛(fen)紛(fen)逃入水中(zhong)，人(ren)馬(ma)相互踐踏(ta)，踩(cai)死(si)的(de)、淹死(si)的(de)數(shu)以(yi)萬計(ji)。拓跋(ba)遵率部轉到(dao)燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)前(qian)方進(jin)行(xing)阻截，燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)最(zui)后一(yi)道(dao)心理(li)防(fang)線終于(yu)崩(beng)潰，四(si)五萬人(ren)全部乖乖地放下武器，舉(ju)手投(tou)降。從亂軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)中(zhong)逃出的(de)不(bu)足數(shu)千，慕容(rong)寶、慕容(rong)農、慕容(rong)麟、慕容(rong)德等人(ren)憑著(zhu)馬(ma)快，才撿了(le)性命。慕容(rong)垂的(de)侄子燕(yan)(yan)右仆陳留悼(dao)王(wang)慕容(rong)紹也不(bu)幸戰死(si)，其余(yu)被生俘的(de)慕容(rong)氏等文武將吏數(shu)千人(ren)。魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)獲得燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)數(shu)以(yi)萬計(ji)的(de)兵甲糧貨。

拓跋(ba)珪大獲全勝，他從(cong)燕(yan)軍(jun)的俘虜中挑了些(xie)可(ke)用(yong)之才留在北(bei)魏，其余的人(ren)準備(bei)悉數發還衣物糧食(shi)，遣送回國(guo)，也(ye)是(shi)借機招攬(lan)中原人(ren)心。他的中部大人(ren)王(wang)建說(shuo)：“燕(yan)國(guo)強(qiang)盛，這次(ci)傾全國(guo)之力前來，我軍(jun)僥幸取勝，不如殺(sha)掉降卒，將(jiang)來它(ta)們(men)再無(wu)可(ke)用(yong)之兵(bing)，打敗(bai)他們(men)就易(yi)如反掌了！”拓跋(ba)珪嘆道：“若聽從(cong)你的話，只怕我將(jiang)陷于不仁不義之地。”然而(er)魏國(guo)的將(jiang)領對后燕(yan)尚心有(you)余悸，都認為王(wang)建說(shuo)得(de)有(you)理，拓跋(ba)珪便下一道命令，將(jiang)四五(wu)萬后燕(yan)士兵(bing)全部活(huo)埋！

慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶回到中山(shan)，向父親陳述(shu)失敗的(de)(de)慘狀，竭力請求再次伐魏。旁邊慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德又說：“索(suo)虜碰(peng)巧打(da)了這(zhe)場勝仗，打(da)心眼瞧不上太子(zi)了，如(ru)果不以陛下(xia)的(de)(de)神武把他們制(zhi)服(fu)，恐怕(pa)后(hou)患無窮。”七十歲(sui)的(de)(de)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂聽了這(zhe)話，決定親自出(chu)征，為(wei)身后(hou)的(de)(de)燕國謀取生存的(de)(de)空(kong)間。他讓慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)隆(long)和慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)盛調集舊都龍城(cheng)的(de)(de)精兵來到中山(shan)，約(yue)定次年（396）大舉西征，攻打(da)北魏。

軍容(rong)精整的龍城精騎進(jin)入中山(shan)，后(hou)燕(yan)的士氣重新振作(zuo)。三(san)月，慕容(rong)垂親率燕(yan)軍秘密出發(fa)，鑿開太行山(shan)道，出其不(bu)(bu)意(yi)地直逼北(bei)魏(wei)占據(ju)的平(ping)城（今(jin)山(shan)西大同）。拓跋(ba)(ba)虔(qian)的三(san)萬軍馬(ma)駐守此(ci)地。慕容(rong)垂派慕容(rong)農和慕容(rong)隆(long)率領(ling)龍城精兵充當前鋒，突(tu)襲平(ping)城。拓跋(ba)(ba)虔(qian)一向不(bu)(bu)設防(fang)備(bei)，看到燕(yan)軍來攻，才倉促出戰，龍城兵是(shi)燕(yan)國戰斗(dou)力最強的鮮卑舊部，一個個奮勇爭先，如下山(shan)猛虎，魏(wei)軍招架(jia)不(bu)(bu)住(zhu)，拓跋(ba)(ba)虔(qian)戰死，殘部全部被后(hou)燕(yan)收編(bian)。拓跋(ba)(ba)虔(qian)是(shi)拓跋(ba)(ba)珪的弟(di)弟(di)，在北(bei)魏(wei)威望(wang)不(bu)(bu)小(xiao)，他的死訊傳(chuan)來，拓跋(ba)(ba)珪大驚(jing)失色，就(jiu)想(xiang)逃走，北(bei)魏(wei)各部都開始心懷二意(yi)，拓跋(ba)(ba)珪竟不(bu)(bu)知往哪里逃。

病重身亡

燕軍(jun)一路(lu)前(qian)行，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂來到了昔(xi)日戰場參合陂(po)。萬人坑上(shang)的泥土(tu)猶新，曾經還是生(sheng)龍活虎的數萬士卒(zu)(zu)已成堆積如山的尸骨，無(wu)數冤魂仿(fang)佛還在山間(jian)飄(piao)蕩。燕軍(jun)設下(xia)祭壇，死(si)難將士的父兄一起(qi)放(fang)聲(sheng)痛(tong)哭，聲(sheng)音響徹山谷。白發蒼(cang)蒼(cang)的慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂面對此情此景，心中又慚又恨，那最后(hou)一點戰斗(dou)的氣神再也無(wu)法堅持下(xia)去，哇(wa)的一口鮮(xian)血吐了出來，舊疾發作，乘(cheng)著馬輿(yu)前(qian)進(jin)，在平城西北三(san)十里(li)休整(zheng)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶等人的前(qian)軍(jun)也只好全部(bu)撤(che)退。拓跋珪(gui)得到后(hou)燕叛卒(zu)(zu)的消息，本想乘(cheng)隙追趕，聽說平城淪(lun)陷(xian)，便引(yin)兵退回(hui)陰山。

慕容垂在平城停留了十天，修了座燕昌城（欲昌則不(bu)昌），便匆匆返回(hui)，他在歸途中(zhong)病逝于上谷郡的沮陽（今河北懷來(lai)東(dong)南），終年(nian)七十一(yi)歲。

主要成就

慕(mu)容(rong)垂13歲即隨父征戰，才(cai)兼文武，勇猛多謀。前(qian)(qian)(qian)燕慕(mu)容(rong)皝十(shi)一(yi)年(nian)（344），慕(mu)容(rong)垂任(ren)前(qian)(qian)(qian)鋒(feng)都督(du)，建鋒(feng)將(jiang)軍。次(ci)年(nian)，率兵(bing)2萬(wan)自東(dong)道出徒河（今錦州）南(nan)(nan)下，與(yu)(yu)燕王慕(mu)容(rong)儁等會師，攻(gong)取后(hou)趙幽州（治今北(bei)京城西南(nan)(nan)）等地，并(bing)勸燕王勿殺降卒，以服人(ren)心。元璽三(san)年(nian)（354），受封為吳王。光壽(shou)元年(nian)（357），參與(yu)(yu)攻(gong)討敕(chi)勒，俘斬十(shi)余萬(wan)人(ren)。建熙(xi)六年(nian)（365），與(yu)(yu)太(tai)宰慕(mu)容(rong)恪合力(li)攻(gong)占東(dong)晉(jin)(jin)洛(luo)陽（今河南(nan)(nan)洛(luo)陽東(dong)北(bei)）后(hou)，任(ren)征南(nan)(nan)大(da)將(jiang)軍、荊州牧等職，領兵(bing)萬(wan)人(ren)，鎮魯(lu)陽（今魯(lu)山）。十(shi)年(nian)，在桓溫攻(gong)前(qian)(qian)(qian)燕之戰中(zhong)，大(da)敗晉(jin)(jin)軍，威名大(da)振。

是(shi)年(nian)十一(yi)月，因前(qian)燕(yan)內訌，西投(tou)前(qian)秦，為秦主(zhu)苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅所賞識，任(ren)冠軍(jun)(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)。十一(yi)年(nian)，前(qian)秦滅前(qian)燕(yan)，慕容(rong)垂(chui)至鄴(ye)（今河(he)北(bei)臨漳西南），密圖興復。后(hou)轉京(jing)兆(zhao)尹(yin)，參加(jia)征(zheng)伐，皆有大功，但為前(qian)秦權貴猜(cai)忌、壓(ya)抑。前(qian)秦建元(yuan)十八年(nian)（382），不顧多數朝臣的反(fan)對，力勸苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅進(jin)攻(gong)東晉。十九年(nian)七月，東晉車騎將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)桓沖(chong)攻(gong)襄陽(yang)(yang)（今屬湖北(bei)襄樊），征(zheng)南將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)苻(fu)(fu)(fu)叡率(lv)步騎5萬(wan)援救，慕容(rong)垂(chui)為前(qian)鋒。垂(chui)命(ming)士卒(zu)多燃(ran)火炬，光(guang)照數十里，嚇退晉軍(jun)(jun)。是(shi)年(nian)，淝水之戰，秦兵慘敗，唯慕容(rong)垂(chui)軍(jun)(jun)3萬(wan)屯據鄖城（今安(an)陸）無損。苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅率(lv)所剩千余騎往(wang)赴，慕容(rong)垂(chui)悉以兵歸堅。旋丁零族翟斌起兵反(fan)秦，謀攻(gong)洛(luo)陽(yang)(yang)，慕容(rong)垂(chui)受命(ming)進(jin)討。二(er)十年(nian)，至滎(ying)陽(yang)(yang)（今河(he)南滎(ying)陽(yang)(yang)東北(bei)），起兵反(fan)秦，稱燕(yan)王（史稱后(hou)燕(yan)），率(lv)眾(zhong)攻(gong)鄴(ye)，拔外(wai)城。苻(fu)(fu)(fu)丕求援于(yu)東晉。后(hou)燕(yan)燕(yan)元(yuan)二(er)年(nian)（385）四月，兵敗后(hou)伺(si)機反(fan)擊，大破援鄴(ye)之晉軍(jun)(jun)。十二(er)月，定都中山(shan)（今河(he)北(bei)定州(zhou)）。

建(jian)興二年（387），發(fa)兵(bing)討溫詳等叛(pan)軍(jun)(jun)，迫叛(pan)眾3萬(wan)(wan)余戶歸后燕(yan)(yan)。又遣(qian)(qian)兵(bing)南(nan)下，進占歷城（今(jin)(jin)濟南(nan)），迫使青、兗、徐三(san)(san)州郡(jun)縣多數壁(bi)壘出降(jiang)。七年六月(yue)(yue)，攻討丁零族翟(zhai)釗于黎(li)陽（今(jin)(jin)河南(nan)浚(jun)縣東(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)），以(yi)牛皮船百余艘，偽列(lie)兵(bing)仗，溯流西(xi)上，而潛軍(jun)(jun)于東(dong)夜渡，營于河南(nan)，堅(jian)壁(bi)不戰，使翟(zhai)釗兵(bing)往來疲憊(bei)，再行(xing)夾擊，盡獲(huo)其(qi)眾。九年，攻西(xi)燕(yan)(yan)主慕(mu)容永(yong)(yong)，先分處置(zhi)疑(yi)兵(bing)以(yi)誘敵，自率(lv)大軍(jun)(jun)屯鄴城西(xi)南(nan)，月(yue)(yue)余不進；待慕(mu)容永(yong)(yong)發(fa)兵(bing)分道拒守，即乘虛(xu)直入，連(lian)破西(xi)燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)，進圍臺壁(bi)（今(jin)(jin)山西(xi)襄垣東(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)）。繼又佯(yang)退(tui)，誘其(qi)追入設伏地帶，實行(xing)圍擊，大破慕(mu)容永(yong)(yong)，滅(mie)亡西(xi)燕(yan)(yan)。十年，遣(qian)(qian)子(zi)慕(mu)容寶率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)9.8萬(wan)(wan)攻北(bei)(bei)(bei)魏，在參合陂之戰遭(zao)慘(can)敗。次(ci)年三(san)(san)月(yue)(yue)，親自率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)攻北(bei)(bei)(bei)魏。閏三(san)(san)月(yue)(yue)，襲取平(ping)城（今(jin)(jin)山西(xi)大同東(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)），大敗魏軍(jun)(jun)，收其(qi)部(bu)落(luo)3萬(wan)(wan)余家。

歷史評價

崔(cui)浩：“垂藉父兄(xiong)之(zhi)資，修復舊業，國(guo)人歸之(zhi)，若(ruo)夜蟲(chong)之(zhi)就火，少加倚(yi)仗，易(yi)以立功。”

房玄齡等《晉書》：“慕容垂(chui)天資(zi)(zi)英(ying)杰(jie)，威震本朝，以雄(xiong)略(lve)見(jian)猜而(er)(er)(er)(er)庇身(shen)寬政，永固受之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)以禮，道明事之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)(er)(er)畢(bi)力。然而(er)(er)(er)(er)隼質難羈，狼心自野。淮(huai)南失律，三甥(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)謀已構；河朔分麾，五木之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)祥云啟。斬飛龍而(er)(er)(er)(er)遐舉，逾石門而(er)(er)(er)(er)長(chang)邁，遂(sui)使翟氏景從，鄴師宵逸，收羅趙、魏，驅駕(jia)英(ying)雄(xiong)。叩囊(nang)余(yu)(yu)奇，摧(cui)五萬(wan)于河曲；浮船(chuan)秘策，招七郡于黎陽。返遼陰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舊物，創中山(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)新社，類(lei)帝(di)禋宗(zong)，僭擬斯備。夫以重耳歸晉，賴(lai)五臣(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功；句踐紿吳，資(zi)(zi)五千之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)卒。惡有業殊二霸，眾微一旅，掎(ji)拔而(er)(er)(er)(er)傾山(shan)岳，騰(teng)嘯而(er)(er)(er)(er)御風云！雖(sui)衛人(ren)忘亡復傳于東國，任(ren)好余(yu)(yu)裕伊愧于西鄰，信苻(fu)氏之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奸回，非晉室之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)鯨鯢(ni)矣。”

蔡東藩《兩(liang)晉演義》：“慕容垂(chui)才略過(guo)人，卒(zu)能恢(hui)復燕祚，不可謂非(fei)一世(shi)雄，其獨擇(ze)子(zi)不明，失之于太(tai)子(zi)寶，反以段(duan)后(hou)所(suo)言為營私。”

趣聞軼事

墜馬傷齒

慕容霸小時候很愛出游打獵。有一回，慕容霸在騎馬射獵時不小心從馬背上栽落倒地，竟然還磕掉了牙齒。慕容霸盡管庶出，自小卻很受父親嘉獎與寵愛，他異母嫡兄慕容儁便對他忌恨不已。慕容儁即位燕王后，為報復奚落慕容霸，抖落他早年磕牙的糗事，便讓他改名“