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傳奇少年

咸康(kang)五年(nian)（前(qian)燕六年(nian)，339年(nian)），慕(mu)容霸(ba)13歲(sui)。慕(mu)容皝擊高(gao)句(ju)(ju)麗，兵及新城，高(gao)句(ju)(ju)麗王釗乞盟，乃還(huan)。慕(mu)容皝又使(shi)授予慕(mu)容霸(ba)為騎都尉，令其跟隨其兄長慕(mu)容恪（慕(mu)容皝第四子）擊宇(yu)文別部。時年(nian)慕(mu)容霸(ba)年(nian)僅(jin)十(shi)三歲(sui)，卻(que)勇(yong)冠三軍(jun)。

慕(mu)(mu)容霸甚得父親寵(chong)愛，甚至比起身為世子的哥哥慕(mu)(mu)容儁更多，故此慕(mu)(mu)容儁忿(fen)忿(fen)不平。

屢立戰功

咸康八年（前燕九年，342年），慕容霸16歲。燕王慕容皝(huang)率(lv)軍攻(gong)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)句(ju)麗(li)。時前(qian)燕與(yu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)句(ju)麗(li)相鄰，慕容皝(huang)常懼(ju)其乘虛 入，視(shi)為(wei)心(xin)腹之患，遂(sui)于(yu)十一(yi)月采用庶兄、建威將軍慕容翰(han)之策(ce)略，分兵兩路進攻(gong)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)句(ju)麗(li)。慕容皝(huang)自率(lv)主力(li)精銳4萬(wan)從南道(dao)進攻(gong)，而慕容霸(ba)則與(yu)慕容翰(han)為(wei)前(qian)鋒。慕容皝(huang)還另命長史王寓等率(lv)兵1.5萬(wan)從北道(dao)進攻(gong)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)句(ju)麗(li)王高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)釗(zhao)聞知，判斷燕軍主力(li)必從北道(dao)而來，乃使其弟高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)武率(lv)精兵5萬(wan)防(fang)守北道(dao)，自率(lv)弱旅防(fang)南道(dao)。前(qian)燕軍在南道(dao)大(da)敗(bai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)句(ju)麗(li)軍，乘勝追入丸都（高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)句(ju)麗(li)都城，今吉林集安西），高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)釗(zhao)只身(shen)逃走。

東晉建元二(er)(er)年（前(qian)燕十一年，344年），慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)霸(ba)(ba)18歲。二(er)(er)月，燕王慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)親自帶兵攻(gong)宇(yu)文(wen)逸豆歸，以(yi)建威將軍慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)翰為前(qian)鋒將軍，劉佩(pei)為副將；并命慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)霸(ba)(ba)與慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)軍、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪(ke)及折沖將軍慕(mu)(mu)輿根等率(lv)兵分三路(lu)并進(jin)。宇(yu)文(wen)逸豆歸派南羅城(cheng)大（即城(cheng)主）涉夜(ye)(ye)干(gan)率(lv)精兵迎擊；慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)翰出(chu)戰(zhan)涉夜(ye)(ye)干(gan)，兩軍激戰(zhan)之時，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)霸(ba)(ba)則率(lv)軍從側翼殺(sha)出(chu)，殺(sha)涉夜(ye)(ye)干(gan)，宇(yu)文(wen)軍不(bu)戰(zhan)自潰，燕軍乘(cheng)勝追擊，攻(gong)克宇(yu)文(wen)氏(shi)都(dou)城(cheng)紫蒙(meng)川（今(jin)遼寧朝陽西北）。宇(yu)文(wen)逸豆歸敗逃，死于(yu)漠(mo)北。宇(yu)文(wen)氏(shi)從此散亡，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)皝(huang)收(shou)其畜產，徙其部眾5000余落(luo)于(yu)昌黎，辟地(di)千余里，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)霸(ba)(ba)因功被封為都(dou)鄉侯。

東晉永和元年（345年），后趙將(jiang)領(ling)鄧(deng)(deng)恒領(ling)兵數(shu)萬駐屯樂(le)安（今河北(bei)樂(le)亭縣(xian)東北(bei)），意圖并吞前燕(yan)。慕容皝以(yi)慕容霸為平(ping)狄(di)將(jiang)軍，駐軍徒河（今遼寧錦州(zhou)西北(bei)），鄧(deng)(deng)恒因(yin)為畏(wei)懼慕容霸而不(bu)敢進犯。

東晉(jin)永和四年(nian)(nian)（348年(nian)(nian)），時年(nian)(nian)22歲，燕王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝去世，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)皝次子慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)俊即燕王(wang)位，就以慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)霸曾經墮馬而撞斷(duan)了牙齒為由改其名(ming)為“慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)夬“，后更(geng)去“夬”而改名(ming)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)。

永和五(wu)年(nian)（349年(nian)），后趙(zhao)主石(shi)虎死，后趙(zhao)大亂。可慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)俊卻認為(wei)后趙(zhao)新遭大喪，未(wei)同意進取中(zhong)原。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)霸急至龍城(cheng)（今遼寧朝(chao)陽），親自(zi)對慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)說：“難(nan)得而(er)易失者，時(shi)也。萬(wan)一石(shi)氏(shi)衰而(er)復興(xing)，或有英雄據(ju)其成資(zi)，豈惟失此大利，亦恐更為(wei)后患。”于是，在封奕等人的支持下，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁(jun)以(yi)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂為(wei)前(qian)鋒(feng)都督(du)、建鋒(feng)將軍(jun)，選二十多萬(wan)精(jing)兵(bing)準備伐趙(zhao)。

永和六年（350年）二(er)月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁命慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)領二(er)萬兵(bing)(bing)經(jing)循(xun)東路經(jing)徒河伐(fa)趙(zhao)(zhao)，另遣慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿于(yu)出(chu)(chu)西(xi)道，自率(lv)中軍(jun)，兵(bing)(bing)分三路伐(fa)趙(zhao)(zhao)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)到(dao)三陘(xing)（今(jin)河北(bei)(bei)撫(fu)寧縣矛石(shi)山），鄧恒(heng)驚懼而燒(shao)倉(cang)庫出(chu)(chu)逃，退保薊(ji)(ji)城（今(jin)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)）。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)到(dao)后(hou)(hou)盡收樂(le)安、北(bei)(bei)平兩郡兵(bing)(bing)糧，與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁會(hui)合共攻薊(ji)(ji)城。三月，燕(yan)軍(jun)攻下(xia)薊(ji)(ji)城，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)勸止(zhi)了(le)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁盡坑(keng)后(hou)(hou)趙(zhao)(zhao)士卒的決定。不久慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)儁又親率(lv)軍(jun)隊進攻鄧恒(heng)，至清梁（今(jin)河北(bei)(bei)清苑縣西(xi)南(nan)）時趙(zhao)(zhao)將鹿(lu)(lu)勃(bo)早(zao)(zao)率(lv)數(shu)千人夜襲(xi)(xi)燕(yan)軍(jun)，突入(ru)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)幕(mu)下(xia)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)于(yu)是奮力反擊(ji)，手刃了(le)十多人，遏制了(le)鹿(lu)(lu)勃(bo)早(zao)(zao)的攻擊(ji)，及后(hou)(hou)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿根(gen)等人領兵(bing)(bing)擊(ji)敗鹿(lu)(lu)勃(bo)早(zao)(zao)，成功擊(ji)退了(le)來襲(xi)(xi)。

永和(he)八年（352年）三月，趙立(li)義(yi)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)段勤聚(ju)胡、羯(jie)萬余人(ren)保據繹幕，自稱趙帝。慕(mu)容(rong)霸率(lv)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)前去攻打，慕(mu)容(rong)霸軍(jun)(jun)(jun)至繹幕，段勤與弟段思陪舉城(cheng)投(tou)降。由于燕(yan)衛(wei)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)容(rong)恪、撫軍(jun)(jun)(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)容(rong)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)、左將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)慕(mu)容(rong)彪等屢(lv)薦慕(mu)容(rong)霸有命世之(zhi)才，宜當(dang)大(da)任(ren)。燕(yan)主慕(mu)容(rong)俊(jun)遂(sui)于同年以(yi)慕(mu)容(rong)霸為使持節、安(an)東將(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)、北冀州剌史(shi)，鎮(zhen)常山(shan)。

永和(he)十年（354年）四月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)俊稱帝，建號(hao)元璽，史稱前燕。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)霸因訓練軍隊之時，座(zuo)騎受驚而墜(zhui)馬，進而折(zhe)齒，更名為慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂被(bei)封為吳(wu)王，遷鎮信都，以(yi)侍中、右(you)禁將軍錄留臺事，大收東北之利。這便(bian)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)俊更加忌妒慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂，下詔將其召還。

升平(ping)元年(nian)（前燕光(guang)壽元年(nian)，357年(nian)），前燕發兵進攻塞(sai)北(bei)（長城以(yi)北(bei)）敕(chi)勒(le)(le)。敕(chi)勒(le)(le)，又名(ming)丁零，高車。魏(wei)晉南北(bei)朝時，大批敕(chi)勒(le)(le)人入塞(sai)與其(qi)他少數民族雜居(ju)，留(liu)居(ju)漠(mo)北(bei)草原(yuan)的敕(chi)勒(le)(le)則在四世紀(ji)日益(yi)強大，不斷(duan)侵擾中原(yuan)。前燕入居(ju)中原(yuan)后，經(jing)常(chang)遭(zao)到敕(chi)勒(le)(le)人襲擾。同年(nian)五(wu)月，慕容(rong)(rong)俊(jun)派(pai)遣慕容(rong)(rong)垂（時為撫軍(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)）與中軍(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)慕容(rong)(rong)虔、護(hu)軍(jun)將(jiang)軍(jun)平(ping)熙(xi)率步騎8萬進軍(jun)塞(sai)北(bei)，攻敕(chi)勒(le)(le)，大敗之，俘(fu)斬達10余萬人，獲(huo)馬(ma)13萬匹、牛羊無數。北(bei)部邊境復安。

為兄所忌

升平(ping)二(er)年（358年），慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂娶(qu)段(duan)(duan)末柸女段(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)，段(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)子(zi)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶。段(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)才高性烈(lie)，與皇(huang)后可足渾氏(shi)(shi)(shi)不睦，皇(huang)后引以(yi)為(wei)恨。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)俊(jun)向來(lai)對慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂不滿，時有人(ren)奉可足渾之令(ling)告段(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)及(ji)吳國典書(shu)令(ling)遼(liao)東高弼為(wei)巫(wu)蠱，想借(jie)此(ci)把慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂牽連進來(lai)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)俊(jun)將段(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)及(ji)高弼下獄，進行拷問。但二(er)人(ren)“志氣確然，終無撓辭”（《晉書(shu)·慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂載記》）。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂心痛，暗中派(pai)人(ren)對段(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)說：“人(ren)生(sheng)會當一死(si)，何堪(kan)楚毒(du)如(ru)此(ci)！不若引服。”段(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)嘆息(xi)道：“吾(wu)豈愛死(si)者耶(ye)！若自(zi)誣以(yi)惡(e)(e)逆，上辱祖宗，下累于王，固不為(wei)也！”（《晉書(shu)·慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂載記》）后段(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)死(si)于獄中，而(er)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂也因此(ci)得(de)免。出(chu)平(ping)州刺史(shi)，鎮遼(liao)東。并以(yi)段(duan)(duan)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)之妹(mei)為(wei)繼室，皇(huang)后又(you)將其黜之，并將其妹(mei)嫁與慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂心中不滿，這(zhe)使他(ta)與慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)俊(jun)關系(xi)更加惡(e)(e)劣。

升(sheng)平三(san)年（359年）十二月(yue)，慕容(rong)俊(jun)病(bing)危，召慕容(rong)垂回鄴(ye)城（今(jin)河(he)北臨漳(zhang)西南）。

升(sheng)平四年（360年）正月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)俊病逝，太子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)暐即(ji)位。二(er)(er)月(yue)，尊可足(zu)渾(hun)后(hou)為皇太后(hou)，以太原王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪為太宰，專錄朝政(zheng)；上庸王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評為太傅，陽騖為太保(bao)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)(yu)根(gen)為太師，參輔朝政(zheng)。時慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)(yu)根(gen)自恃先朝元勛，心不服慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪，舉動倨(ju)傲(ao)。時太后(hou)可足(zu)渾(hun)氏也頗干預外(wai)事。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)(yu)根(gen)想(xiang)要謀反，便勸(quan)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪一起謀反，遭到(dao)拒絕。后(hou)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪將此事告之于慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂便勸(quan)其誅(zhu)殺(sha)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)(yu)根(gen)，但慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪以大局為重，沒有同意。后(hou)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)(yu)根(gen)密謀誅(zhu)殺(sha)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)評，二(er)(er)人聞(wen)后(hou)，遂將慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)輿(yu)(yu)根(gen)誅(zhu)殺(sha)。三月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)恪以慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂為使(shi)持節、征南將軍(jun)、都督河南諸(zhu)軍(jun)事、兗州牧、荊州刺史，鎮梁國之蠡(li)臺。

興寧三年(nian)（365年(nian)）二(er)月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)隨慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)共攻洛陽。三月(yue)，克之，俘殺揚武將(jiang)軍(jun)沈(shen)勁。隨即慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)略地至崤、澠，關中大(da)(da)震，秦(qin)(qin)王苻堅屯陜城以(yi)防(fang)燕(yan)軍(jun)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)為(wei)都督荊(jing)、揚、洛、徐、兗、豫、雍、益、涼、秦(qin)(qin)十州諸軍(jun)事、征南大(da)(da)將(jiang)軍(jun)、荊(jing)州牧，配兵(bing)一萬，鎮(zhen)魯(lu)陽。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)變現(xian)出來(lai)的軍(jun)事才能大(da)(da)為(wei)驚(jing)奇，甚(shen)為(wei)倚重。后慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)病(bing)重，深慮慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)暐手中無權，而慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評(ping)又多猜忌。五月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)病(bing)逝(shi)，臨終前，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)暐親臨問以(yi)后事，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪(ke)(ke)(ke)再次向(xiang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)暐推薦(jian)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)。

枋頭大捷

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪病(bing)死(si)后，太(tai)和(he)四年（前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)(yan)建(jian)熙十年，369年）四月，東(dong)(dong)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)大(da)司馬桓(huan)溫親率(lv)步騎5萬開始(shi)北伐前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)(yan)（參見(jian)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)攻前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)(yan)之戰）。東(dong)(dong)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)建(jian)威將軍檀玄攻克湖陸（今(jin)山(shan)東(dong)(dong)魚臺東(dong)(dong)南），俘燕(yan)(yan)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)忠(zhong)。前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)(yan)下邳王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)厲為(wei)(wei)征(zheng)討大(da)都(dou)督和(he)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)軍戰于黃墟（今(jin)河南開封東(dong)(dong)），燕(yan)(yan)軍大(da)敗，燕(yan)(yan)高平太(tai)守(shou)徐翻舉郡降晉(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)。晉(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)鄧(deng)遐(xia)和(he)朱序又(you)打敗燕(yan)(yan)將傅顏(yan)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐于是(shi)派(pai)散騎常(chang)侍(shi)李鳳去前(qian)(qian)秦(qin)求援。七月，桓(huan)溫進駐(zhu)武陽(yang)（今(jin)山(shan)東(dong)(dong)莘縣(xian)東(dong)(dong)南），前(qian)(qian)燕(yan)(yan)孫元(yuan)率(lv)宗族(zu)起兵響應(ying)，桓(huan)溫到達枋頭（今(jin)河南浚縣(xian)西南）。東(dong)(dong)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)大(da)軍連(lian)(lian)戰連(lian)(lian)勝，使慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐和(he)太(tai)傅慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評十分恐懼，商議欲逃故都(dou)和(he)龍(long)（今(jin)遼寧朝陽(yang)）。這(zhe)時(shi)，吳王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂請(qing)求率(lv)兵抗晉(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，他說：“不然。臣(chen)請(qing)擊(ji)之，若戰不捷，走未晚也。”（《晉(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)書·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐載記》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐以慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂代(dai)替慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)臧為(wei)(wei)南討大(da)都(dou)督，率(lv)征(zheng)南將軍慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德(de)等5萬步騎抵御桓(huan)溫。

慕容暐(wei)又派散(san)騎侍郎樂嵩往前秦求救(jiu)，并答(da)應以(yi)割(ge)，讓虎牢（今河(he)南(nan)滎陽西北汜(si)水鎮）以(yi)西的土地給秦為(wei)條件。前秦王苻堅(jian)召(zhao)集群臣商議，采納王猛(meng)先援(yuan)弱擊強，后再乘燕衰而取(qu)的建議。八(ba)月(yue)，派將(jiang)軍茍池和洛州(zhou)刺史鄧羌(qiang)率領步(bu)騎2萬救(jiu)援(yuan)前燕。援(yuan)軍從秦洛州(zhou)（今河(he)南(nan)）出發，出洛陽進屯(tun)潁川（今河(he)南(nan)許昌(chang)東(dong)），又派散(san)騎侍郎姜撫去燕國報(bao)信。

桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)接連(lian)失利，糧草中(zhong)(zhong)斷(duan)，又聽說(shuo)前秦援兵(bing)將(jiang)要到達，遂(sui)下令焚(fen)燒戰(zhan)船，丟下輜重(zhong)、鎧仗，率(lv)軍(jun)從陸(lu)路撤(che)(che)回。桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)從東(dong)燕（治今河南(nan)汲縣東(dong)南(nan)）出(chu)發，撤(che)(che)退(tui)途中(zhong)(zhong)恐前燕追(zhui)兵(bing)在上(shang)游放毒，命士卒(zu)鑿井取(qu)水飲用，這樣(yang)一直行走了700里。前燕諸(zhu)將(jiang)爭欲(yu)追(zhui)擊，慕(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)(chui)說(shuo)：“不可(ke)。溫(wen)(wen)初退(tui)惶恐，必嚴設警備(bei)，簡精(jing)銳為(wei)后拒，擊之未必得志，不如緩之。彼幸吾未至，必晝夜疾趨(qu)；俟其士眾力(li)盡氣衰(shuai)，然(ran)后擊之，無(wu)不克矣。”（《資治通(tong)鑒·卷(juan)第(di)一百二(er)》）于(yu)是，慕(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)(chui)親率(lv)騎兵(bing)8000尾隨桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)軍(jun)行進(jin)。桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)果然(ran)加速退(tui)兵(bing)，幾天(tian)以后，慕(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)(chui)告諸(zhu)將(jiang)曰(yue)：“溫(wen)(wen)可(ke)擊矣。”（《資治通(tong)鑒·卷(juan)第(di)一百二(er)》）遂(sui)令諸(zhu)將(jiang)急進(jin)，在襄邑（今河南(nan)睢(sui)縣）追(zhui)上(shang)桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)。慕(mu)容德先率(lv)領4000名精(jing)銳騎兵(bing)埋伏于(yu)襄邑東(dong)澗中(zhong)(zhong)，和慕(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)(chui)東(dong)西夾擊桓(huan)溫(wen)(wen)，大敗晉軍(jun)，斬首3萬人。

時秦將茍池又于(yu)譙郡截擊桓(huan)溫(wen)，晉軍(jun)死者復以萬計。晉將孫元據守武陽抵抗燕軍(jun)，被燕左衛(wei)將軍(jun)孟(meng)高擒(qin)獲(huo)。十月(yue)，天氣漸(jian)冷(leng)，桓(huan)溫(wen)收集(ji)余眾(zhong)，屯于(yu)山陽（今江蘇淮安）。至此，桓(huan)溫(wen)攻(gong)燕以失敗(bai)告終。

出奔前秦

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)大(da)敗桓溫，威名大(da)振(zhen)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評(ping)對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)是(shi)又忌又恨。后(hou)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)提(ti)出獎勵麾下將士(shi)，但被(bei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評(ping)壓住不(bu)報。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)大(da)為(wei)不(bu)滿，與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評(ping)相爭(zheng)。太后(hou)可足渾氏素恨慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)，遂毀(hui)其戰(zhan)功(gong)，與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評(ping)相謀(mou)，欲殺慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪之子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷及慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)舅蘭建知道后(hou)，告(gao)訴(su)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)說：“先發(fa)制人(ren)，但除評(ping)及樂安王臧，馀無(wu)能(neng)為(wei)矣。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)心中(zhong)不(bu)忍，說：“骨肉(rou)相殘而首(shou)亂(luan)于國，吾(wu)有死而已，不(bu)忍為(wei)也。”（《資(zi)治(zhi)通(tong)鑒(jian)·卷第一百二(er)(er)》）不(bu)久，二(er)(er)人(ren)又告(gao)訴(su)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)說：“內(nei)意已決(jue)，不(bu)可不(bu)早發(fa)。” 慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)說：“必不(bu)可彌縫，吾(wu)寧避之于外，馀非所議。”（《資(zi)治(zhi)通(tong)鑒(jian)·卷第一百二(er)(er)》）

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)心(xin)(xin)中憂慮，未敢將(jiang)此事(shi)(shi)告訴諸子，同時(shi)也是怕引起諸子的騷(sao)動。世子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)說(shuo)(shuo)：“尊比者如有憂色(se)，豈(qi)非以(yi)主(zhu)上幼沖，太傅疾賢，功高望重，愈見(jian)猜邪(xie)？”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)說(shuo)(shuo)：“然(ran)。吾(wu)竭(jie)力致(zhi)命以(yi)破強寇，本欲(yu)保(bao)全家國(guo)，豈(qi)知功成之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，返令(ling)身無所(suo)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)。汝(ru)既知吾(wu)心(xin)(xin)，何以(yi)為吾(wu)謀(mou)？”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)說(shuo)(shuo)：“主(zhu)上暗弱，委任太傅，一(yi)旦禍發，疾于駭(hai)機。今(jin)欲(yu)保(bao)族全身，不(bu)失大(da)(da)義，莫若逃之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)龍(long)城，遜辭謝罪，以(yi)待主(zhu)上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)察，若周(zhou)公之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)居東(dong)，庶幾可以(yi)感寤而(er)得還，此幸之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)(da)者也。如其(qi)不(bu)然(ran)，則內撫燕、代，外懷(huai)群夷(yi)，守肥(fei)如之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)險以(yi)自保(bao)，亦其(qi)次(ci)也。”（《資治(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)鑒(jian)·卷第(di)一(yi)百(bai)二(er)》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)覺得這個辦法很好，遂同意(yi)。十一(yi)月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)以(yi)打獵為由，微(wei)服出鄴(ye)，準備回故都(dou)龍(long)城。到(dao)邯(han)鄲(dan)時(shi)，卻出了(le)意(yi)外，幼子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟向來不(bu)為慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)所(suo)寵愛，便向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)告狀，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)左(zuo)右也多(duo)有離去。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)評(ping)知道后(hou)，在慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)暐(wei)面前盡說(shuo)(shuo)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)壞話(hua)，遂派(pai)西(xi)平(ping)公慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)強率精騎追(zhui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，到(dao)范陽（今(jin)北京）時(shi)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)派(pai)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)斷后(hou)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)強不(bu)敢追(zhui)趕。時(shi)天將(jiang)晚(wan)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令(ling)對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)說(shuo)(shuo)：“本欲(yu)保(bao)東(dong)都(dou)以(yi)自全，今(jin)事(shi)(shi)已泄(xie)，謀(mou)不(bu)及設。秦主(zhu)方招延(yan)英杰，不(bu)如往歸(gui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)說(shuo)(shuo)：“如今(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)計，舍此安之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”（《資治(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)鑒(jian)·卷第(di)一(yi)百(bai)二(er)》）

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)“乃散騎滅跡，傍(bang)南(nan)山復還(huan)鄴，隱于趙之(zhi)顯(xian)原陵”（《資(zi)治通鑒·卷第(di)一百二(er)(er)》）。又殺白馬以祭天。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令對慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)說：“太傅(fu)忌賢疾能(neng)，構事以來，人(ren)尤忿恨(hen)。今(jin)鄴城(cheng)之(zhi)中(zhong)，莫知尊處，如(ru)(ru)嬰兒(er)之(zhi)思母，夷、夏同之(zhi)。若順眾心，襲其無備，取之(zhi)如(ru)(ru)指掌耳(er)。事定之(zhi)后(hou)，革弊簡能(neng)，大匡朝(chao)政(zheng)，以輔(fu)主(zhu)(zhu)上，安(an)國存家，功之(zhi)大者也。現今(jin)之(zhi)便，誠不(bu)(bu)可失，愿(yuan)給騎數人(ren)，足以辦之(zhi)。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)說：“如(ru)(ru)汝之(zhi)謀，事成誠為大福，不(bu)(bu)成悔之(zhi)何及！不(bu)(bu)如(ru)(ru)西(xi)奔(ben)，可以萬全。”（《資(zi)治通鑒·卷第(di)一百二(er)(er)》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)遂率部西(xi)行，至河陽(yang)，斬津吏而渡。遂自洛陽(yang)與段夫人(ren)，子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆(long)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)恪之(zhi)子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷，舅蘭建(jian)，郎(lang)中(zhong)令高弼一起投(tou)奔(ben)前秦，只留可足渾(hun)氏于鄴。乙泉(quan)戌(xu)主(zhu)(zhu)吳歸(gui)率兵追(zhui)擊(ji)(ji)，被慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)令擊(ji)(ji)退。

自(zi)(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)恪死(si)后(hou)，前秦王苻(fu)堅便有(you)伐燕(yan)之意，但(dan)一直未成，一是因內(nei)亂，二是忌(ji)憚慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂之威名。苻(fu)堅聞慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂來歸，大喜，親自(zi)(zi)到郊外迎(ying)接，執其手說：“天生(sheng)賢杰，必相與(yu)共成大功(gong)，此自(zi)(zi)然(ran)之數也(ye)。要當與(yu)卿(qing)共定天下，告成岱(dai)宗(zong)，然(ran)后(hou)還卿(qing)本邦，世封(feng)幽州，使卿(qing)去國不(bu)(bu)失為子之孝(xiao)，歸朕(zhen)不(bu)(bu)失事君之忠，不(bu)(bu)亦美(mei)乎！”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂感(gan)謝地說：“羈(ji)旅之臣，免罪為幸。本邦之榮，非所敢望！”（《資(zi)治通鑒·卷第一百二》）苻(fu)堅愛慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)令及慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)楷之才，皆厚相待，賞賜(si)巨萬，每次進見，都屬目觀(guan)之。關中士民素聞慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂父子名，皆向慕(mu)(mu)(mu)之。

秦相王猛(meng)深(shen)知(zhi)慕(mu)容垂有雄略(lve)(lve)，怕將(jiang)(jiang)來引(yin)以(yi)(yi)為(wei)患，便對苻(fu)堅(jian)說：“慕(mu)容垂，燕之戚屬，世雄東夏，寬(kuan)仁惠下，恩結士庶，燕、趙(zhao)之間咸有奉戴之意。觀(guan)其才略(lve)(lve)，權智無方，兼其諸子明毅有干(gan)藝，人之杰也(ye)。蛟龍(long)猛(meng)獸，非可馴之物，不(bu)如除之。”苻(fu)堅(jian)未從，說：“吾方以(yi)(yi)義(yi)致英豪(hao)，建不(bu)世之功。且其初(chu)至(zhi)，吾告之至(zhi)誠(cheng)，今(jin)而害(hai)之，人將(jiang)(jiang)謂我何！”（《晉書(shu)·苻(fu)堅(jian)載記》）并以(yi)(yi)慕(mu)容垂為(wei)冠軍將(jiang)(jiang)軍，封賓都侯(hou)，食華陰(yin)五百戶。

時前(qian)燕綱頹紀(ji)紊，日益腐敗。桓溫攻燕結束后，前(qian)燕反悔食(shi)言，未將(jiang)虎牢（今(jin)河南滎陽西北(bei)汜水鎮）以西土地(di)割讓給前(qian)秦，前(qian)秦遂以此為(wei)借口，于十一月派王猛統將(jiang)軍梁成(cheng)、鄧羌(qiang)等率(lv)步(bu)騎3萬，進(jin)攻前(qian)燕（參(can)見前(qian)秦滅前(qian)燕之戰），并以慕容令為(wei)參(can)軍，充(chong)當向導。

慕容(rong)令(ling)逃回前燕后，因忽叛(pan)忽歸，而(er)慕容(rong)垂又無(wu)恙，反而(er)受到(dao)(dao)猜疑。燕廷(ting)將慕容(rong)令(ling)變相發配，派到(dao)(dao)極北的沙城去戍守，嚴加監(jian)視。慕容(rong)令(ling)欲在沙城聯(lian)絡(luo)舊部，準備起(qi)事，又被慕容(rong)麟(lin)告了密，慕容(rong)令(ling)被誅殺。（參見金(jin)刀計(ji)）

太和四(si)年（369年）十一(yi)月，王(wang)(wang)猛滅前(qian)燕(yan)(yan)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)隨苻堅入(ru)鄴，收(shou)集諸子，相(xiang)對而哭。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)見燕(yan)(yan)公(gong)卿大夫(fu)(fu)及故(gu)時僚吏，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)想(xiang)起(qi)當(dang)年的窘迫，有(you)不(bu)悅之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)色。前(qian)郎中令高弼暗(an)中對慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)曰：“大王(wang)(wang)以(yi)(yi)命世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)姿，遭無妄之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)運，迍邅凄(qi)伏，艱亦至矣。天啟(qi)嘉會(hui)，靈命暫遷(qian)，此乃鴻漸(jian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)始，龍變之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)初，深(shen)愿仁(ren)慈有(you)以(yi)(yi)慰之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。且夫(fu)(fu)高世(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)略必懷遺(yi)俗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)規，方當(dang)網(wang)漏吞舟，以(yi)(yi)弘苞養之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)義；收(shou)納(na)舊臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)胄，以(yi)(yi)成(cheng)為山之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)功，奈(nai)何以(yi)(yi)一(yi)怒(nu)捐之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)？竊(qie)為大王(wang)(wang)不(bu)取。”（《晉書·慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載記》）慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)深(shen)納(na)其(qi)言。但(dan)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)對慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評卻怨氣難消，咸安(an)二年（372）二月，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)便對苻堅說：“臣叔父評，燕(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)惡來輩也，不(bu)宜復污圣(sheng)朝，愿陛下為燕(yan)(yan)戮之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”但(dan)苻堅未同意(yi)，還(huan)讓慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)評為范陽太守，前(qian)燕(yan)(yan)諸王(wang)(wang)也悉補邊郡。

時苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)已統一(yi)中國北(bei)方大部，而鮮(xian)卑(bei)人的勢(shi)力(li)也(ye)逐漸增大，這(zhe)引起了一(yi)些(xie)氐族(zu)貴族(zu)的不安，寧康(kang)二年（373年），有(you)彗(hui)星(xing)出(chu)現，太史令(ling)張(zhang)孟認(ren)為(wei)(wei)不詳，便對苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)說：“彗(hui)起尾(wei)箕(ji)，而掃東(dong)井，此(ci)燕滅(mie)秦之象。”（《晉書·苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)載記》）并勸苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)誅殺慕容(rong)氏(shi)，苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)未從。并以慕容(rong)暐為(wei)(wei)尚書，慕容(rong)垂為(wei)(wei)京兆尹，慕容(rong)沖為(wei)(wei)平陽太守。寧康(kang)二年（374年）十二月，也(ye)許是處于(yu)王猛(meng)或(huo)者(zhe)苻(fu)(fu)氏(shi)重臣的授意，社會(hui)上謠言四起，說鮮(xian)卑(bei)人圖謀復國。甚至有(you)人闖入明光殿(dian)大呼：“甲申乙酉，魚(yu)羊(yang)（魚(yu)羊(yang)即為(wei)(wei)鮮(xian)卑(bei)的鮮(xian)字(zi)）食人，悲哉無復遺(yi)。”（《晉書·苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)載記》）秘書監朱肜(rong)、秘書侍郎略陽趙(zhao)整(zheng)等乘機請苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)誅殺諸鮮(xian)卑(bei)人，但苻(fu)(fu)堅(jian)未聽。慕容(rong)垂再逃一(yi)劫。

慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)及鮮(xian)卑人就這樣如履(lv)薄冰般的(de)(de)過了幾年，至到寧康二(er)年（375）七月，王猛(meng)病逝(shi)，才得以解脫(tuo)。王猛(meng)的(de)(de)死，對(dui)(dui)(dui)苻堅是(shi)個很大的(de)(de)打擊(ji)。當(dang)時(shi)在前秦(qin)雖處于鼎盛時(shi)期，但(dan)鼎盛的(de)(de)后(hou)面(mian)，卻(que)潛伏著社(she)會危機(ji)。王猛(meng)死后(hou)不久，前秦(qin)的(de)(de)社(she)會危機(ji)逐漸暴露出來了。太元元年（376），陽平國常侍慕(mu)容(rong)紹覺(jue)察(cha)到這種變化，對(dui)(dui)(dui)其兄慕(mu)容(rong)楷(kai)說(shuo)：“秦(qin)恃其強大，務(wu)勝不休，北戍云中，南守蜀、漢(han)，轉運萬(wan)里(li)，道(dao)殣相(xiang)望。兵疲于外(wai)，民困于內，危亡近(jin)矣。冠(guan)軍叔（慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)）仁(ren)智度英拔(ba)，必(bi)能恢復燕祚(zuo)，吾屬但(dan)當(dang)愛身以待時(shi)耳！”（《資(zi)治通(tong)鑒·卷第一百(bai)四》）太元二(er)年（377），慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)子慕(mu)容(rong)農也暗中對(dui)(dui)(dui)慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)說(shuo)：“自王猛(meng)之(zhi)(zhi)死，秦(qin)之(zhi)(zhi)法制，日(ri)以頹靡，今又重之(zhi)(zhi)以奢侈(chi)，殃將至矣，圖讖之(zhi)(zhi)言，行當(dang)有(you)驗。大王宜結納(na)英杰以承天(tian)(tian)意，時(shi)不可(ke)失也！”慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)此(ci)時(shi)已(yi)有(you)此(ci)意，為防外(wai)泄，便笑著說(shuo)：“天(tian)(tian)下事(shi)非爾所及”。

太元三年（378年），苻(fu)堅為實現統(tong)一中國的愿望(wang)，在滅涼、并(bing)代，解(jie)后(hou)顧之憂后(hou)，又(you)經一年的休整，開始對東(dong)晉用兵。二月，苻(fu)堅派征南(nan)大將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)、都督征討諸軍(jun)(jun)事(shi)、長樂公(gong)苻(fu)丕和武衛(wei)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)茍(gou)(gou)萇(chang)、尚書慕(mu)容暐(wei)率步騎(qi)7萬(wan)(wan)進攻東(dong)晉襄(xiang)陽(yang)，并(bing)以(yi)荊州刺吏楊(yang)安率軍(jun)(jun)作為先鋒。征虜將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)石(shi)越率精騎(qi)1萬(wan)(wan)出(chu)魯陽(yang)關（今河南(nan)平頂山西）；領(ling)軍(jun)(jun)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)茍(gou)(gou)池、右(you)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)毛當、強弩將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)王顯(xian)率4萬(wan)(wan)人(ren)出(chu)武當（今湖北丹江口市西北）；而(er)京(jing)兆尹慕(mu)容垂則(ze)與揚武將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)姚萇(chang)率軍(jun)(jun)5萬(wan)(wan)出(chu)南(nan)鄉（今河南(nan)浙川西南(nan)）攻南(nan)陽(yang)，各軍(jun)(jun)會攻襄(xiang)陽(yang)（今屬湖北）。

由(you)于晉(jin)軍(jun)襄陽(yang)守將朱(zhu)序(xu)頑強防(fang)御，致秦軍(jun)久攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)下(xia)。后慕容垂攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)克了(le)南陽(yang)（今屬河南），與苻(fu)丕會于襄陽(yang)。襄陽(yang)久攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)下(xia)，前(qian)秦朝野嘩(hua)然。十二(er)月，苻(fu)堅(jian)派黃門侍郎韋(wei)華持節(jie)見(jian)苻(fu)丕，賜(si)給他一把劍(jian)，如果(guo)來年(nian)春(chun)天仍攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)(bu)下(xia)襄陽(yang)，令其(qi)自殺。次年(nian)正月，苻(fu)丕在苻(fu)堅(jian)催(cui)逼下(xia)，命諸(zhu)軍(jun)全(quan)力攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)襄陽(yang)。三月初六，克襄陽(yang)，俘朱(zhu)序(xu)。苻(fu)堅(jian)沒殺朱(zhu)序(xu)，以其(qi)為度(du)支尚(shang)書。

太(tai)元七(qi)年（382年）十(shi)月，前(qian)秦王(wang)苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)在長安（今西安西北）與群臣(chen)(chen)商議進攻東晉的事宜。苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)此時躊(chou)躇滿(man)志，他(ta)認為前(qian)秦可以動員(yuan)97萬大軍，并準備親(qin)自出討，以統一(yi)天(tian)下(xia)(xia)，朝臣(chen)(chen)多(duo)反對。苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)本來(lai)還(huan)是比較能夠納諫的，但在伐(fa)晉這(zhe)個問題上，變得異常固執，聽不(bu)進任何(he)不(bu)同(tong)意見。后(hou)來(lai)，雖然太(tai)子苻(fu)宏、釋道安、寵妃張夫人、愛子苻(fu)詵(shen)以及朝中許多(duo)大臣(chen)(chen)都一(yi)再進諫，但苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)主意既定，不(bu)為所動。時慕容垂(chui)已(yi)有二心，便力主苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)攻晉，他(ta)對苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)說(shuo)：“弱(ruo)并于強，小并于大，此理勢自然，非難(nan)知也。以陛下(xia)(xia)神(shen)武應期，威加海外，虎旅百(bai)萬，韓、白(bai)滿(man)朝，而(er)蕞爾江南，獨(du)違(wei)王(wang)命，豈(qi)可復留之(zhi)以遺子孫哉！《詩》云：‘謀夫孔多(duo)，是用不(bu)集。’陛下(xia)(xia)斷自圣(sheng)心足矣(yi)，何(he)必廣(guang)詢朝眾！晉武平吳(wu)，所仗者(zhe)張、杜二三臣(chen)(chen)而(er)已(yi)，若從朝眾之(zhi)言(yan)，豈(qi)有混(hun)壹之(zhi)功乎！”苻(fu)堅(jian)(jian)聞后(hou)大悅，說(shuo)：“與吾(wu)共定天(tian)下(xia)(xia)者(zhe)，獨(du)卿而(er)已(yi)。”（《資(zi)治通(tong)鑒·卷(juan)第一(yi)百(bai)四》）并賜帛五百(bai)匹(pi)。

慕容垂東走

慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)逃(tao)出樊籠，如魚得水(shui)。而(er)權(quan)翼(yi)則秘密(mi)派(pai)兵在慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)經(jing)過的(de)橋下埋伏，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)已(yi)起疑心，自(zi)涼馬臺扎草(cao)筏渡(du)河而(er)去。十二月，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)至安陽，派(pai)參軍田山拿信去見(jian)鎮守(shou)鄴城(cheng)的(de)長樂(le)公(gong)(gong)苻(fu)丕(pi)。苻(fu)丕(pi)聞(wen)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)北來(lai)，雖懷疑其欲叛秦，但(dan)仍然前(qian)去迎接。趙秋勸慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)乘機殺(sha)死苻(fu)丕(pi)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)認(ren)為自(zi)己羽翼(yi)未豐，沒有同意。而(er)苻(fu)丕(pi)也(ye)想殺(sha)死慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)，后(hou)(hou)侍郎天水(shui)姜(jiang)讓勸阻說：“垂(chui)(chui)(chui)反形未著，而(er)明公(gong)(gong)擅殺(sha)之(zhi)，非臣(chen)子之(zhi)義；不如待(dai)以上賓之(zhi)禮，嚴兵衛之(zhi)，密(mi)表情狀(zhuang)，聽敕而(er)后(hou)(hou)圖之(zhi)。”苻(fu)丕(pi)認(ren)為姜(jiang)讓之(zhi)言有理。

苻丕讓慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)住在鄴(ye)西(xi)，并與(yu)(yu)其相(xiang)見，慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)將兵敗之事(shi)詳細告訴了(le)苻丕。苻丕走后(hou)，慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)與(yu)(yu)前(qian)燕舊臣(chen)暗中聯系，準備重建燕國。時(shi)洛陽附近的丁零人(ren)翟斌(bin)起(qi)兵叛(pan)秦(qin)，準備攻豫(yu)州牧、平(ping)原公苻暉于洛陽，翟斌(bin)部(bu)中有(you)大批(pi)的前(qian)燕人(ren)，苻堅便(bian)派慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)前(qian)去(qu)平(ping)叛(pan)。

慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)想(xiang)入(ru)鄴城參拜宗廟，苻(fu)(fu)丕(pi)不(bu)許(xu)，慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)著便(bian)服入(ru)城，但被(bei)亭(ting)(ting)(ting)吏阻攔。慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)大怒，殺(sha)吏燒亭(ting)(ting)(ting)而(er)去。石(shi)(shi)越(yue)對苻(fu)(fu)丕(pi)說(shuo)：“垂(chui)(chui)之在燕(yan)(yan)，破國亂(luan)家，及投命圣朝，蒙超常之遇(yu)，忽敢輕侮(wu)方鎮，殺(sha)吏焚亭(ting)(ting)(ting)，反形已露(lu)，終(zhong)為亂(luan)階。將老兵疲(pi)，可(ke)襲(xi)而(er)取(qu)之矣(yi)。”苻(fu)(fu)丕(pi)優柔寡斷，說(shuo)：“淮南(nan)之敗(bai)，眾散親離，而(er)垂(chui)(chui)侍衛圣躬，誠不(bu)可(ke)忘。”石(shi)(shi)越(yue)又說(shuo)：“垂(chui)(chui)既不(bu)忠于燕(yan)(yan)，其肯盡(jin)忠于我乎！且其亡(wang)虜也(ye)，主上寵同功舊，不(bu)能銘澤誓忠，而(er)首謀為亂(luan)，今不(bu)擊之，必為后害。”（《晉(jin)書(shu)(shu)·慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載(zai)(zai)記(ji)(ji)》）苻(fu)(fu)丕(pi)未(wei)從。石(shi)(shi)越(yue)出(chu)來后對別人說(shuo)：“公父(fu)子(zi)好存小仁，不(bu)顧天下大計，吾(wu)屬(shu)終(zhong)當為鮮(xian)卑虜矣(yi)。”（《晉(jin)書(shu)(shu)·慕(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)(chui)載(zai)(zai)記(ji)(ji)》）

慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂留(liu)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷、慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)紹于(yu)鄴(ye)城，行至(zhi)安陽(yang)湯(tang)池(chi)，閔亮、李毘自鄴(ye)城趕來，將苻(fu)(fu)丕與苻(fu)(fu)飛(fei)龍(long)之言(yan)告訴(su)了(le)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂乘機以此激(ji)怒其眾，說：“吾盡忠于(yu)苻(fu)(fu)氏，而(er)彼專欲圖吾父子(zi)，吾雖欲已(yi)，得乎？”（《資(zi)治通鑒·卷第(di)一(yi)百五(wu)》）于(yu)是便以兵(bing)少為(wei)由，于(yu)河(he)內募兵(bing)，幾天時間便達(da)至(zhi)8000人。

平原公苻暉(hui)遣使責備(bei)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂，讓(rang)其趕緊(jin)進兵，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂便對苻飛(fei)(fei)龍(long)(long)說：“今寇賊不(bu)遠，當(dang)晝(zhou)止夜(ye)行，襲其不(bu)意。”（《資治(zhi)通鑒·卷第一(yi)百五》）苻飛(fei)(fei)龍(long)(long)覺得有(you)理，便同(tong)意了。一(yi)日夜(ye)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂派慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)率兵居(ju)前，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)隆率兵跟隨自己，并(bing)把氐兵分散編入隊伍，并(bing)與(yu)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)擊(ji)鼓為號，一(yi)起動(dong)手。半夜(ye)，鼓聲響(xiang)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂部前后合(he)擊(ji)，全(quan)殲擊(ji)苻飛(fei)(fei)龍(long)(long)與(yu)氐兵。并(bing)給苻堅寫信，告訴其殺苻飛(fei)(fei)龍(long)(long)的(de)原因。

當初，其(qi)子慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟曾告(gao)發慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂投(tou)秦，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂一(yi)怒(nu)之(zhi)下殺其(qi)母，但未忍心殺慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟。時殺苻(fu)飛龍，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟屢獻計謀，啟發慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂非(fei)常高(gao)興，遂(sui)待其(qi)諸(zhu)子一(yi)樣(yang)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)鳳及前燕舊臣(chen)之(zhi)子燕郡王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)騰、遼(liao)西段(duan)延等聞(wen)翟斌起兵(bing)(bing)，各(ge)帥其(qi)部前去歸(gui)附。平原公苻(fu)暉使(shi)武平武侯毛(mao)當去討(tao)伐翟斌。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)鳳說：“鳳今(jin)將(jiang)(jiang)雪先王(wang)之(zhi)恥，請為斬(zhan)此氐奴。”（《資治(zhi)通鑒·卷(juan)第一(yi)百(bai)五》）遂(sui)出(chu)兵(bing)(bing)擊(ji)毛(mao)當，大(da)敗秦兵(bing)(bing)，斬(zhan)毛(mao)當。 癸未，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂渡河焚橋，已(yi)有(you)(you)兵(bing)(bing)3萬人(ren)，下令說：“吾本外假秦聲，內(nei)規興復(fu)。亂法者軍(jun)有(you)(you)常刑，奉命者賞不(bu)(bu)逾日，天(tian)下既定，封爵有(you)(you)差，不(bu)(bu)相負也。”（《晉書(shu)·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂載記》）慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂留(liu)遼(liao)東(dong)鮮卑(bei)可足(zu)渾潭集兵(bing)(bing)于河內(nei)的沙城(cheng)(cheng)，派田(tian)山至鄴城(cheng)(cheng)，將(jiang)(jiang)起兵(bing)(bing)之(zhi)事(shi)告(gao)之(zhi)于慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)等，讓其(qi)起兵(bing)(bing)相應。時天(tian)色已(yi)晚(wan)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)與(yu)(yu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷(kai)留(liu)宿鄴城(cheng)(cheng)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)紹(shao)先出(chu)城(cheng)(cheng)至蒲池，盜(dao)符(fu)丕駿馬(ma)數(shu)百(bai)匹，等候慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)與(yu)(yu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)楷(kai)。月(yue)末，二人(ren)率數(shu)十(shi)騎微服出(chu)鄴城(cheng)(cheng)與(yu)(yu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)紹(shao)會合，逃(tao)往(wang)列(lie)人(ren)（今(jin)河北邯鄲市東(dong)）。

太元九年(nian)（384年(nian)）正月，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鳳、王騰、段延皆(jie)勸(quan)翟(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)奉慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)為盟主(zhu)，翟(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)從之(zhi)。時(shi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)欲襲洛陽(yang)，不(bu)(bu)知翟(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)來降是(shi)真是(shi)假，便拒(ju)之(zhi)，說(shuo)(shuo)：“吾(wu)父子寄(ji)命秦朝，危而(er)獲(huo)濟，荷主(zhu)上不(bu)(bu)世(shi)之(zhi)恩(en)，蒙更生之(zhi)惠，雖曰(yue)君(jun)臣，義深(shen)父子，豈可因(yin)其小隙(xi)，便懷二三。吾(wu)本救豫州，不(bu)(bu)赴君(jun)等，何(he)為斯議而(er)及(ji)于我？”（《晉(jin)(jin)書·慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)載記》）慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)至洛陽(yang)，平原(yuan)公(gong)符暉聞其殺苻飛龍，閉(bi)門拒(ju)守(shou)。翟(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)見慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)對自(zi)己不(bu)(bu)來歸(gui)有懷疑，便派(pai)長史郭(guo)(guo)通(tong)前去勸(quan)說(shuo)(shuo)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)還是(shi)不(bu)(bu)信(xin)，后郭(guo)(guo)通(tong)說(shuo)(shuo)：“將軍所以(yi)拒(ju)通(tong)者，豈非(fei)以(yi)翟(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)兄弟山野異類，無奇才(cai)遠略，必無所成故(gu)邪(xie)？獨不(bu)(bu)念將軍現今憑之(zhi)，可以(yi)濟大業(ye)乎？”（《資(zi)治(zhi)通(tong)鑒·卷第一百(bai)五》）慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)這才(cai)相信(xin)，翟(zhai)(zhai)斌(bin)歸(gui)附后，便勸(quan)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)稱王，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)沒同(tong)意，說(shuo)(shuo)：“新興侯，國之(zhi)正統(tong)，孤之(zhi)君(jun)也。若以(yi)諸君(jun)之(zhi)力，得平關(guan)東，當以(yi)大義喻秦，奉迎(ying)反正。無上自(zi)尊，非(fei)孤心(xin)也。”（《晉(jin)(jin)書·慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)載記》）慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)認為：“洛陽(yang)四面受敵，北(bei)阻大河，至于控馭燕、趙，非(fei)形(xing)勝(sheng)之(zhi)便，不(bu)(bu)如北(bei)取鄴都，據(ju)之(zhi)而(er)制天下。”（《晉(jin)(jin)書·慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)載記》）眾人同(tong)意，遂(sui)回師向東。

故扶余王(wang)(wang)余蔚為滎陽(yang)太守，率眾投降(jiang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)垂(chui)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)至滎陽(yang)，稱燕王(wang)(wang)，封(feng)官拜(bai)爵，以其弟慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)德為車騎大(da)(da)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)，封(feng)范陽(yang)王(wang)(wang)；其侄(zhi)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)楷為征(zheng)西大(da)(da)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)，封(feng)太原王(wang)(wang)；翟斌為建義大(da)(da)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)，封(feng)河(he)南王(wang)(wang)；余蔚為征(zheng)東將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)，統府左(zuo)司馬(ma)，封(feng)扶余王(wang)(wang)；衛駒為鷹揚(yang)將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)鳳為建策將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。親率20余萬軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊，從石門（今河(he)南滎陽(yang)石門）渡黃河(he)，長(chang)驅攻前(qian)秦鄴(ye)城。

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容農(nong)到(dao)河北列(lie)人(ren)后，召集(ji)鮮卑、烏桓(huan)等部(bu)眾，舉兵(bing)(bing)反叛。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容農(nong)號令嚴整，沿途招兵(bing)(bing)買馬，攻(gong)城掠地，兵(bing)(bing)至數萬。苻丕派(pai)石越率(lv)步騎(qi)兵(bing)(bing)萬余討伐慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容農(nong)，石越率(lv)軍(jun)到(dao)達列(lie)人(ren)西面，被(bei)燕將(jiang)(jiang)趙秋及參軍(jun)綦母滕擊(ji)(ji)敗(bai)，石越設圍自(zi)守。諸將(jiang)(jiang)勸(quan)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容農(nong)乘勝快速(su)進(jin)擊(ji)(ji)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容農(nong)認(ren)為(wei)秦(qin)(qin)軍(jun)裝備精良(liang)，如果白天(tian)與之交戰，燕軍(jun)易生懼，不如待天(tian)黑以后進(jin)攻(gong)，遂命令部(bu)隊嚴陣(zhen)(zhen)以待。待到(dao)天(tian)黑，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容農(nong)率(lv)軍(jun)在(zai)城西列(lie)陣(zhen)(zhen)，先派(pai)400名壯士突破敵陣(zhen)(zhen)，大軍(jun)隨后沖擊(ji)(ji)，秦(qin)(qin)兵(bing)(bing)大敗(bai)，石越被(bei)斬，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容農(nong)將(jiang)(jiang)其(qi)首級送給(gei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容垂。石越與毛當(dang)都是前秦(qin)(qin)驍將(jiang)(jiang)，所以苻堅派(pai)二人(ren)幫助二子鎮(zhen)守要地，如今相繼被(bei)殺，前秦(qin)(qin)上下人(ren)心(xin)浮動。

康臺略馬

后燕燕元元年（東(dong)晉孝(xiao)武帝太(tai)元九年，384年）正月，前(qian)秦大將慕容垂叛(pan)秦復燕。遣三子慕容農(nong)在康(kang)臺澤（今(jin)邱(qiu)縣邱(qiu)城東(dong)南(nan)五里）略取前(qian)秦牧馬數千匹(pi)。自此步(bu)騎云集，奠(dian)定(ding)后燕立國基(ji)礎(chu)。

中興后燕

不(bu)久，慕(mu)(mu)容垂到(dao)達鄴(ye)城(cheng)附近，改前秦建元二(er)十(shi)年為(wei)燕元年。以(yi)前岷山(shan)公庫傉官偉為(wei)左長(chang)史(shi)，前尚書段(duan)崇為(wei)右長(chang)史(shi)，滎(ying)陽鄭豁等為(wei)從事中郎，并(bing)立慕(mu)(mu)容寶為(wei)太(tai)子。慕(mu)(mu)容農也率軍與之會合。

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)遂招集前燕(yan)舊將(jiang)與各路大(da)軍(jun)會攻鄴城(cheng)(cheng)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)指揮大(da)軍(jun)攻城(cheng)(cheng)，克外城(cheng)(cheng)。苻丕退守中城(cheng)(cheng)。二月(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)又率領包括(kuo)丁零、烏桓等(deng)各少(shao)數(shu)民族部眾共20多萬人用(yong)云(yun)梯、挖地道攻城(cheng)(cheng)，均未(wei)(wei)攻下(xia)。遂修筑(zhu)(zhu)長圍，與秦(qin)軍(jun)相持，并把(ba)老弱(ruo)轉移(yi)到肥(fei)鄉（今河北(bei)肥(fei)鄉西南），又修筑(zhu)(zhu)新(xin)興城(cheng)(cheng)，用(yong)來放置輜重。四月(yue)，燕(yan)軍(jun)久(jiu)攻鄴城(cheng)(cheng)不下(xia)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)召(zhao)集群臣商議(yi)對策，右司馬封衡(heng)建議(yi)引漳水灌城(cheng)(cheng)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)贊同。時(shi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)打獵(lie)，于(yu)華(hua)林(lin)園飲酒，前秦(qin)知道后，派兵(bing)偷襲，矢下(xia)如雨，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)幾乎(hu)不得(de)而(er)出，多虧冠軍(jun)大(da)將(jiang)軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)隆率騎兵(bing)打退秦(qin)軍(jun)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)才得(de)以(yi)(yi)幸免(mian)。七月(yue)，翟(zhai)斌恃(shi)功(gong)驕(jiao)縱，索求無厭。時(shi)鄴城(cheng)(cheng)久(jiu)功(gong)不下(xia)，翟(zhai)斌漸有叛(pan)心。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶請求將(jiang)其(qi)(qi)殺(sha)掉，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)說：“河南之盟(meng)，不可負也。若(ruo)其(qi)(qi)為(wei)難，罪由(you)于(yu)斌。今事未(wei)(wei)有形而(er)殺(sha)之，人必(bi)謂我忌憚其(qi)(qi)功(gong)能(neng)；吾方收(shou)攬豪杰以(yi)(yi)隆大(da)業，不可示人以(yi)(yi)狹，失天下(xia)之望也。藉彼(bi)有謀，吾以(yi)(yi)智防之，無能(neng)為(wei)也。”范(fan)陽王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德、陳(chen)留王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)紹、驃騎大(da)將(jiang)軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)農(nong)都說：“翟(zhai)斌兄(xiong)弟(di)恃(shi)功(gong)而(er)驕(jiao)，必(bi)為(wei)國患(huan)。”慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)說：“驕(jiao)則(ze)速敗(bai)，焉(yan)能(neng)為(wei)患(huan)？彼(bi)有大(da)功(gong)，當聽其(qi)(qi)自斃耳。”（《資治(zhi)通鑒·卷(juan)第一百五》）對其(qi)(qi)禮遇更重。

翟斌還想當尚書令，慕容垂說：“翟王之功，宜居上輔；但臺既未建，此官不可遽置耳。”（《資(zi)治通鑒(jian)·卷(juan)第(di)一百五(wu)》）翟斌大(da)怒，遂反，暗中(zhong)與鄴城內苻丕聯絡，又(you)派丁(ding)零兵決堤放水，解除鄴城被淹(yan)的危險。事泄，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂殺翟斌兄弟，余者皆免。翟斌侄(zhi)翟真(zhen)乘夜逃往邯鄲(dan)（今屬河北(bei)(bei)）。太原王慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷(kai)和(he)陳(chen)留王慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)紹對慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂說：“丁(ding)零非有大(da)志，但寵過為亂耳。今急之(zhi)則屯聚為寇(kou)，緩之(zhi)則自散。散而擊(ji)之(zhi)，無不克矣。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂從之(zhi)。八月，翟真(zhen)率部從邯鄲(dan)逃走。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂派太原王慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷(kai)和(he)驃騎(qi)大(da)將軍慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)率騎(qi)兵追擊(ji)。追至下邑，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷(kai)見(jian)敵陣不整，欲出戰，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)認為，翟真(zhen)營(ying)陣只見(jian)老弱，不見(jian)壯士，必有埋伏，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷(kai)不納，下令攻擊(ji)，燕軍大(da)敗。翟真(zhen)繼(ji)續北(bei)(bei)進，直趨中(zhong)山(shan)（今河北(bei)(bei)定州）。后翟真(zhen)為其司(si)馬鮮于乞所殺。

時(shi)前秦鄴城(cheng)守(shou)軍(jun)(jun)長期(qi)被圍，糧(liang)草漸(jian)盡。慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)認為：“苻丕窮寇(kou)，必守(shou)死不(bu)降。丁(ding)零叛(pan)擾，乃我腹心之患(huan)。吾(wu)欲遷師(shi)新城(cheng)，開(kai)其逸路(lu)，進以謝(xie)秦主疇昔之恩，退(tui)(tui)以嚴擊(ji)真之備。”（《晉(jin)書·慕(mu)(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)載記》）燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)遂解圍退(tui)(tui)至新興城(cheng)，另(ling)派慕(mu)(mu)容農(nong)到清河(he)、平(ping)原一(yi)帶征收租賦(fu)，得到大批(pi)軍(jun)(jun)用物資。

十(shi)二月，前(qian)燕帝慕容(rong)(rong)暐(wei)欲殺苻堅，事泄(xie)被殺。群僚(liao)聞后，勸慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)稱(cheng)帝，慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)以“慕容(rong)(rong)沖稱(cheng)號關中”（《晉書·慕容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)載記》）為由，未許。

苻(fu)丕(pi)仍然保據鄴城，沒有離開之意。慕容垂復率(lv)兵(bing)包圍(wei)鄴城，只留(liu)出苻(fu)丕(pi)西走之路。苻(fu)丕(pi)勢(shi)窮(qiong)糧竭，急(ji)忙(mang)向東晉謝玄求援。謝玄派劉牢之、滕恬之等(deng)率(lv)領2萬人馬救援鄴城，并從水陸運米2000斛接(jie)濟苻(fu)丕(pi)。

太(tai)元十年(nian)（385年(nian)）二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，劉(liu)牢(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)枋頭（今(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)浚(jun)縣(xian)(xian)西(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)）。苻(fu)(fu)(fu)丕(pi)(pi)發覺部(bu)將(jiang)(jiang)楊膺(ying)、姜讓曾上(shang)(shang)表(biao)晉(jin)廷，許諾若晉(jin)軍(jun)來援，當稱(cheng)臣于(yu)(yu)(yu)晉(jin)，遂(sui)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)膺(ying)、讓。劉(liu)牢(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)獲悉(xi)，徘(pai)徊不(bu)(bu)(bu)進(jin)。三月(yue)(yue)(yue)，燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)攻(gong)(gong)鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)下，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)將(jiang)(jiang)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)去冀(ji)州(zhou)(zhou)，命(ming)令(ling)撫(fu)軍(jun)大將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟屯駐(zhu)信都（今(jin)(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)冀(ji)縣(xian)(xian)），樂浪王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)溫屯中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)（今(jin)(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)定州(zhou)(zhou)），召驃騎大將(jiang)(jiang)軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)回鄴(ye)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)溫派(pai)(pai)遣萬(wan)(wan)(wan)余(yu)名士(shi)兵(bing)為慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)軍(jun)遠(yuan)送(song)軍(jun)糧(liang)(liang)，并(bing)在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)營造(zao)宮(gong)室。就在同月(yue)(yue)(yue)劉(liu)牢(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)攻(gong)(gong)駐(zhu)守(shou)孫就柵（今(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)浚(jun)縣(xian)(xian)境(jing)內）的(de)后燕(yan)(yan)(yan)黎陽(yang)(yang)太(tai)守(shou)劉(liu)撫(fu)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)親自率(lv)(lv)兵(bing)救(jiu)援。苻(fu)(fu)(fu)丕(pi)(pi)聞后，乘(cheng)(cheng)機(ji)偷襲(xi)，但被(bei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)擊(ji)敗。劉(liu)牢(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)軍(jun)交戰(zhan)(zhan)，也(ye)被(bei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)擊(ji)退(tui)，于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)退(tui)屯黎陽(yang)(yang)（今(jin)(jin)河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)浚(jun)縣(xian)(xian)東(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)）。四月(yue)(yue)(yue)，劉(liu)牢(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擊(ji)敗慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)退(tui)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)新(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)久，又從(cong)新(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)退(tui)。劉(liu)牢(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)予苻(fu)(fu)(fu)丕(pi)(pi)打招(zhao)(zhao)呼，便率(lv)(lv)兵(bing)追擊(ji)，苻(fu)(fu)(fu)丕(pi)(pi)得(de)知(zhi)此(ci)事，也(ye)發兵(bing)跟進(jin)。時(shi)軍(jun)情緊急(ji)，燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)連戰(zhan)(zhan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)勝(sheng)，士(shi)氣低落，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)認為：“秦(qin)、晉(jin)瓦合，相待為強。一勝(sheng)則(ze)俱(ju)豪，一失則(ze)俱(ju)潰，非同心(xin)也(ye)。今(jin)(jin)兩(liang)軍(jun)相繼，勢既未合，宜(yi)急(ji)擊(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)。”劉(liu)牢(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)急(ji)行(xing)軍(jun)200里(li)，在五橋澤（今(jin)(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)廣宗北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)）急(ji)奪(duo)后燕(yan)(yan)(yan)戰(zhan)(zhan)備物資(zi)時(shi)，被(bei)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)打得(de)大敗，死數千(qian)人(ren)(ren)。劉(liu)牢(lao)之(zhi)(zhi)單騎逃(tao)走，適逢(feng)苻(fu)(fu)(fu)丕(pi)(pi)率(lv)(lv)援軍(jun)來救(jiu)，得(de)以入鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，收(shou)(shou)集散兵(bing)，軍(jun)勢稍振，旋被(bei)召回。時(shi)鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)守(shou)軍(jun)糧(liang)(liang)盡，無力(li)堅(jian)(jian)持。苻(fu)(fu)(fu)丕(pi)(pi)率(lv)(lv)眾西(xi)(xi)(xi)出(chu)尋找糧(liang)(liang)食。燕(yan)(yan)(yan)、秦(qin)兩(liang)軍(jun)相持經年(nian)，幽(you)(you)、冀(ji)兩(liang)州(zhou)(zhou)發生饑荒，燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)多有餓死者，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)為了(le)以桑椹充軍(jun)糧(liang)(liang)，于(yu)(yu)(yu)是(shi)下令(ling)禁止(zhi)農(nong)(nong)民養蠶。丁(ding)零(ling)翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)真被(bei)鮮于(yu)(yu)(yu)乞(qi)所(suo)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)后，丁(ding)零(ling)人(ren)(ren)又殺(sha)(sha)(sha)鮮于(yu)(yu)(yu)乞(qi)并(bing)立翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)真的(de)堂(tang)弟翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)成為首領。五月(yue)(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)常山(shan)(shan)(shan)，將(jiang)(jiang)翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)成圍(wei)于(yu)(yu)(yu)行(xing)唐(tang)。并(bing)命(ming)帶方王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)佐鎮守(shou)龍城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)遼(liao)(liao)寧朝陽(yang)(yang)）。六月(yue)(yue)(yue)，高句麗(li)進(jin)攻(gong)(gong)遼(liao)(liao)東(dong)（郡治(zhi)(zhi)遼(liao)(liao)陽(yang)(yang)東(dong)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)）。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)佐派(pai)(pai)司馬郝景率(lv)(lv)兵(bing)救(jiu)援，被(bei)高句麗(li)打敗。高句麗(li)乘(cheng)(cheng)勝(sheng)追擊(ji)，連克遼(liao)(liao)東(dong)、玄菟(tu)（郡治(zhi)(zhi)今(jin)(jin)沈陽(yang)(yang)東(dong)）。七月(yue)(yue)(yue)，苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)返回鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。時(shi)余(yu)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)叛燕(yan)(yan)(yan)，自武邑(yi)（今(jin)(jin)屬河(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)）北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)攻(gong)(gong)幽(you)(you)州(zhou)(zhou)（治(zhi)(zhi)薊(ji)(ji)，今(jin)(jin)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)京西(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)）。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)派(pai)(pai)人(ren)(ren)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)幽(you)(you)州(zhou)(zhou)告訴守(shou)將(jiang)(jiang)平(ping)(ping)規(gui)：“但固守(shou)勿戰(zhan)(zhan)，比破丁(ding)零(ling)，吾當自討之(zhi)(zhi)。”（《晉(jin)書·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)載記》）平(ping)(ping)規(gui)未聽，出(chu)戰(zhan)(zhan)，果為余(yu)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)所(suo)敗。余(yu)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)入薊(ji)(ji)，掠千(qian)余(yu)戶而(er)去，遂(sui)占據令(ling)支(zhi)（今(jin)(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)遷(qian)安西(xi)(xi)(xi)）。不(bu)(bu)(bu)久，翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)成長史鮮于(yu)(yu)(yu)得(de)斬(zhan)成出(chu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)投降；慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)屠行(xing)唐(tang)，盡坑翟(zhai)(zhai)(zhai)成部(bu)眾。八(ba)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)為姚萇所(suo)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)。苻(fu)(fu)(fu)丕(pi)(pi)率(lv)(lv)領城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)男女共6萬(wan)(wan)(wan)余(yu)人(ren)(ren)撤(che)出(chu)，西(xi)(xi)(xi)赴潞川（今(jin)(jin)山(shan)(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)(xi)濁漳河(he)），苻(fu)(fu)(fu)丕(pi)(pi)聞苻(fu)(fu)(fu)堅(jian)(jian)死，遂(sui)即(ji)皇帝位。燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)也(ye)乘(cheng)(cheng)機(ji)入鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)以魯王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)和(he)為南(nan)(nan)(nan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)郎將(jiang)(jiang)，鎮守(shou)鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，后燕(yan)(yan)(yan)攻(gong)(gong)鄴(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)結束。并(bing)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)率(lv)(lv)眾穿過蠮螉塞（今(jin)(jin)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)京西(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)居庸關）北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)上(shang)(shang)，經凡城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)河(he)北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)平(ping)(ping)泉南(nan)(nan)(nan)），直(zhi)搗龍城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)（今(jin)(jin)遼(liao)(liao)寧朝陽(yang)(yang)），討伐余(yu)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)。十一月(yue)(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)龍城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，就地(di)休整，十余(yu)日(ri)后，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)率(lv)(lv)步騎3萬(wan)(wan)(wan)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令(ling)支(zhi)，余(yu)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)眾震(zhen)駭，不(bu)(bu)(bu)少人(ren)(ren)相繼逾城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)投降，余(yu)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)計窮而(er)降，為慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)所(suo)殺(sha)(sha)(sha)。隨即(ji)率(lv)(lv)步騎3萬(wan)(wan)(wan)反擊(ji)高句麗(li)，大敗之(zhi)(zhi)，收(shou)(shou)復遼(liao)(liao)東(dong)和(he)玄菟(tu)二(er)郡。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)以慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)(nong)為使持節(jie)、都督幽(you)(you)、平(ping)(ping)二(er)州(zhou)(zhou)、北(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)狄諸軍(jun)事、幽(you)(you)州(zhou)(zhou)牧，鎮守(shou)龍城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。十二(er)月(yue)(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)(chui)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)，對諸將(jiang)(jiang)曰：“樂浪王招(zhao)(zhao)流散，實倉廩，外給軍(jun)糧(liang)(liang)，內營宮(gong)室，雖蕭何何以加之(zhi)(zhi)！”不(bu)(bu)(bu)久，定都中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)。

太(tai)(tai)元十(shi)(shi)一年(nian)（386年(nian)）正月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)自立(li)為(wei)帝，改(gai)元建興，史(shi)稱后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)（？）。“立(li)寶(bao)(bao)為(wei)太(tai)(tai)子(zi)。以(yi)其(qi)左長史(shi)庫辱(ru)官偉、右長史(shi)段崇、龍驤張(zhang)崇，中山尹封(feng)衡為(wei)吏部(bu)尚(shang)書，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德為(wei)侍(shi)中、都督中外諸軍(jun)事、領司隸(li)校尉，撫(fu)軍(jun)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟為(wei)衛大將軍(jun)，其(qi)余(yu)拜授有差。追尊(zun)母蘭氏為(wei)文昭(zhao)皇(huang)后(hou)，遷皝后(hou)段氏，以(yi)蘭氏配(pei)饗。博士(shi)劉詳、董(dong)謐議以(yi)堯母妃(fei)位(wei)第三，不(bu)以(yi)貴陵(ling)姜(jiang)嫄，明圣(sheng)王之道以(yi)至(zhi)公為(wei)先。垂(chui)不(bu)從。”（《晉書·慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)載(zai)記(ji)》）六月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)遣太(tai)(tai)原(yuan)王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷、趙王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟、陳留王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)紹(shao)、章武王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)宙等(deng)攻(gong)秦苻(fu)(fu)定(ding)(ding)、苻(fu)(fu)紹(shao)、苻(fu)(fu)謨、苻(fu)(fu)亮等(deng)部(bu)；慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷先先寫信給眾(zhong)人(ren)，陳述利害，苻(fu)(fu)定(ding)(ding)等(deng)遂降。八月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)留太(tai)(tai)子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)(bao)守中山，以(yi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟為(wei)尚(shang)書右仆射，錄留臺。自己(ji)率領范陽王慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)德等(deng)向南略取土地。十(shi)(shi)月，后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)宦官吳深(shen)(shen)在清河（郡治(zhi)清陽，今屬(shu)河北(bei)）反叛后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)，后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)主慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)發兵攻(gong)打，不(bu)克。十(shi)(shi)二月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)攻(gong)吳深(shen)(shen)壘，拔之，吳深(shen)(shen)單騎而逃。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)進屯聊城(cheng)之逢關陂。

太元十二(er)年（387年）正月，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂舉行閱兵式(shi)。高陽王慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)隆向慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂建(jian)議：“溫(wen)(wen)詳(xiang)(xiang)之(zhi)徒，皆(jie)白(bai)面(mian)儒生，烏合(he)為(wei)(wei)(wei)群，徒恃長(chang)河以自固(gu)，若大軍(jun)濟(ji)(ji)河，必望(wang)旗震壞，不待(dai)戰也。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂從之(zhi)。溫(wen)(wen)詳(xiang)(xiang)原為(wei)(wei)(wei)燕(yan)臣，后(hou)降(jiang)于(yu)(yu)東(dong)晉，晉任為(wei)(wei)(wei)濟(ji)(ji)北太守(shou)，屯東(dong)阿(a)(a)（今山(shan)東(dong)陽谷東(dong)北阿(a)(a)城鎮(zhen)）。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂命鎮(zhen)北將軍(jun)蘭汗和護軍(jun)將軍(jun)平(ping)幼(you)率軍(jun)進攻溫(wen)(wen)詳(xiang)(xiang)。后(hou)燕(yan)軍(jun)于(yu)(yu)碻(que)磝(ao)（古津渡，今山(shan)東(dong)茌平(ping)西(xi)南古黃(huang)河南岸）西(xi)40里處渡過黃(huang)河，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)隆率大軍(jun)于(yu)(yu)北岸列陣以待(dai)。溫(wen)(wen)詳(xiang)(xiang)部(bu)將溫(wen)(wen)攀(pan)、溫(wen)(wen)楷(kai)見(jian)之(zhi)即逃(tao)往東(dong)阿(a)(a)，平(ping)幼(you)部(bu)追(zhui)擊，大破之(zhi)。溫(wen)(wen)詳(xiang)(xiang)攜家(jia)人(ren)夜逃(tao)彭城（今江蘇(su)徐州(zhou)），其部(bu)眾3萬余(yu)戶向后(hou)燕(yan)軍(jun)投降(jiang)。此(ci)后(hou)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂以太原王慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)楷(kai)為(wei)(wei)(wei)兗州(zhou)刺(ci)史，鎮(zhen)守(shou)東(dong)阿(a)(a)，以加強該(gai)地(di)統(tong)治。

太元十(shi)三年(nian)（388年(nian)）二月，丁零翟(zhai)真之子(zi)翟(zhai)遼遣司馬眭(sui)瓊向后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)謝(xie)罪，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂認為其(qi)反(fan)復無常，斬(zhan)(zhan)司馬眭(sui)瓊。翟(zhai)遼索性自稱(cheng)魏天王(wang)，改元建(jian)光，并置百官(guan)。三月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂以太子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶錄尚(shang)書事，政事都(dou)讓其(qi)處理，自己則總大(da)(da)綱(gang)而(er)已。四月，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂立夫人段氏(shi)為皇后(hou)，以太子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶領大(da)(da)單于。追謚前(qian)(qian)妃段氏(shi)為成昭皇后(hou)。八(ba)月，燕(yan)(yan)護(hu)軍(jun)將軍(jun)平幼與(yu)章武王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)宙共(gong)同(tong)發(fa)兵(bing)攻打(da)吳深(shen)，吳深(shen)敗走。九(jiu)月，張(zhang)申(shen)攻廣平（今(jin)河北(bei)雞澤東南）、王(wang)祖攻樂陵（今(jin)山東樂陵南），燕(yan)(yan)高陽王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆(long)發(fa)兵(bing)攻討。至十(shi)二月，太原(yuan)王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷、趙(zhao)王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟與(yu)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆(long)三路大(da)(da)軍(jun)會師于合口（今(jin)河北(bei)滄州(zhou)市西南），攻張(zhang)申(shen)。王(wang)祖為救援(yuan)夜襲(xi)燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)，遭燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)反(fan)擊大(da)(da)敗而(er)逃。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷和(he)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟繼續圍攻張(zhang)申(shen)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆(long)與(yu)部將平幼兵(bing)分兩路乘(cheng)夜追擊，及至天明，后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)大(da)(da)獲全勝，將所斬(zhan)(zhan)首級(ji)懸掛于張(zhang)申(shen)陣(zhen)前(qian)(qian)。張(zhang)申(shen)見大(da)(da)勢已去，遂繳械投(tou)降，王(wang)祖亦歸降。次年(nian)五(wu)月，清河民孔金(jin)斬(zhan)(zhan)吳深(shen)，將其(qi)首級(ji)送中山（今(jin)河北(bei)定州(zhou)）。

太元十四年（389年）正月，慕容垂(chui)召慕容農為(wei)侍中、司隸校(xiao)尉。以(yi)(yi)高陽王慕容隆為(wei)都督幽、平(ping)二州諸軍(jun)(jun)事、征(zheng)北大將軍(jun)(jun)、幽州牧，建留(liu)臺于龍城，以(yi)(yi)慕容隆錄留(liu)臺尚書(shu)事。又以(yi)(yi)護軍(jun)(jun)將軍(jun)(jun)平(ping)幼(you)為(wei)征(zheng)北長史，散騎(qi)常(chang)侍封孚(fu)為(wei)司馬，并(bing)兼留(liu)臺尚書(shu)。

鮮卑賀(he)(he)(he)蘭(lan)(lan)部(bu)(bu)賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)、賀(he)(he)(he)染(ran)干(gan)(gan)(gan)兄(xiong)(xiong)弟為爭(zheng)奪(duo)本部(bu)(bu)統治權而(er)發生(sheng)內亂，而(er)后燕(yan)(yan)及鐵弗劉(liu)衛辰也極力與(yu)魏(wei)爭(zheng)奪(duo)對(dui)賀(he)(he)(he)蘭(lan)(lan)部(bu)(bu)的(de)控制權。太(tai)元十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)（390年(nian)(nian)），劉(liu)衛辰派(pai)軍攻賀(he)(he)(he)蘭(lan)(lan)部(bu)(bu)，拓跋珪(gui)出(chu)兵(bing)擊退之，遷賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)部(bu)(bu)眾于(yu)魏(wei)之東(dong)境，與(yu)后燕(yan)(yan)毗鄰。慕(mu)容垂乘機(ji)對(dui)賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)軟硬兼(jian)施，誘逼其(qi)(qi)叛魏(wei)降(jiang)燕(yan)(yan)，封為歸善王(wang)。賀(he)(he)(he)染(ran)干(gan)(gan)(gan)聞訊，頗嫉其(qi)(qi)兄(xiong)(xiong)賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)飛黃騰達，謀攻殺而(er)代之。太(tai)元十(shi)六(liu)年(nian)(nian)（391年(nian)(nian)）正(zheng)月(yue)(yue)，賀(he)(he)(he)染(ran)干(gan)(gan)(gan)與(yu)賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)舉兵(bing)相攻。拓跋珪(gui)請后燕(yan)(yan)討伐之。四月(yue)(yue)，后燕(yan)(yan)鎮(zhen)北將(jiang)軍蘭(lan)(lan)汗率兵(bing)大(da)破賀(he)(he)(he)染(ran)干(gan)(gan)(gan)于(yu)牛(niu)都(dou)（其(qi)(qi)地(di)在牛(niu)川，放(fang)牧聚會謂之都(dou)）。六(liu)月(yue)(yue)，慕(mu)容垂遣趙王(wang)慕(mu)容麟率軍擊賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)，生(sheng)擒賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)于(yu)赤(chi)城（今內蒙古托(tuo)克托(tuo)縣(xian)東(dong)南黃河(he)西岸），降(jiang)其(qi)(qi)部(bu)(bu)眾數萬。后燕(yan)(yan)主(zhu)慕(mu)容垂命釋放(fang)賀(he)(he)(he)訥(ne)，并(bing)(bing)還其(qi)(qi)部(bu)(bu)眾于(yu)原(yuan)地(di)，而(er)徙賀(he)(he)(he)染(ran)干(gan)(gan)(gan)及其(qi)(qi)部(bu)(bu)眾于(yu)中山(shan)（今河(he)北定州），企圖完全控制賀(he)(he)(he)蘭(lan)(lan)部(bu)(bu)，并(bing)(bing)用以(yi)牽制北魏(wei)。

傲視關東

前秦被消滅的(de)時候，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)已經將(jiang)關(guan)東(dong)七州緊緊地握(wo)于手(shou)中(zhong)。按理(li)說，和胡戎眾(zhong)生的(de)關(guan)中(zhong)隴西地區比起來，關(guan)東(dong)的(de)形(xing)勢應該要簡明很(hen)多。但由(you)于西燕慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)永這慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)家旁支的(de)徙(xi)入，加上(shang)在河南一(yi)帶不停叛(pan)亂的(de)丁零(ling)翟氏(shi)、悄(qiao)然崛(jue)起的(de)鮮卑別部拓跋氏(shi)，慕容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)統一(yi)關(guan)東(dong)的(de)步伐邁得并不輕(qing)松。

后(hou)燕建(jian)興元年（386年）八月(yue)，慕(mu)容垂(chui)在(zai)剛(gang)剛(gang)稱(cheng)帝不久(jiu)便親自率軍南(nan)下，其前(qian)鋒直(zhi)指青、兗(yan)、徐(xu)等在(zai)淝水之戰后(hou)剛(gang)剛(gang)被東晉收復的州郡。這些(xie)地方(fang)可以說(shuo)是南(nan)北(bei)對峙時(shi)期的緩沖(chong)地帶(dai)，后(hou)燕大(da)軍一(yi)到(dao)，紛紛投降(jiang)。慕(mu)容垂(chui)重新將勢力推進至淮(huai)北(bei)。

后燕的北(bei)方這時(shi)出了(le)亂子。劉(liu)顯(xian)跟拓(tuo)(tuo)跋珪(gui)翻了(le)臉，想(xiang)方設(she)法要消滅(mie)拓(tuo)(tuo)跋珪(gui)的力量。為了(le)籠絡人心，他派弟(di)弟(di)劉(liu)亢埿把什翼犍小兒子拓(tuo)(tuo)跋窟咄(duo)迎接(jie)來。

慕容(rong)麟很有心計（慕容(rong)麟很會(hui)耍小聰明，即使曾經(jing)在慕容(rong)垂出逃時出賣過(guo)父兄，也(ye)沒有失去慕容(rong)垂對他(ta)的(de)喜(xi)愛，后燕(yan)的(de)新都中山就是由他(ta)統軍(jun)(jun)(jun)攻下來的(de)。慕容(rong)垂建立后燕(yan)后常常把(ba)帶(dai)兵打(da)仗的(de)重任交(jiao)給他(ta)），他(ta)讓安同趕緊跑到拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)珪那(nei)里報告燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)消息。北魏的(de)將(jiang)士們得知援軍(jun)(jun)(jun)將(jiang)至，果(guo)然(ran)恢復了不(bu)少士氣，抵擋住了拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)窟咄(duo)的(de)進逼。慕容(rong)麟與拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)珪會(hui)合(he)，一仗就把(ba)拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)窟咄(duo)殺(sha)得大(da)敗，拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)窟咄(duo)逃到鐵弗劉衛辰(chen)那(nei)里，劉衛辰(chen)豈會(hui)忘記當初兩部之仇，也(ye)不(bu)顧他(ta)與拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)珪為(wei)敵，將(jiang)拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)窟咄(duo)殺(sha)死了。

拓跋珪在這一仗中感受到了(le)(le)燕(yan)軍的厲害。一年之后(hou)(hou)，他乘著(zhu)劉顯部(bu)兄弟(di)相爭，再次向慕(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)借(jie)兵，慕(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)又讓慕(mu)容麟出(chu)兵相助。劉顯把劉衛辰上貢(gong)后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)的馬匹給搶了(le)(le)下(xia)來，慕(mu)容垂(chui)(chui)對此大怒(nu)，派侄子(zi)太原王慕(mu)容楷增援慕(mu)容麟。楷、麟與(yu)拓跋珪會戰劉顯，大獲(huo)全勝(sheng)，劉顯逃(tao)到西燕(yan)。后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)奪得了(le)(le)劉顯的部(bu)眾和牲畜，拓跋珪則基本(ben)收復了(le)(le)什翼犍時期的代國地盤。

慕容(rong)垂接下來花(hua)了(le)(le)五(wu)年時間(jian)(jian)經營(ying)自己的(de)北方領土，這期間(jian)(jian)他消(xiao)滅河北一帶的(de)叛軍，收復(fu)清河、渤海等地，征(zheng)服了(le)(le)北方比較強(qiang)大(da)的(de)賀蘭部，加上這之前慕容(rong)農已經率軍擊敗高句(ju)麗，占據(ju)遼(liao)東，后燕鞏固了(le)(le)自身統治(zhi)，成為(wei)北方強(qiang)國。

攻滅翟魏

轉眼到了(le)建興七年(nian)(nian)（392年(nian)(nian)），他也年(nian)(nian)近古稀。鑒于(yu)河南(nan)一(yi)帶丁零翟氏(shi)的朝三暮四、一(yi)再叛獨，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)親自帶兵征討丁零翟釗（翟魏天王翟遼(liao)之子(zi)）。翟釗向(xiang)慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)永求援，但慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)永聽(ting)從(cong)尚書郎鮑遵(zun)的話，坐山(shan)觀虎斗，未曾向(xiang)翟釗發兵相救。慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)先把營(ying)寨遷到黃(huang)河上(shang)游四十里處的西(xi)津，造了(le)數百艘牛皮船(chuan)，載上(shang)一(yi)些兵士(shi)車仗，開始渡河。丁零翟釗在(zai)下游聽(ting)說這一(yi)消息，果(guo)然帶了(le)軍隊前往西(xi)津抵抗。這時慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)才派留在(zai)黎陽慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)鎮的軍隊連夜渡過黃(huang)河，在(zai)河南(nan)扎營(ying)。第(di)二天早上(shang)，后燕的軍隊已經在(zai)河南(nan)駐了(le)不少人的大(da)(da)營(ying)了(le)。翟釗得(de)知此事(shi)又趕(gan)到下游打慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)鎮，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)鎮堅守一(yi)段時間后，上(shang)游的后燕大(da)(da)軍也已乘機(ji)渡過了(le)黃(huang)河，燕軍兩路夾擊，翟釗全(quan)軍潰(kui)敗而走，慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)率軍追擊，翟釗只(zhi)身逃到西(xi)燕，后又被慕(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)永殺死。

消滅西燕

建(jian)興八年(nian)（393年(nian)），慕容(rong)垂(chui)開始籌(chou)備攻(gong)打西燕(yan)。后(hou)燕(yan)將領又顯得顧(gu)慮重重，認(ren)為(wei)后(hou)燕(yan)士(shi)兵連年(nian)征討，十分疲憊，有(you)待休整。只有(you)范(fan)陽王慕容(rong)德同意(yi)伐西燕(yan)。慕容(rong)垂(chui)很高興地說：“吾計決(jue)矣。且吾投(tou)老(lao)，扣囊底智(zhi)，足以(yi)克之，不(bu)復留逆賊以(yi)累子孫也！”以(yi)確立(li)后(hou)燕(yan)的正統性(xing)與(yu)后(hou)世安定。

建興九年（394年），慕容垂大軍在鄴城西南集結，卻一個多月不向西(xi)燕境內進(jin)(jin)發。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)永開始疑神疑鬼(gui)，懷疑慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)會從(cong)太行(xing)(xing)山(shan)山(shan)道突入其(qi)境，趕緊分兵去封鎖太行(xing)(xing)山(shan)口(kou)，在(zai)正面防御(yu)點臺(tai)(tai)壁(bi)只(zhi)留(liu)下一支(zhi)軍隊。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)等見此情景(jing)，遣部從(cong)臺(tai)(tai)壁(bi)進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)，兩(liang)軍一交手(shou)，西(xi)燕潰(kui)敗，臺(tai)(tai)壁(bi)遭圍。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)永只(zhi)得又(you)從(cong)太行(xing)(xing)山(shan)召回守軍五萬多(duo)人(ren)，然而刁云(yun)、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)鐘軍無斗志，投(tou)降(jiang)了(le)后燕。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)在(zai)臺(tai)(tai)壁(bi)以南擺下陣勢(shi)，與慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)永會戰，事先還安排了(le)驍(xiao)騎(qi)將軍慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)國的精(jing)銳騎(qi)兵做埋伏(fu)。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)假(jia)裝敗退，將西(xi)燕軍引入包(bao)圍圈，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)國從(cong)其(qi)背后殺出(chu)，一場(chang)大戰，西(xi)燕軍光(guang)被斬首的人(ren)數就達八千，重(zhong)鎮晉(jin)陽也跟著丟(diu)失。?

慕容(rong)永退守國都(dou)長子，向東晉和北魏(wei)求救。兩方(fang)的(de)援軍尚未趕到，西(xi)燕別部的(de)大逸豆歸(gui)手下的(de)將(jiang)領便打(da)開城門迎入慕容(rong)垂。慕容(rong)垂將(jiang)慕容(rong)永和西(xi)燕的(de)公卿大臣悉數斬首，西(xi)燕滅亡。

燕魏交兵

主詞(ci)目：參合陂之戰

后燕(yan)在滅(mie)翟魏吞西燕(yan)后，慕容垂建立的后燕(yan)也隨之轉盛而衰。

慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)在(zai)(zai)南(nan)征北(bei)(bei)戰(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過程(cheng)中(zhong)留(liu)下(xia)了一(yi)(yi)內(nei)一(yi)(yi)外(wai)(wai)兩(liang)大(da)隱(yin)患。其內(nei)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)隱(yin)患，便是(shi)(shi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)家好內(nei)斗。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)鮮卑(bei)在(zai)(zai)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)及其子(zi)侄這兩(liang)代可謂(wei)人才濟(ji)濟(ji)，如慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)異母弟(di)范陽王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德，兒(er)子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶、趙王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟(lin)、遼西(xi)王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農、高陽王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆，侄子(zi)太原王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷(kai)、陳留(liu)王(wang)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹。這些(xie)人在(zai)(zai)后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)平定北(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)時(shi)各自(zi)叱咤一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)。后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)國土占(zhan)據著半個北(bei)(bei)中(zhong)國，其東(dong)北(bei)(bei)是(shi)(shi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)農，東(dong)南(nan)是(shi)(shi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)德，西(xi)北(bei)(bei)是(shi)(shi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)麟(lin)，又慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)隆、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)紹、慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)楷(kai)分別居于東(dong)、南(nan)、西(xi)，中(zhong)央需要較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)向(xiang)心力。慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)年(nian)紀已大(da)，把國事大(da)事交給太子(zi)慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)寶才大(da)智粗，不堪(kan)其任(ren)。后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)外(wai)(wai)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)隱(yin)患源(yuan)自(zi)與(yu)(yu)北(bei)(bei)魏(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)交。后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)消滅(mie)丁零(ling)翟氏的(de)(de)(de)(de)前一(yi)(yi)年(nian)，慕(mu)(mu)(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)為(wei)了平定北(bei)(bei)方(fang)(fang)，再次出兵幫助了臣服(fu)于后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)拓跋(ba)(ba)(ba)珪(gui)。拓跋(ba)(ba)(ba)珪(gui)憑借(jie)后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)援兵，與(yu)(yu)劉(liu)(liu)衛(wei)辰(chen)展開決戰(zhan)，一(yi)(yi)舉(ju)將其擊潰，并乘勝占(zhan)據了鐵弗部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)領(ling)地。劉(liu)(liu)衛(wei)辰(chen)在(zai)(zai)亂(luan)軍中(zhong)被殺(sha)，五(wu)千多劉(liu)(liu)氏宗族被拓跋(ba)(ba)(ba)珪(gui)全部(bu)斬首，扔(reng)進黃河。

拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪(gui)(gui)驅(qu)走鐵弗(fu)，掠奪(duo)百(bai)萬(wan)計的(de)牛羊馬，勢(shi)力(li)(li)大(da)(da)增，逐漸萌生問鼎(ding)中(zhong)原的(de)野心(xin)。388年八月，拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪(gui)(gui)專門派自(zi)(zi)己(ji)的(de)堂兄(xiong)拓(tuo)跋(ba)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)前往中(zhong)山(shan)探聽虛(xu)實。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)接見了拓(tuo)跋(ba)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)，詰問他：“魏王(wang)(wang)怎么(me)不(bu)自(zi)(zi)己(ji)來？”拓(tuo)跋(ba)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)答道：“我(wo)們拓(tuo)跋(ba)氏自(zi)(zi)先人以來，居住在北方，現今(jin)(jin)仍是(shi)如此(ci)。當年先王(wang)(wang)拓(tuo)跋(ba)猗(yi)盧被晉朝(chao)(chao)皇帝封為(wei)代王(wang)(wang)，與你們的(de)祖先共事一(yi)朝(chao)(chao)，彼此(ci)都是(shi)兄(xiong)弟。如今(jin)(jin)我(wo)奉命(ming)出使，并無失禮(li)之(zhi)(zhi)處。”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)又問：“朕(zhen)兵強馬壯，威加四海，你們主公竟敢(gan)不(bu)來見朕(zhen)，怎么(me)可以說(shuo)(shuo)沒有失禮(li)之(zhi)(zhi)處呢(ni)？”拓(tuo)跋(ba)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)搖(yao)頭道：“燕國(guo)如若不(bu)修文(wen)德，以為(wei)靠(kao)著(zhu)強大(da)(da)的(de)軍力(li)(li)就能(neng)夠稱霸天(tian)下(xia)的(de)話，那(nei)就得問問我(wo)國(guo)的(de)將帥，輪不(bu)到(dao)我(wo)這個(ge)使臣來說(shuo)(shuo)話了。”拓(tuo)跋(ba)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)席話說(shuo)(shuo)得有理有節，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)就放了他。拓(tuo)跋(ba)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)回來對拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪(gui)(gui)說(shuo)(shuo)：“燕國(guo)皇帝年老(lao)，太子暗弱，范陽王(wang)(wang)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德又很自(zi)(zi)負(fu)，恐(kong)怕不(bu)會安心(xin)做(zuo)少主的(de)臣子。只要慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂(chui)(chui)一(yi)死，燕國(guo)必有內亂(luan)，到(dao)時候天(tian)下(xia)自(zi)(zi)然是(shi)我(wo)們的(de)，現今(jin)(jin)還不(bu)是(shi)動手的(de)時候。”拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪(gui)(gui)很是(shi)高興，便暗中(zhong)積蓄力(li)(li)量，以待天(tian)時。

事件導(dao)火(huo)線(xian)始于慕容子(zi)弟(di)強行(xing)扣留拓(tuo)跋(ba)觚。建興(xing)七年(nian)（391）七月，拓(tuo)跋(ba)觚出使燕國(guo)，當(dang)時(shi)慕容垂年(nian)已衰老，慕容氏子(zi)弟(di)主持著一些政務，為了(le)要求北魏進獻良馬(ma)，強行(xing)扣留了(le)拓(tuo)跋(ba)觚。拓(tuo)跋(ba)珪不給，與(yu)后燕斷絕了(le)外交。

兩年后，后燕(yan)軍攻打西(xi)燕(yan)，拓跋珪不念燕(yan)、魏從前同(tong)盟多年，積極出兵援(yuan)助慕(mu)容永(yong)，此(ci)事令慕(mu)容垂很(hen)惱火。

滅西(xi)燕后(hou)，慕(mu)容(rong)垂本已身染重(zhong)病，不想用(yong)兵(bing)，但在慕(mu)容(rong)寶等人(ren)的慫恿下(xia)，于建興十年（395）五月派慕(mu)容(rong)寶、慕(mu)容(rong)農、慕(mu)容(rong)麟(lin)率(lv)領大(da)軍八(ba)(ba)萬伐魏，又讓慕(mu)容(rong)德、慕(mu)容(rong)紹(shao)另(ling)率(lv)步(bu)騎(qi)兵(bing)一萬八(ba)(ba)千(qian)人(ren)做后(hou)繼。散騎(qi)常侍高湖苦(ku)諫，惹得慕(mu)容(rong)垂大(da)怒(nu)，免了他的官。

慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)的軍隊開到(dao)(dao)五原（今內(nei)蒙古(gu)包頭西北(bei)）的黃河北(bei)岸(an)，南岸(an)的拓跋珪先派(pai)人在中(zhong)山到(dao)(dao)五原的路上截(jie)獲后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)傳送消(xiao)息的使者(zhe)，使得連續幾個月慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂的消(xiao)息都無法傳到(dao)(dao)后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)大軍營中(zhong)。拓跋珪又(you)(you)拉上抓來的后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)使者(zhe)到(dao)(dao)黃河岸(an)邊喊話：“你老爹已死，還不早早回(hui)去！”慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)等人此時又(you)(you)擔心(xin)又(you)(you)害怕，后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)的士兵們更是軍心(xin)動搖。?

后(hou)燕(yan)的(de)軍(jun)隊(dui)處境(jing)艱難，這(zhe)邊拓跋(ba)珪則安排停當，他派拓跋(ba)虔、拓跋(ba)儀各領數萬(wan)(wan)騎兵駐(zhu)扎在(zai)河(he)東(dong)、河(he)北，又讓拓跋(ba)遵(zun)領了七萬(wan)(wan)騎兵悄悄地(di)繞到了燕(yan)軍(jun)的(de)東(dong)南面，也就是燕(yan)軍(jun)的(de)退路上。

從(cong)九月開始，燕軍(jun)和魏軍(jun)在五原一(yi)帶(dai)相持近一(yi)個(ge)月，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)的軍(jun)隊從(cong)一(yi)支(zhi)驕兵變成了(le)羸(lei)兵，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)雖然心(xin)中發虛，卻沒有撤退的意思。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟(lin)手下有個(ge)叫做(zuo)慕(mu)輿嵩的部(bu)將覺得(de)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂是真(zhen)的死了(le)，糾合部(bu)將作亂(luan)，擁立(li)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)麟(lin)做(zuo)皇(huang)帝。事情敗露(lu)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)把慕(mu)輿嵩等人(ren)給殺(sha)了(le)，寶(bao)、麟(lin)兩(liang)人(ren)由此互(hu)相猜(cai)忌(ji)。

燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)就在這樣的(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)況下支撐到了十月底，此(ci)時的(de)(de)(de)五(wu)原(yuan)地區已是寒風(feng)凜冽，冬日來(lai)臨，慕容寶下令燒掉渡船(chuan)撤(che)(che)軍(jun)(jun)。當時的(de)(de)(de)黃河(he)水還未結冰，慕容寶認定魏軍(jun)(jun)沒(mei)有(you)足夠的(de)(de)(de)船(chuan)只，不可能渡河(he)追擊(ji)，無須采取任何防(fang)備措(cuo)施(shi)，燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)一路向東撤(che)(che)去。拓跋珪(gui)在南岸并未馬上(shang)行動，燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)撤(che)(che)退后的(de)(de)(de)第(di)八(ba)天(tian)，天(tian)氣突變，刮起(qi)(qi)暴風(feng)，河(he)水迅速凍(dong)合。拓跋珪(gui)大喜過望，留下所有(you)輜重，連(lian)夜(ye)點(dian)起(qi)(qi)二萬精(jing)銳騎兵(bing)，全速沖過黃河(he)，朝著燕(yan)軍(jun)(jun)撤(che)(che)退的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向追去。

疲憊不(bu)(bu)(bu)堪、士(shi)氣(qi)(qi)低落的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后燕軍(jun)隊走到參(can)合陂（今(jin)內(nei)蒙古涼(liang)城岱海），已近傍晚時(shi)分。“天有不(bu)(bu)(bu)測風云”，這(zhe)個(ge)時(shi)候(hou)一(yi)(yi)陣大風平(ping)地(di)而(er)起，只見一(yi)(yi)道黑氣(qi)(qi)如長堤一(yi)(yi)般，自燕軍(jun)身后鋪卷而(er)來，最后完全罩住(zhu)了整(zheng)個(ge)軍(jun)隊。士(shi)兵(bing)們本(ben)已十分脆弱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心靈又蒙上(shang)(shang)一(yi)(yi)層陰(yin)影，一(yi)(yi)個(ge)名叫支曇(tan)猛(meng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)和尚頓覺不(bu)(bu)(bu)安，向(xiang)慕容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)(bao)進言：“狂風暴虐，乃是魏(wei)兵(bing)將要來到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)征(zheng)兆，我軍(jun)應當作(zuo)好抵御準備。”滿以為(wei)魏(wei)軍(jun)早被拋(pao)下很遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)慕容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)(bao)只笑(xiao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)答。支曇(tan)猛(meng)再三請求，在旁邊聽(ting)得不(bu)(bu)(bu)耐煩的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)慕容(rong)(rong)麟氣(qi)(qi)呼呼地(di)說：“以殿下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)神武，我軍(jun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)強盛，足以橫行沙漠，小(xiao)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)索(suo)虜(lu)（燕人鄙視(shi)同宗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北魏(wei)，罵其為(wei)索(suo)虜(lu)）豈敢遠道追(zhui)來？應該把這(zhe)該死的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)和尚斬(zhan)首(shou)示眾(zhong)以消顧(gu)慮(lv)！”支曇(tan)猛(meng)痛哭流涕：“苻堅擁(yong)百萬(wan)雄師，卻大敗(bai)于淮南，正是由于恃眾(zhong)輕敵，不(bu)(bu)(bu)相信天道的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)緣故啊(a)！”司徒慕容(rong)(rong)德見此情景，支曇(tan)猛(meng)也算(suan)一(yi)(yi)片忠心，于是也勸慕容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)(bao)聽(ting)從支曇(tan)猛(meng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話(hua)，慕容(rong)(rong)寶(bao)(bao)這(zhe)才讓慕容(rong)(rong)麟帶(dai)上(shang)(shang)三萬(wan)騎兵(bing)殿后以防萬(wan)一(yi)(yi)。慕容(rong)(rong)麟根(gen)本(ben)不(bu)(bu)(bu)信支曇(tan)猛(meng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)胡話(hua)，在大軍(jun)后面放(fang)縱(zong)士(shi)兵(bing)四處游獵(lie)，不(bu)(bu)(bu)做好設防準備。

魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)晝夜兼程、連(lian)日急行軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)追趕。乙酉，魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)在暮色里終于趕到參(can)合陂(po)西面。燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)又走了(le)一(yi)(yi)段路，就停下(xia)腳(jiao)步(bu)，在參(can)合陂(po)東邊的(de)(de)(de)蟠羊山南面依水扎(zha)營(ying)。拓(tuo)跋珪發(fa)現(xian)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)近(jin)在咫尺(chi)，連(lian)夜部(bu)署(shu)進軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)計(ji)劃，各將領(ling)分別帶兵(bing)(bing)，士(shi)兵(bing)(bing)銜枚(mei)，戰馬(ma)(ma)束口，暗暗向(xiang)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)靠近(jin)。第二天日出(chu)(chu)時(shi)(shi)分，魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)全部(bu)登上山頂，腳(jiao)下(xia)便是燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)大營(ying)。這時(shi)(shi)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)士(shi)兵(bing)(bing)們(men)正伸(shen)著(zhu)懶腰，緩步(bu)走出(chu)(chu)營(ying)寨(zhai)，準備向(xiang)東進發(fa)，猛一(yi)(yi)回頭，眼前竟是嚴陣以待(dai)的(de)(de)(de)北魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)隊。燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)頓時(shi)(shi)慌作一(yi)(yi)團。拓(tuo)跋珪手一(yi)(yi)抬，二萬精騎兵(bing)(bing)以排山倒海之勢沖殺過來(lai)。燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)紛紛逃(tao)入水中，人(ren)馬(ma)(ma)相互(hu)踐踏，踩死(si)的(de)(de)(de)、淹死(si)的(de)(de)(de)數以萬計(ji)。拓(tuo)跋遵(zun)率部(bu)轉到燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)前方進行阻截，燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)最后一(yi)(yi)道心理防線終于崩(beng)潰，四五萬人(ren)全部(bu)乖乖地放下(xia)武器(qi)，舉手投降(jiang)。從亂軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)中逃(tao)出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)不足數千(qian)，慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)寶、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)農(nong)、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)麟、慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)德等人(ren)憑著(zhu)馬(ma)(ma)快，才撿了(le)性命(ming)。慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)垂的(de)(de)(de)侄子燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)右(you)仆陳留悼王慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)紹也(ye)不幸戰死(si)，其(qi)余被生俘(fu)的(de)(de)(de)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)氏(shi)等文武將吏數千(qian)人(ren)。魏(wei)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)獲得燕(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)數以萬計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)兵(bing)(bing)甲糧貨。

拓(tuo)跋珪大獲全(quan)勝(sheng)(sheng)，他(ta)從燕(yan)(yan)(yan)軍(jun)的俘虜中挑了(le)些可用之(zhi)才留在(zai)北魏(wei)，其余的人(ren)準備悉數發還衣物糧食，遣送回國(guo)，也是借(jie)機招攬中原人(ren)心。他(ta)的中部(bu)大人(ren)王(wang)建(jian)說：“燕(yan)(yan)(yan)國(guo)強盛，這次傾全(quan)國(guo)之(zhi)力(li)前來(lai)，我軍(jun)僥幸取勝(sheng)(sheng)，不如殺掉降卒，將(jiang)來(lai)它們再無可用之(zhi)兵，打敗(bai)他(ta)們就易(yi)如反掌了(le)！”拓(tuo)跋珪嘆道：“若(ruo)聽從你(ni)的話(hua)，只怕我將(jiang)陷(xian)于不仁不義之(zhi)地。”然(ran)而魏(wei)國(guo)的將(jiang)領對(dui)后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)尚(shang)心有余悸，都(dou)認為王(wang)建(jian)說得有理，拓(tuo)跋珪便下(xia)一道命令，將(jiang)四五(wu)萬后(hou)(hou)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)士兵全(quan)部(bu)活埋！

慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶回到(dao)中山(shan)，向父親(qin)陳述失敗的(de)慘狀(zhuang)，竭(jie)力請(qing)求再次伐魏(wei)。旁邊慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)德又說：“索(suo)虜碰(peng)巧打了這場勝仗，打心眼(yan)瞧不(bu)上太子了，如果不(bu)以陛下的(de)神(shen)武把他(ta)們(men)制服，恐怕后(hou)患無(wu)窮。”七(qi)十歲的(de)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂聽(ting)了這話，決(jue)定(ding)親(qin)自(zi)出(chu)征，為身后(hou)的(de)燕國謀取(qu)生存(cun)的(de)空間。他(ta)讓慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)隆和(he)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)盛調(diao)集舊(jiu)都龍城的(de)精(jing)兵來到(dao)中山(shan)，約定(ding)次年（396）大舉西征，攻(gong)打北魏(wei)。

軍容(rong)精(jing)整的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)龍(long)(long)城(cheng)精(jing)騎進入中山，后(hou)燕的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)士(shi)氣重新(xin)振作。三(san)月，慕(mu)容(rong)垂親(qin)率(lv)燕軍秘密出(chu)發，鑿開(kai)太行山道，出(chu)其不(bu)(bu)意(yi)地直逼北魏(wei)占據的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平城(cheng)（今(jin)山西(xi)大同(tong)）。拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)虔(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)萬軍馬駐守此地。慕(mu)容(rong)垂派慕(mu)容(rong)農和(he)慕(mu)容(rong)隆率(lv)領龍(long)(long)城(cheng)精(jing)兵充當(dang)前鋒(feng)，突襲(xi)平城(cheng)。拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)虔(qian)一(yi)向不(bu)(bu)設防(fang)備，看到燕軍來攻(gong)，才倉促出(chu)戰，龍(long)(long)城(cheng)兵是燕國戰斗力最強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鮮卑舊(jiu)部(bu)，一(yi)個(ge)個(ge)奮勇爭先，如下山猛虎，魏(wei)軍招架不(bu)(bu)住，拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)虔(qian)戰死，殘部(bu)全部(bu)被后(hou)燕收編。拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)虔(qian)是拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)珪(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)弟(di)弟(di)，在北魏(wei)威望不(bu)(bu)小，他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)死訊傳來，拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)珪(gui)大驚失色，就想逃走，北魏(wei)各部(bu)都開(kai)始心懷二意(yi)，拓(tuo)(tuo)跋(ba)(ba)珪(gui)竟不(bu)(bu)知往(wang)哪里逃。

病重身亡

燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)一(yi)路(lu)前行，慕容(rong)垂來到(dao)了昔日戰(zhan)(zhan)場參合陂。萬人坑上的(de)(de)(de)(de)泥(ni)土猶新，曾經還是(shi)生龍(long)活虎的(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)萬士卒已成堆(dui)積(ji)如(ru)山(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)尸骨，無數(shu)冤魂仿佛還在(zai)(zai)山(shan)間飄蕩。燕(yan)(yan)軍(jun)設(she)下(xia)祭壇，死(si)難將士的(de)(de)(de)(de)父兄一(yi)起(qi)放聲痛哭，聲音響徹山(shan)谷。白發蒼蒼的(de)(de)(de)(de)慕容(rong)垂面對此(ci)情(qing)此(ci)景，心中又慚又恨，那最后(hou)一(yi)點戰(zhan)(zhan)斗的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)神再也無法堅(jian)持(chi)下(xia)去(qu)，哇的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)口(kou)鮮血吐(tu)了出來，舊疾發作，乘著馬輿(yu)前進(jin)，在(zai)(zai)平城西北三十里(li)休整。慕容(rong)寶等人的(de)(de)(de)(de)前軍(jun)也只好全部撤退。拓跋(ba)珪得到(dao)后(hou)燕(yan)(yan)叛(pan)卒的(de)(de)(de)(de)消息，本想乘隙追趕，聽說平城淪陷(xian)，便引兵退回(hui)陰山(shan)。

慕容(rong)垂在(zai)平城停留了十天(tian)，修了座燕(yan)昌城（欲昌則不(bu)昌），便(bian)匆(cong)匆(cong)返回，他在(zai)歸(gui)途中病逝于上谷郡的沮(ju)陽(yang)（今河北懷來(lai)東南），終年(nian)七十一歲。

主要成就

慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂13歲即隨父征戰(zhan)，才(cai)兼文(wen)武(wu)，勇猛多謀。前(qian)(qian)燕慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)皝十一(yi)年(nian)（344），慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)垂任(ren)前(qian)(qian)鋒都督，建(jian)(jian)鋒將軍。次年(nian)，率兵(bing)2萬(wan)自東道出徒(tu)河(he)（今錦(jin)州(zhou)(zhou)）南下，與燕王慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)儁等會師，攻取后趙(zhao)幽州(zhou)(zhou)（治(zhi)今北京城西南）等地，并勸燕王勿殺(sha)降卒(zu)，以(yi)服人心。元璽(xi)三(san)年(nian)（354），受(shou)封為吳王。光壽元年(nian)（357），參與攻討敕(chi)勒，俘斬(zhan)十余萬(wan)人。建(jian)(jian)熙六年(nian)（365），與太宰慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)恪合力攻占(zhan)東晉洛陽(yang)（今河(he)南洛陽(yang)東北）后，任(ren)征南大將軍、荊州(zhou)(zhou)牧等職，領兵(bing)萬(wan)人，鎮魯陽(yang)（今魯山(shan)）。十年(nian)，在桓溫(wen)攻前(qian)(qian)燕之戰(zhan)中，大敗晉軍，威(wei)名大振。

是年(nian)十(shi)一月(yue)，因前(qian)(qian)(qian)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)內訌，西投(tou)前(qian)(qian)(qian)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)，為秦(qin)(qin)(qin)主苻(fu)堅(jian)所賞識，任冠軍(jun)將軍(jun)。十(shi)一年(nian)，前(qian)(qian)(qian)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)滅前(qian)(qian)(qian)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)，慕(mu)容垂至鄴(ye)（今(jin)(jin)河北臨漳西南(nan)），密圖興復。后轉京兆尹，參加征伐(fa)，皆(jie)有大(da)功，但為前(qian)(qian)(qian)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)權貴猜忌、壓抑。前(qian)(qian)(qian)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)建元(yuan)十(shi)八年(nian)（382），不顧多數(shu)朝(chao)臣的(de)反(fan)對(dui)，力(li)勸苻(fu)堅(jian)進(jin)攻(gong)東晉。十(shi)九年(nian)七月(yue)，東晉車(che)騎(qi)將軍(jun)桓沖攻(gong)襄(xiang)陽(yang)（今(jin)(jin)屬湖北襄(xiang)樊），征南(nan)將軍(jun)苻(fu)叡率(lv)步騎(qi)5萬援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)救(jiu)，慕(mu)容垂為前(qian)(qian)(qian)鋒。垂命士(shi)卒(zu)多燃火炬，光照數(shu)十(shi)里(li)，嚇退晉軍(jun)。是年(nian)，淝(fei)水之戰，秦(qin)(qin)(qin)兵(bing)慘敗(bai)，唯慕(mu)容垂軍(jun)3萬屯據鄖城（今(jin)(jin)安陸）無損。苻(fu)堅(jian)率(lv)所剩千余騎(qi)往赴(fu)，慕(mu)容垂悉以兵(bing)歸堅(jian)。旋丁零族翟(zhai)斌起(qi)(qi)兵(bing)反(fan)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)，謀攻(gong)洛陽(yang)，慕(mu)容垂受命進(jin)討(tao)。二十(shi)年(nian)，至滎陽(yang)（今(jin)(jin)河南(nan)滎陽(yang)東北），起(qi)(qi)兵(bing)反(fan)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)，稱燕(yan)(yan)(yan)王（史稱后燕(yan)(yan)(yan)），率(lv)眾攻(gong)鄴(ye)，拔(ba)外城。苻(fu)丕求援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)于(yu)東晉。后燕(yan)(yan)(yan)燕(yan)(yan)(yan)元(yuan)二年(nian)（385）四月(yue)，兵(bing)敗(bai)后伺機反(fan)擊，大(da)破援(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)鄴(ye)之晉軍(jun)。十(shi)二月(yue)，定都中山（今(jin)(jin)河北定州）。

建興二(er)年（387），發兵(bing)討溫詳(xiang)等叛軍(jun)，迫(po)叛眾(zhong)3萬余(yu)戶(hu)歸(gui)后燕(yan)。又(you)遣兵(bing)南(nan)(nan)(nan)下(xia)，進(jin)占歷城(cheng)(cheng)（今濟南(nan)(nan)(nan)），迫(po)使(shi)青、兗、徐三(san)州郡縣(xian)多(duo)數壁壘出降。七年六月，攻討丁零族翟釗(zhao)于黎陽(yang)（今河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)浚縣(xian)東北），以牛皮(pi)船百余(yu)艘(sou)，偽列兵(bing)仗，溯流西(xi)上，而潛軍(jun)于東夜渡，營(ying)于河(he)南(nan)(nan)(nan)，堅壁不(bu)戰(zhan)，使(shi)翟釗(zhao)兵(bing)往來(lai)疲憊(bei)，再行夾擊，盡獲其(qi)眾(zhong)。九年，攻西(xi)燕(yan)主(zhu)慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)永(yong)，先(xian)分處置疑兵(bing)以誘敵，自率(lv)大(da)軍(jun)屯鄴城(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)南(nan)(nan)(nan)，月余(yu)不(bu)進(jin)；待慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)永(yong)發兵(bing)分道拒守，即乘(cheng)虛直入(ru)，連破西(xi)燕(yan)軍(jun)，進(jin)圍臺壁（今山西(xi)襄垣東北）。繼又(you)佯(yang)退，誘其(qi)追(zhui)入(ru)設(she)伏地帶，實(shi)行圍擊，大(da)破慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)永(yong)，滅亡(wang)西(xi)燕(yan)。十(shi)年，遣子慕(mu)容(rong)(rong)寶率(lv)軍(jun)9.8萬攻北魏，在參合陂(po)之戰(zhan)遭(zao)慘敗(bai)。次年三(san)月，親自率(lv)軍(jun)攻北魏。閏(run)三(san)月，襲取平城(cheng)(cheng)（今山西(xi)大(da)同東北），大(da)敗(bai)魏軍(jun)，收其(qi)部落(luo)3萬余(yu)家(jia)。

歷史評價

崔浩：“垂藉父(fu)兄之(zhi)資，修復舊業(ye)，國人歸(gui)之(zhi)，若夜蟲之(zhi)就火，少加倚仗，易以(yi)立功。”

房玄齡等《晉書(shu)》：“慕容垂(chui)天(tian)資英杰，威震本(ben)朝(chao)，以雄(xiong)略見猜而(er)(er)庇身(shen)寬(kuan)政(zheng)，永固(gu)受之(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)以禮，道明事之(zhi)(zhi)而(er)(er)畢(bi)力。然而(er)(er)隼質(zhi)難羈，狼心(xin)自野。淮南(nan)失律，三甥之(zhi)(zhi)謀已構；河(he)朔分麾，五木(mu)之(zhi)(zhi)祥云啟。斬飛龍而(er)(er)遐舉，逾石門而(er)(er)長邁，遂使(shi)翟氏景從，鄴(ye)師宵逸，收羅趙、魏，驅駕英雄(xiong)。叩(kou)囊余奇，摧五萬(wan)于(yu)(yu)河(he)曲；浮船秘策，招(zhao)七郡于(yu)(yu)黎陽。返遼陰之(zhi)(zhi)舊(jiu)物，創中山(shan)(shan)之(zhi)(zhi)新社，類帝(di)禋宗，僭擬(ni)斯備。夫以重耳歸晉，賴五臣(chen)之(zhi)(zhi)功；句(ju)踐紿吳，資五千(qian)之(zhi)(zhi)卒。惡有業殊二(er)霸，眾微一旅，掎拔而(er)(er)傾山(shan)(shan)岳，騰(teng)嘯而(er)(er)御風云！雖衛人忘亡復(fu)傳于(yu)(yu)東(dong)國，任好余裕伊(yi)愧于(yu)(yu)西鄰，信(xin)苻氏之(zhi)(zhi)奸(jian)回，非晉室之(zhi)(zhi)鯨鯢矣。”

蔡東藩(fan)《兩晉演義》：“慕容垂才略過人，卒能恢復燕祚，不(bu)可謂非一世雄，其獨擇子(zi)不(bu)明，失之于(yu)太子(zi)寶(bao)，反以(yi)段后所(suo)言為營私(si)。”

趣聞軼事

墜馬傷齒

慕容霸小時候很愛出游打獵。有一回，慕容霸在騎馬射獵時不小心從馬背上栽落倒地，竟然還磕掉了牙齒。慕容霸盡管庶出，自小卻很受父親嘉獎與寵愛，他異母嫡兄慕容儁便對他忌恨不已。慕容儁即位燕王后，為報復奚落慕容霸，抖落他早年磕牙的糗事，便讓他改名“