所屬地區: 河北 ·保(bao)定 ·曲陽縣 文化遺(yi)(yi)(yi)產名(ming)稱(cheng):定瓷傳統燒制技藝(yi)(yi) 遺(yi)(yi)(yi)產編號:1—8—4 遺(yi)(yi)(yi)產類別:傳統手工技藝(yi)(yi)
申報日(ri)期:2007年 申報人/申報單位:保定曲陽縣 遺產級別(bie): 省
河北(bei)省(sheng)曲陽縣澗磁(ci)、北(bei)鎮、燕川(chuan)一(yi)帶,方(fang)(fang)圓(yuan)20華里,總面積達一(yi)百五十(shi)多(duo)萬平方(fang)(fang)米,是當年定瓷的發源地。定瓷始于唐(tang),興于北(bei)宋(song),失(shi)于元(yuan),是北(bei)方(fang)(fang)大(da)地上繁(fan)衍幾代而影響深(shen)遠的一(yi)個窯系(xi)。因曲陽古(gu)時屬定州轄區,故名“定瓷”。
定(ding)(ding)瓷(ci)胎(tai)質堅密、細膩,釉色透(tou)明,柔潤媲玉。《歸(gui)潛志》有(you)聯語“定(ding)(ding)州(zhou)花瓷(ci)甌,顏色天(tian)下白”,之(zhi)外有(you)紅、黑、紫(zi)、綠諸色。定(ding)(ding)、汝、官、哥(ge)、鈞五大名窯中(zhong),唯定(ding)(ding)窯以(yi)裝飾見長,其(qi)刻花奔逸,印花典雅(ya)。史載:江西(xi)景德鎮、山西(xi)平定(ding)(ding)、四川彭縣、遼寧上(shang)京、福建德化、北京龍(long)泉務諸窯皆蜂起仿效(xiao),形成(cheng)龐(pang)大的定(ding)(ding)窯系。
定瓷傳統燒制(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)藝其復雜,從當(dang)地掘(jue)取石英、長石、黏土等原料(liao),按(an)一定配比加工(gong)成(cheng)泥料(liao),經陳腐后(hou)方可進行(xing)拉(la)坯(pi)成(cheng)型(xing)操(cao)作(zuo)。宋代(dai)轆(lu)轤車(che)拉(la)坯(pi)由兩人合作(zuo),修坯(pi)后(hou)由刻花手(shou)進行(xing)刻劃裝飾。用浸(jin)入法施(shi)釉(you)并進行(xing)芒口處理的器坯(pi)即(ji)可入窯(yao)燒制(zhi)(zhi)。定窯(yao)最早用覆(fu)燒法燒制(zhi)(zhi)瓷器,是陶瓷史(shi)上(shang)一項偉大的發(fa)明。
定瓷在(zai)宋代影響(xiang)力(li)最大(da),被(bei)稱為(wei)(wei)(wei)“天下第一瓷”。其胎質(zhi)堅(jian)密、胎薄細(xi)膩、釉色透明、彩色瑩(ying)潤。定瓷以(yi)白(bai)定為(wei)(wei)(wei)主,曾有“白(bai)如(ru)玉(yu)、薄如(ru)紙、聲如(ru)磬”之說。瓷器多以(yi)盤、碗、瓶、樽(zun)、爐、枕等居多,造型優(you)美、裝飾典雅,多采用(yong)刻(ke)花(hua)、劃花(hua)和印花(hua)等技法。定瓷圖(tu)案布局合理,清新明晰,刻(ke)花(hua)刀(dao)法剛勁有力(li),印花(hua)構圖(tu)飽滿,多以(yi)花(hua)草禽(qin)鳥(niao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主,形態逼真,栩(xu)栩(xu)如(ru)生(sheng)。
北(bei)宋時(shi)期,定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)生(sheng)產規(gui)模(mo)宏大(da)(da),制作技(ji)(ji)藝(yi)精湛,造型(xing)紋飾(shi)明麗,風格古樸(pu)高雅,宋代大(da)(da)文學(xue)家(jia)蘇軾(shi)曾著“潞公(gong)煎(jian)茶(cha)學(xue)西蜀,定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)州花(hua)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)琢紅玉(yu)”的(de)詩(shi)句,贊美定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)的(de)風采。當時(shi),定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)除供(gong)朝(chao)廷御用(yong)外(wai),還大(da)(da)量出口到埃(ai)及、波斯、印(yin)度、日(ri)本和(he)非洲一些國家(jia)。歷(li)史上的(de)金宋之戰使興(xing)旺發(fa)(fa)達(da)的(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)業(ye)頹(tui)廢,工(gong)匠隨時(shi)局南(nan)流(liu),世有(you)“北(bei)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)南(nan)遷”之說,但(dan)因原料的(de)區域性差異南(nan)方沒(mei)有(you)生(sheng)產出地道風格的(de)定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)。金代定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)有(you)所復興(xing);元代定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)細瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)技(ji)(ji)藝(yi)已經(jing)失(shi)傳,但(dan)民(min)間(jian)仍流(liu)傳粗瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)燒制工(gong)藝(yi);明清以來,轉向燒制民(min)用(yong)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)器為(wei)主;民(min)國時(shi)期私營瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)窯(yao)興(xing)隆;自20世紀70年代以來,定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)工(gong)藝(yi)逐(zhu)步得到恢(hui)復和(he)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan),科(ke)技(ji)(ji)人(ren)員用(yong)嫻(xian)熟的(de)工(gong)藝(yi)技(ji)(ji)法已經(jing)生(sheng)產出了一些仿定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)的(de)制品(pin),使定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)獲得了新生(sheng)。
近(jin)幾(ji)年來,經技術人員研究制作出仿制的(de)定(ding)瓷產(chan)品,瓷質(zhi)和紋飾已(yi)接近(jin)古定(ding)瓷,但是定(ding)瓷的(de)傳統燒制工藝已(yi)近(jin)失(shi)傳,急需(xu)保(bao)護。