糯扎(zha)(zha)渡(du)(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)位于瀾(lan)滄江下(xia)游(you)普洱(er)市思(si)茅區和瀾(lan)滄縣交界處(chu),是(shi)瀾(lan)滄江下(xia)游(you)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)核(he)心(xin)工程,也是(shi)實施云(yun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)外送(song)(song)的(de)主要電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源點(dian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)樞紐為心(xin)墻(qiang)堆石壩(ba)、左(zuo)岸溢洪道、左(zuo)岸引(yin)水(shui)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)等組成。糯扎(zha)(zha)渡(du)(du)水(shui)庫正常蓄水(shui)位812米,心(xin)墻(qiang)堆石壩(ba)最大壩(ba)高(gao)261.5米,居同類壩(ba)型世界第三。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)總投資(zi)約611億元,年利用小時數4088小時,年均發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量239.12億千(qian)瓦(wa)時。作為云(yun)南省較大水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan),是(shi)實現國(guo)家(jia)資(zi)源優(you)化配置,全國(guo)聯(lian)網目標的(de)骨干工程,是(shi)實施“西電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)東送(song)(song)” 及“云(yun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)外送(song)(song)”戰略的(de)基礎項(xiang)目。
投資(zi)312億元的(de)糯扎渡水電站,按照工(gong)期(qi)(qi)安排,建(jian)設總工(gong)期(qi)(qi)為11.5年(不含(han)籌建(jian)期(qi)(qi)), 其中(zhong)施工(gong)準備期(qi)(qi)3年,主體工(gong)程施工(gong)期(qi)(qi)5.5年,完建(jian)期(qi)(qi)3年。
2012年9月6日,云南省(sheng)華(hua)能糯扎渡水電(dian)站首臺機組(65萬(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa))正式投產發電(dian),該電(dian)站共安裝(zhuang)9臺單機65萬(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)機組,總裝(zhuang)機容量(liang)為585萬(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa),首臺機組比計劃工期(qi)提前3年投產,2014年6月26日實現全部(bu)工程(cheng)完(wan)建。
作(zuo)為云南省較大水(shui)電站,糯(nuo)扎渡水(shui)電站是“西電東送”、“云電外送”的(de)主力軍。
糯扎渡電(dian)(dian)(dian)站位(wei)于瀾滄(cang)江下游普洱(er)市思(si)茅區和(he)瀾滄(cang)縣交界處(chu),是瀾滄(cang)江下游水(shui)(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)核心工(gong)程(cheng),也是實施云(yun)(yun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)外(wai)送(song)的(de)主要電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)點。電(dian)(dian)(dian)站樞紐為心墻(qiang)堆石壩(ba)、左(zuo)岸溢洪道(dao)、左(zuo)岸引水(shui)(shui)(shui)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統等(deng)組成。糯扎渡水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)正(zheng)常蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)812米,心墻(qiang)堆石壩(ba)最大壩(ba)高261.5米,居同類壩(ba)型世界第三,總(zong)(zong)庫(ku)容237.03億立方米,調節(jie)庫(ku)容113.35億立方米,相當(dang)于11個滇池的(de)蓄水(shui)(shui)(shui)量。具(ju)有多年(nian)(nian)調節(jie)能(neng)力(li)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)站安裝9臺65萬千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)機(ji)組,總(zong)(zong)裝機(ji)容量585萬千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa),保(bao)證出力(li)為240萬千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa),多年(nian)(nian)平均(jun)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)量239.12億千(qian)(qian)瓦(wa)時。壩(ba)址以上流域面積14.47萬平方公里,電(dian)(dian)(dian)站總(zong)(zong)投資312億元。糯扎渡電(dian)(dian)(dian)站是實現國(guo)家資源(yuan)優化配置(zhi),全國(guo)聯(lian)網目標的(de)骨干工(gong)程(cheng),是實施“西電(dian)(dian)(dian)東(dong)送(song)” 及“云(yun)(yun)電(dian)(dian)(dian)外(wai)送(song)”戰略的(de)基礎(chu)項目。
水庫(ku)總庫(ku)容等于16個滇(dian)池
華能瀾滄江公司糯扎渡建(jian)管局(ju)副總(zong)工程師谷濤介(jie)紹,通過幾年(nian)時間完成蓄水(shui)(shui)任務后(hou),糯扎渡電站的水(shui)(shui)庫總(zong)庫容將達到(dao)237.03億立方米,相當于16個滇池。電站水(shui)(shui)庫具有多年(nian)調節能力,建(jian)成后(hou)可將下游景洪(hong)市(shi)的防洪(hong)標準由20年(nian)提(ti)高到(dao)100年(nian)。
國內首(shou)創用數(shu)字管大壩
華(hua)能糯扎渡水電站有(you)6大國內(nei)技(ji)術:創新性地應用數字大壩管理系統、較早運用粘土心墻摻礫(li)工藝、實(shi)施(shi)電站分層取水方案(an)、焊縫TOFD檢測技(ji)術的推廣(guang)、建成生(sheng)物多樣性保護設(she)施(shi)、實(shi)現生(sheng)產廢水生(sheng)活污水“零排放”。
創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)造了8大典型成果(guo):工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)管理優、建設工(gong)(gong)(gong)期短(duan)、規(gui)程(cheng)規(gui)范(fan)首創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)、科技創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)卓著、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)環境友好、社會責任突出(chu)、帶動地方發展(zhan)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)區平安和諧。
打造綠色水電(dian)示范工程
一進入華能糯扎渡水電站(zhan)的(de)工區(qu)就可(ke)以(yi)看到沿路的(de)苗木(mu),葳(wei)蕤豐茂,高的(de)有黃槐、紅(hong)花羊(yang)蹄(ti)甲、鐵刀木(mu)、高山(shan)榕、加(jia)納利海棗,低矮(ai)的(de)有黃葉假連翹、金邊(bian)龍舌蘭、魚(yu)尾(wei)葵、散尾(wei)葵、美(mei)蕊(rui)花、紫葉莧、軟枝(zhi)黃蟬,爬在(zai)地上(shang)的(de)品種(zhong)就更(geng)多了。在(zai)靠山(shan)體的(de)碎(sui)落(luo)臺上(shang),隨處(chu)可(ke)見葉子花、蟛蜞菊、芭蕉、扶桑、絲蘭、薔薇、薜荔……工區(qu)里優美(mei)的(de)環境(jing)把(ba)電站(zhan)裝點得格外美(mei)麗。
華(hua)能(neng)糯扎渡(du)水電站(zhan)工區包含(han)各承包商營地(di)在內(nei)(nei)的總面(mian)積約(yue)為358.56公頃,僅在占地(di)27萬平(ping)方(fang)米的業主營地(di)內(nei)(nei)就有14萬平(ping)方(fang)米的綠地(di)面(mian)積。迄(qi)今為止,華(hua)能(neng)糯扎渡(du)水電站(zhan)僅在生(sheng)態環境保護方(fang)面(mian)就投入近7.9億(yi)元。
為減少水庫下泄(xie)(xie)低溫水對河流(liu)生態和魚類繁殖的(de)影響(xiang),電(dian)(dian)(dian)站在(zai)進水口(kou)工(gong)程建設中(zhong),增加投資(zi)2.4億元采用疊(die)梁門方式較早實(shi)施電(dian)(dian)(dian)站分層取水方案,大大改善了(le)下泄(xie)(xie)水溫,滿(man)足了(le)對下游河道魚類產(chan)卵的(de)需求(qiu)。同時,為有(you)(you)效保護電(dian)(dian)(dian)站下游珍(zhen)稀魚類,糯(nuo)扎渡(du)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站有(you)(you)選擇地對中(zhong)國結(jie)魚、中(zhong)華刀鲇等魚類進行(xing)網(wang)捕過壩(ba)。 通過多(duo)重措施,我(wo)們將糯(nuo)扎渡(du)打(da)造(zao)成為中(zhong)國的(de)綠色水電(dian)(dian)(dian)示范工(gong)程。
從效(xiao)益角度看,引(yin)進云(yun)南水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)比在廣東(dong)建設火電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),每千瓦時(shi)可節(jie)約總費(fei)用(yong)1120元(1990年價格水(shui)(shui)平),并可獲得聯(lian)網錯峰效(xiao)益4.1%,區(qu)間水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)跨流域補償(chang)效(xiao)益4.7%—7.2%。因此(ci)開發(fa)(fa)(fa)建設糯扎渡等一(yi)批大型水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站,實(shi)(shi)施“西(xi)(xi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)東(dong)送(song)”對實(shi)(shi)現(xian)云(yun)南資源(yuan)優(you)(you)勢與(yu)東(dong)部(bu)地(di)區(qu)經濟(ji)優(you)(you)勢互(hu)補,減(jian)輕(qing)東(dong)部(bu)的(de)生態(tai)環境和煤炭(tan)運輸(shu)壓(ya)力(li),帶(dai)動地(di)方經濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)都具有(you)十分(fen)重要的(de)作用(yong)和意(yi)義。同時(shi),由(you)于中(zhong)(zhong)南半(ban)島水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)潛力(li)不大,未來20年的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)需求將遠遠超過其自身現(xian)有(you)的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能力(li),云(yun)南得天(tian)獨厚(hou)的(de)區(qu)位和水(shui)(shui)能優(you)(you)勢決定(ding)了中(zhong)(zhong)南半(ban)島五國(guo)只能向云(yun)南購電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。因此(ci),糯扎渡等一(yi)大批大型水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場(chang)前景非常(chang)廣闊。糯扎渡電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站建設體現(xian)了中(zhong)(zhong)央實(shi)(shi)施西(xi)(xi)部(bu)大開發(fa)(fa)(fa)戰(zhan)略的(de)重點(dian)要求。它既是國(guo)家重要的(de)基礎設施建設,又(you)可以帶(dai)動云(yun)南省特別(bie)是思茅市(shi)工業、農業、旅游業、漁業、鄉鎮企業等產業的(de)迅猛發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan),在瀾滄江(jiang)流域形成(cheng)新的(de)經濟(ji)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)帶(dai),把(ba)西(xi)(xi)部(bu)地(di)區(qu)的(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)潛力(li)轉(zhuan)換為現(xian)實(shi)(shi)生產力(li),把(ba)潛在市(shi)場(chang)轉(zhuan)化為現(xian)實(shi)(shi)市(shi)場(chang),把(ba)資源(yuan)優(you)(you)勢轉(zhuan)化為經濟(ji)優(you)(you)勢。
2015年(nian)1月9日(ri),中共中央、國務院在北京隆重舉行(xing)國家科學技術獎(jiang)勵(li)大會。依托于(yu)華能(neng)糯扎渡水電站超(chao)高心墻堆(dui)石壩(ba)工程的“超(chao)高心墻堆(dui)石壩(ba)關鍵(jian)技術及應用”項目獲2014年(nian)度(du)國家科技進步二等(deng)獎(jiang)。
“超(chao)高(gao)心墻堆(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)壩(ba)(ba)關鍵技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)及應用”項目由華(hua)能瀾滄(cang)江公(gong)司、昆明勘測設(she)計研(yan)究院有(you)限公(gong)司、清華(hua)大(da)學等單位(wei)共同(tong)完成(cheng)(cheng)。糯扎(zha)渡(du)(du)水(shui)電站壩(ba)(ba)高(gao)261.5米(mi)(mi),為世界第三、中國第一(yi)高(gao)土石(shi)(shi)(shi)壩(ba)(ba),相(xiang)比(bi)當時我國已建最高(gao)的160米(mi)(mi)高(gao)小(xiao)浪底(di)大(da)壩(ba)(ba),跨越了(le)(le)100米(mi)(mi)的臺階,已有(you)的筑壩(ba)(ba)理論、技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)儲備、建設(she)經驗、現(xian)行規范不能滿足大(da)壩(ba)(ba)建設(she)的需求。瀾滄(cang)江公(gong)司會(hui)同(tong)設(she)計、科研(yan)、施工等參建單位(wei)組成(cheng)(cheng)以企(qi)業為主體(ti)(ti)、產(chan)學研(yan)用相(xiang)結合的科研(yan)團隊,圍繞糯扎(zha)渡(du)(du)大(da)壩(ba)(ba)壩(ba)(ba)體(ti)(ti)結構與材料(liao)(liao)分(fen)區、大(da)壩(ba)(ba)變形及滲流控制、壩(ba)(ba)體(ti)(ti)計算(suan)分(fen)析方法、大(da)壩(ba)(ba)安(an)全評(ping)價及預警等關鍵技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)問(wen)題,系統地提出(chu)了(le)(le)超(chao)高(gao)心墻堆(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)壩(ba)(ba)采用人(ren)工碎石(shi)(shi)(shi)摻礫(li)土料(liao)(liao)和(he)軟巖堆(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)料(liao)(liao)筑壩(ba)(ba)成(cheng)(cheng)套技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu),發展了(le)(le)適合于超(chao)高(gao)心墻堆(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)壩(ba)(ba)的壩(ba)(ba)料(liao)(liao)靜、動(dong)力本構模(mo)型和(he)水(shui)力劈裂及裂縫計算(suan)分(fen)析方法,系統提出(chu)了(le)(le)超(chao)高(gao)心墻堆(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)壩(ba)(ba)成(cheng)(cheng)套設(she)計準(zhun)則(ze),建立了(le)(le)超(chao)高(gao)心墻堆(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)壩(ba)(ba)安(an)全綜合評(ping)價體(ti)(ti)系。糯扎(zha)渡(du)(du)水(shui)電站多項具有(you)中國自主知(zhi)識產(chan)權的創新性成(cheng)(cheng)果的取(qu)得和(he)應用,使我國堆(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)壩(ba)(ba)筑壩(ba)(ba)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)水(shui)平邁(mai)上(shang)了(le)(le)一(yi)個(ge)新臺階,帶動(dong)我國300米(mi)(mi)級超(chao)高(gao)心墻堆(dui)(dui)(dui)(dui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)壩(ba)(ba)筑壩(ba)(ba)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)。
國家(jia)重點工(gong)程、瀾滄(cang)江(jiang)流域規劃建設(she)的較大水(shui)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)——華(hua)能糯扎(zha)渡(du)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)2011年3月25日正式通過國家(jia)核準。華(hua)能糯扎(zha)渡(du)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)位于瀾滄(cang)江(jiang)下游(you)的云(yun)南省(sheng)普洱市內,是瀾滄(cang)江(jiang)中(zhong)下游(you)河(he)段梯級規劃“二庫八級”中(zhong)的第五級,也是瀾滄(cang)江(jiang)流域工(gong)程規模和(he)調節庫容(rong)較大的電(dian)(dian)站(zhan),電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)總(zong)裝機(ji)容(rong)量585萬(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa),總(zong)投資約(yue)450億(yi)元,電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)安(an)裝9臺65萬(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)機(ji)組(zu),保(bao)證出力為240萬(wan)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa),多年平均發電(dian)(dian)量239.12億(yi)千(qian)瓦(wa)(wa)時。
華能糯扎渡水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)是“西電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)東送”和“云電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)外送”的(de)關鍵(jian)性工(gong)程(cheng),也(ye)是云南省(sheng)培(pei)育以水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為主的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力支柱產業、建設全國水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能源基地的(de)重要工(gong)程(cheng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)建成后(hou),在取得(de)巨大經濟效(xiao)益(yi)的(de)同時(shi),電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)節(jie)能減排效(xiao)益(yi)也(ye)將(jiang)得(de)到充分體現。據測算,機組全部(bu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou),相(xiang)當于每年為國家(jia)節(jie)約956萬(wan)噸標準煤,減少二氧(yang)化碳(tan)排放1877萬(wan)噸。同時(shi),還將(jiang)減少大量的(de)廢水(shui)(shui)、廢渣(zha)、浮塵(chen)等污染物排放。
華能糯(nuo)扎渡電(dian)站工程建設設計(ji)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)指(zhi)標高(gao)、地(di)質條件(jian)復(fu)雜(za),根據規(gui)劃,其大壩、溢洪(hong)道、地(di)下廠房等多項技(ji)(ji)術(shu)指(zhi)標均名(ming)列國內外前茅,摻礫黏土(tu)直(zhi)心墻堆石壩壩高(gao)在同壩型中屬亞(ya)洲第(di)(di)一(yi)、世界(jie)第(di)(di)三;地(di)下廠房是目前國內規(gui)模較大的地(di)下廠房之一(yi);開敞式溢洪(hong)道規(gui)模亞(ya)洲第(di)(di)一(yi),泄洪(hong)功率和流(liu)速居世界(jie)第(di)(di)一(yi)。
華能瀾滄(cang)江“心墻”將在2012年年底將拉(la)開維幕,是(shi)經過(guo)武警官兵日夜堅持的結晶。還有高(gao)級領(ling)導的指引。
2013年12月22日16時,華(hua)(hua)能(neng)糯(nuo)扎(zha)渡電站(zhan)3號機組順(shun)利(li)通過72小時試(shi)運(yun)行,提前9天正(zheng)式投產(chan)發電。至此,糯(nuo)扎(zha)渡電站(zhan)實現“一年四投”目標,運(yun)營裝機容量達到455萬千瓦(wa),成(cheng)為華(hua)(hua)能(neng)集團公司目前較大的電站(zhan)。
2014年3月(yue)30日(ri)21時30分,華能糯(nuo)扎(zha)渡(du)水電(dian)站(zhan)2號機組(zu)(zu)順(shun)利通過(guo)72小時試運行,正式(shi)并網發電(dian),投(tou)入商業運行。至此,糯(nuo)扎(zha)渡(du)水電(dian)站(zhan)已實現(xian)8臺(tai)(tai)機組(zu)(zu)并網發電(dian)。2014年6月(yue)26日(ri),我國目(mu)前第四大水電(dian)站(zhan)——華能糯(nuo)扎(zha)渡(du)水電(dian)站(zhan)最后一臺(tai)(tai)機組(zu)(zu)正式(shi)投(tou)產發電(dian),標(biao)志(zhi)著總裝機容量585萬(wan)千瓦的(de)糯(nuo)扎(zha)渡(du)水電(dian)站(zhan)全面建(jian)成投(tou)產。